66012792^[Leptospiral diseases complicated by meningitis]^196301^Tr Leningr Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1963;25:293-304^^Lesnikov AL, Popova EM^^0
66012789^[Data on leptospirosis in the Arctic region (preliminary report)]^196301^Tr Leningr Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1963;25:270-6^^Tokarevich KN, Timofeeva SS, Popova EM^^0
66012790^[Results of further investigation of leptospirosis infections in the Kaliningrad region]^196301^Tr Leningr Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1963;25:277-85^^Tokalova KA, Popova EM, Sushkevich NI^^0
66012793^[Some biologic aspects of Leptospira sorex isolated from Rattus rattus L]^196301^Tr Leningr Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1963;25:313-9^^Popova EM^^0
66014905^[Leptospirosis of the Tarassow type]^196301^Tr Leningr Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1963;25:305-12^^Popova EM, Lesnikov AL^^0
66012791^[Outbreak of swamp fever of the pomona type caused by bathing]^196301^Tr Leningr Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1963;25:286-92^^Tokarevich KN, Gopina AI, Popova EM, Silina NI^^0
68324272^Studies on distribution of leptospires among dogs in Hokkaido.^196302^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1963 Feb;25(1):1-3^^Yamamoto S, Fujiwara K, Ito S^^0
66096218^Epizootiology of enzootic leptospirosis in a cattle herd.^196401^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1964;68:136-46^^Hanson LE, Mansfield ME, Andrews RD^^0
66096219^Experimental equine leptospirosis (Leptospira pomona).^196401^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1964;68:147-52^^Morter RL, Herschler RC, Fessler JF, Lavignette A^^0
66096220^Report of the Committee on Leptospirosis.^196401^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1964;68:153-4^^^^0
66096264^Evaluation of a plate test for detection of leptospiral antibodies in bovine serum.^196401^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1964;68:434-9^^Crawford RP^^0
66096265^A comparison of the rapid macroscopic slide agglutination test with the microscopic slide agglutination test for leptospirosis.^196401^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1964;68:440-4^^Solorzano RF^^0
66011837^[Fluorescence serological demonstration of antibodies against Leptospira with a formalin antigen]^196401^Z Hyg Infektionskr 1964;150(2):108-13^^Cramer H^^0
66011841^[Epidemiological fight against an endemic leptospirosis]^196401^Z Hyg Infektionskr 1964;150(2):142-50^^Parnas J, Koslak A, Krukowska-Cybulska M^^0
66090662^[Analysis of Leptospira strains belonging to a standard collection (WHO) and that of a collection of Polish strains with the complement fixation test (OWD)]^196401^Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med] 1964;19:263-70^^Koslak A^^0
67134162^[Will leptospiral uveitis become an out-of-date disease?]^196401^Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1964;138:437-44^^Remky H^^0
66063731^[Studies on the eye changes due to leptospirosis. 3. Experiment by the use of fluid obtained by destruction of the body of Leptospira (L)]^196402^Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1964 Feb;68(2):130-8^^Ogawa S^^0
66111396^[Leptospiral infections of the Lora type (australis serological group) in the Georgia SSR]^196405^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1964 May;41(5):77-81^^Chernukha IuG, Karaseva EV^^0
66111398^[Evaluation of the epizootic situation by pathological anatomical changes in Microtus in leptospirosis]^196405^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1964 May;41(5):87-92^^Korenberg EI^^0
66111399^Leptospira of the hebdomadis group. II]^196405^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1964 May;41(5):93-6^^Semenova LP, Anan'in VV^^0
67175929^[Results obtained in the treatment of acute human leptospirosis with antibiotics]^196406^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1964 Jun;23(2):337-44^^Spinu I, Topciu V^^0
67175951^[Serological incidence of leptospirosis in personnel engaged in care of the animals of agro-zootechnical cooperatives and in workers of slaughter-houses of North Viet Nam]^196406^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1964 Jun;23(2):519-28^^Topciu V, Spinu I, Roman V^^0
66005567^[An acute infectious disease of horses caused by Leptospira grippotyphosa]^196407^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1964 Jul;193(2):224-38^^Sova Z^^0
66005568^[Febris grippotyphosa in horses, inapparent infections and iridocyclochoroditis. II.]^196407^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1964 Jul;193(2):239-48^^Sova Z^^0
67052486^Leptospirosis in a cattle-deer association.^196408^Zoonoses Res 1964 Aug;3(2):79-92^^Andrews RD, Ferris DH, Hanson LE, Reilly JR^^0
66009350^[Contribution to the study of the effects of antibiotics on the formation of antibodies]^196409^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1964 Sep;23(3):731-40^^Topciu V, Spinu I^^0
67165166^[On the possibility of growing leptospiral strains in Hanks lactalbumin medium]^196409^Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1964 Sep 30;40(18):1065-7^^Zavka Nenci C, Pitzurra M^^0
68007444^Evaluation of a plate test for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in bovine serum.^196410^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1964 Oct 1;145(7):683-7^^Crawford RP^^0
66013552^[Pathogenic properties of Leptospira diverticuli]^196411^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1964 Nov;194(3):374-8^^Gelev I^^0
66014248^[Prophylaxis of leptospirosis]^196475^Nuovi Ann Ig Microbiol 1964 Nov-Dec;15(6):517-31^^Zardi O^^0
66014247^[Epidemiological studies on leptospirosis. Isolation and study of serotypes from dogs in the province of Parma]^196475^Nuovi Ann Ig Microbiol 1964 Nov-Dec;15(6):511-6^^Zardi O, Giorgi G^^0
66019957^[On the stainability of Leptospira and Treponema]^196412^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1964 Dec;23(4):927-38^^Sturdza N, Safiresco D^^0
66019948^[Pathogenicity for guinea pigs of strains of Leptospira isolated from patients and convalescents in North Viet-Nam]^196412^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1964 Dec;23(4):851-60^^Topciu V, Spinu I^^0
66012370^[Occupational leptospiroses in Bohemia and Moravia]^196412^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1964 Dec;195(1):101-16^^Sebek Z, Janicek B^^0
69193376^[Guiding principles in the differential diagnosis of jaundice in our clinical cases]^196412^Z Allgemeinmed 1964 Dec 20;40(35):1509-12^^Buzas E, Ivanyi J^^0
66112511^Tributyrinase activity of leptospires: fixed and soluble tributyrinase demonstrated by means of an agar diffusion test.^196501^Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965;65(2):259-70^^Ellinghausen HC Jr, Sandvik O^^0
66009470^Classification of leptospires and recent advances in leptospirosis.^196501^Bull World Health Organ 1965;32(6):881-91^^^^0
67022551^[Leptospira infections in Gradiska Bebrina]^196501^Hig Cas Hig Mikrobiol Epidemiol Sanit Teh 1965;17(1):57-60^^Tomasic P^^0
66002046^[Clinical picture of uveitis, laboratory diagnosis]^196501^Ophthalmologica 1965;149(5):390-404^^Witmer R^^0
66069258^[Outbreak of anicteric leptospirosis in the Sborow district of the Tarnopol region]^196501^Vrach Delo 1965 Jan;1:143-4^^Kis' VV, Shugailo VT, Shakhnovskii NP^^0
66136680^Cephalothin in the treatment of experimental leptospirosis in hamsters.^196501^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1965;5:450-2^^Yoshimori RN, Goldberg HS, Blenden DC^^0
66163223^Leptospira polonica--a new serotype.^196501^Bull Acad Pol Sci [Biol] 1965;13(9):505-7^^Parnas J, Cybulska M^^0
69275152^[Research on the phenomenon of specific agglutination of leptospira]^196501^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1965;1(1):124-8^^Castellani Pastoris M^^0
66096017^Serological classification of Soviet strains of leptospirae belonging to the serological group L. canicola).^196501^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1965;9(3):326-35^^Chernukha YG^^0
67007777^[Microscopy and cultivation in the study of leptospirosis in swine]^196501^Mikrobiol Zh 1965;27(4):42-5^^Holota IaA, Karisheva AF, Chepurov KP, Prus OH^^0
69251059^[Serologic study of leptospires of the ballum type]^196501^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1965;1(7):407-11^^Thomakos A, Babudieri B^^0
69275153^[Study of a phenomenon of agglutinability variation in leptospira strains of the Poi serotype]^196501^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1965;1(1):129-63^^Castelli M^^0
66049798^["Hyos" leptospirosis in Dakar]^196575^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1965 Jan-Feb;58(1):54-9^^Payet M, Pene P, Lataste Dorolle C, Bonnardot R, Bernou JC, Rahmi R^^0
66010053^Studies on pathogenic leptospirae. II. Growth of pathogenic leptospirae by replacing rabbit serum with four strains of mycobacteria and other microorganisms.^196503^Jpn J Microbiol 1965 Mar;9(1):1-13^^Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^^0
66040278^[Further research on diffusion of leptospirosis in the province of Sassari]^196575^G Batteriol Virol Immunol 1965 Mar-Apr;58(3):129-32^^Mellino M, Wiel Marin A^^0
66075418^[Result-sequence-procedure (sequence analysis) in the investigation of Leptospira. I. The unilateral sequence test (Wald) for testing of the mean value of a binominal distribution]^196503^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1965 Mar;195(4):523-35^^Fuchs GH, Burger G^^0
66090351^[Epidemiology of leptospiroses]^196575^Nuovi Ann Ig Microbiol 1965 Mar-Apr;16(2):108-36^^Zardi O^^0
66133735^[Studies on Leptospira from the serological group pomona isolated from a natural focus]^196503^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Mar;42(3):139-40^^Semenova LP^^0
66133737^[Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of culture media for the growth of Leptospira]^196503^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Mar;42(3):141^^Titrova AI, Shul'ts LM, Tel'bukh VP^^0
66133738^[Role of agricultural animals in the development of anthropo-pathogenic foci of leptospirosis]^196503^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Mar;42(3):142^^Mefod'ev VV, Iastrebov AF^^0
69084401^[Leptospirosis in the Republic of Mexico]^196575^Salud Publica Mex 1965 Mar-Apr;7(2):189-93^^Varela G, Roch E^^0
66096409^[Incidence of infection caused by L. icterohaemorrhagiae in rats in Cayenne. Some epidemiologic aspects of leptospirosis in French Guiana]^196575^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1965 Mar-Apr;58(2):170-6^^Duchassin M, Lataste-Dorolle C, Silverie CR^^0
66007298^[Leptospirosis canicolaris. The role of routine blood culture in the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^196504^Dapim Refuiim 1965 Apr;24(2):139-41^^Sapiro-Hirsch R, Bassan H^^0
66168027^[Isolation of antigens from Leptospira by ultrasonic destruction]^196504^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Apr;42(4):57-60^^Samedov AS, Akhmedova TM, Kosideeva SG^^0
66168028^[Leptospira of the hebdomadis group. 3. Detection of the subtype L. sejroe balcanica in the Soviet Union]^196504^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Apr;42(4):61-4^^Semenova LP, Soloshenko IZ, Anan'in VV^^0
66168029^[Experience in reducing the activity of natural leptospirosis foci]^196504^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Apr;42(4):65-9^^Karaseva EV, Anan'in VV, Aguzarova MKh^^0
66168030^[On antagonistic interrelations between Leptospira of various serological types]^196504^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Apr;42(4):69-73^^Rostomian SV^^0
66030151^[Serologic research on diffusion of leptospirosis among cattle]^196575^G Ig Med Prev 1965 Apr-Jun;6(2):158-72^^Di Stefano G, Ferrari A, Lombardo G^^0
66015972^[Notes on the epidemiology of leptospirosis]^196575^Biol Med (Paris) 1965 May-Jun;54(3):257-78^^Mailloux M^^0
66001366^[Occupational health problems in agriculture]^196505^Dapim Refuiim 1965 May;24(3):233-7^^Mainzer W^^0
66165802^[Serological properties of some strains of L. grippotyphosa]^196505^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 May;42(5):133-7^^Chernukha IuG^^0
66060085^[Serum anti-leptospira agglutinins in apparently normal cattle]^196575^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1965 May-Jun;63(5):891-905^^Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
66043064^[The use of an antigen of the Patoc strain of Leptospira biflexa in field investigations of leptospirosis]^196506^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1965 Jun;58(6):498-502^^Elian M, Nicoara I^^0
67176547^[Study of Leptospira by means of fluorescent antibodies. I. Serological studies with immunofluorescence compared with the agglutination-lysis test]^196506^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1965 Jun;24(2):513-26^^Radu I, Iliesco M, Sturdza N^^0
66003253^Studies on the antagonism between different types of leptospira and on the method of detecting infections of two mixed types of leptospira.^196506^Sci Sin 1965 Jun;14(6):901-12^^Yu ES, Wu SY, Lee DF^^0
66034886^[Apropos of a case of leptospirosis due to Leptospira hebdomalis]^196506^J Med Bord 1965 Jun;142(6):1020-1^^Gervaise^^0
66040926^[Structure of spirochetes. 1. Study of the genera Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira by the electron microscope]^196506^Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1965 Jun;108(6):791-804^^Pillot J, Ryter A^^0
66048624^[Myocardial involvement in leptospirosis. Electrocardiographic and anatomo-pathological study]^196506^Arq Bras Cardiol 1965 Jun;18(3):177-94^^Meira DA, Wainman JT, Pileggi F, Salles JC, Meira JA, Decourt LV^^0
66076473^Evaluation of a polyvalent Leptospiral vaccine in guinea pigs.^196507^Am J Vet Res 1965 Jul;26(113):979-83^^Santa Rosa CA, Galton MM, Sulzer CR^^0
66142102^[Leptospirosis canicola in a city of the Kuibyshev district]^196507^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Jul;42(7):86-9^^Roshchipkin VI, Poberezkin MN, Zaitseva AA^^0
66142103^[Epidemiologic outbreaks of swamp fever]^196507^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Jul;42(7):93-9^^Drankin DI, Samuilo OI^^0
66004959^The significance of low titers of leptospira agglutinins in the serum of apparently healthy cattle.^196507^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1965 Jul;12(4):291-7^^Babudieri B, Gaspardis D^^0
66036476^[Serologic research on diffusion of leptospirosis among horses]^196575^G Ig Med Prev 1965 Jul-Sep;6(3):223-8^^Di Stefano G, Ferrari A, Lombardo G^^0
66093370^[Relation between leptospiral infections and iridocyclochoroiditis in horses]^196507^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1965 Jul;197(1):100-10^^Sova Z^^0
66139894^[Observations on Leptospira popoma in field mice during the winter in North Osetia]^196507^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Jul;42(7):89-93^^Karasevaev, Kokovin IL^^0
66161096^[Problems of local epizootology and of leptosirosis control]^196507^Veterinariia 1965 Jul;42(7):28-9^^Koliev MF, Fediushkin ME, Fediushkina TT^^0
66161097^[Etiology of animal leptospirosis]^196507^Veterinariia 1965 Jul;42(7):29-31^^Nolaev IuE^^0
66082560^[On the demonstration of Leptospira using fluorescent antibody technic]^196508^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1965 Aug 1;20(15):631-4^^Schroder HD^^0
66091204^A technique for the isolation of Leptospirae from contaminating microorganisms.^196508^Can J Microbiol 1965 Aug;11(4):743-4^^Smibert RM^^0
66120897^[Convalescence following acute infectious diseases]^196508^Internist (Berl) 1965 Aug;6(8):391-6^^Alexander M, Kress HF von^^0
67085359^[An experimental mixed leptospiral infection and a method of isolation of the initial cultures]^196508^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Aug;42(8):111-7^^Rostomian SV^^0
66066677^[On some microbiological and epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis]^196508^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Aug;17(8):432-7^^Bianchi L^^0
66066679^[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of human leptospirosis]^196508^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Aug;17(8):458-82^^Monteverde A, Gagliardi B^^0
67002663^[Eye lesions in leptospirosis]^196508^Klin Med (Mosk) 1965 Aug;43(8):117-9^^Chernousova AV^^0
66009538^Observations on the "white spots" in the kidney of goats.^196508^Indian Vet J 1965 Aug;42(8):567-70^^Iyer PK, Nanda YP^^0
66066678^[Frequency and diffusion in Italy of leptospiroses of domestic animals]^196508^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Aug;17(8):439-57^^Farina R^^0
67055043^[Leptospirosis incidence at meat processing plants]^196509^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Sep;42(9):143^^Gol'denshtein ZA^^0
67055057^[A new serological subtype--L. pomona mozdok]^196509^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Sep;42(9):47-50^^Semenova LP^^0
67180345^[Studies of leptospiras by means of fluorescent antibodies. II. Demonstration of leptospiras in the body of the guinea pig infected with L. icterohaemorrhagiae]^196509^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1965 Sep;24(3):713-26^^Radu I, Sturdza N, Radu A^^0
66036484^[Leptospirosis infection in the etiology of uveitis]^196509^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Sep;17(9):517-9^^Bosso G^^0
66036486^[Clinical and electroencephalographic considerations on 11 cases of leptospiral meningitis]^196509^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Sep;17(9):527-31^^Giubertoni C, Pisani C^^0
66036487^[Leptospirosis and hospital admission. (Findings in Novara from 1959 to 1964)]^196509^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Sep;17(9):533-42^^Fumagalli E^^0
66036545^Leptospirosis in Madras.^196509^J Assoc Physicians India 1965 Sep;13(9):737-40^^Krishnamurthi MV, Madanagopalan N, Hussain AT^^0
66037363^[Considerations on serodiagnostic positivity for leptospirosis in a group of 400 healthy full-time farmers of southern Novara]^196509^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Sep;17(9):511-7^^Monteverde A, Annovazzi Lodi L^^0
66084226^[Diagnosis of leptospirosis by an agglutination test performed with serous fluids]^196575^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1965 Sep-Oct;7(5):267-9^^Amato Neto V, Magaldi C, Correa MO^^0
67055042^[An experimental study of the susceptibility of small mammals to Leptospira of diverse serological types. 3. Morphological changes in the organs of albino mice caused by L. grippotyphosa and sejroe]^196509^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Sep;42(9):142-3^^Soloshenko IZ, Chigirinskii AE, Semenova LP^^0
67180331^[Contributions to the study of the chemical constitution, the antigenic structure and the pathogenic power of leptospiras. I. Determination of the toxicity of leptospiras]^196509^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1965 Sep;24(3):555-68^^Sefer M^^0
67180332^[Contributions to the study of the chemical constitution, the antigenic structure and the pathogenic power of leptospiras. II. Localization of the endotoxin in the anatomical and chemical structure of leptospiras]^196509^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1965 Sep;24(3):569-82^^Sefer M^^0
67180333^[Contributions to the study of the chemical constitution, the antigenic structure and the pathogenic power of leptospiras. 3. Isolation of the endotoxin. Relations between the complement-fixing common antigen and the endotoxin of leptospiras]^196509^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1965 Sep;24(3):583-98^^Sefer M^^0
66036482^[Serologic research on the diffusion of leptospirosis among cattle]^196509^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Sep;17(9):509^^Di Stefano G, Ferrari A, Lombardo G^^0
66036483^[Serologic research on diffusion of leptospirosis among horses]^196509^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Sep;17(9):510^^De Stefano G, Ferrari A, Lombardo G^^0
66036485^[Research on animal leptospirosis in Piedmont, with special reference to cattle breeding impaired by enzootic infertility (abortions, metritis, endometritis)]^196509^G Mal Infett Parassit 1965 Sep;17(9):519-25^^Corrias A^^0
67050051^[On the etiologic and epidemiologic significance of leptospira of the L. hebdomadis serogroup]^196509^Veterinariia 1965 Sep;42(9):28-30^^Sosov RF, Kovba PIa^^0
67050052^[On passive immunity against leptospirosis in piglets]^196509^Veterinariia 1965 Sep;42(9):31-3^^Selivanov AV, Butuzov GM, Tiagunina EA^^0
67050053^[Study of experimental leptospirosis in swine]^196509^Veterinariia 1965 Sep;42(9):33-5^^Iurkov GG, Andriian EA, Voloshchuk LG^^0
67013509^[Leptospiroses in Morocco: further data]^196575^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1965 Sep-Oct;58(5):841-7^^Mailloux M^^0
66093213^[On the problem of leptospirosis in Hungary]^196509^Med Klin 1965 Sep 17;60(38):1530-2^^Libor J, Ivanyi J^^0
66067259^Serological and cultural evidence of leptospirae in Cape Town dogs.^196509^S Afr Med J 1965 Sep 25;39(35):797-8^^Beyers CP^^0
66036271^[Leptospirosis]^196509^Pol Tyg Lek 1965 Sep 27;20(39):1455-7^^Gajda A^^0
67047118^[Retrospective serological examination of the population in leptospirosis foci]^196510^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 Oct;42(10):136-7^^Anan'in VV, Kokovin IL, Novitskaia VI^^0
66005433^Leptospirosis among abattoir workers in Montana.^196510^Rocky Mt Med J 1965 Oct;62(10):51-4 passim^^Philip RN, Casper EA, Stoenner HG, Lackman DB, McGreevey JE^^0
66005671^Field and laboratory studies of skunks, raccoons and groundhogs as reservoirs of Leptospira pomona.^196510^Can Vet J 1965 Oct;6(10):243-52^^McGowan JE, Karstad L^^0
66037463^Studies on immunity in experimental leptospirosis: the immunogenicity of Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae attenuated by gamma-irradiation.^196510^J Immunol 1965 Oct;95(4):759-64^^Hubbert WT, Miller JN^^0
66044740^Recoveries of Strigomonas oncopelti, Leptospirae and Reiter's treponeme from desiccates after storage for five years.^196510^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1965 Oct;43(5):683-4^^Annear DI^^0
66101407^[On the role of Leptospira infections in abortions among swine in the northern districts of the German Democratic Republic]^196510^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1965 Oct 1;20(19):806-11^^Horsch F^^0
66156073^[On the sources of infection with leptospires in North Africa]^196510^Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1965 Oct;16(3):291-6^^Mailloux M^^0
67085246^[Leptospirosis in animals in the Lithuanian SSR]^196510^Veterinariia 1965 Oct;42(10):32-4^^Markiavichus A, Chapas B^^0
68324356^Studies on the lethal susceptibility of laboratory mice to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.^196510^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1965 Oct;27(5):283-7^^Fujikura T^^0
66001551^Leptospirosis in the United States.^196510^N Engl J Med 1965 Oct 14;273(16):857-64 contd^^Heath CW Jr, Alexander AD, Galton MM^^0
66003505^[Therapy of leptospirosis]^196510^Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1965 Oct 15;90(42):1870-2^^Gsell O^^0
66014228^Leptospirosis in the United States. Analysis of 483 cases in man, 1949, 1961.^196510^N Engl J Med 1965 Oct 21;273(17):915-22 concl^^Heath CW Jr, Alexander AD, Galton MM^^0
66011557^Serum fractions inhibitory to the growth of Leptospires.^196511^Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1965 Nov;29(11):279-82^^Ryu E^^0
66069482^[Human leptospirosis in Haiti]^196511^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1965 Nov;59(5):414-22^^Laroche V^^0
67096908^[Specific activity of polyvalent leptospirosis vaccine]^196511^Veterinariia 1965 Nov;42(11):37-9^^Maliavin AG, Solov'eva VS, Shupliko AN^^0
67096909^[The result of animal inspection for leptospirosis]^196511^Veterinariia 1965 Nov;42(11):39-40^^Mezhennyi AM^^0
66013390^Leptospirosis in Malaysia.^196511^Mil Med 1965 Nov;130(11):1101-2^^Baker HJ^^0
66045269^The nature of antibodies synthesized during the immune response to Leptospira biflexa.^196511^J Immunol 1965 Nov;95(5):887-94^^Hocker ND, Bauer DC^^0
66050585^Effect of cortisone on Leptospira pomona infection in guinea pig.^196511^Indian Vet J 1965 Nov;42(11):837-48^^Sartaj, Ahluwalia S, Alberts JO, Hanson LE^^0
66166088^Studies on pathogenic leptospirae. IV. GROWTH OF Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae by replacing rabbit serum with Reiter treoneme cells.^196512^Jpn J Microbiol 1965 Dec;9(4):161-6^^Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^^0
67133880^[50 Years of pathogenic leptospirae. A look back on the history of their discovery]^196512^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1965 Dec;198(1):137-42^^Mochmann H^^0
66034880^The clinical aspects of the leptospiroses.^196512^J Ky Med Assoc 1965 Dec;63(12):952-9^^Diaz Rivera RS^^0
66079912^Chromatographic analysis and sulfhydryl sensitivity of antileptospira agglutinins in rabbit and human sera.^196512^Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1965 Dec;120(3):786-9^^Pike RM, McBrayer HL, Schulze ML, Chandler CH^^0
66080239^Experimental Leptospira australis infection in calves.^196512^Aust Vet J 1965 Dec;41(12):391-3^^Spradbrow PB^^0
66142054^The role of birds in the epidemiology of leptospirosis.^196512^Trop Geogr Med 1965 Dec;17(4):353-8^^Torten M, Shenberg E, Hoeden J van der^^0
66046011^Leptospirosis in Wisconsin.^196512^Am J Public Health Nations Health 1965 Dec;55(12):1936-44^^Allen V, Sueltmann S, Evans AS^^0
66076605^An investigation into the status of leptospirosis in Rhodesia.^196512^Cent Afr J Med 1965 Dec;11(12):363-6^^Graf HT^^0
66169223^Staining of sectioned leptospirae with heavy metals.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):41-53^^Czekalowski JW, Singh SP^^0
68091551^[A method of direct counting of Leptospira in a given volume]^196601^Lab Delo 1966;2:105-9^^Samostrel'skii AIu^^0
69010123^[On the possibilities of using synthetic nutrient media for growing Leptospira. I. Consumption by Leptospira of free amino acids from the nutrient medium during the process of growth]^196601^Lab Delo 1966;8:487-8^^Ternovskaia LN^^0
69010124^[Complement fixation with dry antigen as a method f of serodiagnosis of leptospirosis]^196601^Lab Delo 1966;8:488-90^^Tarasevich NN, Mitrofanov VG^^0
69051824^[Experience in the use of specific gamma globulin in the treatment of leptospiroses]^196601^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1966;29:64-9^^Lesnikov AL, Popova EM^^0
69051803^[Leptospirosis among children in the Northwest USSR (epidemiological and clinical data)]^196601^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1966;29:14-20^^Tokarevich KN, Popova EM^^0
69051814^[On the epidemiology of leptospirosis in the Arkhangel'sk District]^196601^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1966;29:21-8^^Tokarevich KN, Timofeeva SS, Popova EM, Ikonnikov NS, Sosnitskii VM^^0
69051820^[Data on natural foci of leptospirosis in Pskov District]^196601^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1966;29:29-35^^Popova EM, Fedoseeva MF, Serebriakov GA, Bazhenova AA, Kopytkin SI^^0
69051821^[Canicola leptospirosis in the Northwestern USSR]^196601^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1966;29:36-43^^Popova EM, Sil'ianova VI, Iachmenev NI^^0
69051825^[Experience in obtaining labeled (radioactive) cultures of leptospira]^196601^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1966;29:70-5^^Samostrel'skii AIu, Matveev OG^^0
67122034^Comparison of biotypes, serotypes, chemotypes and spectrophotometric infrared types of Brucellae, Klebsiellae, Listeriae, Erysipelothrix and Leptospirae.^196601^Bull Acad Pol Sci [Biol] 1966;14(7):475-81^^Parnas J, Hencner Z, Pleszczynska E, Poplawski S, Cybulska M^^0
67213296^Leptospirosis mini in South Bulgaria.^196601^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1966;8(4):206-10^^Mitov A, Ljubenov I^^0
67045494^Physaloptera clausa, a possible new reservoir host for parasitic leptospires.^196601^Bull World Health Organ 1966;35(2):278-9^^Torten M, Beemer AM, Hoeden J van der^^0
66097011^[Spirochaeta antigens]^196601^Ergeb Mikrobiol Immunitatsforsch Exp Ther 1966;39:14-42^^Siefert G^^0
66165870^Fixation of leptospirae for thin sectioning.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):245-8^^Czekalowski JW, Singh SP^^0
66165871^Can leptospirae divide longitudinally?^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):249-50^^Czekalowski JW, Singh SP^^0
66169218^Evaluation of methods for differentiating pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira strains.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):111-22^^Kmety E, Plesko I, Bakoss P, Chorvath B^^0
66169220^International work in leptospirosis.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):15-21^^Abdussalam M^^0
66169228^[International Colloquim on Leptospirosis. Introduction]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):9-14^^Van Riel J^^0
66173095^[Preservation of leptospires after cooling or lyophilization]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):213-24^^Resseler R, Van Riel M, Van Riel J^^0
66068514^An outbreak of leptospirosis among U. S. army troops in the Canal Zone.^196601^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966 Jan;15(1):57-63^^Mackenzie RB, Reiley CG, Alexander AD, Bruckner EA, Diercks FH, Beye HK^^0
66071844^An outbreak of leptospirosis among U. S. army troops in the Canal Zone.^196601^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966 Jan;15(1):64-70^^Gale NB, Alexander AD, Evans LB, Yager RH, Matheney RG^^0
67004632^Leptospira pomona in tissue culture: preliminary study.^196601^Am J Vet Res 1966 Jan;27(116):249-56^^Harrington DD, Sleight SD^^0
67049177^[Marsh fever (leptospirosis grippotyphosa)]^196601^Przegl Epidemiol 1966;20(3):293-8^^Migdalska-Kassurowa B, Kossakiewicz B^^0
67049185^[Clinical and therapeutical remarks on the participation of the kidneys in acute infectious diseases]^196601^Przegl Epidemiol 1966;20(3):331-5^^Bobrowski H^^0
66165864^[Leptospiral nephritis in dogs]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):177-86^^Brouwers J^^0
66165865^Leptospirae enzymatic properties on phospholipids.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):187-91^^Addamiano L, Papa J^^0
66165866^Studies on the isolation and growth of Leptospira from surface waters.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):193-202^^Cox CD^^0
66165867^[Treatment of leptospirosis]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):203-12^^Gsell O^^0
66165868^Criteria of postvaccinal immunity in leptospirosis.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):225-34^^Plesko I^^0
66165869^Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae-infection of experimental animals with artificially decreased resistance.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):235-44^^Kemenes F^^0
66165873^[On the antigen structure and endotoxins of leptospires. A preliminary report)]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):259-66^^Sefer M^^0
66169217^Main antigens as criterion for differentiating leptospiral serotypes.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):103-10^^Kmety E^^0
66169219^Evaluation of Galton's macroscopic slide test for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in human serum samples.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):123-33^^Wolff JW, Bohlander HJ^^0
66169221^Taxonomy and nomenclature of leptospira. General considerations.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):23-7^^Turner LH^^0
66169222^Remarks on the philosophy underlying the presently accepted classification of Leptospires.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):29-40^^Borg-Petersen C^^0
66169224^[Study with the electron microscope of the "agglutination-lysis" reaction]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):55-69^^Ryter A, Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
66169225^[Biological cycle of leptospires]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):71-84^^Van Riel J, Van Riel M^^0
66169226^Variability of the serological and antigenic properties of pathogenic leptospires in experimental conditions.^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):85-96^^Ananyin VV, Semyonova LP^^0
66169227^[Contribution to the variability of the antigenic structure of leptospires]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(1):97-102^^Bakoss P^^0
66075559^Quarantine.^196601^Br Vet J 1966 Jan;122(1):38-9^^^^0
66165861^[ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN Portugal]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):135-54^^Fraga de Azevedo J^^0
66165862^[The reservoirs of leptospires in the rice-field region of south Bulgaria]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):155-9^^Mitov A, Jankov N, Ivanov I^^0
66165863^[Epizootics and epidemiology of leptospirosis of murine origin in a rural milieu. Prevention]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):161-70^^Altava V^^0
66165872^[Reservoirs of leptospires in Rumania]^196601^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1966;46(2):251-7^^Sturdza N, Safiresco D^^0
67018312^Human leptospirosis in Thailand.^196601^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1966;60(3):361-5^^Sundharagiati B, Harinasuta C, Photha U^^0
67018313^Seasonal incidence of canine leptospirosis in Bangkok.^196601^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1966;60(3):366-8^^Sundharagiati B, Boonpacknavig S, Harinasuta C, Pholpothi T^^0
67048257^[Pathogenic Leptospirae. 3. Growth of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in media containing Mycobacterium smegmatis cultured for various days]^196601^Igaku To Seibutsugaku 1966 Jan 1;72(1):5-7^^Yanagihara Y^^0
66092072^Preliminary note about occurrence of Leptospira wolffii in Sao Paulo, Brazil.^196675^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1966 Jan-Feb;8(1):53-4^^Correa MO, Hyakutake S, Natale V, Galvao PA, Aguiar H de A^^0
67056625^Antibody formation by spleen cells from mice of inbred strains genetically differing in their capacity for antibody formation.^196601^Folia Biol (Praha) 1966;12(6):442-51^^Petrov RV, Manyko VM, Zhabina MI, Sidorovich IG^^0
67059059^A study concerning the distribution of 51Cr-labelled leptospirae in various organs of guinea-pigs with Daels' sarcoma.^196601^Neoplasma 1966;13(5):565-72^^Hupka S, Oravec C, Kmety E^^0
67060446^[Incorporation of the ammonia ion by Leptospira in Korthof's medium]^196601^Biologia (Bratisl) 1966;21(8):602-5^^Chorvath B^^0
67100391^Leptospiral antibodies in random human population in Calcutta.^196601^Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1966 Jan;14(1):7-8^^Mukherjea AK, Mukherji A, Sen AK^^0
68009489^[The systematic position of the serotype Budapest strain of Leptospira]^196601^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1966 Jan;199(1):67-71^^Babudieri B^^0
68056010^[1st cases of leptospirosis diagnosed serologically in Belem (Para- Brazil)]^196675^An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) 1966 Jan-Jun;23(1):245-7^^Resende M, Costa CA, Lobao A, Melo GB^^0
68128647^[Leptospirosis in Antioquia. Preliminary communication]^196601^Antioquia Med 1966;16(6):543-4^^Bravo C, Restrepo ROBLEDO M, Perez G^^0
68270811^[Analysis of receptors of Leptospira strains isolated in South-East Poland]^196601^Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med] 1966;21:149-66^^Lazuga K^^0
68287968^[Antibiotics in the therapy of leptospirosis]^196601^Rass Clin Ter 1966;65(6):324-30^^Addamiano L^^0
70284953^[Serologic microtechnic diagnosis of plague, brucellosis and leptospirosis]^199701^An Microbiol (Rio J) 1966-67;14:63-76^^Mello MT de, Mello AM de^^0
67098462^[On the incidence of leptospiral infections in cattle and swine in the Province of Catanzaro]^196675^Riv Ital Ig 1966 Jan-Apr;26(1):107-12^^Ioli A, Mattace-Raso G, Tredici E^^0
69051822^[On the problem of fever reaction of the organism in leptospirosis infection. 1. Fever reaction in icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^196601^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1966;29:44-63^^Tokarevich KN, Popova EM, Pupkevich-Diamant IaS^^0
69051826^[A study of certain problems of experimental leptospiral infections with the use of radioisotope indicators]^196601^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1966;29:76-85^^Samostrel'skii AIu^^0
66100284^Some aspects of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in New Guinea.^196601^Med J Aust 1966 Jan 22;1(4):129-36^^Willis MF, Wannan JS^^0
71117640^[Experience with studies on leptospirosis]^196601^Orv Hetil 1966 Jan 23;107(4):163-5^^Lakatos M^^0
69252930^[On an antigen for the complement fixation test in leptospirosis]^196602^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Feb;43(2):128^^Pomanskaia LZ^^0
66107753^Experimental leptospirosis in pregnant sows.^196602^J Infect Dis 1966 Feb;116(1):57-66^^Fennestad KL, Borg-Petersen C^^0
66159063^[Bovine and equine leptospirosis at the farms of Cher and Loiret in the spring of 1965. Isolation of strains belonging to Grippotyphosa serologic group]^196602^Bull Acad Vet Fr 1966 Feb;39(2):69-77^^Fiocre B, Lataste Dorolle C^^0
67097001^[Uveitis due to Leptospira. (Clinical contribution)]^196602^Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 1966 Feb;92(2):77-83^^Battistini A^^0
69252963^[A study of the morhology of leptosira by the electron microscope method]^196602^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Feb;43(2):85-90^^Kiktenko VS, Troshin KA^^0
68043579^[New data on the etiology and epizootiology of leptospirosis in animals]^196602^Veterinariia 1966 Feb;43(2):34-7^^Liubashenko SIa, Netseplyaev SV, Kostrikina LG, Loginov IA^^0
67041616^Leptospires isolated from frog kidneys.^196602^Nature 1966 Feb 26;209(26):939-40^^Diesch SL, McCulloch WF, Braun JL, Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
68043663^[Immunochemical studies on the antigen structure of leptospira]^196603^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1966 Mar;199(3):360-79^^Parnas J, Cegielka M, Cybulska M^^0
68192442^[On the epizootiology of leptospirosis in Dagestan]^196603^Veterinariia 1966 Mar;43(3):47-9^^Petrova KF^^0
68125754^[Changes in the serological and antigenic properties of pathogenic leptospira under experimental conditions. 1.]^196603^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Mar;43(3):34-9^^Anan'in VV, Semenova LP^^0
66133030^Antagonistic relationships between leptospiras of different serological types.^196675^Fed Proc Transl Suppl 1966 Mar-Apr;25(2):341-3^^Rostomyan SV^^0
67213106^[Demonstration of leptospirae in unstained smears]^196603^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1966 Mar;25(1):105-10^^Sturdza N, Safiresco D, Ciurea C^^0
66112554^Leptospirosis in primates other than man.^196603^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966 Mar;15(2):190-8^^Minette HP^^0
66120952^Isolation and growth of Leptospira on artificial media.^196603^J Bacteriol 1966 Mar;91(3):1374-5^^Baseman JB, Henneberry RC, Cox CD^^0
66134728^A program of prevention and eradication of an endemic disease resembling Weil's disease in Sakaminato City, Tottori Prefecture in Japan.^196603^Yonago Acta Med 1966 Mar;10(1):56-64^^Murae M, Iwamura N, Tada M, Takita S, Sumida M, Ida T, Katsuda M^^0
66112952^Leptospirosis (pomona fever).^196603^South Med J 1966 Mar;59(3):272^^Durham BM^^0
67095110^Mechanisms of tissue cell penetration by Leptospira pomona: phagocytosis of leptospires in vitro.^196603^Am J Vet Res 1966 Mar;27(117):503-11^^Rose GW, Eveland WC, Ellinghausen HC^^0
67096507^[Leptospirosis in Dakar]^196675^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1966 Mar-Apr;59(2):207-17^^Payet M, Pene P, Sankale M, Bayet R, Bonnardot R, Bernou JC, Frament V^^0
69237830^[On morbidity with leptospirosis among workers at the Krasnoarmeisk and Maikopsk meat-packing plants]^196604^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Apr;43(4):142^^Gol'denshtein ZA^^0
67095384^Immunization programs for dairy cattle.^196604^Cornell Vet 1966 Apr;56(2):287-92^^Kahrs RF^^0
68017320^Studies on some hitherto unknown diseases in Bulgaria with parasitological character in humans and animals.^196604^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1966 Apr;199(4):506-13^^Pavlov P^^0
66109118^Isolation of pathogenic leptospires from waters used for recreation.^196604^Public Health Rep 1966 Apr;81(4):299-304^^Diesch SL, McCulloch WF^^0
67096684^The viability of leptospires in the summer paddy water.^196604^Jpn J Microbiol 1966 Apr;10(1):51-7^^Ryu E, Liu CK^^0
66106859^[Study of some strains of Leptospira isolated from hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) in Belgium]^196604^Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1966 Apr;110(4):627-34^^Babudieri B, Ghysels G^^0
66111890^[A case of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. The 6th Canadian case]^196604^Union Med Can 1966 Apr;95(4):408-12^^Robert J, Turgeon F, Lavoie P, Cote JR, Bernier J, Viallet A^^0
66120977^Antileptospiral activity of serum. I. Normal and immune serum.^196604^J Bacteriol 1966 Apr;91(4):1403-9^^Johnson RC, Muschel LH^^0
67096488^Leptospiral antibodies in random human population in Sikkim.^196604^Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1966 Apr;14(2):40^^Mukherjea AK, Sen AK^^0
67095385^The control of pig diseases by immunization.^196604^Cornell Vet 1966 Apr;56(2):293-9^^Dunne HW^^0
67095386^Canine immunization.^196604^Cornell Vet 1966 Apr;56(2):300-5^^McClelland R, Gillespie JH^^0
68102450^Pathology of the kidney and liver in the experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig. A light and electron microscopy study.^196604^Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1966 Apr 13;341(1):64-78^^De Brito T, Freymuller E, Hoshino S, Penna DO^^0
67121254^Chemotherapy of renal leptospirosis in hamsters.^196605^Am J Vet Res 1966 May;27(118):803-7^^Stalheim OH^^0
66150765^Leptospirosis: a report from one practice on the use of a leptospiral vaccine for a period of three years.^196605^N Z Med J 1966 May;65(405):Suppl 15:13-9^^Philip NA, Tennent RB^^0
66125031^Experimental infection with L. pomona in normal and immune piglets.^196605^Can Vet J 1966 May;7(5):106-12^^Chaudhary RK, Fish NA, Barnum DA^^0
67121253^Effects of antimicrobial agents on leptospiral growth, respiration, motility, and viability.^196605^Am J Vet Res 1966 May;27(118):797-802^^Stalheim OH^^0
67129943^[Leptospirosis in the province of Mantua. A statistical and epidemiological study (1954-1963]^196675^Ann Sanita Pubblica 1966 May-Jun;27(3):603-13^^Sabattini P^^0
67127457^[Leptospira in animals.  Current knowledge in the epizootological category on leptospirosis in France]^196675^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1966 May-Jun;65(5):831-49^^Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
67127458^[Bovine leptospirosis. Serological examination of breeding animals destined for export]^196675^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1966 May-Jun;65(5):851-70^^Pigoury L, Cottereau P, Gaumont R^^0
68315686^[Study of the presence of ant-leptospira agglutinins in domestic animals in France]^196605^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1966 May;66(1):833-48^^Gaumont R^^0
68315688^Incidence of abortion and sterility in swine in the Netherlands due to infection with Leptospira hyos.^196605^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1966 May;66(1):849-66^^Akkermans JP^^0
68315689^Leptospirosis in the Republic of South Africa.^196605^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1966 May;66(1):867-8^^^^0
69110084^[Duration of carrier state of leptospira in pigs]^196605^Veterinariia 1966 May;43(5):29-31^^Netsepliaev SV^^0
66138351^[On the pathogenesis of jaundice and renal insufficiency during icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. (Apropos of the observation of a fatal case)]^196605^Presse Med 1966 May 14;74(24):1250-2^^Piolino M, Szekely AM^^0
66125624^Leptospirosis in kennel dogs.^196605^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1966 May 15;148(10):1152-9^^Hubbert WT, Shotts EB^^0
68100553^[The antibody titer level in animal Leptospira carriers]^196606^Veterinariia 1966 Jun;43(6):39-40^^Soloshenko IZ, Semenova LP^^0
67005808^Immune response to a secondary stimulus with Leptospira canicola and infectious canine hepatitis in beagles exposed to Sr90. LF-29.^196606^Fission Prod Inhal Proj 1966 Jun;:1-10^^Clapper WE, Sanchez A, Levy J^^0
67005017^Leptospirosis in the West Indies--a preliminary survey.^196606^West Indian Med J 1966 Jun;15(2):94-6^^Urquhart AE, Grant LS^^0
66160243^Protection of piglets from immunized sows via colostrum against experimental L. pomona infection.^196606^Can Vet J 1966 Jun;7(6):121-7^^Chaudhary RK, Fish NA, Barnum DA^^0
66165010^Nephritis in the cat.^196606^J Small Anim Pract 1966 Jun;7(6):445-9^^Hamilton JM^^0
67124657^Leptospirosis as a cause of pyrexia of unknown origin in Thailand.^196606^Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1966 Jun;60(2):247-51^^Sundharagiati B, Kasemsuvan P, Harinasuta C, Potha U^^0
67172654^[Further studies on the antigenic structure of leptospira by electrophoresis and immuno-electrophoresis]^196606^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1966 Jun;13(3):286-96^^Parnas J, Cegielka M, Cybulska M^^0
67217604^[On the problem of occupational leptospiroses in employees of the Slovak meat industry]^196606^Prac Lek 1966 Jun;18(5):201-6^^Plesko I, Hruzik J, Janovicova E, Sasvari K^^0
68046720^[In vitro toxicity of leptospirae on cell cultures]^196606^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1966 Jun;25(2):435-40^^Sefer M, Dincoulesco M, Sulica A^^0
68084328^[Clinical and laboratory study of ictero-hemorrhagic leptospirosis (Weil's disease)]^196606^Rev Bras Malariol Doencas Trop 1966 Jun;18(2):281-368^^Silva RM de^^0
67127386^Preparturient infections and other causes of foetal loss in sheep and cattle in Tasmania.^196606^Aust Vet J 1966 Jun;42(6):189-93^^Munday BL, Ryan FB, King SJ, Corbould A^^0
67132527^[Leptospira pomona infection in swine]^196606^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1966 Jun 1;21(11):418-20^^Horsch F, Schroder HD, Graumann H^^0
69267071^[Natural carrier state and humoral immunity in leptospirosis]^196606^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Jun;43(6):59-63^^Gorshanova EN^^0
69267072^[Epidemiologic characteristics of "hay-making" outbreaks of swamp fever]^196606^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Jun;43(6):63-6^^Drankin DI, Godlevskaia MV^^0
67167893^[Leptospiral infection of pigs]^196606^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1966 Jun 15;21(12):469-74^^Horsch F^^0
66158320^Animal hosts of leptospires in Kenya and Uganda.^196607^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966 Jul;15(4):523-30^^Ball MG^^0
67169995^Continuous recording of the growth of leptospira, staphylococcus, pasteurella, haemophilus, and erysipelothrix species.^196607^Am J Vet Res 1966 Jul;27(119):1136-40^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
67170014^The effect of aeration upon the growth of leptospira serotypes.^196607^Am J Vet Res 1966 Jul;27(119):975-9^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
67171247^Studies on two colonial types of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagia with special reference to the bottle culture method.^196607^Jpn J Microbiol 1966 Jul;10(2):79-83^^Fujikura T^^0
67171304^[Comments on the criteria for appraisal of serologic and bacteriologic tests in leptospirosis infections]^196675^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1966 Jul-Sep;70(3):723-9^^Bejenaru C, Cuciureanu G, Sirmon E, Ioan E, Trusca V, Burduja A, Feller H, Pavel S^^0
67015488^+Human leptospirosis caused by Leptospira sentot]^196675^Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1966 Jul-Aug;21(4):199-201^^Alterio DL, Cunha JC da^^0
67050625^Freeze-cutting of density gradients.^196607^Appl Microbiol 1966 Jul;14(4):687-9^^Berg R, Durand DP^^0
67169985^Electron microscopy of the liver of the hamster during acute and chronic leptospirosis.^196607^Am J Vet Res 1966 Jul;27(119):1071-81^^Miller NG, Wilson RB^^0
67171305^[Contributions to the study of morbidity from leptospirosis in the regions of Galati and Iasi. I. Retrospective serologic diagnosis with methods of epidemiological investigation]^196675^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1966 Jul-Sep;70(3):731-7^^Vasilache C, Brebenel G, Oana C, Burduja A, Bejenzru C, Ivan A, Teodorovici G, Bercovici C^^0
67167246^Leptospirosis in India.^196607^Indian J Med Res 1966 Jul;54(7):611-4^^Joseph KM, Kalra SL^^0
67171091^Experimental leptospirosis in pregnant ewes. V. Middle uterine artery inoculations.^196607^Cornell Vet 1966 Jul;56(3):418-26^^Smith RE, Reynolds IM, Clark GW^^0
68133036^[Treatment of swine leptospirosis]^196607^Veterinariia 1966 Jul;43(7):41-3^^Slin'ko VG^^0
66173279^Q fever, brucellosis and leptospirosis among abattoir workers in New South Wales.^196607^Med J Aust 1966 Jul 2;2(1):20-3^^Hansman D, Murphy AM, Wannan JS, Woolard TJ, Boger JR^^0
66152681^Occupational infections in the Edinburgh abattoir.^196607^Br Med J 1966 Jul 16;5506:148-50^^Schonell ME, Brotherston JG, Burnett RC, Campbell J, Coghlan JD, Moffat MA, Norval J, Sutherland JA^^0
67173516^Some observations on the diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis in swine.^196608^Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1966 Aug;30(8):211-7^^Mitchell D, Robertson A, Corner AH, Boulanger P^^0
69237869^[Leptospira carrier state among nutrias (Myocastor coypus Moll)]^196608^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Aug;43(8):146^^Tagi-Zade TA, Borisova LP^^0
66151926^Leptospirosis.^196608^Med Times 1966 Aug;94(8):903-13 contd^^Edwards GA, Domm BM^^0
67216989^The influence of Leptospirae and their toxins on tissue culture and the possibility of differentiation of the serotypes.^196608^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1966 Aug;13(4):369-76^^Parnas J, Pinkiewicz H^^0
67216990^Research on the antigenic structure of leptospira by infrared spectrophotometry.^196608^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1966 Aug;13(4):377-87^^Parnas J, Poplawski S, Cybulska M^^0
68202637^[Some data on the submicroscopic structure of Leptospira]^196608^Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 1966 Aug 1;169(4):950-1^^Kats LN, Konstantinova ND^^0
69237871^[The role of cows in the formation of foci of jaundice-less leptospirosis in the Amur region]^196608^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Aug;43(8):147^^Mazurin ND, Anokhin II^^0
70251571^[Interstrain differences in antibody production in inbred mice immunized with 1 or 2 antigens]^196608^Biull Eksp Biol Med 1966 Aug;62(8):70-4^^Petrov RV, Man'ko VM, Panteleev EI^^0
67216991^A new serotype: Leptospira polonica.^196608^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1966 Aug;13(4):388-91^^Parnas J, Cybulska MT^^0
67020402^Canicola fever in man and animals.^196608^Br Med J 1966 Aug 6;2(509):336-40^^Lawson JH, Michna SW^^0
67055991^[Hepatic function in leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica]^196608^Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1966 Aug 10;55(5):432-8^^Yamaguchi M, Nagano H, Nakamoto N, Shigematsu T^^0
67173219^Morphological and serological analysis of leptospiral structure.^196608^Nature 1966 Aug 20;211(51):823-6^^Yanagawa R, Faine S^^0
67178831^Combined viral and bacterial antigens for canine vaccines.^196609^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1966 Sep 1;149(5):681-5^^York CJ^^0
68158183^[A comparative assessment of various methods of laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis]^196609^Veterinariia 1966 Sep;43(9):90-1^^Novikova VN, Levshina VD^^0
66170981^Leptospirosis. II.^196609^Med Times 1966 Sep;94(9):1086-95^^Edwards GA, Domm BM^^0
67017789^Recent observations on leptospirosis in Northern Ireland and their bearing on current diagnostic methods.^196609^J Clin Pathol 1966 Sep;19(5):415-23^^Wilson TS^^0
67014273^Leptospirosis in Nicaragua: preliminary report on the first year of study.^196609^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966 Sep;15(5):735-42^^Clark LG, Varela-Diaz VM, Sulzer CR, Marshak RR, Hollister CJ^^0
67040456^The prevalence of antibodies against selected zoonotic diseases in abattoir workers.^196609^Arch Environ Health 1966 Sep;13(3):336-9^^Schnurrenberger PR, Masterson RA^^0
67180228^Antigenic analysis of Leptospira strains, belonging to the Pomona group.^196609^Trop Geogr Med 1966 Sep;18(3):242-6^^Chernukha YG^^0
67180229^A new serotype of Leptospira, belonging to the autumnalis serogroup.^196609^Trop Geogr Med 1966 Sep;18(3):247-9^^Wolff JW, Bohlander HJ^^0
70010516^[A solid culture medium for growing leptospira]^196609^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Sep;43(9):77-80^^Kanareikina SK, Cherukulam P^^0
67240154^[Abattoirs and leptospirosis. Serological study of slaughterhouse employees and animals]^196609^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1966 Sep;25(3):635-44^^Sturdza N, Nicolesco M, Vasilesco T, Safiresco D^^0
68158154^[A study of experimental swine leptospirosis]^196609^Veterinariia 1966 Sep;43(9):37-8^^Shmatkova AI^^0
70010515^[Characteristics of natural foci of leptospirosis in central Priamur'e]^196609^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Sep;43(9):75-7^^Grannikova SA, Smirin VM, Vorob'eva RN^^0
67240173^[The 1st case of Leptospira ballum infection in Czechoslovakia]^196609^Bratisl Lek Listy 1966 Sep 15;46(5):296-8^^Mittermayer T, Plesko I^^0
67023862^[Water fever (un-icteric leptospirosis) and its prevention]^196610^Med Sestra 1966 Oct;25(10):19-21^^Odabashian ZA^^0
67181903^Experimental leptospirosis in pregnant ewes. VI. Immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of fetal leptospirosis.^196610^Cornell Vet 1966 Oct;56(4):640-7^^Smith RE, Hench EC, Reynolds IM^^0
67049441^Evaluation of leptospiral macroscopic-slide test antigens with reference and human sera.^196610^Health Lab Sci 1966 Oct;3(4):235-50^^Evins GM, West B, Reynolds GH^^0
67049821^Leptospiral selection, growth, and virulence in synthetic medium.^196610^J Bacteriol 1966 Oct;92(4):946-51^^Stalheim OH^^0
67082390^A case of leptospirosis from Kurnool.^196610^Indian J Med Sci 1966 Oct;20(10):716-8^^Murthy VS, Rao AN, Parvathi G^^0
67132365^Electron microscopy of a human liver in Weil's disease (leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica).^196610^J Pathol Bacteriol 1966 Oct;92(2):369-74^^Sandborn EB, Cote MG, Viallet A^^0
68157074^[Considerations on a focus of human leptospirosis due to bathing in a polluted stream]^196675^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1966 Oct-Sep;70(4):977-83^^Brebenel G, Vasilache G, Bercovici C, Burduja A^^0
69161591^[On the ultra-thin structure of Leptospira]^196610^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Oct;43(10):5-7^^Kiktenko VS, Troshin KA^^0
67241660^Leptospira sejro infection of albino mice in Hungary (eradication of leptospires from the infected mouse stocks).^196610^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1966 Oct;13(6):591-600^^Kemenes F, Szeky A^^0
68157071^[Immuno-epidemiological research on the incidence of leptospirosis in humans and animals in the year 1965 in the Jijia-Prut region]^196675^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1966 Oct-Sep;70(4):953-62^^Teodorovici G, Ivan A, Oana C, Bercovici C, Burduja A, Zvoristeanu V, Butuc A^^0
67245605^[Standard cultivation of Leptospira on the Korthof medium without serum]^196611^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1966 Nov;15(6):346-8^^Cerva L^^0
69064418^[Clinical and epidemiological observations in a leptospirosis focus]^196611^Sov Med 1966 Nov;29(11):93-6^^Mezhennyi AM^^0
68083949^[Considerations on leptospirosis in Italy]^196611^G Mal Infett Parassit 1966 Nov;18(11):713-23^^Toscano F^^0
67200741^[The diagnosis of borreliosis by immunofluorescence]^196611^Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1966 Nov;111(5):Suppl:28-35^^Allinne M, Marx R^^0
67247035^[Morphology of leptospira]^196675^Postepy Hig Med Dosw 1966 Nov-Dec;20(6):859-71^^Parnas J, Cybulska MT^^0
67181245^Response of erythrocytes to Leptospira pomona hemolysins during infection.^196611^Am J Vet Res 1966 Nov;27(121):1629-32^^Ringen L^^0
67215107^[Comparison of the reactions of hemopoietic stems on primary immunization in two inbred lines of mice]^196675^Tsitologiia 1966 Nov-Dec;8(6):763-7^^Osechinskii IV, Man'ko VM^^0
68156448^[Chemotypes, serotypes and infrared types of leptospirae]^196611^Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1966 Nov;150(6):565-9^^Parnas J, Poplawski S, Cybalska M^^0
69282409^[The serologic characteristics of the protein and polysaccharide fractions of a complex antigen isolated from leptospira]^196611^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Nov;43(11):13-7^^Samedov AS^^0
68329323^[Research of antileptospiral antibodies among butchers in some municipalities of the State of Sao Paulo]^196675^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1966 Nov-Dec;8(6):287-90^^Castro AF de, Rosa CA, Almeida WF de, Troise C^^0
68353026^[Some laboratory data on leptospirosis in the dog]^196675^Acta Med Vet (Napoli) 1966 Nov-Dec;12(6):655-73^^Mastrangelo P^^0
68396189^[Simultaneous immunization of swine against plague, erysipelas and leptospirosis]^196611^Veterinariia 1966 Nov;43(11):35-7^^Petrov VF, Bezborodkin NS^^0
69282413^[Leptospirosis morbidity in the Odessa region]^196611^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Nov;43(11):145-6^^Burov AI, Kozlova VP^^0
67059126^Leptospirosis in Cape Town.^196611^S Afr Med J 1966 Nov 12;40(41):1010-1^^Samson RI, Pillay TS^^0
67259817^[Sequellae following meningoencephalitis due to tick-borne encephalitis virus and leptospira]^196611^Bratisl Lek Listy 1966 Nov 15;46(9):545-9^^Hruzik J, Ujhazyova-Kralikova D, Mathernova V, Sobota K^^0
67083761^The use of immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis by a genus-specific antigen.^196612^J Infect Dis 1966 Dec;116(5):537-43^^Torten M, Shenberg E, Van der Hoeden J^^0
67249325^Studies on leptospiral colony formation in bottle culture: conditions favoring Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae colony formation.^196612^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1966 Dec;28(6):297-306^^Fujikura T^^0
67124690^Comparison of direct microscopic and guinea pig inoculation techniques for demonstrating leptospiras in bovine urine.^196612^Aust Vet J 1966 Dec;42(12):466-7^^Doherty PC^^0
67253991^Liver changes in leptospirosis. A study of needle biopsies in twenty- two cases.^196612^Am J Proctol 1966 Dec;17(6):480-7^^Bhamarapravati N, Boonyapaknavig V, Viranuvatti V, Tuchinda U, Boonnag D, Nye SW^^0
69062982^[On the incidence of meningoencephalitis in swamp fever]^196612^Klin Med (Mosk) 1966 Dec;44(12):112-4^^Sedov VA^^0
69220008^[A method of preparing lyophilized leptospirosis antigen for the complement fixation test]^196612^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Dec;43(12):37-41^^Samedov AS^^0
69220013^[Antigenic structure of strains of Leptospira type sorex isolated from the USSR]^196612^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1966 Dec;43(12):55-8^^Chernukha IuG, Sakhartseva TF^^0
68044711^[Enzootic disease in young calves. Probable role of a Leptospiran type belonging to the serum group "australis"]^196612^Bull Acad Vet Fr 1966 Dec;39(10):383-90^^Fiocre B, Dorolle CL^^0
68397416^[On the differential diagnosis of leptospirosis in swine]^196612^Veterinariia 1966 Dec;43(12):25-7^^Popov VI^^0
68397417^[Leptospirosis in dogs. (Clinical observations)]^196612^Veterinariia 1966 Dec;43(12):27-8^^Il'inskii SA^^0
67250616^[Infectious abortion in Bang-negative cattle]^196612^Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 1966 Dec;53(12):824-34^^Willinger H^^0
69183269^[Utilizing the passive protection test for assessing the immunogenicity of leptospiral vaccine]^196701^Lab Delo 1967;6:353-7^^Nikiforova-Menshutina AS, Cherkasova VV^^0
69214611^[Change in the morphology of Leptospira under the effect of antibiotics of the tetracycline group]^196701^Lab Delo 1967;2:114-6^^Kiktenko VS, Troshin KA^^0
69214612^[Technic of immuno-absorptive analysis of the antigenic structure of Leptospira]^196701^Lab Delo 1967;2:116-20^^Chernukha IuG^^0
69057691^[Prevention of natural focal diseases in connection with assimilation of new regions in Siberia and the Far East]^196701^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Jan;44(1):79-83^^Karpov SP^^0
69288611^Isolation of subserotypes of leptospirae of the Tarassovi S. Hyos group, previously unknown in the U.S.S.R.^196701^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1967;11(4):472-7^^Semenova LP, Soloshenko LI^^0
69291445^Korthof's solid medium and the role of specific and nonspecific inhibitors in the cultivation of leptospirae in tissues.^196701^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1967;11(3):334-46^^Cerva L^^0
67061496^Leptospiral interspecies infections on an Illinois farm.^196701^Public Health Rep 1967 Jan;82(1):75-83^^Martin RJ, Hanson LE, Schnurrenberger PR^^0
68316177^Current problems in leptospirosis research. Report of a WHO Expert Group.^196701^World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1967;380:1-32^^^^0
68402343^[Infrared spectrophotometry and immunochemical studies of Brucella Klebsiella, Listeria, Erysipelothrix and Leptospira]^196701^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1967;21(4):867-80^^Parnas J, Hencner Z, Poplawski S, Pleszczynska E, Cybulska M^^0
69263119^Epidemiologic studies of Leptospira grippotyphosa and Leptospira hardjo infections in Iowa cattle.^196701^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1967;71:195-205^^Diesch SL, McCulloch WF, Crawford RP, Bennett PC, Braun JL^^0
69263120^Leptospirosis serology in wisconsin cattle and swine.^196701^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1967;71:206-9^^Lyle WE^^0
69275921^Leptospira hardjo infections in cattle.^196701^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1967;71:210-5^^Hanson LE, Brodie BO^^0
68131657^The relationship between the antigenic structure of the Pomona serogroup of liptospiral serotypes and their circulation in particular species of animals in the USSR.^196701^Bull World Health Organ 1967;37(2):335-40^^Cernuha JG, Kokovin IL^^0
68365373^Kidney biopsies in human leptospirosis: a biochemical and electron microscopy study.^196701^Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1967;343(2):124-35^^Brito T de, Penna DO, Pereira VC, Hoshino S^^0
68157303^Haemorrhagic nephritis in experimental bovine leptospirosis bratislava.^196701^Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1967;71(2):245-64^^Fennestad KL, Olsen TS, Borg-Petersen C^^0
68165548^[Medical acaroentomology in Poland in 1945-1966]^196701^Wiad Parazytol 1967;13(4):345-59^^Lachmajer J^^0
68313901^[Results of serologic studies in endogenous eye inflammations]^196701^Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1967;151(3):332-44^^Paul W, Vick HP^^0
68368312^Chemotherapeutic activity of certain organic selenium compounds in experimental leptospirosis.^196701^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1967;7:531-3^^Goble FC, Konopka EA, Zoganas HC^^0
68368313^Chemotherapeutic activity of certain isoquinoline compounds in experimental leptospirosis.^196701^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1967;7:534-6^^Konopka EA, Goble FC, Lewis L, Werner L^^0
68404249^[Effects of Zn2+ on the generation time of nephelometrically observed Leptospira populations]^196701^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1967 Jan;202(1):73-87^^Burger G, Fuchs GH^^0
68409627^[Meningitis leptospirosa]^196701^Med Pregl 1967;20(3):157-60^^Dimic E, Mudric V, Dosen H^^0
69131387^[The differential diagnosis of the meningeal form of tick-borne encephalitis and nonicteric leptospirosis in children]^196701^Pediatriia 1967 Jan;46(1):61-4^^Misenzhnikov AV^^0
69238848^[The results of testing a dry complex diagnosticum in a focus of leptospiral infection]^196701^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967;44(3):40-3^^Tarasevich NN, Shakhanina IL, Mitrofanov VT^^0
68126437^Leptospirosis. I.^196701^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1967;61(6):842-55^^Turner LH^^0
69288612^On the question of the morphology of leptospirae.^196701^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1967;11(4):478-82^^Kiktenko VS, Troshin KA^^0
69291444^Variability of the serological properties of leptospirae within a single serotype and subserotype and its significance for the classification of leptospirae.^196701^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1967;11(3):328-33^^Semenova LP, Soloshenko IZ^^0
67057130^[Inflammatory diseases of the meninges. Epidemiology and examination methods]^196701^Bibl Tuberc 1967;23:1-11^^Schar M, Wiesmann E^^0
67087454^The renal carrier state of experimenal Leptospira pomona infections in skunks (Mephitis mephitis).^196701^Am J Epidemiol 1967 Jan;85(1):9-16^^Tabel H, Karstad L^^0
67204814^[Use of the Leptospira biflexa Patoc antigen in the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis]^196701^Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1967 Jan;112(1):121-5^^Mailloux M^^0
67257672^[Pattern of the agglutination-lysis test in 75 cases of various spirochytoses]^196701^Przegl Epidemiol 1967;21(1):53-8^^Migdalska-Kassurowa B, Dymowska Z^^0
67262358^An attempt at an objective evaluation of the oxidase reaction in leptospira cultures.^196701^Biologia (Bratisl) 1967;22(2):90-5^^Plesko I, Vladar M^^0
68080127^Gel filtration of leptospiral lipase on sephadex g 200.^196701^Biologia (Bratisl) 1967;22(11):817-22^^Chorvath B^^0
68082371^[Pattern of morphologic content of peripheral blood and erythrocyte sedimentation in leptospiroses]^196701^Pol Arch Med Wewn 1967;39(3):325-33^^Migdalska-Kassurowa B^^0
67257673^[Results of serologic tests for leptospira in the serum of animals in selected territories]^196701^Przegl Epidemiol 1967;21(1):59-65^^Nasikowska M^^0
68098948^A new leptospiral serotype in albino rat breeds.^196701^Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung 1967;17(3):257-61^^Kemenes F, Temesvari E^^0
68328384^Liver biopsy in human leptospirosis: a light and electron microscopy study.^196701^Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1967 Jan 11;342(1):61-9^^De Brito T, Machado MM, Montans SD, Hoshino S, Freymuller E^^0
69061482^[Water fowl as a possible source of leptospirosis infection]^196702^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Feb;44(2):140-3^^Tagi-Zade TA, Alekperov FP^^0
68412841^[Lag phase and exponential growth phase in leptospiras as functions of inoculation size]^196702^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1967 Feb;202(3):388-94^^Burger G, Fuchs GH^^0
68094346^Bacterial meningitis, 1962-63.^196702^Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 1967 Feb;26:22-30^^Bevan-Jones H, Miller DL^^0
67122177^Antileptospiral activity of serum. II. Leptospiral virulence factor.^196702^J Bacteriol 1967 Feb;93(2):513-9^^Johnson RC, Harris VG^^0
67222646^Leptospirosis in West Cameroon.^196702^West Afr Med J Niger Pract 1967 Feb;16(1):44-5^^Fry DR^^0
68359346^[Contribution to the leptospirotic abortion in pigs]^196702^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1967 Feb 15;22(4):135-44^^Senf W^^0
68359347^[Leptospira hyos infections of pigs in the German Democratic Republic]^196702^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1967 Feb 15;22(4):144-7^^Horsch F^^0
67248994^[Contribution to the problem of leptospire transmission]^196702^Bratisl Lek Listy 1967 Feb 28;47(4):205-8^^Bazovska S, Kmety E^^0
67248995^[First experience with a polyvalent antileptospiral vaccine under our conditions]^196702^Bratisl Lek Listy 1967 Feb 28;47(4):209-18^^Plesko I, Hruzik J, Sasvari K^^0
68328535^Investigations on serotypes of Leptospirae by infrared spectrophotometry.^196703^Z Immunitatsforsch Allerg Klin Immunol 1967 Mar;132(3):218-24^^Parnas J, Poplawski S, Cybulska M^^0
70040521^[The current concept of the etiology of uveitis in persons of various ages (a review of the foreign literature)]^196775^Vestn Oftalmol 1967 Mar-Apr;80(2):81-5^^Geimos EK^^0
69268519^[On morphological variability of leptospires]^196775^Mikrobiol Zh 1967 Mar-Apr;29(2):121-5^^Bukhovets' VD^^0
69238821^[Leptospirosis among workers at the Engels meat-packing plant]^196703^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Mar;44(3):114-7^^Godlevskaia MV, Drankin DI, Rumiantseva EV^^0
69238828^[Distribution of leptospirosis infection among epidemiologically threatened contingents of the towns and villages of Lithuanian SSR]^196703^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Mar;44(3):129-33^^Moteiunas LI, Urbelene IaA^^0
67209091^Experimental leptospirosis: Leptospira canicola infection in calves.^196703^Am J Vet Res 1967 Mar;28(123):413-9^^Imbabi SE, Sleight SD, Conner GH, Schmidt DA^^0
67210647^Screening tests in human serum samples with Leptospira biflexa antigens incorporated in Galton's macroscopic slide test.^196703^Trop Geogr Med 1967 Mar;19(1):63-9^^Wolff JW, Bohlander HJ^^0
67261949^[Current data on the leptospirosis infection across the Tisza river]^196703^Orv Hetil 1967 Mar 5;108(10):459-63^^Munnich D, Lakatos M^^0
69010645^[Therapy of leptospirosis]^196703^Clin Ter 1967 Mar 15;40(5):409-15^^Gsell O^^0
68360185^[Leptospirosis of the swine]^196703^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1967 Mar 15;22(6):224-33^^Kemenes F^^0
69200881^[On the epizootiology of leptospirosis in animals]^196704^Veterinariia 1967 Apr;44(4):35-8^^Dubakin NI, Vishniakov IF, Etleshev GS, Varlamov IS^^0
69200866^[A method of purifying leptospira cultures of extraneous microflora]^196704^Veterinariia 1967 Apr;44(4):103-4^^Sivash NE^^0
69084372^[Leptospirosis in the rice fields in Spain (national epidemiological survey 1964-1965)]^196775^Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1967 Apr-Jun;41(4):119-33^^De Sande AG, Pumarola A^^0
69200865^[A leptospirosis antigen for the complement fixation test]^196704^Veterinariia 1967 Apr;44(4):102-3^^Gazarian VS^^0
71133719^[Leptospirosis. General considerations. Report of 2 cases]^196775^Arq Bras Med 1967 Apr-Jun;54(2):128-38^^Guimaraes SJ, Raucci Neto J, Vieira ME^^0
67126665^Icterus and pregnancy.^196704^Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967 Apr 1;97(7):894-900^^Friedlaender P, Osler M^^0
67209213^Streptomycin treatment of bovine carriers of Leptospira pomona.^196704^Aust Vet J 1967 Apr;43(4):138-9^^Doherty PC^^0
67211740^A comparison of the rapid macroscopic slide agglutination test with the microscopic agglutination test for leptospirosis.^196704^Cornell Vet 1967 Apr;57(2):239-49^^Solorzano RF^^0
67209212^The effect of feeding oxytetracycline on leptospiruria in pigs infected with Leptospira pomana.^196704^Aust Vet J 1967 Apr;43(4):135-7^^Doherty PC, Baynes ID^^0
67221161^Animal leptospirosis in the British Isles. A serological survey.^196704^Vet Rec 1967 Apr 1;80(13):394-401^^Michna SW^^0
68013760^The incidence of leptospirosis and brucellosis in cattle slaughtered in the Manila abbatoir.^196775^Acta Med Philipp 1967 Apr-Jun;3(4):275-6^^Beran GW, Arambulo PV 3d^^0
67123501^Human leptospirosis acquired from squirrels.^196704^N Engl J Med 1967 Apr 13;276(15):838-42^^Diesch SL, Crawford RP, McCulloch WF, Top FH^^0
68100585^[Familial incidence of Leptospira canicola infections and Weil's disease and diagnostic difficulties in differentiation from Heine- Medina disease]^196704^Wiad Lek 1967 Apr 15;20(8):737-9^^Kossakiewicz B^^0
67161928^Electrophoretic determination of leptospiral enzymes.^196705^J Bacteriol 1967 May;93(5):1739-40^^Green SS, Goldberg HS^^0
67215351^Effect of antibiotic therapy on experimental leptospirosis infection and development of acquired resistance in guinea pigs.^196705^Am J Vet Res 1967 May;28(124):861-4^^Hubbert WT, Miller JN^^0
69290931^[Leptospirosis of agricultural animals in the Moldavian SSR]^196705^Veterinariia 1967 May;44(5):61-3^^Dragomir AV^^0
67137862^Leptospirosis in California.^196705^Public Health Rep 1967 May;82(5):429-33^^Hubbert WT^^0
68040109^[Effect of leptospires on cell cultures]^196705^Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1967 May;112(5):664-6^^Mailloux M^^0
68283203^[Effect of antibiotic therapy on antibody formation in leptospiral diseases. VII. Antibody formation in human leptospiroses treated with antibiotics]^196705^Bratisl Lek Listy 1967 May;49(5):524-36^^Bakoss P, Hruzik J, Osvald F^^0
68402356^[The effect of tetracycline on the antibody formation in letospiroses]^196705^Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1967 May;151(1):124-30^^Engelhardt K^^0
69195334^[Examination of employees of the abbatoir. (A study from the abattoir in St. Gallen)]^196705^Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1967 May;109(5):269-72^^Schallibaum R^^0
69264260^[Leptospirosis in the Lugansk area in the post-war years]^196705^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 May;44(5):141^^Landik GT, Moldavskaia AA^^0
69280296^[Epizootiology, diagnosis and control of bovine, ovine and porcine leptospiroses]^196705^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1967 May;68(1):17-24^^Wiesmann E^^0
69280304^[Epizootiology and diagnosis of leptospirosis in cattle, sheep and swine and the campaign against this disease in Austria]^196705^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1967 May;68(1):25-6^^^^0
69280306^[Leptospiroses in animals in Bulgaria]^196705^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1967 May;68(1):27-32^^Popov A, Pavlov P^^0
69280325^Epizootiology, diagnosis and control of the leptospirosis of cattle, sheep and pigs in India.^196705^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1967 May;68(1):41-2^^Bhattacharya P^^0
69280328^[Leptospirosis in sheep and goats]^196705^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1967 May;68(1):43-59^^Rafyi A, Maghami G, Niak A^^0
69280349^Leptospirosis in Thailand.^196705^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1967 May;68(1):61^^^^0
69280351^Leptospirosis in cattle, sheep and pigs in the Republic of South Africa.^196705^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1967 May;68(1):63-6^^Van der Merwe GF^^0
69280356^[Epizootiology, diagnosis and control of bovine, ovine and porcine leptospirosis in the Republic of Argentina]^196705^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1967 May;68(1):67-9^^Cacchione RA^^0
69290932^[Experience in controlling leptospirosis in animals]^196705^Veterinariia 1967 May;44(5):63-5^^Fomin AI, Rozumnyi PG, Kats MA^^0
67161903^Growth of pathogenic Leptospira in chemically defined media.^196705^J Bacteriol 1967 May;93(5):1598-606^^Shenberg E^^0
67215337^Long-term studies of renal function in canine leptospirosis.^196705^Am J Vet Res 1967 May;28(124):731-9^^Low DG, Mather GW, Finco DR, Anderson NV^^0
68083341^[Clinical analysis of 100 cases of various spirochetoses]^196705^Pol Tyg Lek 1967 May 8;22(19):706-10^^Migdalska-Kassurowa B^^0
70007479^[Simultaneous vaccination of swine against several diseases]^196706^Veterinariia 1967 Jun;44(6):51-7^^Petrov VF, But'ianov DD, Shpakovskii AA, Stoliarov NI^^0
69036981^[Treatment of Q fever and swamp fever with reopirin or butadion and antibiotics]^196706^Vrach Delo 1967 Jun;6:114-5^^Shelkovskaia GA^^0
68311922^[Serological investigation on the spread of leptospirotic infection in the personnel charged with animal care in various zootechnical units in Rumania]^196706^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1967 Jun;26(2):309-18^^Topciu V, Levin S, Dragan J, Radu I^^0
68311933^[Considerations concerning certain aspects of the immune response of bovine leptospirosis]^196706^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1967 Jun;26(2):411-7^^Levin S, Topciu V, Gluhovski N^^0
69238874^[Epidemiologic characteristics of "bathing" outbreaks of anicteric leptospirosis]^196706^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Jun;44(6):130-1^^Nazarova ZIa, Turovskaia LI, Levoshin OA^^0
69238897^[Leptospirosis among animals on Sakhalin]^196706^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Jun;44(6):59-62^^Kir'ianov EA, Kurdiukov VG^^0
67165988^Peritoneal dialysis in hypercatabolic acute renal failure.^196706^Lancet 1967 Jun 3;1(501):1188-91^^Cameron JS, Ogg C, Trounce JR^^0
68011665^Experimental leptospirosis in frogs.^196706^Nature 1967 Jun 10;214(93):1139-40^^Diesch SL, McCulloch WF, Braun JL^^0
68099889^[New findings from the study of leptospirosis reservoirs in Southwestern Slovakia]^196706^Bratisl Lek Listy 1967 Jun 30;48(2):115-20^^Plesko I, Novakova Z^^0
68400904^[Leptospirosis by L. canicola]^196707^Hospital (Rio J) 1967 Jul;72(1):215-9^^Kaplan S, Barroso AO^^0
69001671^[Leptospirosis of cattle, sheep, goat and swine]^196707^Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1967 Jul;109(7):386-91^^Wiesmann E^^0
67175450^Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic letospires. I. Growth at low temperatures.^196707^J Bacteriol 1967 Jul;94(1):27-31^^Johnson RC, Harris VG^^0
68088008^[Immunobiological relationships between pathogenic and saprophytic leptospiras]^196775^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1967 Jul-Sep;71(3):657-63^^Bejenaru C, Burduja A, Sirmon E, Decus V, Pavel S, Antohi D^^0
68054202^[A case of leptospirosis due to "hebdomadis" group of leptospira]^196707^Pol Tyg Lek 1967 Jul 24;22(20):760-1^^Mierzejewska I, Radominska I, Cybulska M^^0
70008450^[The fluorescent antibody method in the diagnosis of leptospirosis in sheep]^196708^Veterinariia 1967 Aug;44(8):48-9^^Sviridenko VF^^0
70008458^[Leptospirosis of livestock in certain districts of Kazakhstan]^196708^Veterinariia 1967 Aug;44(8):60-1^^Shatrovap, Kirpichev AF^^0
68327132^[1st results of the investigation study of natural foci of tularemia in the region of Sisak, Gusce and Popovaca]^196708^Lijec Vjesn 1967 Aug;89(8):591-600^^Heneberg D, Morelj M, Heneberg N, Mikes M, Dokovic V, Borcic B, Hrabar A, Isgum M, Dordevic Z^^0
69208461^[On the epidemiology of leptospirosis in the Saratovsk region]^196708^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Aug;44(8):133^^Drankin DI, Markina EG, Rumiantseva EV^^0
69103660^[Serological studies of abortion cases in bang-negative cattle in Carinthia and Salzburg]^196708^Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 1967 Aug;54(8):526-36^^Kubin G, Kolbl O^^0
68003710^Zoonoses and public health.^196708^Aust Vet J 1967 Aug;43(8):311-28^^Francis J^^0
68093207^Increase in growth rate of leptospirae by zinc nitrate.^196708^J Appl Bacteriol 1967 Aug;30(2):333-5^^Burger G, Fuchs GH^^0
69143520^[Description of a case of leptospirosis (probably due to L. icterohemorrhagiae) in a 2-months-old infant]^196708^Minerva Pediatr 1967 Aug 4;19(31):1464-6^^Garofalo P, Cattaneo G^^0
70257839^[Ultrastructure of the axial filament in leptospira]^196708^Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 1967 Aug 21;175(6):1389-91^^Kats LN, Konstantinova ND^^0
68014802^Low-temperature preservation of Leptospira, preliminary communication.^196709^J Hyg (Lond) 1967 Sep;65(3):373-9^^Coghlan JD, Lumsden WH, McNeillage GJ^^0
68084707^Experimental induction of ocular reaction resembling post leptospiral ophthalmia and its relation to skin reactions and circulating antibodies.^196709^Clin Exp Immunol 1967 Sep;2(5):573-80^^Torten M, Ben-Efraim S, Shenberg E, Beemer AM, Van Der Hoeden J^^0
68231313^[Epidemiological-epizootic considerations on an outbreak of leptospirosis icterohemorrhagica]^196775^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1967 Sep-Oct;12(5):451-4^^Radulescu P, Dobrescu A^^0
68322736^[Diagnosis through complement fixation reaction using a single antigen in the detection of animal leptospiroses]^196709^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1967 Sep;26(3):557-64^^Nicolesco M, Lelutiu C^^0
68322739^[Study of cases of leptospirosis in the Tutova River basin (Rumania)]^196709^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1967 Sep;26(3):579-88^^Teodorovici G, Ivan A, Oana C, Zvoristeanu V, Burduja A, Popa I, Beldiman V, Pieptu P, Bejenaru C, Luca A, Sirmon E, Badea A, Pavel S^^0
68355464^[Leptospira pomona infection in young cattle]^196709^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1967 Sep 1;22(17):684-7^^Wittig W, Horsch F, Zimmerhackel W, Haase H^^0
69195337^[Statistical contribution to leptospirosis of hogs from the region of Eastern Switzerland]^196709^Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1967 Sep;109(9):469-70^^Wiesmann E, Schallibaum R^^0
69256743^[Specific prevention of leptospirosis in agricultural and industrial animals]^196709^Veterinariia 1967 Sep;44(9):61-4^^Maliavin AG, Solov'eva VS, Shupliko AN^^0
68014417^Serological evidence of leptospiral infections in animals and their attendants on live-stock farms.^196709^Trop Geogr Med 1967 Sep;19(3):212-20^^Topciu V, Levin S^^0
68052633^[Experimental uveitis in leptospirosis (preliminary research)]^196709^Ann Ocul (Paris) 1967 Sep;200(9):988-92^^Nicosia A, Ioli A^^0
68362712^[Studies in the occurrence of counter-substances against leptospira in horses and cattle within the complex of internal diseases]^196709^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1967 Sep 15;80(18):348-50^^Konrad J, Vosta J^^0
70288398^[Electron microscopic studies of the Leptospira cyst]^196709^Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 1967 Sep 21;176(3):710-1^^Kats LN, Konstantinova ND, Anan'in VV^^0
68000724^Leptospirosis.^196709^Nurs Times 1967 Sep 22;63(38):1272-3^^Parry WH^^0
68355476^[Fluorescence serology for Leptospira hyos detection in pigs]^196710^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1967 Oct 1;22(19):771-3^^Schroder HD, Senf W^^0
69254764^[The growth in knowledge of the pathogenesis and clinical picture of leptospirosis in the USSR]^196710^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Oct;44(10):13-7^^Kosmachevskii VV, Chernousova AV^^0
68364849^Prevalence of leptospirosis in Bombay. Studies in man and animals.^196710^Indian J Pathol Bacteriol 1967 Oct;10(4):324-31^^Bhatnagar RK, Sant MV, Jhala HI^^0
68154650^Experimental reproduction of canine interstitial nephritis.^196710^J Comp Pathol 1967 Oct;77(4):413-8^^Anderson LJ^^0
70010468^[Test of a concentrated polyvalent adsorbate vaccine against leptospirosis]^196710^Veterinariia 1967 Oct;44(10):40-3^^Liubashenko SIa, Kostrikina LG, Deripasko PG, Kornelaeva RP, Loginov IA, Beliaev VM, Korolev VM, Slugin VS, Gavrilova LD^^0
68049407^Leptospirosis--serological survey of occupational groups in Ceylon.^196710^J Trop Med Hyg 1967 Oct;70(10):250-4^^Nityananda K^^0
68051832^Field observations on leptospirosis of cattle in north-eastern New South Wales.^196710^Aust Vet J 1967 Oct;43(10):461-5^^Prescott CW^^0
68049206^Leptospiral abortion of beef cattle caused by Leptospira pomona and Leptospira hardjo.^196710^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1967 Oct 15;151(8):1087-90^^Stoenner HG^^0
68098976^Vaccination against leptospirosis: protection of hamsters and swine against renal leptospirosis by killed but intact gamma-irradiated or dihydrostreptomycin-exposed Leptospira pomona.^196711^Am J Vet Res 1967 Nov;28(127):1671-6^^Stalheim OH^^0
69225980^[Successes in the study of leptospirosis in the USSR during the 50 years of Soviet power]^196711^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Nov;44(11):55-60^^Kiktenko VS^^0
68322114^The epidemiological complexity of Leptospira canicola infection of man and animals in Israel.^196775^Isr J Med Sci 1967 Nov-Dec;3(6):880-4^^Hoeden J van der, Shenberg E, Torten M^^0
70003423^[The effect of streptomycin on immunological reactions in pigs in leptospirosis]^196711^Veterinariia 1967 Nov;44(11):37-8^^Bolotskii IA^^0
70003429^[Asymptomatic course of leptospirosis in cattle]^196711^Veterinariia 1967 Nov;44(11):56-8^^Vishniakov IF, Sosov RF^^0
69101789^[Experiences with the administration of "Protex Plus" in the therapy and prevention of distemper, hepatitis contagiosa canis(HCC), and leptospiroses]^196711^Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 1967 Nov;54(11):754-5^^Brunnerf^^0
68099000^Endotoxin properties of Leptospira canicola.^196711^Am J Vet Res 1967 Nov;28(127):1863-72^^Finco DR, Low DG^^0
68136433^A toxic factor in Leptospira pomona.^196711^Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1967 Nov;126(2):412-5^^Stalheim OH^^0
70090261^[Microdilution test for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis using commercial antigens]^196712^Hospital (Rio J) 1967 Dec;72(6):1877-83^^Mello MT de, Silva DI da^^0
68153768^Metabolism of leptospires. II. The action of 8-azaguanine.^196712^Can J Microbiol 1967 Dec;13(12):1621-9^^Johnson RC, Rogers P^^0
68233667^A new leptospiral serotype in the Bataviae serogroup from Argentina.^196712^Trop Geogr Med 1967 Dec;19(4):344-6^^Szyfres B, Sulzer CR, Galton MM^^0
68274178^Leptospiral infections in domestic animals and man in the state of Madhya Pradesh. Incidence in sheep, dogs and pigs. (A serological study).^196712^Indian Vet J 1967 Dec;44(12):1008-15^^Sawhney AN, Saxena SP^^0
68359825^Leptosiprosis (anicteric) as a cause of long and short term pyrexia in the Kegalla district (Ceylon).^196712^Ceylon Med J 1967 Dec;12(4):225-8^^Nagaratnam N, Weerasinghe WM, Fernandopulle M^^0
68408624^[Weil's disease]^196712^Naika 1967 Dec;20(7):1220-5^^Okuda K, Yasumoto M, Arimatsu Y^^0
68359819^Leptospirosis in Ceylonese children.^196712^Ceylon Med J 1967 Dec;12(4):202-5^^Thirunavukkarasu K, De Silva VN, Amarasinghe G^^0
69102019^[Diagnosis by complement fixation tests with antigen mixtures in the detection of animal leptospirosis]^196712^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1967 Dec;26(4):761-7^^Nicolesco M^^0
69238924^[Various features of pomona type leptospirosis in a kind of field mouse under experimental conditions]^196712^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Dec;44(12):131^^Lavrent'ev NI^^0
69238947^[Classification of the clinical forms of leptospirosis]^196712^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1967 Dec;44(12):65-7^^Kosmachevskii VV, Chernousova AV^^0
68313930^[On a method of luminescent microphogography of Leptospira]^196801^Lab Delo 1968;4:226-7^^Tutov IK^^0
69254419^[On the effect of the salts of heavy metals of pathogenic and saprophytic leptosira]^196801^Lab Delo 1968;8:487-9^^Kiktenko VS, Levina LF^^0
69254420^[Reaction of indirect hemagglutination for laboratory diagnosis of leptospiroses]^196801^Lab Delo 1968;8:489-91^^Krupnikova AM, Trop IE, Gansburg NP^^0
69254421^[Petroleum growth substance as a stimulator of leptospira growth]^196801^Lab Delo 1968;8:491-3^^Tali-Zade TA, Klepko GD^^0
69203284^The classification of leptospiral strains from Kazakhstan.^196801^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1968;12(3):356-64^^Varfolomeeva AA, Kanareykina SK, Kozlova EP^^0
69032953^[Use of immunofluorescent antibody technic in the diagnosis of bacterial and viral diseases]^196801^G Mal Infett Parassit 1968 Jan;20(1):35-49^^Babudieri B^^0
69039230^The sugars, aminosugars and amino acid building blocks (chemotypes) and the serotypes of Leptospirae.^196801^Bull Acad Pol Sci [Biol] 1968;16(6):347-51^^Parnas J, Poplawski S, Cybulska MT, Ksiazek A^^0
69210356^Leptospirosis. II. Serology.^196801^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1968;62(6):880-99^^Turner LH^^0
69232583^A new technique for the purification of newly isolated Leptospira strains.^196801^Bull World Health Organ 1968;39(6):939-40^^Babudieri B^^0
69288372^[Research on associated leptospira cultures]^196801^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1968;4(3):291-304^^Magliocchetti-Lombi P, Babudieri B^^0
69288378^[Direct immunofluorescence reaction in the differentiation of leptospires]^196801^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1968;4(3):344-50^^Fagiolo U, Babudieri B^^0
68155025^Soluble antigens of Plasmodium gallinaceum.^196801^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1968;62(1):51-7^^Todorovic R, Ristic M, Ferris D^^0
68155026^A tube latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of malaria.^196801^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1968;62(1):58-68^^Todorovic R, Ristic M, Ferris D^^0
69266011^Avirulent leptospira pomona vaccine: stability of the noninfectious character in vitro and in vivo.^196801^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1968;72:182-91^^Stalheim OH^^0
69266012^Survey of leptospirosis agglutination titers in serums collected from deer in Kansas.^196801^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1968;72:192-6^^Anthony HD, Capel SW, Peabody WC^^0
69086486^Agglutination of leptospirae in sera of fresh water turtles.^196801^Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1968;34(4):458-64^^Hoeden J van der^^0
69232581^Water strains of Leptospira in the serodiagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis.^196801^Bull World Health Organ 1968;39(6):925-34^^Addamiano L, Babudieri B^^0
68124125^Stimulation of leptospiral growth by glucose.^196801^Am J Vet Res 1968 Jan;29(1):191-9^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
68125854^Use of 8-azaguanine to differentiate leptospires isolated from Iowa surface waters.^196801^Appl Microbiol 1968 Jan;16(1):174-5^^Braun JL, McCulloch WF^^0
68313014^Loss of secondary reaction by antibody-forming cells cultivated in vivo.^196801^Folia Biol (Praha) 1968;14(3):239-42^^Manyko VM, Sidorovich IG, Zhabina MI, Petrov RV^^0
68357839^[Leptospirosis in ground squirrels (Citellus citellus) (brief report)]^196801^Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung 1968;18(1):111-3^^Varju L^^0
68366814^[Epidemiologic situation of leptospiroses in the world, with special reference to Poland in 1960-1966]^196801^Przegl Epidemiol 1968;22(1):45-50^^Anusz Z^^0
68366815^[Frequency of occurrence of agglutinins for the Leptospira lublin and Leptospira semaranga strains in the sera of patients suspected of leptospirosis]^196801^Przegl Epidemiol 1968;22(1):51-6^^Nasilowska M^^0
68367377^[Experiences with treatment of leptospiroses with antibiotics]^196801^Bratisl Lek Listy 1968 Jan;49(1):50-7^^Hruzik J, Bakoss P, Osvald F^^0
68367389^[Effect of antibiotic treatment on antibody formation in leptospiral diseases. V. Effect of streptomycin on antibody formation in experimentally infected rabbits]^196801^Bratisl Lek Listy 1968;49(2):160-6^^Bakoss P, Chorvath B^^0
68391125^[Effect of antibiotic treatment on antibody formation in leptospiral diseases. VI. Effect of streptomycin, oxytetracycline and penicillin on antibody formation in experimentally infected guinea pigs]^196801^Bratisl Lek Listy 1968;49(3):283-93^^Bakoss P, Chorvath B^^0
68408021^[2 cases of concurrent typhoid fever and leptospirosis]^196801^Przegl Lek 1968;24(3):377-8^^Obodowska-Zysk W^^0
68155010^A simplified sensitized erythrocyte lysis test for leptospirosis.^196801^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1968;62(1):105-8^^Meers PD, Ringrose MA^^0
68191214^Arterial disease in canine interstitial nephritis.^196801^J Pathol Bacteriol 1968 Jan;95(1):47-53^^Anderson LJ^^0
68191217^Renal disease in the domestic cat.^196801^J Pathol Bacteriol 1968 Jan;95(1):67-91^^Lucke VM^^0
68245524^Leptospirosis in goats in India.^196801^Indian Vet J 1968 Jan;45(1):14-8^^Kharole MU, Rao UR^^0
68367673^[Some epidemiological and laboratory aspects of leptospirosis and brucellosis in the Crisana region between 1962 and 1966]^196875^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1968 Jan-Feb;13(1):59-65^^Sirca B, Merca V, Blassy E, Riznicu G^^0
69014551^[Meningeal leptospirosis due to Leptospira canicola]^196801^Mars Med 1968;105(7):617-21^^Gascard E, Daniel F, Cherif AA, Levy P^^0
69159715^Studies on adaptability to albino mice of leptospires isolated in Hungary.^196801^Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung 1968;18(4):379-88^^Kemenes F^^0
69298506^[Leptospirosis and studies made in our country on human leptospirosis]^196801^Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1968;28(1):30-56^^Aktan M^^0
70254661^[The effect of ethyl urethane and cyclophosphamide on reproduction and oxygen consumption of Leptospira semaranga (Veldrat S 173)]^196801^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1968;207(3):365-77^^Burger G^^0
70254662^[The effect of diverse temperature on Leptospirae]^196801^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1968;207(3):377-81^^Mailloux M^^0
69135708^Serological classification of Soviet strains of Leptospira belonging to the group hebdomadis.^196801^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1968;12(4):473-81^^Cernukha YG, Isayeva RA^^0
69203282^On the specific mechanism of the transmission of leptospiral infection.^196801^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1968;12(3):341-8^^Kiktenko VS^^0
69203283^Studies on leptospiral lipase. I. Characterization of lipases from pathogenic and saprophytic strains.^196801^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1968;12(3):349-55^^Chorvath B^^0
69237966^[Epidemiology of swamp fever. IV. Epidemiological characteristics of drinking water infections]^196801^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968;45(10):42-7^^Drankin DI, Godlevskaia MV^^0
69237967^[The state and prospects of studying the leptospiroses in the Azerbaijan SSR]^196801^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968;45(10):47-51^^Tagi-Zade TA^^0
70090535^[A modification of the technic of microagglutination and lysis tests for leptospirosis in animals]^196801^Veterinariia 1968 Jan;45(1):103-4^^Dubakin NI^^0
69087520^[Presence of antileptospira antibodies in rabbits]^196801^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1968;61(2):149-54^^Mailloux M^^0
69200179^[Recent survey of leptospirosis on Madagascar. Contribution to the study of human, bovine and porcine leptospirosis in the southern region]^196801^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1968;61(3):346-59^^Silverie R, Monnier M, Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
68410477^[Pathogenic Leptospira. 7. Growth induced by various fatty acids and their derivatives]^196801^Igaku To Seibutsugaku 1968 Jan 10;76(1):26-30^^Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^^0
68355497^[A case of leptospirosis caused by a serotype of the tarassovi (Hyos) serogroup]^196801^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1968 Jan 13;112(2):73-5^^Minkenhof JE, Wolff JW, Bohlander HJ^^0
68134497^Leptospirosis in Cape Town.^196801^S Afr Med J 1968 Jan 20;42(3):57-8^^Joyce-Clarke N, Michaels MJ^^0
68330139^[Leptospirosis cases in 1966]^196801^Med Welt 1968 Jan 27;4:274-6^^Knorre G von^^0
68163860^A leptospirosis outbreak in a baboon (Papio sp.) colony.^196802^Lab Anim Care 1968 Feb;18(1):22-8^^Fear FA, Pinkerton ME, Cline JA, Kriewaldt F, Kalter SS^^0
68156589^Epidemiology of leptospirosis in California: a cause of aseptic meningitis.^196802^Calif Med 1968 Feb;108(2):113-7^^Hubbert WT, Humphrey GL^^0
68158632^Natural antibody in mammalian serum reacting with an antigen in some leptospires.^196802^J Bacteriol 1968 Feb;95(2):280-5^^Faine S, Carter JN^^0
68158655^Biological effects of leptospiral lipids.^196802^J Bacteriol 1968 Feb;95(2):465-8^^Stalheim OH^^0
68239688^Leptospirosis in goats in Madhya Pradesh: a serological survey.^196802^Indian Vet J 1968 Feb;45(2):103-7^^Sawhney AN^^0
70128456^[On a case of leptospirosis due to L. poi]^196802^G Mal Infett Parassit 1968 Feb;20(2):172-5^^Medina F, Rumolo R, Rovescalli A^^0
69001470^[Occurrence of leptospirosis in dogs in the area of Berlin]^196802^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1968 Feb 15;23(4):142-5^^Horsch F, Horsch R^^0
69005796^[The significance of compulsory reporting in leptospiroses]^196802^Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1968 Feb 29;23(9):424-5^^Griem R, Oberdoerster F^^0
68242879^Experimental leptospirosis in monkeys.^196803^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1968 Mar;17(2):202-12^^Minette HP, Shaffer MF^^0
69001068^[A new leptospiral serotype of the Bataviae group isolated in Argentina]^196803^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1968 Mar;64(3):225-7^^Szyfres B, Sulzer CR, Galton MM^^0
70066648^Potential medical problems in personnel returning from Vietnam.^196803^Ann Intern Med 1968 Mar;68(3):662-78^^Gilbert DN, Moore WL Jr, Hedberg CL, Sanford JP^^0
68401790^Studies on Pathogenic leptospirae. V. Growth of pathogenic leptospirae on lipid fractions obtained from acid-fast bacilli.^196803^Jpn J Microbiol 1968 Mar;12(1):103-10^^Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I, Azuma I, Yamamura Y^^0
69092962^[Incidence of Leptospira antibodies in laboratory animals]^196803^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1968 Mar;27(1):167-74^^Nicolesco M, Olinesco E^^0
68270345^Experimental induction of delayed ocular reactions resembling post- leptospirosis ophthalmia.^196803^J Gen Microbiol 1968 Mar;50(3):Suppl:7-8^^Ben-Efraim S, Torten M^^0
68192103^Leptospirosis--social factors. Leptospirosis in prison inmates: social factors in communicable disease.^196803^J Kans Med Soc 1968 Mar;69(3):147-50^^Easton RE^^0
68239345^Heated sheep or horse serum substitute for rabbit serum in culture media for Leptospira.^196803^Appl Microbiol 1968 Mar;16(3):534^^Faine S^^0
68240509^[The use of iodinated antibodies in studying the cause of differences in the immunogenicity of Leptospira in relation to mice of different inbred strains (cytoimmunochemical analysis at the electron microscopy level)]^196803^Biull Eksp Biol Med 1968 Mar;65(3):78-83^^Osechinskii IV, Mekler LB, Petrov RV, Mitiushin VM^^0
68401550^[Anemia due to deficiency of glucose-6-phospahte dehydrogenase (G-6-P- D) and influenza-typhoid leptospirosis]^196875^Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris 1968 Mar-Apr;119(6):545-50^^Perrault M, Dry J, Corvol P, Debray M^^0
68367682^[Incidence of leptospirosis in swine and cattle in the districts of Mures and Harghita]^196875^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1968 Mar-Apr;13(2):153-6^^Sofletea I, Silvas D, Oltean M, Ronea A^^0
69092965^[Efficiency of bacteriological methods used in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis in the course of an epidemic]^196803^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1968 Mar;27(1):183-92^^Topciu V, Spinu I, Trinh-Thi-Hang-Quy^^0
69092975^Human leptospirosis in Romania (1962-1966).^196803^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1968 Mar;27(1):63-74^^Sturdza N, Roman V, Nicolescu M, Alamita E, Borsai L^^0
69212319^[Various features of the submicroscopic structure of the cytoplasmic cylinder in leptospira]^196803^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Mar;45(3):64-7^^Kats LN, Konstantinova ND, Anan'in VV^^0
69102757^[The allergic intracutaneous test in leptospirosis with leptospirin P]^196803^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1968 Mar;206(2):272-5^^Brzyk T, Parnas J^^0
69279064^[Leptospirosis risk in swine breeding]^196803^Z Gesamte Hyg 1968 Mar;14(3):207-10^^Jindrichova J^^0
70090605^[Changes in lymph nodes of cattle in leptospirosis]^196803^Veterinariia 1968 Mar;45(3):39-40^^Suleimanov SM^^0
70258356^[Ictero-hemorrhagic isolated broncho-pulmonary leptospirosis (apropos of a new case)]^196803^Lyon Med 1968 Mar 31;219(13):1079-88^^Queneau P, Levrat R, Detry R, Pont M^^0
68399800^A serological survey of sera from domestic animals on Easter Island.^196804^Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1968 Apr;32(2):425-9^^Boulanger P, Gray DP, Gibbs HC, Murphy DA^^0
68399805^Studies on the susceptibility of water buffaloes to Leptospira.^196804^Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1968 Apr;32(2):447-9^^Ryu E, Liu CK^^0
70201643^[Peculiarities of incidence of leptospirosis in animals in Moscow District]^196804^Veterinariia 1968 Apr;45(4):32-4^^Nuikin IaV^^0
68232659^Experiences with the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.^196804^Health Lab Sci 1968 Apr;5(2):89-94^^Hirschberg N, Galton MM, Sulzer CR^^0
68271844^Nutritional requirements of Leptospirae. 3. Minimal nitrogen requirements of a strain of Leptospira pomona.^196804^J Infect Dis 1968 Apr;118(2):197-205^^Phibbs PV Jr, Vaneseltine WP^^0
68271845^Nutritional requirements of Leptospirae. IV. Vitamin requirements of Leptospira pomona and its growth in a minimal medium.^196804^J Infect Dis 1968 Apr;118(2):206-14^^Wooley RE, Vaneseltine WP^^0
68232129^The clinical picture of leptospirosis in American soldiers in Vietnam.^196804^Mil Med 1968 Apr;133(4):275-80^^Allen GL, Weber DR, Russell PK^^0
68200533^Effect of mycolic acid and its derivatives on the growth of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.^196804^J Bacteriol 1968 Apr;95(4):1489-90^^Azuma I, Yamamura Y, Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^^0
68245871^Cultural and biochemical characteristics of a leptospire from frog kidney.^196804^Wildl Dis 1968 Apr;4(2):41-50^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
68245867^Problems in leptospirosis.^196804^WHO Chron 1968 Apr;22(4):159-61^^^^0
69296443^[A case of leptospiral meningitis with positive serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis]^196804^G Mal Infett Parassit 1968 Apr;20(4):368-71^^Calonghi GF, Sueri L^^0
69297932^[Leptospirosis among muskrats in the Primorsk region]^196804^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Apr;45(4):139^^Vysotskii BV, Malykh FS, Abramov VK^^0
69297943^[A study of the effect of immune serum on leptospirae in the agglutination--lysis reaction]^196804^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Apr;45(4):44-7^^Kiktenko VS, Levina LF^^0
70201644^[The occurrence of leptospirosis in the Lithuanian SSR]^196804^Veterinariia 1968 Apr;45(4):35-6^^Shimkus KA^^0
70201645^[Leptospirosis in cattle caused by Leptospira bataviae]^196804^Veterinariia 1968 Apr;45(4):36^^Kir'ianov EA^^0
70201646^[Preventive vaccinations against hog cholera, erysipelas and leptospirosis in swine]^196804^Veterinariia 1968 Apr;45(4):37-8^^Ulendeev AI, Stepochkin AP^^0
69037292^[Sensitivity to penicillin of a strain of Leptospira ictero- haemorrhagiae cultured in various culture media]^196804^Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1968 Apr 30;44(8):792-5^^Savino A, Zavka Nenci C^^0
69037293^[Study of the cytopathic effect on primary cultures of mouse embryo liver and on a cell line in continuous culture of the same nature, caused by a strain of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae]^196804^Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1968 Apr 30;44(8):795-6^^Iorio A, Savino A, Zavka Nenci C^^0
70179938^[The sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescent staining in leptospirosis serodiagnosis]^196805^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1968 May;207(1):74-82^^Burger G, Fuchs GH^^0
70179937^[A study of fixed and soluble Leptospira antigens]^196805^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1968 May;207(1):69-74^^Muller F, Ksivanek-Skrabalo L^^0
69297146^[Contribution to the study of the biology of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Experimental studies on the bacteriologic diagnosis of leptospiroses in animals]^196875^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1968 May-Jun;69(5):761-73^^Illartein PR^^0
69297149^[World Health Organization: current problems in leptospirosis research. (Report of a WHO expert group)]^196875^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1968 May-Jun;69(5):866-89^^^^0
70155251^[The microbiological characteristics of Leptospira polonica and the clinical picture of human Leptospirosis "polonica"]^196805^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1968 May;206(4):530-41^^Parnas J, Cybulska MT, Mierejewska I, Radominska I^^0
68406603^[On the clinical picture of leptospiroses]^196805^Munch Med Wochenschr 1968 May 3;110(18):1127-9^^Sramkova L, Vanista J, Tesarova J^^0
68245720^[Leptospira and leptospirosis in man and animals]^196805^Minerva Med 1968 May 5;59(36):2139-40^^Baldelli B^^0
69039846^[Leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica with severe azotemia]^196805^Ugeskr Laeger 1968 May 30;130(22):934-6^^Sorensen FH, Ingemar K, Skjoldborg H^^0
69184585^[On a study of the natural focality of leptospirosis in Mordva ASSR]^196806^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Jun;45(6):156^^Pevzner IN, Drankina DI^^0
69053382^Studies on pathogenic leptospirae. VI. Effect of tween 80 on the growth of Leptospira canicola and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.^196806^Jpn J Microbiol 1968 Jun;12(2):145-9^^Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^^0
68368730^Electron microscopy of immune disruption of leptospires: action of complement and lysozyme.^196806^J Bacteriol 1968 Jun;95(6):2293-309^^Anderson DL, Johnson RC^^0
68368741^Microfibers present in surface structure of Leptospira.^196806^J Bacteriol 1968 Jun;95(6):2403-6^^Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^^0
69092661^[The microagglutination reaction with killed eptospira diagnosticum]^196806^Voen Med Zh 1968 Jun;6:53-5^^Shifrin IA, Osatilovskaia RIa, Shuruntaeva RV^^0
69226234^[The role of water as a factor in the spread of leptospirosis in North Osetian ASSR]^196806^Gig Sanit 1968 Jun;33(6):13-6^^Aguzarova MKh, Bondarev AI^^0
70133736^[Differential diagnosis between tick borne encephalitis and anicteric leptospirosis]^196806^Sov Med 1968 Jun;31(6):113-6^^Shor EM, Khaimzon BI^^0
69001236^[Human leptospirosis polonica, a new clinical and serological form]^196806^Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1968 Jun 6;23(23):1092-5^^Parnas J, Mierzejewska I, Cybulska MT, Radominska I^^0
68312865^Renal involvement in human leptospirosis.^196806^Br Med J 1968 Jun 15;2(606):656-8^^Sitprija V^^0
69005646^[Results of studies on tick encephalitis and leptospirosis in their natural foci]^196807^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1968 Jul;17(4):244-8^^Kadlcik K, Vosta J, Polednikova I, Vychodil J^^0
69093659^[Sugar units, chemotypes and serotypes of Leptospira]^196807^Z Naturforsch B 1968 Jul;23(7):993-6^^Parnas J, Poplawski S, Cybulska MT, Ksiazek A^^0
68393012^Comparison of diagnostic technics for the detection of leptospirosis in rats.^196807^Health Lab Sci 1968 Jul;5(3):171-3^^Sulzer CR, Harvey TW, Galton MM^^0
68405355^[The diagnosis of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^196875^Infirm Fr 1968 Jul-Sep;(97):4-8^^Sauvaget J^^0
68350319^Digestive disease as a national problem. VI. Enteric disease among United States troops in Vietnam.^196807^Gastroenterology 1968 Jul;55(1):105-12^^Sheeby TW^^0
69003472^On the pathogenesis of the hepatic and renal lesions in leptospirosis.^196875^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1968 Jul-Aug;10(4):237-41^^Brito T de^^0
68321823^Vaccination of hamsters, swine, and cattle with viable, avirulent Leptospira pomona.^196807^Am J Vet Res 1968 Jul;29(7):1463-8^^Stalheim OH^^0
68364548^Leptospiral infection of apprarently normal pigs.^196807^Aust Vet J 1968 Jul;44(7):315-9^^Chung GT^^0
68400335^Leptospira antibody formation by porcine foetuses.^196807^Res Vet Sci 1968 Jul;9(4):378-80^^Fennestad KL, Borg-Petersen C, Brummerstedt E^^0
69005294^[Serologic, culture, and histological studies of cattle for slaughter for leptospirosis]^196807^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1968 Jul;15(5):581-91^^Retzlaff N, Weise E^^0
69027313^[Research on leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals in the region of Moldovia in the years 1964-1967]^196875^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1968 Jul-Sep;72(3):693-701^^Bercovici C, Straton A, Teodorovici G, Straton C, Radulescu P, Ivan A, Besleaga V, Iosub C, Brebenel C, Buzdugan R, Buzdugan I, Dragoi G^^0
68353533^Isolation of leptospires in the tarassovi (Hyos) serogroup from a bandicoot (Marsupialia, peramelidae) from Koil Island, territory of Papua and New Guinea.^196807^Med J Aust 1968 Jul 6;2(1):18-9^^Morahan RJ^^0
68353535^Human leptospirosis, proven by culture, in the territory of Papua and New Guinea.^196807^Med J Aust 1968 Jul 6;2(1):20^^Kariks J, Stallman ND^^0
69003112^[Observation of antibody titer against leptospirae in liver-and other internal diseases of horses]^196807^Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1968 Jul 15;75(14):347-52^^Konrad J, Vosta J^^0
69017183^[5 individual cases of leptospirosis pomona in the German Democratic Republic]^196807^Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1968 Jul 18;23(29):1356-62^^Mochmann H, Hergt R, Hager G, Ernst K^^0
70032330^[Epizootiology of leptospirosis in animals in North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]^196808^Veterinariia 1968 Aug;45(8):31-2^^Soloshenko IZ, Semenova LP, Meleksetov MA^^0
68396676^Occupational health in agriculture. Animal-borne diseases.^196808^Arch Environ Health 1968 Aug;17(2):267-85^^Steele JH^^0
70032333^[Swine as a source of pathogenic leptospira]^196808^Veterinariia 1968 Aug;45(8):35-7^^Iurkov GG, Andriian EA^^0
69236228^[On the intra-uterine transmission of leptospirosis in small rodents]^196808^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Aug;45(8):138^^Tonkonozhenko AP, Rumiantseva NI^^0
70032331^[Blood indices of calves in leptospirosis]^196808^Veterinariia 1968 Aug;45(8):33^^Bitiukov VA, Saidasheva SE, Missbakh GA, Savarovskaia OD^^0
70032332^[Experience in experimental infection of reindeer calves with leptospirosis]^196808^Veterinariia 1968 Aug;45(8):33-5^^Valova GP, Borisov VN, Vashkevich RB^^0
70090662^[Peculiarities of leptospirosis in animals in Stavropol Territory]^196809^Veterinariia 1968 Sep;45(9):35^^Tutov IK^^0
70090663^[Leptospirosis of swine in Northern Kazakhstan District]^196809^Veterinariia 1968 Sep;45(9):36-7^^Viatkin SK, Belousov ZF, Butuzov GM^^0
68399663^Experimental demonstration of the enteric route of infection with Leptospira grippotyphosa in wild carnivores.^196809^Am J Vet Res 1968 Sep;29(9):1849-54^^Reilly JR, Ferris DH, Hanson LE^^0
68399656^Water, electrolyte, and acid-base alterations in experimental canine leptospirosis.^196809^Am J Vet Res 1968 Sep;29(9):1799-807^^Finco DR, Low DG^^0
68409107^Leptospirosis in man and rodents on Taiwan.^196809^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1968 Sep;17(5):760-8^^Fresh JW, Tsai CC, Lai CH, Chang CT^^0
69012872^[Epizootiology of leptospirosis in swine in the German Democratic Republic]^196809^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1968 Sep 1;23(17):642-8^^Horsch F, Beer J^^0
69013009^Studies with an attenuated canine distemper vaccine derived from chick embryo cultures.^196809^Res Vet Sci 1968 Sep;9(5):443-52^^Prydie J^^0
69115355^A study on the pathology of a case of "leptospiraemia" in a piglet.^196809^Indian Vet J 1968 Sep;45(9):720-5^^Balaprakasam RA, Seshadri SJ^^0
70040110^[Frequency of leptospiral infections in goats from the Province of Reggio Calabria]^196875^G Batteriol Virol Immunol 1968 Sep-Oct;61(9):291-4^^Calisto ML, Sindoni L, Frezza L^^0
69141524^[Ampicillin sensitivity of pathogenic Leptospira strains (preliminary report)]^196809^Orv Hetil 1968 Sep 29;109(39):2147-8^^Fuzi M, Csukas Z^^0
70262203^Establishment and maintenance of an SPF beagle dog colony.^196810^Lab Anim Care 1968 Oct;18(5):509-12^^Reece WO, Hofstad MS, Swenson MJ^^0
69114377^Modern practice in immunization. 11. Other bacterial and miscellaneous vaccines.^196810^Indian J Med Sci 1968 Oct;22(10):743-51^^Banker DD^^0
69125400^Zoonoses in India.^196810^Indian Vet J 1968 Oct;45(10):811-5^^Khera SS^^0
69092204^[Histological aspects and liver functions in icter-hemorrhagic leptospirosis]^196810^Hospital (Rio J) 1968 Oct;74(4):1125-48^^Juan FS, Duarte F, Treiger M, Rios Goncalves AJ^^0
69013297^Purine analogue sensitivity and lipase activity of leptospires.^196810^Appl Microbiol 1968 Oct;16(10):1584-90^^Johnson RC, Harris VG^^0
69025010^Antigenic analysis of water forms of Leptospira.^196810^J Bacteriol 1968 Oct;96(4):1419-20^^Henneberry RC, Cox CD^^0
69004603^Fibrinogen content and fibrinolytic acitivity of plasma from dogs infected with Leptospira canicola.^196810^Am J Vet Res 1968 Oct;29(10):2037-40^^Finco DR, Low DG^^0
69004917^A conditioning program for random source dogs.^196810^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968 Oct 1;153(7):785-8^^Port CD, Holmes CL^^0
69191783^[Experimental study on serum antileptospire agglutinins in dogs]^196810^Bull Acad Vet Fr 1968 Oct;41(8):313-8^^Illartein PR, Mailloux M^^0
70217803^[Certain problems of the epidemiology and clinical aspects of leptospirosis in the Novocherkassk Region]^196811^Sov Med 1968 Nov;31(11):106-10^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS, Boguslavskii VS^^0
69296903^[The morphology of Treponema pallidum and leptospirae (electron microscopic study)]^196811^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Nov;45(11):131-5^^Ovchinnikov NM, Delektorskii VV^^0
69055923^Leptospirosis icterohemorrhagiae in dogs in Tasmania.^196811^Aust Vet J 1968 Nov;44(11):529^^Corbould A^^0
70008649^[Attempted isolation of pathogenic leptospira from wild birds (Coturnix coturnix)]^196811^Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1968 Nov 30;44(22):1921-3^^Frezza L, Sindoni L, Tredici E^^0
69276961^[A study of the properties of strains of leptospira isolated in Khirgizia]^196812^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Dec;45(12):121^^Guzairova EA^^0
69276984^[A study of the antigenic properties of pathogenic leptospira isolated in Khirgizia]^196812^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Dec;45(12):74-6^^Guzairova EA^^0
70026729^[Characteristics of the immunologic structure of the population in relation to leptospirosis]^196812^Sov Med 1968 Dec;31(12):47-51^^Mezhennyi AM^^0
69101711^A serological study of the Leptospira strain Ictero No. I of Inada et al. 1916.^196812^Trop Geogr Med 1968 Dec;20(4):379-84^^Babudieri B, Smith DJ^^0
69212494^The susceptibility of mice to Leptospira pomona.^196812^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1968 Dec;46(6):787-9^^Spradbrow PB^^0
70010596^[Experimental uveitis caused by Leptospira. II. Study of the pathogenic fractions of Leptospira obtained by ultracentrifugation]^196812^Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 1968 Dec;94(12):1449-56^^Nicosia A, Munao F, Ioli A^^0
69115114^Serological examination for evidence of brucellosis and leptospirosis in beef herds in New South Wales.^196812^Aust Vet J 1968 Dec;44(12):557-61^^Hughes KL, Young JS, Moyle GG^^0
69276955^[Results of a study of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in northwestern Siberia]^196812^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1968 Dec;45(12):116-7^^Valova GP, Mefod'ev VV^^0
70184624^[Prolonged complement fixation test in the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^196812^Veterinariia 1968 Dec;45(12):106-8^^Zaichenko AS^^0
70184649^[Leptospirosis of agricultural animals in Primorskii Territory]^196812^Veterinariia 1968 Dec;45(12):70-2^^Kir'ianov EA^^0
70133680^[A case of leptospirosis in the Liege region]^196812^Rev Med Liege 1968 Dec 15;23(24):778-84^^Riel J van, Demonty J^^0
69285602^[Zoonoses among workers of the tanning industry]^196901^Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1969 Jan;13(1):7-11^^Godlevskaia MV, Drankin DI, Rumiantseva EV, Pevzner IN, Shanina RIa, El'kina AV^^0
70012566^[New foci of leptospirosis in the pre-forest and forest-steppe zones of North-Osetia ASSR]^196901^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969;46(6):137^^Aguzarova MKh, Tseboeva AA, Rumiantseva NI, Tonkonozhenko AP, Gurdanova EI^^0
71250908^[Veterinary medicine]^196901^Acta Trop 1969;26(1):76-92^^^^0
70012578^[Vasilii Vasil'evich Anan'in]^196901^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969;46(6):150^^^^0
70065859^Further bacteriological evaluation of virginiamycin.^196901^Chemotherapy 1969;14(5):322-32^^Van Dijck PJ^^0
70155285^[Methodical problems of differentiation of parasitic and saprogenic leptospires by means of copper sulfate]^196901^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1969;209(3):382-8^^Fuchs GH, Burger G^^0
70228110^[Leptospira count by blood-smear method]^196901^Zh Eksp Klin Med 1969;9(5):30-3^^Zorabian IS^^0
72091703^[Therapy of meningitides]^196901^Bibl Psychiatr Neurol 1969;139:635-47^^Bender F^^0
70029609^Antibodies in nonhuman primate to selected bacterial antigens.^196901^Z Versuchstierkd 1969;11(3):146-54^^Ratner JJ, Pinkerton ME, Kalter SS, Guilloud NB^^0
71006422^Methods for the investigation of the nucleotide compositon of DNA in leptospirae.^196901^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1969;11(4):267-70^^Zlatev S, Vasilevska M^^0
71039172^Observations on fevers of unknown origin in the Rephblic of Vietnam.^196901^Mil Med 1969 Jan;134(1):36-42^^Reiley CG, Russell PK^^0
71126514^Chronic Leptospira hardjo and Leptospira hebdomadis infection in a fifty cow herd of dairy cattle, a case history.^196901^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1969;73:181-3^^Smith LL^^0
71126547^A new role for wildlife in disease epizootiology.^196901^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1969;73:582-8^^Trainer DO^^0
88159149^[Transmission of Leptospira by rats in a large city (Berlin)]^196901^Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 1969;32:49-66^^Becker K^^0
69286816^Hypersensitivity reactions in experimental leptospirosis.^196901^Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1969;36(1):216-7^^Ben-Efraim S, Torten M^^0
70029789^Sensitized-erythrocyte-lysis (SEL) test as an epidemiological tool for human leptospirosis serological surveys.^196901^Bull World Health Organ 1969;40(6):899-902^^Tan DS^^0
71126513^Equine leptospirosis.^196901^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1969;73:169-80^^Hanson LE, Martin RJ, Gibbons RW, Schnurrenberger PR^^0
70103099^[Neurologic conditions following leptospira infection]^196901^Bratisl Lek Listy 1969;52(5):573-6^^Ujhazyova-Kralikova D, Veljacikova Z^^0
70255791^[Proposals for standardization of antigens for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis]^196901^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1969;23(6):1183-9^^Fuchs GH^^0
70007371^[Serological investigation of animal leptospirosis in the Mexican republic]^196975^Rev Invest Salud Publica 1969 Jan-Mar;29(1):101-3^^Varela G, Velasco R^^0
70089364^Chemical analysis of cell fractions of some strains of Leptospirae.^196901^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1969;13(4):506-13^^Stiepanchonok-Rudnik GI, Potashova LA, Chernukha GY^^0
70184685^[Etiology of leptospirosis in animals]^196901^Veterinariia 1969 Jan;46(1):30-2^^Lavrent'ev NI^^0
70281975^[Experience with Leptospira biflexa antigens in laboratory diagnosis of suspect cases of leptospirosis]^196901^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1969 Jan;209(2):261-7^^Fuchs GH^^0
70079059^[New contribution to the study of leptospirosis in Reunion. II. Anatomopathology and histopathology of 10 fatal cases]^196975^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1969 Jan-Feb;62(1):92-101^^Comby F, Gauthier R, Nazimoff O^^0
70210070^[Pathomorphological changes of fetuses in various types of porcine abortions]^196901^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1969;23(2):407-14^^Djakov L^^0
71002076^[Leptospiroses of man in central Europe]^196901^Z Gesamte Inn Med 1969 Jan 1;24(1):Suppl:52-5^^Mochmann H^^0
71186519^Some aspects of the Weil's disease epidemiology based on a recent epidemic after a flood in Lisbon (1967).^196975^An Esc Nacl Saude Publica Med Trop (Lisb) 1969 Jan-Dec;3(1):19-32^^Simoes J, Azevedo JF de, Palmeiro JM^^0
72045073^Estimation of the incubation period of canefield leptospirosis from the weekly work pattern.^196901^Pathology 1969 Jan;1(1):73-5^^Derrick EH^^0
71037960^Incidence of leptospirosis in cattle in Madhya Pradesh (India). A serological survey.^196901^Izv Mikrobiol Inst (Sofiia) 1969;20:225-32^^Sawhney AN, Saxena SP^^0
71210653^[Muskrats, Ondatra (Fiber zibethicus, Linnaeus), carriers in France of various leptospirian serotypes: isolation of the 1st French strain related to the Hebdomadis serogroup]^196901^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1969;62(2):312-20^^Lataste-Dorolle C, Fiocre B^^0
71235302^[Bovine leptospirosis]^196901^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1969;62(4):661-71^^Mailloux P^^0
69112218^Two colony types of Leptospira semaranga.^196901^Can J Microbiol 1969 Jan;15(1):127-8^^Smibert RM^^0
69137448^Acid-treated, heated serum derivative for culture media for Leptospira.^196901^Appl Microbiol 1969 Jan;17(1):185^^Faine S^^0
69212338^[The role of titrating antileptospirosis antibodies in the retrospective diagnosis of leptospirosis]^196901^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Jan;46(1):129-31^^Moteiunas LI, Urbelene IaA^^0
69264103^[Acute encephalitis during the course of leptospirosis with a rare neurologic syndrome]^196901^Przegl Epidemiol 1969;23(2):347-8^^Lukaszewicz J, Oszczak S^^0
69165964^[Studies of the incidence of Leptospira infections in man and animals in Oltenia]^196975^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1969 Jan-Feb;14(1):65-70^^Birzu I, Martian I, Sborover S^^0
69187236^Antigenic properties of some strains of leptospirae of the Tarasovi serological group: systematic position of the strain Perepelicin and new serological type Vietnam.^196901^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1969;13(1):118-25^^Chernukha YG, Isayeva RA, Mustafayeva NI^^0
69228831^[Leptospirosis]^196901^Cah Coll Med Hop Paris 1969 Jan;10(1):3-8^^Nauciel C^^0
69226723^[Subacute polyarthritis in grippotyphosic leptospirosis]^196901^Presse Med 1969 Jan 18;77(3):95-6^^Cabanel G, Voog R, Phelp X^^0
69086617^Leptospirosis in human pregnancy followed by death of the foetus.^196901^Br Med J 1969 Jan 25;1(638):228-30^^Coghlan JD, Bain AD^^0
69086603^Leptospirosis.^196901^Br Med J 1969 Jan 25;1(638):200^^^^0
69086616^Benign leptospirosis: first reported outbreak in British Isles due to strains belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup of Leptospira interrogans.^196901^Br Med J 1969 Jan 25;1(638):226-8^^Sakula A, Moore W^^0
69086619^Leptospirosis.^196901^Br Med J 1969 Jan 25;1(638):231-5^^Turner LH^^0
69259522^The isolation of Leptospira sejroe from the kidneys of aborting cattle.^196901^Vet Rec 1969 Jan 25;84(4):83-6^^Michna SW, Campbell RS^^0
69085116^Public health problems relating to the Vietnam returnee.^196901^JAMA 1969 Jan 27;207(4):697-702^^Greenberg JH^^0
69250498^Leptospira canicola isolated from dogs in Taiwan.^196901^Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 1969 Jan 28;68(1):58-62^^Tsai CC, Fresch JW^^0
69085940^Structures associated with leptospires possibly relevant to the Marburg agent.^196902^Lancet 1969 Feb 1;1(588):235-7^^Almeida JD, Waterson AP, Berry DM, Turner LH^^0
70153020^[Treatment of leptospira infections with antibiotics of the chloromycetin and tetracycline groups]^196902^Klin Med (Mosk) 1969 Feb;47(2):126-30^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS^^0
69106885^Spontaneous leptospiral infection of the rat kidney. An ultrastructural study.^196902^Exp Mol Pathol 1969 Feb;10(1):27-38^^De Martino C, Bruni CB, Bellocci M, Natali PG^^0
69189513^[Renal insufficiency in leptospirosis]^196902^Rev Med Suisse Romande 1969 Feb;89(2):81-6^^Piolino M^^0
69229619^[Experience with sanitation in an anthropurgic focus of leptospirosis in the Tumen region]^196902^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Feb;46(2):136-7^^Mefod'ev VV^^0
69229635^[On the differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira]^196902^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Feb;46(2):44-8^^Khabirova GZ, Zaikonnikova TV^^0
69229639^[On the interrelationship of antigens and antibodies in leptospirosis carrier state]^196902^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Feb;46(2):59-63^^Gorshanova EN^^0
69155110^The use of a formolised antigen as a screening test for leptospiral antibodies in horses.^196902^Aust Vet J 1969 Feb;45(2):46-9^^Lepherd EE^^0
69237782^Leptospirosis in dairy cows.^196902^Vet Rec 1969 Feb 1;84(5):122-3^^Howell D, Daniels MG, Wilson CD, Little TW, Slavin G, Salt GF^^0
69188631^Leptospirosis in pigs: epidemiology, microbiology and pathology.^196902^Vet Rec 1969 Feb 8;84(6):135-8^^Michna SW, Campbell RS^^0
69241118^[Human leptospirosis in Central Europe]^196902^Z Gesamte Inn Med 1969 Feb 15;24(4):Suppl:52-5^^Mochmann H^^0
70183850^[Therapeutic-preventive properties of gamma globulin in leptospirosis in swine]^196903^Veterinariia 1969 Mar;46(3):36-7^^Chepurov KP, Pruss OG^^0
71134644^[Serodiagnosis of leptospirosis]^196975^Biol Med (Paris) 1969 Mar-Apr;58(2):89-132^^Mailloux M^^0
69203250^Characterization of leptospires according to fatty acid requirements.^196903^J Gen Microbiol 1969 Mar;55(3):399-407^^Johnson RC, Harris VG, Walby JK^^0
70159308^[The rapid slide agglutination test in serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. Preliminary checking of 350 patients hospitalized in the Ospedale Maggiore di Novara (1966-1967)]^196903^G Mal Infett Parassit 1969 Mar;21(3):171-3^^Stangalini A, Gagliardi B, Fumagalli E^^0
70183849^[Leptospirosis in animals in the L'vov region]^196903^Veterinariia 1969 Mar;46(3):36^^Kurakina TA^^0
69189047^Viability quantitation of leptospires after rapid and controlled rate freezing.^196975^Cryobiology 1969 Mar-Apr;5(5):352-4^^Torney HL, Bordt DE^^0
69151415^Terminal electron transport in Leptospira.^196903^J Bacteriol 1969 Mar;97(3):1001-4^^Baseman JB, Cox CD^^0
69151498^Intermediate energy metabolism of Leptospira.^196903^J Bacteriol 1969 Mar;97(3):992-1000^^Baseman JB, Cox CD^^0
69166462^Density-gradient and chromatographic fraction of leptospiral lipase.^196903^Appl Microbiol 1969 Mar;17(3):467-72^^Berg RN, Green SS, Goldberg HS, Blenden DC^^0
69169525^Studies on the metabolism of fatty acids in Leptospira: the biosynthesis of delta 9- and delta 11-monounsaturated acids.^196903^Eur J Biochem 1969 Mar;8(1):101-8^^Stern N, Shenberg E, Tietz A^^0
69177641^Isolation of an unusual positional isomer of hexadecenoic acid from a parasitic leptospire.^196903^Lipids 1969 Mar;4(2):166-7^^Livermore BP, Johnson RC, Jenkin HM^^0
69215993^[A severe case of leptospirosis with vascular lesions of the skin and mucosa]^196903^Wiad Lek 1969 Mar 1;22(5):465-8^^Szewczyk Z, Ratajczak T^^0
69204683^[On the limits and structure of the nosoareal of leptospirosis in the USSR]^196903^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Mar;46(3):82-7^^Lavrova MIa^^0
69220050^[The spectrum of antibodies in equine and bovine gamma-globulin]^196904^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Apr;46(4):41-3^^Trutnev BD, Sekunova AN^^0
69209795^Purification, ultrastructure, and composition of axial filaments from Leptospira.^196904^J Bacteriol 1969 Apr;98(1):264-80^^Nauman RK, Holt SC, Cox CD^^0
70131955^[Non-icteric leptospirosis associated with water contaminated by muskrats]^196904^Vrach Delo 1969 Apr;4:123-4^^Poddubnyi VA, Nikitiuk NP, Barantsev IM^^0
69155399^On enteric disease among our troops in Vietnam.^196904^Gastroenterology 1969 Apr;56(4):819^^Mitchell MH^^0
69155400^On enteric diseases among our troops in Vietnam.^196904^Gastroenterology 1969 Apr;56(4):820^^Sheehy TW^^0
69209745^The use of iodinated antibodies for the location of antigens on the surface of Leptospira canicola by electron microscopy.^196904^Immunology 1969 Apr;16(4):427-31^^Osechinsky IV, Mekler LB, Petrov RV, Mityushin VM^^0
69242153^Leptospirosis survey in a white-tailed deer herd in Ontario: comparative use of fluid and paper disc-absorbed blood.^196904^Wildl Dis 1969 Apr;5(2):68-72^^Kingscote BF^^0
69228695^The leptospirosis reservoir in British wild mammals.^196904^Vet Rec 1969 Apr 26;84(17):424-6^^Twigg GI, Cuerden CM, Hughes DM, Medhurst P^^0
70006587^[Electroencephalographic changes in meningitis with clear cerebrospinal fluid]^196975^Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir 1969 May-Jun;14(3):237-43^^Vita A, Brauner E, Mihul V, Baltiev A, Dimitriu S, Turcu T, Cercel I, Petrovanu I^^0
70100380^[The clinical picture of the meningeal form of nonicteric leptospirosis]^196905^Klin Med (Mosk) 1969 May;47(5):60-2^^Khaimzon BI^^0
70100381^[Aldolase and transaminase activity in leptospirosis]^196905^Klin Med (Mosk) 1969 May;47(5):62-4^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS^^0
69297455^Metabolism of the lipoproteins of serum by leptospires: degradation of the triglycerides.^196905^J Med Microbiol 1969 May;2(2):165-8^^Kasarov LB, Addamiano L^^0
70262629^[Loss of secondary immune response by antibody-forming cells cultured in vivo]^196975^Zh Obshch Biol 1969 May-Jun;30(3):324-31^^Man'ko VM, Sidorovich IG, Zhabina MI, Petrov RV^^0
70079065^[New contributions to the study of leptospirosis in Reunion. I. Study of 70 cases, 18 of which fatal: clinical and biological aspects. Physiopathological considerations]^196975^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1969 May-Jun;62(3):493-508^^Gauthier R, Brochier A, Lavallee M, Comby F, Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
70079066^[Caprine and ovine leptospirosis]^196975^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1969 May-Jun;62(3):508-16^^Mailloux M^^0
71007429^[Attempts to erradicate Leptospira tarassovi (syn. hyos) infection in large pig breeding stocks]^196905^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1969 May 1;24(9):327-33^^Beer J, Schumm HR, Horsch F, Frederich W, Konig H, Hahlweg B, Wendt K, Klahn J^^0
69204056^Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and homology studies of Leptospira.^196905^J Bacteriol 1969 May;98(2):421-8^^Haapala DK, Rogul M, Evans LB, Alexander AD^^0
69254791^[Classification of strains of leptospira of the pomona serologic group]^196905^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 May;46(5):113-8^^Anan'in VV, Kiktenko VS^^0
69166366^Experimental pathogenesis of leptospiral abortion in cattle.^196905^Am J Vet Res 1969 May;30(5):703-13^^Murphy JC, Jensen R^^0
69288112^[Zoonoses as problems of medicine]^196905^Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1969 May;111(5):260-70^^Wegmann T^^0
69164936^The Marburg agent and structures associated with leptospira.^196905^Lancet 1969 May 3;1(601):923-5^^Peters D, Muller G^^0
69208756^[Epidemic of leptospirosis grippotyphosa in the Zdar district in 1966]^196905^Cas Lek Cesk 1969 May 23;108(22):666-73^^Odehnal P, Horak J, Sutory K, Fantova Z^^0
70101684^[The epizootiology of leptospirosis of animals]^196906^Veterinariia 1969 Jun;46(6):41-2^^Dragomir AV, Korolev VM, Matveeva AA^^0
69212586^Further studies of the morphology of Treponema pallidum under the electron microscope.^196906^Br J Vener Dis 1969 Jun;45(2):87-116^^Ovcinnikov NM, Delektorskij VV^^0
69261305^Diagnostic laboratory medicine--leptospirosis--methods in the laboratory diagnosis.^196906^Va Med Mon 1969 Jun;96(6):335-7^^Vance SF 3d^^0
71078560^Indirect immunofluorescence technique as compared with other methods for investigating the renal carrier state of leptospira in pigs.^196975^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1969 Jun-Sep;28(2):319-28^^Sturdza N, Iancu L, Ciurea C, Niculescu M, Borsai L, Lola C^^0
70051795^[Hemotoxins and leptospiral lipase]^196906^Veterinariia 1969 Jun;46(7):32-6^^Glushkov AA^^0
70078859^[A double-layer nutrient medium for the maintenance of leptospira strains]^196906^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1969 Jun;210(2):216-20^^Manew C^^0
70051796^[Isolation of leptospira cultures from slaughtered animals]^196906^Veterinariia 1969 Jun;46(7):36-7^^Kirpichev AF^^0
70051798^[Sources of infection of animals with leptospirosis]^196906^Veterinariia 1969 Jun;46(7):39-42^^Soloshenko IZ, Petrov EM, Shorokhov VV, Drogun AG, Grigor'ev VG, Anokhin II, Kareva EP, Tarabrina AP^^0
71002600^[Present incidence of human leptospirosis in the German Democratic Republic]^196906^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1969 Jun 1;24(11):401-6^^Knorre G von^^0
69215556^Effect of isomeric cis-octadecenoic acids on the growth of Leptospira interrogans serotype patoc.^196906^J Bacteriol 1969 Jun;98(3):1026-9^^Jenkin HM, Anderson LE, Holman RT, Ismail IA, Gunstone FD^^0
69254634^A survey for leptospiral antibodies in sera from the Bushland population of Surinam.^196906^Trop Geogr Med 1969 Jun;21(2):199-202^^Wolff JW, Bohlander HJ^^0
69254635^A new leptospiral serotype in the Canicola serogroup from Argentina.^196906^Trop Geogr Med 1969 Jun;21(2):203-6^^Tedesco LF, Manrique G, Sulzer CR^^0
69254636^A new leptospiral serotype in the Javanica serogroup from Ceylon.^196906^Trop Geogr Med 1969 Jun;21(2):207-9^^Nityananda K, Sulzer CR^^0
69237250^The isolation of a strain of Leptospira, serotype hardjo, from cattle in Queensland.^196906^Aust Vet J 1969 Jun;45(6):281-3^^Sullivan ND, Stallman ND^^0
69263320^[Leptospirosis, an often unrecognized infectious disease]^196906^Z Allgemeinmed 1969 Jun 10;45(16):763-8^^Engelhardt K^^0
69243813^Exchange transfusion and albumin infusion for severe leptospiral jaundice.^196906^Med J Aust 1969 Jun 21;1(25):1299-300^^Murphy KJ^^0
69266345^[On the incidence of causative agents of some anthropozoonoses in small mammals and domestic animals]^196907^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1969 Jul;18(4):199-204^^Kadlcik K, Kramar R, Polednikova I, Tondl F, Vychodil J^^0
70202515^[The properties of various Leptospira strains]^196907^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Jul;46(7):64-7^^Gorshanova EN^^0
69239539^A new leptospiral serotype belonging to the serogroup grippotyphosa.^196907^J Trop Med Hyg 1969 Jul;72(7):176-8^^Hoeden J van den, Shenberg E, Torten M^^0
69286257^Characterization of leptospires isolated from surface waters in Iowa.^196907^Wildl Dis 1969 Jul;5(3):157-65^^Crawford RP Jr, Braun JL, McCulloch WF, Diesch SL^^0
69286258^Environmental studies on the survival of leptospires in a farm creek following a human leptospirosis outbreak in Iowa.^196907^Wildl Dis 1969 Jul;5(3):166-73^^Diesch SL, McCulloch WF, Braun JL, Crawford RP Jr^^0
69286259^Surveillance for leptospirosis in an Illinois deer herd.^196907^Wildl Dis 1969 Jul;5(3):174-81^^Andrews RD^^0
69286260^Leptospiral vaccination of cattle exposed to infected deer.^196907^Wildl Dis 1969 Jul;5(3):182-6^^Killinger AH, Hanson LE, Mansfield ME^^0
69286266^A brief review of progress in chemotherapy using leptospirosis as a model.^196907^Wildl Dis 1969 Jul;5(3):213-7^^Stalheim OH^^0
69282834^Report of the panel for the symposium on immunity to selected equine infectious diseases. Summary.^196907^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Jul 15;155(2):474-7^^Poppensiek GC^^0
69242538^Comments on equine leptospirosis.^196907^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Jul 15;155(2):442-5^^Roberts SJ^^0
69242537^Equine leptospirosis.^196907^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Jul 15;155(2):436-42^^Morter RL, Williams RD, Bolte H, Freeman MJ^^0
71076985^[Human leptospirosis in Umbria. Epidemiological and clinical observations on a case with pulmonary manifestations]^196907^Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1969 Jul 31;45(14):961-4^^Frascarelli R^^0
69253049^Chemotherapy of renal leptospirosis in cattle.^196908^Am J Vet Res 1969 Aug;30(8):1317-23^^Stalheim OH^^0
70116625^[Human leptospirosis acquired through swine in the GDR]^196908^Z Gesamte Hyg 1969 Aug;15(8):577-85^^Fenske E, Fenske G, Oberdoerster F^^0
71212417^Degradation of the phospholipids of the serum lipoproteins by leptospirae.^196908^J Med Microbiol 1969 Aug;2(3):243-8^^Kasarov LB, Addamiano L^^0
70104698^[Epizootology of swine leptospirosis]^196909^Veterinariia 1969 Sep;9:36^^Bezborodkin NS^^0
70157021^[Interaction between genetically varied somatic (lymphoid) cells transplanted to lethally irradiated recipients]^196909^Tsitologiia 1969 Sep;11(9):1149-61^^Petrov RV, Man'ko VM, Panteleev EI, Seslavina LS^^0
70116320^[Preservation, multiplication and ) and unicteric leptospirosis (Leptospira grippotyphosa) by horse flies (Tabanidae) under experimental conditions]^196975^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1969 Sep-Oct;38(5):583-8^^Alekseev AN, Chirov PA, Kadysheva AM, Sviridenko VF^^0
70078130^Clinical leptospirosis in Kwale District, Coast Province, Kenya.^196909^East Afr Med J 1969 Sep;46(9):491-6^^De Geus A, Kranendonk O, Bohlander HJ^^0
70078131^Serological evidence of human leptospirosis in Kenya.^196909^East Afr Med J 1969 Sep;46(9):497-506^^Forrester AT, Kranendonk O, Turner LH, Wolff JW, Bohlander HJ^^0
70082249^Q fever and leptospirosis in the dairy farming community and allied workers of Worcestershire.^196909^J Clin Pathol 1969 Sep;22(5):511-4^^Henderson RJ^^0
70110135^[Study of the diffusion of leptospirosis in inhabitants of Vercelli and Biella. Results of a preliminary study of human sera]^196975^G Batteriol Virol Immunol 1969 Sep-Oct;62(9):595-8^^Bottura G, Giannuzzo E, Tognacca ML^^0
70160193^[Leptospriosis in the province of Brescia]^196909^G Mal Infett Parassit 1969 Sep;21(9):725-8^^Calonghi CF, Ielasi G, Pelli E^^0
70104697^[Study of leptospirosis of animals in Kirghizia]^196909^Veterinariia 1969 Sep;9:34-5^^Genis AI, Tynalieva TA, Zapol'skikh KI, Vorob'eva LM^^0
70227593^The bacterial zoonoses.^196909^J R Coll Gen Pract 1969 Sep;18(86):Suppl 2:18-27^^Elias-Jones TF^^0
70108164^Results of serological investigations to note the possible presence of certain communicable diseases in Sikkim.^196909^Indian J Med Res 1969 Sep;57(9):1641-50^^Sen R, Bhattacharji LM^^0
71230745^[Leptospirosis in Equidae]^196975^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1969 Sep-Oct;62(5):819-31^^Mailloux M^^0
69291859^Rupture of Leptospira pomona cells by explosive decompression.^196909^Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1969 Sep;131(4):1446-9^^VanEseltine WP, Jones RH, Gilliard FE^^0
70039667^[Leptospirosis--a discussion of 4 cases]^196909^S Afr Med J 1969 Sep 13;43(37):1138-40^^Klopper JF^^0
70012053^[Alkaline leukocyte phosphatase in meningitis and meningoencephalitis]^196909^Med Klin 1969 Sep 26;64(39):1748-52^^Sramkova L, Prochazkova E, Novak M^^0
70007739^[Serological microtechnics for the diagnosis of plague, brucellosis and leptospirosis]^196910^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1969 Oct;67(4):300-9^^Mello MT de, Mello AM de^^0
70013031^Leptospirosis in barbary apes (Macaca sylvana).^196910^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Oct 1;155(7):1176-8^^Shive RJ, Green SS, Evans LB, Garner FM^^0
71080946^[Biosynthesis of 19S- and 7S-antibodies in rabbits with experimental leptospirosis]^196910^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Oct;46(10):134^^Samedov AD, Sharabchiev IuT^^0
71080953^[An immunoabsorption study of strains of L. pomona isolated from farm animals in Priamur'e from 1964 to 1965]^196910^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Oct;46(10):35-8^^Trop IE, Grannikova SA^^0
70160997^[Leptospirosis in cats]^196910^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1969 Oct 15;82(20):390-2^^Freudiger U^^0
70013294^Febrile illnesses in the tropics (Vietnam).^196911^Mil Med 1969 Nov;134(12):1403-8^^Deaton JG^^0
70013295^Catino D: Investigations on acute febrile illness in American servicemen in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam.^196911^Mil Med 1969 Nov;134(12):1409-14^^Colwell EJ, Brown JD, Russell PK, Boone SC, Legters LJ^^0
70127318^[The epidemiology of swamp fever. V. Illness after consumption of contaminated food products]^196911^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Nov;46(11):48-51^^Drankin DI, Godlevskaia MV^^0
70280686^[International public health work against trachoma and leptospirosis]^196975^Ann Sanita Pubblica 1969 Nov-Dec;30(6):911-28^^Babudieri B^^0
70127306^[Various epidemiologic patterns of leptospirosis]^196911^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Nov;46(11):140^^Khomiakov AI, Fetisova NA, Fetisov OA^^0
70200625^Leptospirosis on Orchid Island, Taiwan.^196912^Trop Geogr Med 1969 Dec;21(4):456-61^^Tsai CC, Fresh JW^^0
70059976^Diseases from Vietnam.^196912^Calif Med 1969 Dec;111(6):461-6^^^^0
70209127^[Transmission of passive immunity to leptospirosis in swine]^196912^Veterinariia 1969 Dec;46(12):24-5^^Shmatkova AI^^0
70182448^[Leptospiral ultrasonic polyvalent depot vaccine]^196912^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Dec;46(12):109-13^^Samedov AS, Gosideeva SG^^0
70183830^[Clinical picture of Reiter-Wegener syndrome complicated by leptotrichosis sepsis]^196912^Ter Arkh 1969 Dec;41(12):95-8^^Lev NA, Zil'berman ZI, Iurchakevich LP, Gordienko IuI^^0
70038064^Isolation of leptospiral serotype patoc from cattle in southern California.^196912^Am J Vet Res 1969 Dec;30(12):2231-2^^Carroll RE, Le Clair RA^^0
70151423^[Epidemiological studies on human infection with Leptospira tarassovi and Leptospira pomona]^196912^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1969 Dec 1;24(23):892-7^^Fenske E, Fenske G^^0
70182446^[The distribution of leptospirosis in an Omsk region area (data from serologic research)]^196912^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1969 Dec;46(12):100-4^^Chulovskii IK^^0
71140271^[Etiologic diagnosis of strabismus with amblyopia]^196912^Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1969 Dec;69(12):1049-51^^Badoche-Sarniguet JM^^0
70092198^The international dimensions of leptospirosis.^196912^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Dec 15;155(12):2122-32^^Szatalowicz FT, Griffin TP, Stunkard JA^^0
70092174^United States Public Health Service program for the control of abnormal milk.^196912^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Dec 15;155(12):1978-81^^Olsen CD^^0
70105261^Epidemiologic studies of sporadic human cases of leptospirosis in Iowa, 1965-1968.^196912^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Dec 15;155(12):2084-90^^Crawford RP, McCulloch WF, Top FH Sr, Diesch SL^^0
71053438^Leptospirosis. 3. Maintenance, isolation and demonstration of leptospires.^197001^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1970;64(4):623-46^^Turner LH^^0
70191582^A serological survey for canine leptospirosis in British Columbia.^197001^Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1970 Jan;34(1):102-4^^Chernesky SJ^^0
70191587^Correlation of bedrock type with the geography of leptospirosis.^197001^Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1970 Jan;34(1):31-7^^Kingscote BF^^0
71287957^[Detection of rare leptospiroses in the North-West RSFSR (Australia, autumnalis, batavia, javanika semarang)]^197001^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1970;37:179-89^^Popova EM^^0
71287958^[Natural foci of leptospirosis in several regions of the North-West RSFSR and their manifestations]^197001^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1970;37:190-201^^Popova EM, Sosnitskii VI, Fedoseeva MF, Iachmenev NI^^0
70183973^[Milk as a nutrient]^197001^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1970;212(2):291-303^^Tolle A^^0
70242784^[Natural foci of parasitic diseases of humans in central Europe]^197075^Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1970 Jan-Feb;45(1):147-66^^Jirovec O^^0
71060436^Growth of a water strain of Leptospira in synthetic media.^197001^Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1970;36(4):489-501^^Henneberry RC, Baseman JB, Cox CD^^0
72009277^Double leptospira-carrying in a single individual of Micromys minutus.^197001^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1970;12(4):280-2^^Ivanov I^^0
70258921^Further standardization of the agglutinin-absorption test in the serology of leptospires.^197001^Bull World Health Organ 1970;42(5):733-8^^Kmety E, Galton MM, Sulzer CR^^0
71101586^Electron-microscopic evidence for reactions of axial filaments of Leptospira with IgM and IgG antibodies.^197001^Bull World Health Organ 1970;43(4):571-7^^Chang A, Faine S^^0
70125675^Beta-oxidation of fatty acids by Leptospira.^197001^Can J Microbiol 1970 Jan;16(1):41-5^^Henneberry RC, Cox CD^^0
70225452^Experimental biotherapy by leptospiral infection VI. Growth inhibition of syngenic mouse tumours after application of the L. biflexa Patoc I strain.^197001^Neoplasma 1970;17(2):125-31^^Oravec C, Cambelova J^^0
70227324^Intertype immunity relations of Leptospira strains belonging to the "Australis" serogroup.^197001^Biologia (Bratisl) 1970;25(6):403-12^^Plesko I, Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
70241599^[Attempts at obtaining polyvalent antigens for the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^197001^Przegl Epidemiol 1970;24(1):81-91^^Nasilowska M^^0
70244010^Cholestasis in human leptospirosis: a clinical, histochemical, biochemical and electron microscopy study based on liver biopsies.^197001^Beitr Pathol Anat 1970;140(3):345-61^^Brito de T, Penna DO, Hoshino S, Pereira VG, Caldas AC, Rothstein W^^0
70187098^[Autocalaved nutrient medium for culturing leptospira]^197001^Veterinariia 1970;3:109-10^^Zaichenko AS^^0
70187118^[Leptospirosis of the red heron]^197001^Veterinariia 1970;3:67^^Vysotskii BV, Polivanov VM, Kir'ianov EA^^0
70116744^Epidemiologic investigation of an outbreak of leptospirosis in the Upper Galilee, Israel.^197001^Am J Epidemiol 1970 Jan;91(1):52-8^^Torten M, Birnbaum S, Klingberg MA, Shenberg E^^0
70133464^Leptospirosis in wild animals.^197001^J Comp Pathol 1970 Jan;80(1):101-6^^Michna SW, Campbell RS^^0
70137252^Experimental leptospirosis in pregnant ewes. VII. Pathogenesis of fetal infection and mechanism of abortion.^197001^Cornell Vet 1970 Jan;60(1):40-52^^Smith RE, Reynolds IM, Clark GW^^0
70217988^Further studies on leptospirosis in small rodents and shrews in Finland. A report of investigation made in 1963-64.^197001^Acta Vet Scand 1970;11(1):133-5^^Rislakki V, Vasenius H^^0
70227312^Inhibition of leptospiral lipase by antilipase antibodies.^197001^Biologia (Bratisl) 1970;25(3):147-52^^Chorvath B^^0
70230751^Melioidosis: a report of ten cases.^197001^Q J Med 1970 Jan;39(153):115-27^^Thin RN, Brown M, Stewart JB, Garrett CJ^^0
71102511^[Studies of the presence of Leptospira pomona titers in sheep in the Schwerin region]^197001^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1970;24(3):777-80^^Graubmann HD, Dobbriner W, Radke W^^0
71127443^Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of leptospirosis in man.^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):93-9^^Faine S^^0
71002301^Phospholipase A activity in Leptospira biflexa.^197001^Biologia (Bratisl) 1970;25(9):587-91^^Chorvath B^^0
71152718^The WHO-FAO Leptospira Reference Laboratory in Rome.^197001^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1970;6(4):215-56^^Babudieri B^^0
71152720^[Systematic study of some strains of Leptospira in drinking water]^197001^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1970;6(4):270-9^^Castellani Pastoris M, Babudieri B, Polster E^^0
71166722^[Involvement of the eyes in anicteric leptospirosis]^197001^Oftalmol Zh 1970;25(6):454-5^^Iakimenko SA^^0
71017607^Action of leptospiral lipases on purified serum lipoproteins.^197001^Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1970;15(4):303-8^^Chorvath B, Fried M^^0
71067502^[A serological survey of leptospirosis in humans and in domestic and wild animals in Turkey]^197001^Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1970;30(2):155-84^^Fazli A^^0
71127432^[Recommendations of the O.I.E.-F.A.O. Regional Conference on Epizootics in Asia, the Far East and Oceania held in Canberra (Australia) 20-28 October 1969]^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):223-37^^^^0
71127435^Epizootiology of leptospirosis in India.^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):35-8^^Rao CK^^0
71127436^Leptospirosis in Thailand.^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):39-42^^Subharngkasen S^^0
71127437^Studies of leptospirosis in Taiwan (Republic of China).^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):43-8^^Liu YP, Ryu E^^0
71127438^Rapid microscopic agglutination test for Leptospira without non- specific reaction.^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):49-58^^Ryu E^^0
71127439^Leptospirosis in Japan.^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):59-65^^Yanagawa R^^0
71127441^A review of the leptospiroses of domestic animals in Australia.^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):67-80^^^^0
71127442^Leptospirosis in New Zealand.^197075^Bull Off Int Epizoot 1970 Jan-Feb;73(1):81-92^^Jamieson S, Davidson RM, Salisbury RM^^0
72126799^[Use of Leptospira Patoc I serotype as an antigen in the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis]^197001^Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1970;30(3):290-8^^Fazli SA^^0
70087931^Leptospirosis.^197001^Br Med J 1970 Jan 3;1(687):49^^Ross CA, Ives JC^^0
70128209^[Antigenic structures of leptospirae, comparative study of results obtained by several immunologic methods]^197002^Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1970 Feb;118(2):179-90^^Du Plessis JL, Dupouey P, Lataste-Dorolle C, Faure M^^0
70213378^Leptospira grippotyphosa.^197002^J Assoc Physicians India 1970 Feb;18(2):301-3^^Johnson ES, Muthu A, Selvaraj S^^0
70258047^Degradiation of the erythrocyte phospholipids and haemolysis of the erythrocytes of different animal species by leptospirae.^197002^J Med Microbiol 1970 Feb;3(1):29-37^^Kasarov LB^^0
70113372^Activity of leptospires and their products on L cell monolayers.^197002^Am J Vet Res 1970 Feb;31(2):371-7^^Miller NG, Froehling RC, White RJ^^0
70209097^[Pathomorphology of leptospirosis in swine in spontaneous infection]^197002^Veterinariia 1970 Feb;2:47-9^^Drogun AG, Shorokkov VV, Soloshenko IZ, Petrov EM^^0
70209122^[A modified method of diagnosing leptospirosis in swine]^197002^Veterinariia 1970 Feb;2:98-100^^Liubashenko SIa, Zaichenko AS^^0
70229303^[Vaccinations in canine medicine]^197002^Bull Acad Vet Fr 1970 Feb;43(2):85-8^^Lebeau A, Lamouroux J^^0
72114599^[Clinical and epidemiological description of a case of human leptospirosis caused by the serotype canicola]^197002^Harefuah 1970 Feb 1;78(3):114-5^^Shenberg E, Birnbaum S, Torten M, Almog H, Levy S, Lindenbaum I^^0
70135799^[Recurrent icterus and leptospirosis. Importance of a full story (Bataviae)]^197002^Presse Med 1970 Feb 7;78(7):307-10^^Barbier P, Lataste-Dorolle C, Ryter A^^0
71231019^[Serum protein changes in infection with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae]^197002^Med Klin 1970 Feb 13;65(7):289-92^^Cohnen G, Schriever O, Fonk I, Paar D, Linzenmeier G^^0
70138948^Leptospirosis.^197002^Br Med J 1970 Feb 14;1(693):433-4^^Turner LH, Mohun AF^^0
72085071^[Epidemiologic studies of leptospirosis and listeriosis in an agricultural region]^197002^Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1970 Feb 27;25(8):362-5^^Hudemann H, Maas G^^0
71284047^The rodent reservoir of leptospirae in North Vietnam.^197075^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1970 Mar-Jun;29(1):331-8^^Topciu V, Spinu I, Hang Quy TT^^0
70134842^Trends of sporadic leptospirosis in Florida.^197003^Public Health Rep 1970 Mar;85(3):225-32^^Bigler WJ, Collins TE, Nichols JB, Galton MM, Prather EC^^0
70286863^Mutation of growth of leptospires in Shenberg's medium.^197003^Jpn J Vet Res 1970 Mar;18(1):1-7^^Kida H, Yanagawa R^^0
70202373^[Leptospiral meningitis--an occupational disease of meat-processing industry and animal husbandry workers]^197003^Sov Med 1970 Mar;33(3):128-31^^Lesnikov AL^^0
71208404^[Serological aspects of leptospirosis in Recife]^197075^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1970 Mar-Apr;12(2):112-4^^Magalhaes M, Veras A^^0
71284046^Incidence of leptospirae in dogs in North Vietnam.^197075^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1970 Mar-Jun;29(1):325-30^^Topciu V, Spinu I, Hang Quy TT, Dung DT, Hung VV^^0
70213931^[Occupational medical significance of swine leptospirosis]^197003^Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1970 Mar 13;25(10):460-3^^Wolff F, Kruger W^^0
70176804^Endometrial changes in nonpregnant ewes infected with Leptospira pomona.^197004^Cornell Vet 1970 Apr;60(2):254-64^^Dozsa L, Sahu S^^0
70281470^[Leptopirosis in cattle and slaughtermen of Tumbes, Peru]^197004^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 Apr;68(4):297-306^^Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R^^0
70231471^Leptospirosis in man and his best friend. A case report.^197004^J S C Med Assoc 1970 Apr;66(4):99-101^^Hayes JM, White CA Jr, Johnson AH^^0
70201767^Naphthylamidase activity of Leptospira.^197004^Appl Microbiol 1970 Apr;19(4):586-8^^Burton G, Blenden DC, Goldberg HS^^0
70215581^Incidence and serotypes of bovine leptospira in Andhra Pradesh.^197004^Indian Vet J 1970 Apr;47(4):296-8^^Rao GS, Surendran NS^^0
70253597^Experimental infection of cattle with Leptospira hardjo.^197004^Aust Vet J 1970 Apr;46(4):121-2^^Sullivan ND^^0
70253598^Experimental infection of pregnant cows with Leptospira hardjo.^197004^Aust Vet J 1970 Apr;46(4):123-5^^Sullivan ND^^0
70175105^News rom the National Communicable Disease Center. Leptospirosis, 1965- 1968.^197004^J Infect Dis 1970 Apr;121(4):458-60^^Busch LA^^0
70201877^[Acute leptospirosis in a dog]^197004^Can Vet J 1970 Apr;11(4):81-3^^Benoit C^^0
70205121^Agriculture and the public health.^197004^Br Med J 1970 Apr 11;2(701):69-74^^Thrower WR^^0
71042593^[A single case of Batavia leptospirosis with an icteric course]^197004^Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1970 Apr 16;25(15):707-10^^Wolff E, Hergt R^^0
70231516^A survey of antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Queensland.^197004^Med J Aust 1970 Apr 18;1(16):800-2^^Stallman ND, Allan BC^^0
70162900^[Blood coagulation studies during the immunizing phase of leptospirosis with hemorrhagic disease course]^197004^Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1970 Apr 24;95(17):954-8^^Paar D, Fonk I, Cohnen G, Heimsoth V, Debusmann ER, Bock KD^^0
70230964^Leptospirosis.^197004^Vet Rec 1970 Apr 25;86(17):484-96^^Michna SW^^0
70229562^Medical research--a continuing challenge.^197004^Med J Aust 1970 Apr 25;1(17):829-32^^Derrick EH^^0
70227757^[Practical procedures for the preservation of Leptospira cultures]^197075^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1970 May-Jun;15(3):271-3^^Sefer M, Verenca C, Sobescianschi C^^0
70281990^Comparative studies on antigen extracts from some Bulgarian leptospira strains.^197005^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1970 May;213(4):526-32^^Manev C, Siromashkova M^^0
70254045^[Clinical forms and clinical classification of leptospiral diseases]^197005^Klin Med (Mosk) 1970 May;48(5):102-9^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS^^0
70187262^Evaluation of mechanisms of leptospiral hemolytic anemia.^197005^Am J Vet Res 1970 May;31(5):873-8^^Decker MJ, Freeman MJ, Morter RL^^0
70189782^Pathogenic Leptospira in Malaysian surface waters. I. A method of survey for Leptospira in natural waters and soils.^197005^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 May;19(3):485-92^^Baker MF, Baker HJ^^0
70191285^Renal failure in leptospirosis.^197005^South Med J 1970 May;63(5):580-3^^Barrett-Connor E, Child CM, Carter MJ^^0
70282014^[The effect of leptospirae on different tissue cultures]^197005^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1970 May;47(5):48-52^^Kiktenko VS, Bakulina NA, Troshin KA, Kovtunenko LP^^0
70208316^[Preliminary research on the vaccination of sewage workers against occupational leptospirosis]^197005^Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1970 May;121(5):489-96^^Benoist F, Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
71014337^First isolation of Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae from man in Israel. With Remarks on the paradoxical reaction in the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.^197075^Isr J Med Sci 1970 May-Jun;6(3):399-402^^Sapiro-Hirsch R, Hirsch W^^0
71014339^Leptospiral agglutinating factor in turtles. Further studies on fractionated sera.^197075^Isr J Med Sci 1970 May-Jun;6(3):408-12^^Shenberg E, Friedlander A, Torten M, Ben-Efraim S^^0
71014338^Human infections with Leptospira Ballum in Israel.^197075^Isr J Med Sci 1970 May-Jun;6(3):403-7^^Lindenbaum I, Eylan E^^0
70276861^Serology: Quo vadis?^197005^Vet Rec 1970 May 30;86(22):658-9^^White DS, O'Byrne E, O'Loughlin J^^0
71001698^Leptospirosis in rural West Malaysia.^197006^Med J Malaya 1970 Jun;24(4):261-6^^Tan DS^^0
70263303^Diseases of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis): a review.^197006^Lab Anim Care 1970 Jun;20(3):502-11^^Potkay S^^0
70239909^Serologic, pathologic, and immunologic features of experimentally induced leptospiral nephritis in dogs.^197006^Am J Vet Res 1970 Jun;31(6):1033-49^^Taylor PL, Hanson LE, Simon J^^0
70229029^[On sporadic cases of leptospirosis in the light of the present state of communicable diseases in Poland]^197006^Wiad Lek 1970 Jun;23(11):933-5^^Bobrowski H^^0
70237297^Partial purification of an extracellular leptospiral lipase.^197006^J Bacteriol 1970 Jun;102(3):879-80^^Chorvath B, Fried M^^0
70237821^Serogroups and serotypes in Water-Leptospira strains.^197006^Trop Geogr Med 1970 Jun;22(2):237-44^^Cinco M, Petelin N^^0
70237822^Comparative diagnostic significance of some Water-Leptospirae for human Leptospirosis.^197006^Trop Geogr Med 1970 Jun;22(2):245-9^^Petelin N, Cinco M, Magliocchetti-Lombi P^^0
70256179^Trace elements and reproduction of leptospirae.^197006^J Appl Bacteriol 1970 Jun;33(2):317-20^^Burger G, Fuchs GH^^0
71083126^Leptospiral problems in pregnancy.^197006^Ceylon Med J 1970 Jun;15(2):96-103^^Silva K de, Jayaweera BA^^0
71001670^Specificity of lipase from several seeds and Leptospira pomona.^197006^Lipids 1970 Jun;5(6):572-3^^Berner DL, Hammond EG^^0
71061941^[Leptospirotic meningitis]^197006^Pediatr Pol 1970 Jun;45(6):709-11^^Wieligda-Czerepak R^^0
71204922^[Leptospirosis of wild animals in Italy]^197006^Arch Vet Ital 1970 Jun 30;21(2):127-41^^Farina R, Andreani E^^0
71043319^[Epidemiology of anicteric leptospirosis in the Astrakhan region]^197007^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1970 Jul;47(7):36-9^^Bezumnova FI^^0
71212957^[Epizootiology of leptospirosis]^197007^Veterinariia 1970 Jul;7:60-1^^Shatrov AP, Kirpichev AF^^0
70237686^Anamnestic response to Leptospira canicola and infectious canine hepatitis antigens in beagles exposed to 90Sr by inhalation or intravenous injection.^197007^Radiat Res 1970 Jul;43(1):112-30^^Clapper WE, Boecker BB, Sanchez A, Levy J^^0
71041726^[Water fever]^197007^Feldsher Akush 1970 Jul;35(7):5-8^^Kovbasko MA^^0
71238302^[Experiences in the study of natural foci of Zoonoses in Yugoslavia]^197007^Med Glas 1970 Jul;24(7):297-305^^Heneberg D, Heneberg N, Sebek Z^^0
70256789^[Cases of leptospirosis in the Tarnobrzeg district]^197007^Wiad Lek 1970 Jul 1;23(13):1131-3^^Berlowski J^^0
70267641^Domestic rats as carriers of leptospires and salmonellae in Eastern Canada.^197075^Can J Public Health 1970 Jul-Aug;61(4):336-40^^McKiel JA, Rappay DE, Cousineau JG, Hall RR, McKenna HE^^0
71028511^[Practical value and use of Patoc I Leptospira semaranga in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis]^197075^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1970 Jul-Aug;12(4):284-7^^Correa MO, Natale V, Sadatsune T, Fleury GC^^0
71130731^[Serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. Comparative study of the Martin and Petit test and macroscopic agglutination on slides]^197075^G Batteriol Virol Immunol 1970 Jul-Aug;63(7):239-47^^Perduca M^^0
71132402^[Epidemiologic aspects of leptospiroses in the region of Meknes]^197007^Maroc Med 1970 Jul;537:442-4^^Mailloux M, Benkirane N^^0
71212958^[Pathomorphological changes during experimental leptospirosis in young pigs]^197007^Veterinariia 1970 Jul;7:61-2^^Drogun AG, Shorokhov VV^^0
72192724^Agriculture and the public health. The Milroy lectures, 1970.^197007^J R Coll Physicians Lond 1970 Jul;4(4):277-304^^Thrower WR^^0
70215915^Leptospirosis--an occupational hazard.^197007^Nurs Times 1970 Jul 2;66(27):847-8^^Thomson W^^0
70266179^[Meningeal reactions in leptospirosis]^197007^Pol Tyg Lek 1970 Jul 27;25(30):1130-2^^Oszczak A, Kucharska-Golba K, Nenycz-Grabiec Z^^0
71175795^[Epizootiology of animal leptispirosis]^197008^Veterinariia 1970 Aug;8:53^^Batkov IuV, Sokolov EN^^0
71029271^An isolation of Leptospira serotype pomona from domestic cat.^197008^N Z Vet J 1970 Aug;18(8):175-6^^Harkness AC, Smith BL, Fowler GF^^0
70261746^Experimentally induced predator chain transmission of Leptospira grippotyphosa from rodents to wild marsupialia and carnivora.^197008^Am J Vet Res 1970 Aug;31(8):1443-8^^Reilly JR, Hanson LE, Ferris DH^^0
71008318^Hyperosmolality in leptospirosis.^197008^Australas Ann Med 1970 Aug;19(3):263-5^^Lim P^^0
71012629^[2 cases of cerebellitis leptospirosa]^197008^Nervenarzt 1970 Aug;41(8):407-11^^Broser F, Worlein B^^0
71181537^[Epidemiologic aspects of leptospiroses in the region of Meknes]^197008^Voen Med Zh 1970 Aug;8:442-4^^Mailloux M, Benkirane N^^0
71009157^An outbreak of bovine abortions associated with leptospirosis.^197008^Aust Vet J 1970 Aug;46(8):385-6^^Knott SG, Dadswell LP^^0
71026653^Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from the urine of steers.^197008^Vet Rec 1970 Aug 1;87(5):135-6^^Stalheim OH, Heddleston KL^^0
71238942^[Leptospirosis in wild animals]^197008^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1970 Aug 15;25(16):634-9^^Horsch F, Klockmann J, Janetzky B, Drechsler H, Lobnitz P^^0
71238940^[Occupational diseases and job-related problems in animal husbandry]^197008^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1970 Aug 15;25(16):615-21^^Wolff F^^0
71228593^[Leptospirosis in bats in the Azerbaijan SSR]^197009^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1970 Sep;47(9):118-21^^Tagi-Zade TA, Mardanly AS, Akhmedov IB, Alekperov FP, Gasanov ShN^^0
72081617^[1 of the causes of nonspecific false positive reactions in syphilis]^197009^Vestn Dermatol Venerol 1970 Sep;44(9):59-64^^Sagdeeva LG^^0
71008139^Comparative studies of some recently described new leptospiral serotypes.^197009^Trop Geogr Med 1970 Sep;22(3):357-63^^Kmety E^^0
71091269^[Acute renal failure in leptospirosis. Report of 2 cases]^197009^Harefuah 1970 Sep 1;79(5):241-2^^^^0
71206865^[Some epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in Morocco. Survey on rats. Conditions peculiar to Meknes]^197075^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1970 Sep-Oct;63(5):547-57^^Mailloux M^^0
71154991^[Serological classification of leptospirae of the grippotyphosa serogroup--new serological type ratnapura]^197010^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1970 Oct;47(10):102-5^^Kokovin IL, Chernukha IuG^^0
70289290^Leptospirosis: long-term surveillance on an Illinois farm.^197010^Am J Epidemiol 1970 Oct;92(4):223-39^^Schnurrenberger PR, Hanson LE, Martin RJ^^0
71030316^[Cross immunity in experimental leptospirosis. Reciprocal protective effects effected by Grippotyphosa strains and strains of other serogroups]^197010^Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1970 Oct;119(4):456-67^^Plesko I, Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
71139492^A leptospiral factor producing a cytopathic effect on L cells.^197010^J Infect Dis 1970 Oct;122(4):310-7^^Yam PA, Miller NG, White RJ^^0
71064378^[Studies on the serological reactions of leptospira. II. Indirect hemagglutination test]^197010^Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1970 Oct;25(4):360-3^^Imamura S, Ashizawa Y^^0
71064384^[Studies on indirect hemagglutination test for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis]^197010^Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1970 Oct;25(4):408-14^^Matsui H^^0
71065355^A comparative study of serological diagnostic tests of leptospirosis.^197010^Indian Vet J 1970 Oct;47(10):817-9^^Singh SP^^0
70283701^Heparin therapy in septicemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation.^197010^N Engl J Med 1970 Oct 8;283(15):778-82^^Corrigan JJ Jr, Jordan CM^^0
71057498^Isolation of Leptospira hardjo from cows with mastitis.^197011^Aust Vet J 1970 Nov;46(11):537-9^^Sullivan ND, Callan DP^^0
71084452^Lung manifestations in leptospirosis.^197011^Thorax 1970 Nov;25(6):751-5^^Poh SC, Soh CS^^0
71154900^[Epizootiology of leptospirosis]^197012^Veterinariia 1970 Dec;12:41-3^^Soloshenko IZ, Petrov EM, Shorokhov VV, Drogun AG, Reichuk EA^^0
91082824^The kidney in human leptospirosis.^197012^Am J Med 1970 Dec;49(6):780-8^^Sitprija V, Evans H^^0
71056236^Cold hemagglutinin associated with leptospiral hemolytic anemia in the sheep.^197012^Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1970 Dec;135(3):887-92^^Freeman MJ, Morter RL, Decker MJ^^0
71092630^Serotypes in, and clinical notes on, leptospirosis in a plantation area of Sumatra.^197012^Trop Geogr Med 1970 Dec;22(4):423-30^^Smit AM, Wolff JW, Rijk-Bohlander HJ de^^0
71190633^Trace elements and reproduction of Leptospirae.^197012^J Appl Bacteriol 1970 Dec;33(4):775-8^^Burger G, Fuchs GH^^0
71154927^[Serological diagnosis of swine leptospirosis]^197012^Veterinariia 1970 Dec;12:85-6^^Karysheva AF, Tuzova RV^^0
72023226^Serotype identification of Leptospira strains isolated in Romania. I. Strains belonging to the Tarassovi serogroup.^197012^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1970 Dec;29(4):637-41^^Nicolescu M, Alamita E, Borsai L^^0
72023233^[Study of focus of leptospirosis caused by L. grippotyphosa in a sub- Carpathian zone. I. Clinical, epidemiological and epizootological studies]^197012^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1970 Dec;29(4):695-703^^Teodorovici G, Buzdugan I, Vasiliu D, Straton A, Straton C, Mardari A, Nastase A, Vasiliu A^^0
71134632^[Infectious pathology]^197101^Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol 1971 Jan;31(1):71-109^^Verin P^^0
71158189^[Zoonoses]^197101^Duodecim 1971;87(7):495-510^^Talanti S^^0
71165687^The positional specificity of leptospiral lipases.^197101^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1971;15(1):123-5^^Chorvath B, Benzonana G^^0
72256173^[The biological nature of the granular structures in cultures of leptospira]^197101^Izv Mikrobiol Inst (Sofiia) 1971;22:135-41^^Kuiumdzhiev I, Mikhailova L^^0
71188245^[Mixed leptospirosis and paratyphoid fever infection in pigs]^197101^Veterinariia 1971 Jan;1:53-6^^Pavlov FN^^0
72084109^[Arvicola terrestris--Leptospira carrier in the rice fields]^197101^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1971;13(3):204-8^^Ivanov I^^0
72134318^Our first saprophytic leptospiral strains antigen analysis. 3d communication.^197101^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1971;13(4):255-8^^Ivanov I^^0
74280512^[Detection of Leptospira by means of fluorescent antibodies]^197101^Vet Med (Praha) 1971;16(4):261-8^^Starostik L, Semotan K, Machova J^^0
71106431^Leptospira hardjo in Tasmania.^197101^Aust Vet J 1971 Jan;47(1):26^^Corbould A^^0
71254018^[Simultaneous cases of leptospirosis in a family in Morocco]^197175^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 Jan-Feb;64(1):42-5^^Mailloux M^^0
72033066^[4 simultaneous cases of leptospirosis]^197101^Przegl Epidemiol 1971;25(3):437-9^^Adamski M, Kwiatkowska B^^0
72129015^Isolation and systematic study of the first Bulgarian strains of saprophytic leptospiras.^197101^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1971;7(1):91-4^^Ivanov I, Babudieri B^^0
73132459^Occurrence of leptospirosis in thoroughbred horses.^197101^Equine Vet J 1971 Jan;3(1):52-5^^Twigg GI, Hughes DM, McDiarmid A^^0
73251476^[Occurrence of leptospirosis in the SR BH (Social Republic of Bosna and Herzegovina)]^197175^Med Arh 1971 Jan-Jun;25(3):51-9^^Udovicic B^^0
74028823^An outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with a renal syndrome in the Plitvice Lakes area (preliminary report).^197101^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1971;18(3):275-9^^Vesenjak-Hirjan J, Hrabar A, Vince-Ribaric V, Borcic B, Brudnjak Z^^0
71137198^Significance of very high erythrocyte sedimentation rates (100 mm or above in one hour) in 360 cases in Singapore.^197101^J Trop Med Hyg 1971 Jan;74(1):28-30^^Cheah JS, Ransome GA^^0
72082515^New clinical and ultrastructural aspects in leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica (Weil's disease). A clinical, light- and electron microscopic study.^197101^Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1971;354(4):336-48^^Zollinger HU, Colombi A, Schiltknecht J^^0
74132859^Proposed standardization of the agglutination-adsorption test for Leptospira.^197101^Bull World Health Organ 1971;44(6):795-810^^Babudieri B^^0
71092053^[Control of the SPF status of experimental animals. Skin test for excluding leptospira infections]^197101^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1971 Jan 1;84(1):8-11^^Juhr NC, Obi S^^0
71256839^Leptospirosis in Bikaner (Rajasthan). A case report.^197101^J Assoc Physicians India 1971 Jan;19(1):53-4^^Agarwal RG, Gupta KD, Bharadwaj TP^^0
71089846^[Acute renal failure in leptospirosis (with a report on the differential diagnosis of leptospirosis sejro and leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica)]^197101^Munch Med Wochenschr 1971 Jan 15;113(3):80-6^^Schubert GE, Hensel G, Vogt W^^0
71105050^[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis (Weil's disease)]^197101^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1971 Jan 23;115(4):146-55^^Bieger R, Graeff J de, Veltkamp JJ, Furth R van^^0
71105055^[Acute leptospirosis in humans in Kenya]^197101^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1971 Jan 23;115(4):178-80^^Geus A de^^0
71217144^The zoonotic importance of urban rats as a potential reservoir for human leptospirosis.^197101^Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 1971 Jan 28;70(1):1-4^^Tsai CC, Kundin WD, Fresh JW^^0
71127691^Further leptospiral isolations in the Sepik district, Territory of Papua and New Guinea.^197101^Med J Aust 1971 Jan 30;1(5):276-7^^Morahan RJ^^0
72050817^[Improvement of coliparatyphoid and leptospirosis preparations]^197102^Veterinariia 1971 Feb;2:59-61^^Maliavin AG^^0
72050821^[Epizootology of leptospirosis]^197102^Veterinariia 1971 Feb;2:65-8^^Bolotskii IA, Chulovskii IK, Arabian AM^^0
71211239^[Immunological changes in Brucella-infected animals following vaccine therapy]^197102^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1971 Feb;48(2):75-80^^El'chinova EA, Zhurba MD^^0
71211559^[No. 229. Elementary prescription list for therapy of ictero- hemorrhagic leptospirosis]^197102^Clin Ter 1971 Feb 15;56(3):287-91^^Fanelli V^^0
71142649^[Leptospirosis and Weil's disease]^197103^Kangogaku Zasshi 1971 Mar;35(3):73-9^^Kobayashi J^^0
71227258^[Reliability, specificity and sources of error of micro-agglutination reactions (MAR) used in the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis]^197103^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1971 Mar 1;26(5):189-94^^Horsch F, Marwitz H, Janetzky B^^0
71235597^[Serological activity and biochemical characteristics of leptospirous antigen]^197175^Mikrobiol Zh 1971 Mar-Apr;33(2):189-95^^Mogireva LA, Matsiuk VM, Bondarenko BN^^0
72009001^[Study of a focus of leptospirosis caused by Leptospira grippotyphosa in a sub-Carpathian zone. II. Studies on the natural reservoir among the rodents captured in the focus]^197103^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1971 Mar;30(1):129-35^^Straton C, Straton A, Bercovici C, Teodorovici G, Buzdugan I, Vasiliu D, Bobu I^^0
72009007^Serotype identification of leptospira strains isolated in Romania. II. Strains belonging to the hebdomadis serogroup.^197103^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1971 Mar;30(1):59-64^^Nicolescu M, Alamita E, Borsai L^^0
71184525^Contribution to the diagnosis of infectious swine abortion.^197103^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1971 Mar;18(2):170-6^^Kemenes F, Szeky A^^0
71263232^[Canine leptospirosis]^197175^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 Mar-Apr;64(2):201-10^^Mailloux M^^0
72023801^A leptospirosis study in South Sumatra and Bangka Island, Indonesia.^197103^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971 Mar;2(1):22-4^^Fresh JW, Tsai CC, Saroso JS^^0
73236689^[Human leptospirosis due to Leptospira andamana]^197175^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1971 Mar-Apr;13(2):137-43^^Correa MO, Hyakutake S, Natale V, Tiriba A da C, Martirani I, Galvao PA, Albano A, Filippi J de, Farhat CK, Neto VA^^0
72063115^[Immunogenic activity of leptospirosis vaccine]^197103^Veterinariia 1971 Mar;3:56-7^^Maliavin AG, Solov'eva VS, Shupliko AN, Pobegaev VS, Glushkov AA^^0
71183165^[Studies on leptospiral uveitis]^197103^Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1971 Mar;158(3):330-8^^Weder W^^0
71203344^[Electrocardiographic aspects of kalemic disorders caused by leptospirosis]^197175^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1971 Mar-Apr;16(2):149-52^^Prodrom I, Popa O^^0
71176147^On the titration and some properties of a leptospiral lipase.^197103^Biochim Biophys Acta 1971 Mar 16;231(2):277-82^^Chorvath B, Benzonana G^^0
71261770^[Procedure to follow in non-tuberculous meningitis with clear fluid]^197104^Bord Med 1971 Apr;4(4):1277-86^^Fourcade JP^^0
74115358^Leptospirosis in cottontail and swamp rabbits of the Mississippi Delta.^197104^J Wildl Dis 1971 Apr;7(2):115-7^^Shotts EB Jr, Andrews CL, Sulzer C, Greene E^^0
72128832^[Epizootiology of leptospirosis]^197104^Veterinariia 1971 Apr;4:56-9^^Pavlov FN, Khaibrakhmanova RKh, Il'in KI, Utekaeva FS, Negoda KV^^0
71238297^Serum lipoprotein hydrolysis by purified lipases.^197104^Lipids 1971 Apr;6(4):276-8^^Fried M, Chorvath B^^0
71259464^[Fractionation of Sephadex G-100 of leptospira antigen obtained by Fuller's method]^197104^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1971 Apr;48(4):116-20^^Mogireva LA, Matsiuk VM^^0
71286126^[Apropos of a case of leptospirosis due to L. pomona]^197175^Arch Mal Prof 1971 Apr-May;32(4):412-3^^Ducroiset B^^0
71188584^Comparison of microscopic agglutination, indirect haemagglutination and complement-fixation tests in rabbit and buffalo-calf hyperimmune sera for detection of leptospiral antibodies.^197104^Br Vet J 1971 Apr;127(4):154-62^^Palit A, Sharma GL^^0
71200763^[Leptospirosis of Rattus norvegicus Berk. in the city of Trieste]^197104^Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1971 Apr;113(4):201-7^^De Monte T, Iacono S, Sabbadini A^^0
71186250^Leptospirosis in British cattle.^197104^Vet Rec 1971 Apr 10;88(15):384-6^^Michna SW^^0
71227268^[Incidence of Brucella and Leptospira infections in dogs]^197104^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1971 Apr 15;26(8):313-6^^Pannwitz S, Meissner R^^0
71151325^Leptospirosis in city slum. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects.^197104^N Y State J Med 1971 Apr 15;71(8):880-3^^Zack MB, Barr AB, Sinaly NP^^0
71226865^[Leptospirosis in animals slaughtered in Chimbote, Peru]^197105^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 May;70(5):429-35^^Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R, Aznaran G^^0
71258333^[Epidemiology of leptospirosis in South-Western Azerbaijan]^197105^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1971 May;48(5):19-22^^Tagi-Zade TA, Dzhabrailova FB, Alekperov FP^^0
71185531^Detection of Leptospira in soil and water by immunofluorescence staining.^197105^Appl Microbiol 1971 May;21(5):953-6^^Henry RA, Johnson RC, Bohlool BB, Schmidt EL^^0
71217570^Differential diagnosis of leptospirosis in man.^197105^Rocky Mt Med J 1971 May;68(5):25-9^^Stoenner HG^^0
71205868^Eradication of leptospirosis from two commercial piggeries in South Australia.^197105^Aust Vet J 1971 May;47(5):186-8^^Dobson KJ^^0
71233811^Laboratory acquired leptospirosis.^197105^J Tenn Med Assoc 1971 May;64(5):423-4^^Jack WD 2d, Spickard WA Jr^^0
72029784^Canine leptospirosis in Cairo.^197105^J Infect Dis 1971 May;123(5):548-50^^Maronpot RR, Barsoum IS, Ezzat E^^0
72052205^Leptospirosis in the central coastal region of the Caspian Sea.^197175^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 May-Jun;64(3):301-4^^Sohrabi A^^0
72052206^[Existence of a phosphatase activity in certain leptospires]^197175^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 May-Jun;64(3):305-10^^Mailloux M, Richard C^^0
72052207^[Results of 5-years of serodiagnosis in leptospirosis in Morocco]^197175^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 May-Jun;64(3):310-6^^Mailloux M^^0
71203809^Urban leptospirosis presenting as afebrile jaundice.^197105^Am J Dig Dis 1971 May;16(5):455-9^^Whitmore JT, Cerda JJ, Offutt RG^^0
71240416^Virulent and avirulent Leptospires: biochemical activities and survival in blood.^197106^Am J Vet Res 1971 Jun;32(6):843-9^^Stalheim OH^^0
72001886^[Some clinical characteristics of leptospirosis]^197106^Vrach Delo 1971 Jun;(6):138-42^^Mitchenko IK, Pletnev VM, Slobodianiuk MI^^0
71283829^Leptospires in the Hebdomadis and Pomona serogroups from mongooses in Tqiwan.^197106^Trop Geogr Med 1971 Jun;23(2):201-3^^Tsai CC, Fresh JW^^0
72015658^Peritoneal dialysis in severe leptospiral renal failure.^197106^West Indian Med J 1971 Jun;20(2):76-82^^Ho-Ping-Kong H, Ragbeer MM, Barrow O, Ward EE, Alleyne GA^^0
72027775^[Functional state of the liver in leptospiral diseases]^197106^Klin Med (Mosk) 1971 Jun;49(6):114-20^^Pupkevich Diamant IaS^^0
72090314^Leptospirosis in the Philippines. VII. Serologic and isolation studies on horses.^197106^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971 Jun;2(2):151-2^^Carlos ER, Kundin WD, Tsai CC, Watten RH, Irving GS, Villanueva C^^0
72090315^Leptospira study on fevers on unknown origin in the Philippines.^197106^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971 Jun;2(2):153-63^^Famatiga EG^^0
72162580^[A natural leptospira reservoir in the lower Carpathian and neighboring zone of North Moldavia]^197106^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1971 Jun;30(2):273-9^^Straton C, Bercovici C, Straton A^^0
71240417^Duration of immunity in cattle in response to a viable, avirulent Leptospira pomona vaccine.^197106^Am J Vet Res 1971 Jun;32(6):851-4^^Stalheim OH^^0
71240418^Leptospirosis in swine caused by serotype grippotyphosa.^197106^Am J Vet Res 1971 Jun;32(6):855-60^^Hanson LE, Reynolds HA, Evans LB^^0
71291292^[Distribution and immunologic structure of the population in relation to leptospiroses in Western Siberia]^197106^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1971 Jun;48(7):109-13^^Chulovskii IK^^0
71280383^The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in leptospirosis.^197106^Med J Aust 1971 Jun 5;1(23):1233-4^^Cheah JS, Ransome GA^^0
71190217^Leptospirosis epizootic among California sea lions.^197106^Science 1971 Jun 18;172(989):1250-1^^Vedros NA, Smith AW, Schonewald J, Migaki G, Hubbard RC^^0
71276615^Leptospira hardjo infection in man.^197106^Med J Aust 1971 Jun 19;1(25):1350^^Davidson KR^^0
71282954^Immunological response in leptospirosis. Report of three cases.^197107^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1971 Jul;20(4):625-30^^Tong MJ, Rosenberg EB, Votteri BA, Tsai CC^^0
71227640^Agar overlay method for growth of leptospires in solid medium.^197107^Am J Vet Res 1971 Jul;32(7):1125-7^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE^^0
72261714^[Ecology of leptospirosis and the symptoms caused by L. grippotyphosa and L. polonica as a problem of rural medicine]^197175^Ann Sclavo 1971 Jul-Aug;13(4):477-89^^Parnas J^^0
72100863^Leptospires in finger nail clams.^197107^J Wildl Dis 1971 Jul;7(3):178-85^^Kingscote BF^^0
72100866^Isolation of Leptospira pomona from a naturally infected California sea lion, Sonoma County, California.^197107^J Wildl Dis 1971 Jul;7(3):195-7^^McIlhattan TJ, Martin JW, Wagner RJ, Iversen JO^^0
71254161^[Intrauterine leptospirosis pomona. 1st reported case of an intrauterine transmitted and cured leptospirosis]^197107^Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1971 Jul 30;96(31):1263-8^^Gsell HO Jr, Olafsson A, Sonnabend W, Breer C, Bachmann C^^0
71276712^Malaria and other febrile conditions.^197108^Practitioner 1971 Aug;207(238):147-53^^Walters JH^^0
72128872^[Immunity in swine in single and complex vaccination]^197108^Veterinariia 1971 Aug;9:41-3^^Zubekhin AV^^0
72005085^Leptospira hardjo infection in man associated with an outbreak in a dairy herd.^197108^Aust Vet J 1971 Aug;47(8):408^^Davidson KR^^0
73004482^[Isolation of polysaccharide containing fractions of Leptospira by the Fuller method]^197175^Mikrobiol Zh 1971 Aug-Sep;33(4):454-9^^Bernasovs'ka EP, Matsiuk VM^^0
73032678^Cross-neutralization of leptospiral hemolysins from different serotypes.^197108^Infect Immun 1971 Aug;4(2):154-9^^Alexander AD, Wood G, Yancey F, Byrne RJ, Yager RH^^0
72192052^[Vaccination of swine against leptospirosis]^197108^Veterinariia 1971 Aug;8:46-9^^Liubashenko SIa, Malakhov IuA, Seregin IG, Samokhvalov AP, Stepanenko PP^^0
71280566^Leptospirosis (Red-water fever).^197108^N Z Nurs J 1971 Aug;64(8):8-11^^Addison K^^0
71287620^A new serotype of Leptospira belonging to the autumnalis serogroup.^197108^J Trop Med Hyg 1971 Aug;74(8):184-6^^Nityananda K, Sulzer CR^^0
74280242^[On the specificity of the complement-fixing antigen for Leptospira. Studies on syphilitic sera]^197109^Quad Sclavo Diagn 1971 Sep;7(3):656-60^^Tredici E, Crisafulli G, Loreti G^^0
72087418^Isolation and study of antigenic mutants of saprophytic and pathogenic Leptospiras.^197109^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1971 Sep;218(1):75-86^^Babudieri B^^0
72004029^Leptospirosis in the Philippines: feline studies.^197109^Am J Vet Res 1971 Sep;32(9):1455-6^^Carlos ER, Kundin WD, Watten RH, Tsai CC, Irving GS, Carlos ET, Directo AC^^0
72004031^Isolation of Leptospira andamana from surface water.^197109^Am J Vet Res 1971 Sep;32(9):1463-4^^Tripathy DN, Evans LB, Hanson LE^^0
72013419^A thermo-labile antigen in the Leptospira strain Ictero No. I.^197109^Trop Geogr Med 1971 Sep;23(3):282-5^^Borg-Petersen C^^0
72004028^Leptospirosis in the Philippines: canine studies.^197109^Am J Vet Res 1971 Sep;32(9):1451-4^^Carlos ER, Kundin WD, Watten RH, Tsai CC, Irving GS, Carlos ET, Directo AC^^0
72213018^The antileptospira antibodies in apparently healthy horses.^197175^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1971 Sep-Dec;30(3):335-40^^Nicolescu M, Oprisan R^^0
72265039^[Immunochemical study of polysaccharide containing fractions obtained from leptospira by Fuller's method]^197175^Mikrobiol Zh 1971 Sep-Oct;33(5):553-7^^Bernasovs'ka EP, Matsiuk VM, Zakharenko NI^^0
72107070^Four new leptospiral serotypes isolated from human sources in South Vietnam.^197109^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971 Sep;2(3):313-21^^Tsai CC, Sulzer CR^^0
72238839^[Leptospira carrier state in animals]^197110^Veterinariia 1971 Oct;10:66-7^^Dragomir AV, Matveeva AA^^0
72091541^[Toxins of Leptospira]^197110^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1971 Oct;18(8):596-603^^Parnas J^^0
72071452^Viable, avirulent Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona vaccine: preservation in liquid nitrogen.^197110^Appl Microbiol 1971 Oct;22(4):726-7^^Stalheim OH^^0
72135922^[Treatment of patients with various forms of leptospirosis]^197110^Vrach Delo 1971 Oct;10:149-52^^Pletnev VM, Mitchenko IK, Slobodianiuk MI^^0
72111503^Suspected leptospirosis in goats.^197110^Indian J Med Res 1971 Oct;59(10):1588-90^^Khanna RS, Iyer PK^^0
72132281^[Tarassov's leptospirosis caused by preparing swine kidneys at home]^197110^Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1971 Oct 1;26(40):1903-4^^Hergt R^^0
72187608^[Supplementary notes on Leptospira agglutination reaction]^197110^Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 1971 Oct;26(10):499-502^^Kinebuchi H^^0
72082505^Leptospirosis in Irish wildlife.^197110^Vet Rec 1971 Oct 16;89(16):447^^McCaughey WJ, Fairley JS^^0
72030833^Using scrapings from formalin-fixed tissues to diagnose leptospirosis by fluorescent-antibody techniques.^197111^Stain Technol 1971 Nov;46(6):271-4^^Cook JE, Coles EH, Garner FM, Luna LG^^0
72265911^[The DNA composition of nitrogenous bases of leptospira strains belonging to different sulfur groups]^197175^Mikrobiol Zh 1971 Nov-Dec;33(6):753-4^^Zakharenko NI, Bernasovs'ka EP^^0
72265912^[Polysaccharide containing fractions of leptospira and possibilities of their applications for generic and specific diagnosis of leptospiroses]^197175^Mikrobiol Zh 1971 Nov-Dec;33(6):754-5^^Mogir'ova LA^^0
72265913^[Immunoadsorption studies on leptospira strains isolated in the Ukraine]^197175^Mikrobiol Zh 1971 Nov-Dec;33(6):756-7^^Bernasovs'ka EP^^0
72094915^Effect of pharmacologically active drugs on the motility of Leptospira interrogans (biflexa).^197111^Life Sci [II] 1971 Nov 8;10(21):1237-46^^Pitney SN, Doetsch RN^^0
72073396^Antibody response of cattle to Leptospira pomona: response as measured by hemagglutination, microscopic agglutination, and hamster protection tests.^197112^Am J Vet Res 1971 Dec;32(12):1915-20^^Negi SK, Myers WL, Segre D^^0
72115243^[Combined application of a corticosteroid and antibiotic in experimental leptospirosis]^197112^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1971 Dec;218(4):461-7^^Engelhardt K^^0
72073422^Leptospirosis diagnosis by immunofluorescence: improved procedure for antigen preparation.^197112^Am J Vet Res 1971 Dec;32(12):2107-9^^Stalheim OH^^0
73001480^Survival of leptospires in cattle manure.^197112^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971 Dec 1;159(11):1513-7^^Diesch SL^^0
73024392^Infectious diseases of reptiles.^197112^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971 Dec 1;159(11):1626-31^^Marcus LC^^0
72162354^[Infectious abortions of Leptospira origin in cattle]^197112^Vet Med (Praha) 1971 Dec;16(11):683-8^^Vosta J, Tesarik L^^0
72066579^Experimental chronic uveitis. Ophthalmic signs following equine leptospirosis.^197112^Invest Ophthalmol 1971 Dec;10(12):948-54^^Williams RD, Morter RL, Freeman MJ, Lavignette AM^^0
72073395^Antibody response of cattle to Leptospira pomona: a hemagglutination test to measure IgG and IgM antibodies.^197112^Am J Vet Res 1971 Dec;32(12):1907-13^^Negi SK, Myers WL, Segre D^^0
72144741^Leptospirosis in febrile hospital patients in Djakarta.^197112^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971 Dec;2(4):493-5^^Light RH, Nasution R, Van Peenen PF^^0
72144742^Leptospirosis in wild mammals of Indonesia--recent surveys.^197112^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971 Dec;2(4):496-502^^Van Peenen PF, Light RH, Sulianti Saroso J^^0
73001476^Human infections associated with waterborne Leptospires, and survival studies on serotype pomona.^197112^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971 Dec 1;159(11):1477-84^^Crawford RP, Heinemann JM, McCulloch WF, Diesch SL^^0
72162948^[Experiences in porcine leptospirosis campaign with special reference to Leptospira pomona infection]^197112^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1971 Dec 15;26(24):924-7^^Pannwitz S, Uecker E, Blohm H^^0
72161454^Mollaret's meningitis and differential diagnosis of recurrent meningitis. Report of case, with review of the literature.^197201^Am J Med 1972 Jan;52(1):128-40^^Hermans PE, Goldstein NP, Wellman WE^^0
74280592^[Lyophilized trivalent vaccine against canine leptospirosis]^197201^Vet Med (Praha) 1972;17(6):367-77^^Jiran E, Kadlec V, Svatos L^^0
72116629^Evaluation of a macroscopic plate test and an indirect immunofluorescence test to detect leptospiral antibodies in bovine serum.^197201^Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1972 Jan;36(1):34-7^^Sandhu TS, White FH^^0
73242152^[Leptospirosis of dogs in Czechoslovakia and its importance in the epidemiology of human leptospirosis]^197201^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1972;21(3):127-34^^Sebek Z, Wurst Z^^0
73242156^[Natural foci and reservoirs of leptospiroses in the Olomouc district]^197201^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1972;21(3):159-64^^Sebek Z, Chmela J^^0
73242163^[Specificity of the direct immunofluorescence reaction in leptospira]^197201^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1972;21(6):301-6^^Kadlcik K, Kramar R^^0
72075416^Acute pneumonia in tropical infections.^197201^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972 Jan;21(2):50-7^^Tong MJ, Youel DB, Cotten CL^^0
73165477^[Requirements in research on leptospirosis]^197201^Bull World Health Organ 1972;47(5):641-50^^^^0
72084127^Fluorescent antibody reactions to leptospira with fractions of immune serum.^197201^Health Lab Sci 1972 Jan;9(1):39-45^^Hirschberg N, Bell M^^0
72105341^Detecting leptospires in formalin-fixed hamster tissues by fluorescent antibody techniques.^197201^Am J Vet Res 1972 Jan;33(1):277-82^^Cook JE, Coles EH, Garner FM^^0
72226633^Infection and immunity in hamsters.^197201^Prog Exp Tumor Res 1972;16:326-67^^Frenkel JK^^0
73000168^[Supplementary components as factors in culture media for bacteria and cell cultures]^197201^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1972;26(1):25-31^^Durner K, Guttner H, Kamieth R, Rothe F, Schmidt P, Winkler H, Kludas KH^^0
73034436^Research needs in leptospirosis.^197201^Bull World Health Organ 1972;47(1):113-22^^Abdussalam M, Alexander AD, Babudieri B, Bogel K, Borg-Petersen C, Faine S, Kmety E, Lataste-Dorolle C, Turner LH^^0
73131281^[Hepatitides in infectious diseases]^197201^Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr 1972;32(1):55-8^^Teichmann W^^0
73124584^Mus musculus and Microtus arvalis in the rice-fields areas as carriers of leptospirae.^197201^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1972;14(3):219-22^^Ivanov I^^0
73141370^Isolation and characterization of a leptospiral type-specific antigen.^197201^Infect Immun 1972 Jan;5(1):12-9^^Shinagawa M, Yanagawa R^^0
73090282^[Serology of leptospirosis in the Mexican Republic]^197275^Rev Invest Salud Publica 1972 Jan-Mar;32(1):53-7^^Varela G, Avendano E, Velasco R, Zarate Aquino MI^^0
74150093^Experimental biotherapy by leptospiral infection. VII. Quantitative titration of the tumoricidal effect of leptospirae by means of 51Cr labelled target cells of mouse ascites tumours.^197201^Neoplasma 1972;19(6):639-52^^Oravec C, Cambelova J, Kmety E^^0
74254276^Natural and anthropurgic foci of leptospirosis in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.^197201^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1972;19(1):53-60^^Sebek Z, Heneberg D, Heneberg N^^0
73025264^[The natural leptospira reservoirs in the lower basin of the river Pruth]^197201^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1972;16(3):303-13^^Bercovici C, Straton C, Straton A, Radulescu P, Brebenel G^^0
73025265^Results of the first leptospirological study carried out in Afghanistan.^197201^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1972;16(3):314-24^^Sebek Z, Sery V, Saboor A^^0
73025270^To the question of the character of variability of the antigenic structure of leptospira.^197201^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1972;16(3):346-51^^Sveshnikova NP, Chernukha YG^^0
73025271^Studies on leptospiral lipase. II. Lipase activity of virulent and avirulent leptospirae.^197201^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1972;16(3):352-7^^Chorvath B, Bakoss P^^0
73015684^[Research on lysine and ornithine decarboxylases and arginine dihydrolase in leptospira]^197275^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1972 Jan-Feb;65(1):50-5^^Mailloux M, Richard C^^0
74269907^Treatment of leptospirosis with Semicillin.^197201^Ther Hung 1972;20(4):152-5^^Munnich D, Lakatos M^^0
72085218^Leptospira interrogans serotypes ballum and grippotyphosa isolated from the muskrat.^197201^J Wildl Dis 1972 Jan;8(1):54-6^^Paul JR, Hanson LE, Schnurrenberger PR, Martin RJ^^0
72240304^Leptospiral agglutinating antibodies in sera of patients with hepatitis in Cairo hospitals (Egypt).^197201^J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1972;47(2):114-20^^Barsoum IS, Moch RW, Botros BA^^0
72101577^Bacteria and spermatozoa in the canine urinary bladder.^197201^Cornell Vet 1972 Jan;62(1):13-20^^Hubbert WT^^0
72138136^[Experimental leptospirosis in small wild rodents]^197201^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1972;16(1):115-21^^Straton A, Straton C, Bercovici C^^0
73004465^Observations of the carrier state in hamsters infected with Leptospira interrogans serotype Pomona.^197201^Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1972;158(1):1-8^^Miller NG^^0
72113108^Leptospirosis in a California sea lion.^197202^Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1972 Feb;67(2):138 passim^^Northway RB^^0
72104765^Shape of Treponema pallidum.^197202^J Bacteriol 1972 Feb;109(2):943-4^^Cox CD^^0
72151529^The diagnosis of leptospirosis by fluorescent antibody technique using saprophytic Leptospira as a genus-specific antigen.^197202^J Med Assoc Thai 1972 Feb;55(2):101-6^^Udomsakdi S, Potha U^^0
72141434^[Cardiovascular disorders in leptospirosis]^197202^Med Klin 1972 Feb 4;67(5):156-9^^Tesarova-Magrova J, Sramkova L^^0
72195449^Current status of leptospiral immunizing agents for use in swine.^197202^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Feb 15;160(4):634-7^^Huhn RG^^0
72195462^Summary of the colloquium on immunity to selected diseases of swine.^197202^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Feb 15;160(4):667-8^^Stockton JJ^^0
72195443^Do mixed bacterins and autogenous bacterins have merit?^197202^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Feb 15;160(4):609-11^^Kaeberle ML^^0
72195448^Problems related to epizootiology of swine leptospirosis.^197202^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Feb 15;160(4):631-4^^Hanson LE^^0
72195450^Comments on control of leptospiral infections.^197202^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Feb 15;160(4):637-9^^Morter RL^^0
72153304^1971 International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis. Historical perspectives.^197202^Can Med Assoc J 1972 Feb 26;106:Suppl:423-6^^MacCallum FO^^0
73000636^Leptospira serotype kremastos of bovine origin.^197203^Jpn J Microbiol 1972 Mar;16(2):147-8^^Yanagawa R, Takashima I^^0
73144325^[On certain cases of leptospirosis with paradoxical serological reactions]^197203^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1972 Mar;31(1):21-9^^Topciu V, Spinu I, Trinh-Thi-Hang-Quy^^0
73144331^Leptospira complement fixation test with Patoc antigen in pigs accidentally infected with the pomona serotype.^197203^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1972 Mar;31(1):69-73^^Nicolescu M, Moldovan G^^0
72131217^[Leptospirosis in the etiology of local uveitides]^197203^Cesk Oftalmol 1972 Mar;28(2):112-6^^Kracmarova A, Vesely L^^0
72160028^[Considerations on hemorrhagic diathesis in leptospirosis and on the pathogenesis of grave forms]^197275^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1972 Mar-Apr;17(2):97-110^^Prodrom I^^0
72200552^Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma following leptospirosis--a case report.^197203^Med J Malaya 1972 Mar;26(3):211-4^^Chan YF^^0
72158372^Efficacy of certain chemical agents in the treatment of leptospiruria in hamsters.^197204^Am J Vet Res 1972 Apr;33(4):863-5^^Baldwin EW, White FH, Edds GT^^0
72166292^Survey of wild mammals in a Chesapeake Bay area for selected zoonoses.^197204^J Wildl Dis 1972 Apr;8(2):119-26^^Alexander AD, Flyger V, Herman YF, McConnell SJ, Rothstein N, Yager RH^^0
73093580^Timely topics in microbiology miscellaneous bacteria.^197204^Am J Med Technol 1972 Apr;38(4):122-9^^Branson D^^0
73251006^An outbreak of leptospirosis in Howrah, West Bengal.^197204^Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1972 Apr;20(2):26-7^^Mukherjea AK, Sen AK, Das AK, Mukherjee TP, Chatterjee BD, Mukherjee MK, Banik BG^^0
72250834^[Anatomo-pathological study of the heart in leptospirosis]^197204^Rev Bras Med 1972 Apr;29(4):171-5^^Saddy JC, Silva JJ da, Netto MB^^0
72253536^[Sporadic leptospirosis in the Brescia district]^197204^G Mal Infett Parassit 1972 Apr;24(4):245-9^^Sueri LA, Ielasi G^^0
73030568^A survey of infectious causes of reproductive failure in beef cattle in north-eastern Australia.^197204^Aust Vet J 1972 Apr;48(4):203-7^^Rogers RJ, Flanagan M, Hill MW^^0
72265282^[Laboratory verifications of leptospirosis]^197204^Sem Hop 1972 Apr 8;48(17):1193-201^^Hemmer C, Duval J, Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
72265283^[Anatomoclinical study of a case of severe leptospirosis]^197204^Sem Hop 1972 Apr 8;48(17):1203-7^^Richer D, Faye C, Camilleri JP^^0
72201960^Cultivation of leptospires: fatty acid requirements.^197205^Appl Microbiol 1972 May;23(5):1027-8^^Johnson RC, Walby JK^^0
73051557^Zoonotic infections in military scout and tracker dogs in Vietnam.^197205^Infect Immun 1972 May;5(5):745-9^^Alexander AD, Binn LN, Elisberg B, Husted P, Huxsoll DL, Marshall JD Jr, Needy CF, White AD^^0
73000209^Observations on Leptospira hardjo infection in New South Wales.^197205^Aust Vet J 1972 May;48(5):228-32^^Hoare RJ, Claxton PD^^0
72169340^Composition of fatty acids and carbohydrates in Leptospira.^197205^J Bacteriol 1972 May;110(2):450-67^^Kondo E, Ueta N^^0
72183004^Human renal leptospirosis.^197205^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972 May;21(3):336-41^^Ooi BS, Chen BT, Tan KK, Khoo OT^^0
72183005^Isolation of Leptospira javanica from rats on Ishigaki Island.^197205^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972 May;21(3):342-4^^Kobayashi Y, Kusaba T, Ueki R^^0
72215185^[Contribution to the serodiagnosis of leptospiroses]^197205^Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1972 May 4;27(18):859-64^^Sramkova L, Vanista J, Tesarova J, Cervova H, Karpenkova H^^0
72227248^Isolation and classification of water leptospira strains: identification of three new serotypes.^197205^Experientia 1972 May 15;28(5):598-600^^Cinco M, Faidutti BM^^0
73008675^Leptospiral antibodies in dairy cattle: some ecological considerations.^197205^Vet Rec 1972 May 20;90(21):598-602^^Twigg GI, Hughes DM, McDiarmid A^^0
73046647^Isolation of the outer sheath of Leptospira and its immunogenic properties in hamsters.^197206^Infect Immun 1972 Jun;5(6):968-75^^Auran NE, Johnson RC, Ritzi DM^^0
73142113^The estimation of the results obtained by the complement fixation test performed with the Patoc antigen in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.^197206^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1972 Jun;31(2):209-16^^Nicolescu M, Borsai L^^0
72259749^[1st case of Leptospirosis bulgarica on our territory]^197206^Bratisl Lek Listy 1972 Jun;57(6):717-9^^Mittermayer T, Plesko I, Hlavata Z^^0
72225637^Leptospirosis in the West of Scotland.^197206^Scott Med J 1972 Jun;17(6):220-4^^Lawson JH^^0
72267213^[Bioptic histological findings in the liver in brucellosis and leptospirosis]^197206^Z Gesamte Inn Med 1972 Jun 1;27(11):474-7^^Herms G^^0
73031262^Leptospiral seroreactors in the Mekong Delta of South Vietnam.^197206^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1972 Jun;3(2):205-7^^Welsh JD, Sulzer CR, Douglas HL^^0
73031263^A preliminary study of the status of leptospirosis in the Malaysian Armed forces.^197206^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1972 Jun;3(2):208-11^^Tan DS, Lopes DA^^0
73031264^Leptospirosis among abattoir employees, dog pound workers, and fish inspectors in the city of Manila.^197206^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1972 Jun;3(2):212-20^^Arambulo PV 3d, Topacio TM Jr, Famatiga EG, Sarmiento RV, Lopez S^^0
73029194^[Serological tests on hare blood samples for antibodies of leptospirosis, brucellosis, Aujeszky's disease, and mucosal disease]^197206^Monatsh Veterinarmed 1972 Jun 15;27(12):465-8^^Guthenke D, Kokles R^^0
72212301^Effect of vaccination time on morbidity, mortality, and weight gains of feeder calves.^197207^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Jul;161(1):45-8^^Knight AP, Pierson RE, Hoerlein AB, Collier JH, Horton DP, Pruett JB^^0
73060927^[Immunogenic relation between genus Brucella and Leptospira in the blood serum of pigs and cattle]^197207^Vet Med (Praha) 1972 Jul;17(7):413-6^^Kadlec V^^0
73133149^Further observations on Leptospira hardjo infections in pregnant cows.^197207^Aust Vet J 1972 Jul;48(7):388-90^^Sullivan ND^^0
73240933^[Small mammals as carriers of leptospirosis]^197207^Veterinariia 1972 Jul;7:69^^Genis AI^^0
74113921^Asymmetric cross-reactions in water leptospiras.^197275^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1972 Jul-Aug;51(4):289-91^^Babudieri B, Nabavi F^^0
73027363^[Lymphadenitis of the neck in childhood caused by Leptospira]^197207^Klin Padiatr 1972 Jul;184(4):276-82^^Schonberger W, Emmrich P, Jost R, Schonberger G, Straub E, Engelhardt K^^0
73055817^[Case of Weil's disease with Leptospira isolated from the blood and urine]^197207^Nippon Rinsho 1972 Jul;30(7):1592-9^^Tomita K, Maki S, Shimotsuji T, Iida H, Seino Y^^0
72220153^Molecular characteristics of antibody detected by the microscopic agglutination test in serum of guinea pigs with leptospirosis.^197207^Am J Vet Res 1972 Jul;33(7):1507-12^^Crawford RP^^0
72253094^Leptospiral microscopic agglutinating antibodies in sera of man and domestic animals in Egypt.^197207^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972 Jul;21(4):467-72^^Maronpot RR, Barsoum IS^^0
72225136^Leptospirosis.^197207^Br Med J 1972 Jul 15;3(819):186-7^^^^0
73009618^Man bites dog.^197207^Vet Rec 1972 Jul 29;91(5):115-7^^Graham-Jones O^^0
73225835^[A Vi antigen in Leptospirae]^197208^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1972 Aug;221(3):343-51^^Kmety E^^0
73040966^[Basic patterns in the epidemiologic process of leptospirosis under present conditions]^197208^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 Aug;49(8):86-92^^Varfolomeeva AA, Koval'skii GN^^0
72242025^A new leptospiral serotype in the bataviae group, isolated in Sao Paulo, Brazil.^197208^Am J Vet Res 1972 Aug;33(8):1719-21^^Santa Rosa CA, Sulzer CR, Pestana de Castro AF^^0
72242026^Colonial and morphologic variations of Leptospira illini strain 3055.^197208^Am J Vet Res 1972 Aug;33(8):1723-7^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE^^0
73003537^[Leptospirosis--a topical case of Weil's disease]^197208^Lakartidningen 1972 Aug 16;69(34):3824-30^^Arvidsson S, Hallgren J, Linder B, Snygg AC^^0
73051603^Purification of polysaccharide antigen from Leptospira biflexa strain Urawa.^197209^Infect Immun 1972 Sep;6(3):414-5^^Taniyama T, Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I, Azuma I, Yamamura Y^^0
73074549^[Interstitial pneumonia caused by leptospirosis: report of a case]^197275^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1972 Sep-Oct;14(5):334-7^^Amato Neto V, Tcherniacovski I, Baldy JL^^0
73093709^A premature birth associated with Leptospira pomona infection in a mare.^197209^Aust Vet J 1972 Sep;48(9):524-6^^Baird JD, Williams T, Claxton PD^^0
73123204^[Natural reservoirs and foci of leptospirosis]^197209^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 Sep;49(9):106-10^^Kiktenko VS^^0
72270467^Leptospirosis.^197209^Lancet 1972 Sep 30;2(779):694-5^^^^0
73011596^The influence of maternal antibodies on the epidemiology of leptospiral carrier state in mice.^197210^Am J Epidemiol 1972 Oct;96(4):313-7^^Birnbaum S, Shenberg E, Torten M^^0
73026284^Environmental health and animal wastes.^197210^Mod Vet Pract 1972 Oct;53(11):25-9^^Steele JH^^0
73033354^[Motive factors of an epidemic process in leptospiroses in Western Siberia (review of the literature)]^197210^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 Oct;49(10):87-91^^Mefod'ev VV, Valova GP^^0
73044583^Leptospirosis in Danish wild mammals.^197210^J Wildl Dis 1972 Oct;8(4):343-51^^Fennestad KL, Borg-Petersen C^^0
73081446^[Leptospirosis imported from Spain]^197210^Med Monatsschr 1972 Oct;26(10):470-1^^Brandis U^^0
73088746^The isolation of a strain of Leptospira, serotype hardjo, from a patient in Southern Queensland.^197210^Aust Vet J 1972 Oct;48(10):576^^Stallmann ND^^0
73136971^[Study of the primary natural reservoir of Leptospira in the valley of the Prut. II. The middle and upper basin of the Prut]^197275^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1972 Oct-Dec;76(4):977-84^^Straton C, Bercovici C, Straton A, Radulescu P^^0
73193181^[High antibody teters in Leptospira-infected animals]^197210^Veterinariia 1972 Oct;10:63-4^^Kirpichev AF^^0
73043432^Systematics of a leptospira strain isolated from frog.^197210^Experientia 1972 Oct 15;28(10):1252-3^^Babudieri B^^0
73150406^Isolation and characterization of streptomycin-resistant mutant of leptospiras.^197211^Jpn J Microbiol 1972 Nov;16(6):535-7^^Takashima I, Yanagawa R^^0
73073725^[Specific features of an epidemic process in leptospiroses in northern conditions in Western Siberia]^197211^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 Nov;49(11):138-45^^Valova GP, Mefod'ev VV^^0
73215246^Suspected leptospirosis in two cats.^197211^Aust Vet J 1972 Nov;48(11):622-3^^Mason RW, King SJ, McLachlan NM^^0
74033264^[Blood indices of sows in leptospirosis (experimental data)]^197211^Veterinariia 1972 Nov;11:62-3^^Azarian RP^^0
73028612^Identification of the immunoglobulins in serums of guinea pigs infected with serogroup Pomona Leptospires.^197211^Am J Vet Res 1972 Nov;33(11):2289-98^^Crawford RP^^0
73057166^[Clinical manifestations of fetal infections in the newborn infant. Infections due to schizomycetes]^197211^Minerva Pediatr 1972 Nov 3;24(38):1886-904^^Jannuzzi C^^0
73025420^Leptospirosis.^197211^Lancet 1972 Nov 11;2(785):1036-7^^Michna SW, Ellis W^^0
73085481^[Zoonoses--an interesting group of diseases]^197211^Tijdschr Ziekenverpl 1972 Nov 21;25(37):1215-21^^Huisman J^^0
73053803^Swine leptospirosis certification: a proposal.^197212^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Dec 1;161(11):1244-7^^Stalheim OH^^0
73053812^Diagnosis of bovine abortion.^197212^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Dec 1;161(11):1284-7^^Woelffer EA^^0
73067520^[Principal results of study of natural foci of infectious diseases in the Polish People's Republic (literature review)]^197212^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 Dec;49(12):107-12^^Vigovski AI^^0
73178217^Studies on indirect hemagglutination test for leptospirosis.^197212^Jpn J Exp Med 1972 Dec;42(6):563-8^^Imamura S, Matsui H, Ashizawa Y^^0
73062079^Estimation of leptospiral viability with agar pour plates.^197212^Am J Vet Res 1972 Dec;33(12):2587-92^^Anderson LE, Jenkin HM^^0
73085517^Bataviae group leptospirae isolated from armadillos in Argentina.^197212^Trop Geogr Med 1972 Dec;24(4):377-81^^Carillo CG, Meyers DM, Szyfres B^^0
73053802^Current status of leptospirosis immunization in swine and cattle.^197212^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972 Dec 1;161(11):1235-43^^Hanson LE, Tripathy DN, Killinger AH^^0
73067540^[Leptospirosis in domestic animals]^197212^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 Dec;49(12):88-91^^Prokopcakova H, Poracka L, Pospisil R^^0
73132535^Crocidura russula, a hitherto unknown carrier of leptospires.^197212^Isr J Med Sci 1972 Dec;8(12):1917-20^^Torten M, Eliash Z, Lawrence D, Shenberg E^^0
75224065^[Sodium citrate, chelating agent for calcium ions in Korthoff's medium for Leptospira cultures]^197212^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1972 Dec;31(4 SUPPL):585-6^^Stavri D, Nicolescu M^^0
74009822^[Indirect latex-leptospiral agglutination and inhibition test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^197301^Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1973;8:487-9^^^^0
74148718^The search for potential additional sources of leptospiral infection on the territory of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.^197301^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1973;17(4):469-77^^Taghi-Zade TA^^0
76225331^[Epidemiologic features and clinico-laboratory characteristics of icterohemorrhagic and canicole leptospiroses in the North-West USSR]^197301^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1973;41:121-6^^Popova EM, Lesnikov AL, Iachmenev NI, Sil'ianova VI^^0
76225332^[The role of agricultural animals in the epidemiology of leptospiroses in the Leningrad region]^197301^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1973;41:127-33^^Popova EM, Kindras TM^^0
74093735^The baboon. Microbiology, clinical chemistry and some hematological aspects.^197301^Primates Med 1973;8:1-171^^Kalter SS^^0
73212535^A complement fixation test for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in pigs experimentally infected with serotype Pomona.^197375^N Z Vet J 1973 Jan-Feb;21(1):1-6^^Hodges RT^^0
77102877^Growth inhibition test for measurement of immune response of animals vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins.^197301^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1973;(77):113-8^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Mansfield ME^^0
77102928^The Calumet County, Wisconsin, Leptospirae survey.^197301^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1973;(77):621-3^^Lyle WE, Madison DV^^0
77102932^Serologic incidence of leptospirosis in Georgia horses.^197301^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1973;(77):632-7^^Cole JR Jr, Pursell AR^^0
73077077^Antibodies in bovine urine in leptospirosis.^197301^Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1973 Jan;68(1):67 passim^^Hirschberg N, Vaughn J^^0
73190501^The agglutinating and immunofluorescent antibodies of antileptospiral rabbit sera.^197301^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1973;17(1):55-69^^Kadlcik K, Salak J, Roch P^^0
74036154^[Immunofluorescence method in the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^197301^Przegl Epidemiol 1973;27(3):395-401^^Nasilowska M^^0
74076445^[Modern problems of immunogenetics]^197301^Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR 1973;28(1):81-90^^Petrov RV^^0
74114683^The zoonoses: an epidemiologist's viewpoint.^197301^Prog Clin Pathol 1973;5:239-86^^Steele JH^^0
75004395^[Quantitative determination of lipids by thin-layer chromatography]^197301^Vopr Med Khim 1973;19(4):438-43^^Bondarenko BN^^0
73146645^Genus-specific leptospiral antigen and its possible use in laboratory diagnosis.^197301^J Clin Pathol 1973 Jan;26(1):7-16^^Palit A, Gulasekharam J^^0
73171123^[Emergency treatment and pathogenesis of leptospirosis with massive pulmonary hemorrhage]^197301^Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1973;5:279-82^^^^0
73067966^A modified semi-micro method for the test for leptospirosis.^197301^Health Lab Sci 1973 Jan;10(1):13-7^^Sulzer CR, Jones WL^^0
73082751^Evaluation of a polyvalent leptospiral bacterin: safety in guinea pigs and potency in hamsters.^197301^Am J Vet Res 1973 Jan;34(1):113-4^^Morsi HM, Shibley GP, Binkley FW^^0
73082752^Cellular and whole-culture bivalent leptospiral bacterins: safety and potency in guinea pigs and hamsters.^197301^Am J Vet Res 1973 Jan;34(1):115-7^^Morsi HM, Shibley GP^^0
73130232^Protection of gilts against leptospirosis by use of a live vaccine.^197301^Can Vet J 1973 Jan;14(1):12-5^^Fish NA, Kingscote B^^0
73148682^Leptospira pomona infection in wombats.^197301^J Wildl Dis 1973 Jan;9(1):72-3^^Munday BL, Corbould A^^0
73175715^Human leptospirosis caused by serotype Alexi in Brazil.^197375^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1973 Jan-Feb;15(1):38-42^^Rosa CA, Magalhaes M, Sulzer CR, Lima CA^^0
73206931^[On a test for differentiation of Leptospira]^197375^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1973 Jan-Feb;52(1):8-11^^Ioli A, Munao F, Buzzanca E^^0
73202995^[Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of amoxicillin in infections not caused by enterobacteria]^197301^Chemotherapy 1973;18:Suppl:81-90^^Guibert JM, Acar JF^^0
74105373^[Leptospirosis in the hospital environment in Dakar (results of a new survey)]^197301^Bull Soc Med Afr Noire Lang Fr 1973;18(2):227-35^^Sankale M, Sow AM, Ruscher H, Sarrat H^^0
74105374^[On the epidemiology of leptospirosis in the region of Cap-Vert (Senegal)]^197301^Bull Soc Med Afr Noire Lang Fr 1973;18(2):236-9^^Sarrat H, Doutre MP, Ruscher H^^0
74105984^[Leptospira multiplication on solid culture media]^197301^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1973 Jan;50(1):90-2^^Kanareikina SK^^0
74297708^A study on the mechanism of the sodium bicarbonate test in the differentiation of saprophytic and pathogenic leptsopirae.^197301^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1973;9(2):165-6^^Mazzonelli J, Dorta de Mazzonelli GT^^0
74304550^Metronidazole resistance, a genus-specific feature of leptospires.^197301^Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 1973;20(4):333-6^^Fuzi M^^0
74144237^[Current status of human leptospirosis in the French Antilles]^197375^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1973 Jan-Feb;66(1):46-54^^Mailloux M^^0
75162605^[Influence of agricultural pesticides in the isolation of leptospira from polluted water]^197375^An Inst Hig Med Trop (Lisb) 1973 Jan-Dec;1(1-4):231-41^^Mazzonelli JM, Dorta CT^^0
75199305^[Diagnosis of Leptospirosis using the allergic reaction test]^197301^Tierarztl Prax 1973;1(3):261-5^^Obiger G^^0
76017896^[Isolation of leptospira serotype pomona and brucella suis from swines from the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil (author's transl)]^197375^Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 1973 Jan-Mar;40(1):29-32^^Santa Rosa CA, da Silva AS, Giorgi W, Machado A^^0
76225333^[Differentiation of antibodies according to immunoglobulin class in leptospirosis]^197301^Tr Leningr Nauchnoissled Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol 1973;41:134-42^^Popova EM, Stoianova NA^^0
73147921^Renal failure and hyperbilirubinaemia in leptospirosis. Treatment with exchange transfusion.^197301^Med J Aust 1973 Jan 27;1(4):171-3^^Sitprija V, Chusilp S^^0
73147913^Leptospirosis in Australia.^197301^Med J Aust 1973 Jan 27;1(4):150-1^^^^0
73147922^Leptospirosis in North-Western Tasmania.^197301^Med J Aust 1973 Jan 27;1(4):173-4^^Whyte GG, Burke CJ^^0
73091554^Effects of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling on staining characteristics of a fluorescent antibody conjugate for the diagnosis of leptospirosis.^197302^Am J Vet Res 1973 Feb;34(2):267-71^^Donham KJ, Crawford RP^^0
73202729^Typing of leptospira strains of the hebdomadis serogropuy with absorbed sera.^197302^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1973 Feb;223(2):228-34^^Manev H, Yanakieva M^^0
73202730^[Occurrence of serological types of the serological group australis of leptospirae in Bulgaria]^197302^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1973 Feb;223(2):235-9^^Mateew D, Manew C^^0
74074256^[Experience in eliminating leptospirosis from a farm]^197302^Veterinariia 1973 Feb;3:54-6^^Stepanenko PP, Andreeva ZA, Dulytsev DA^^0
73075841^Synopsis of vaccination procedures for dogs.^197302^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973 Feb 1;162(3):228-30^^^^0
73148163^Application of the most-probable-number procedure to suspensions of Leptospira autumnalis Akiyami A.^197302^Appl Microbiol 1973 Feb;25(2):235-9^^Schiemann DA^^0
73148164^Survivor curves for Leptospira autumnalis Akiyami A based on most- probable-number values.^197302^Appl Microbiol 1973 Feb;25(2):240-3^^Schiemann DA^^0
73091535^Safety of viable, avirulent Leptospira pomona vaccine in pregnant cows.^197302^Am J Vet Res 1973 Feb;34(2):173-4^^Stalheim OH^^0
73091536^Renal leptospirosis: challenge exposure to vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and Leptospira canicola.^197302^Am J Vet Res 1973 Feb;34(2):175-9^^Morsi HM, Shibley GP, Strother HL^^0
73204553^[Influenza and influenza syndromes]^197302^Rev Prat 1973 Feb 1;23(7):459-64^^Morin M, Mornet P^^0
74074254^[Some problems in the epizootology and diagnosis of leptospirosis]^197302^Veterinariia 1973 Feb;3:51-3^^Kuz'min GG, Riabtsev MI^^0
74074255^[Epizootology and prevention of leptospirosis in Tselinograd Province]^197302^Veterinariia 1973 Feb;3:53-4^^Chernoshtanov AA^^0
73162672^[Liver changes in leptospira infections (Leptospira icterohaemorrhagia and Leptospira pomona)]^197302^Munch Med Wochenschr 1973 Feb 2;115(5):147-50^^Thurner J, Haas P^^0
73145161^Antibodies to Leptospira grippotyphosa in British wild mammals.^197302^Vet Rec 1973 Feb 3;92(5):119^^Twigg GI, Hughes DM, McDiarmid A^^0
73128038^[Leptospirosis presenting as thrombotic thrombopenic purpura]^197302^Wiad Lek 1973 Feb 15;26(4):359-62^^Wierzbowska A, Stepien R, Geraga W, Kolsut H, Zambrzycki J^^0
74040708^[Period of survival of serum antibodies in healthy persons subjected to intramuscular injections of antileptospirosis gamma-globulin]^197303^Sov Med 1973 Mar;36(3):146^^Zorina ZM, Ivanova MN, Martynova AP^^0
73201834^[Vancomycin-resistance of leptospirae]^197303^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1973 Mar;223(2):368-71^^Fuzi M^^0
73197252^[Leptospiral carrier state in the Transcaucasian hedgehog (Erinaceus rumanicus transcaucasicus) in the Apsheron district of the Azerbaijani SSR]^197303^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1973 Mar;50(3):81-3^^Tagi-Zade TA, Mardanly AS, Dzhabrailova FB^^0
73215218^[Infectious pathology. I. Microbial pathology]^197303^Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol 1973 Mar;33(3):245-66^^Verin P^^0
73162189^Procedure for drying leptospiral antibody on sand and sugar for serological studies in leptospirosis.^197303^Appl Microbiol 1973 Mar;25(3):427-30^^Myers DM^^0
73185586^Bovine leptospirosis.^197303^N Z Vet J 1973 Mar;21(3):52^^Lake DE^^0
74052853^A technique for fast and reproducible fingerprinting of bacteria by pyrolysis mass spectrometry.^197303^Anal Chem 1973 Mar;45(3):587-90^^Meuzelaar HL, Kistemaker PG^^0
73128505^Characterization of bacteria by ultraviolet spectroscopy.^197303^J Infect Dis 1973 Mar;127(3):319-20^^Torten M, Schneider AS^^0
73147030^Epidemiologic-ecologic aspects of leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae carrier rodents in Israel seaports.^197303^Trop Geogr Med 1973 Mar;25(1):53-8^^Shenberg E, Birnbaum S, Torten M^^0
73197234^[Development of a method for obtaining an erythrocytic leptospiral diagnosticum]^197303^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1973 Mar;50(3):20-3^^Bernasovskaia EP, Mogireva LA, Kislova IF, Man'ko NI^^0
74009125^Results of studying the time of survival of pathogenic leptospira under natural conditions.^197303^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1973 Mar;17(3):339-45^^Karaseva EV, Chernukha YG, Piskunova LA^^0
74251188^[Serological research on the presence and spread of human leptospirosis in French Polynesia]^197375^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1973 Mar-Apr;66(2):273-8^^Cinco M, Olivotto M, Segonne J^^0
74266071^[A case of human leptospirosis in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (French Guiana)]^197375^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1973 Mar-Apr;66(2):269-72^^Mailloux M^^0
73143414^Leptospirosis.^197303^Br Med J 1973 Mar 3;1(852):537-40^^Turner LH^^0
73169437^Maintenance of leptospira by storage at -75 C.^197304^Health Lab Sci 1973 Apr;10(2):96-101^^Schubert JH, Sulzer CR^^0
73146372^Studies of Leptospira illini, strain 3055: immunologic and serologic determinations.^197304^Am J Vet Res 1973 Apr;34(4):563-5^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE^^0
73143723^A diagnostic survey of bovine abortion and stillbirth in the Northern Plains States.^197304^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973 Apr 1;162(7):556-60^^Kirkbride CA, Bicknell EJ, Reed DE, Robl MG, Knudtson WU, Wohlgemuth K^^0
73146371^Studies of Leptospira illini, strain 3055: pathogenicity for different animals.^197304^Am J Vet Res 1973 Apr;34(4):557-62^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE^^0
73175303^Bovine abortions in five Northeastern states, 1960-1970: evaluation of diagnostic laboratory data.^197304^Cornell Vet 1973 Apr;63(2):291-316^^Hubbert WT, Booth GD, Bolton WD, Dunne HW, McEntee K, Smith RE, Tourtellotte ME^^0
73163115^Long-term survival of Leptospira in a biphasic culture medium containing charcoal.^197304^Appl Microbiol 1973 Apr;25(4):514-6^^Myers DM, Varela-Diaz VM, Siniuk AA^^0
73163151^Quantitative assay for genus-specific leptospiral antigen and antibody.^197304^Appl Microbiol 1973 Apr;25(4):697-8^^Baker LA, Cox CD^^0
75179528^[Immunizing leptospiral subinfection]^197304^Veterinariia 1973 Apr;(4):39-41^^Sosov RF^^0
73170697^Systematics of leptospirae strains isolated in the Sepik District, Papua New Guinea.^197304^Med J Aust 1973 Apr 7;1(14):701^^Babudieri B, D'Aquino A^^0
73187357^Leptospirosis in Arkansas 1972.^197305^J Ark Med Soc 1973 May;69(12):393-4^^Ellis HR^^0
73202968^[Leptospiroses in the preventive and clinical material of the parasitological laboratory of the Hygienic station at the Pragne National Committee]^197305^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1973 May;22(3):126-40^^Cervova H^^0
73216099^[Human parasitic diseases in East Moravia]^197305^Angew Parasitol 1973 May;14(2):101-15^^Rehka V, Rachunkova A^^0
74090963^Comparative tests with formolized and irradiated vaccines against leptospirosis.^197305^Bull World Health Organ 1973 May;48(5):587-90^^Babudieri B, Castelli M, Pisoni F^^0
73169109^Renal failure and transient paraproteinemia due to Leptospira pomona. Case reports and literature review.^197305^Arch Intern Med 1973 May;131(5):740-5^^Bain BJ, Ribush NT, Nicoll P, Whitsed HM, Morgan TO^^0
73174976^Cytopathic effects of Leptospira serotypes patoc and canicola in three kidney cell culture systems.^197305^Am J Vet Res 1973 May;34(5):669-72^^Finn MA, Jenkin HM^^0
73209875^Selective isolation of leptospiras from contaminated material by incorporation of neomycin to culture media.^197305^Appl Microbiol 1973 May;25(5):781-6^^Myers DM, Varela-Diaz VM^^0
74001941^A study of parasite-host immunological interrelations. IV. Investigation of the protein profiles in lambs, cats and birds in experimental spirochetosis and leptospirosis.^197305^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1973 May;20(3):230-40^^Pavlow P, Dumanov Y, Denev Y, Kolev M, Stoyanova R, Loseva T, Djankov I^^0
74026909^Systemic infections and the liver.^197305^Practitioner 1973 May;210(259):618-25^^Walters JH^^0
74069969^[Diagnosis of Q fever (Q fever, brucellosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and leptospirosis)]^197305^Sov Med 1973 May;36(5):59-63^^Kambaratov PI^^0
73190894^[Serologic studies in leptospira infections in humans in the Lublin Province in the years 1966-1971]^197305^Pol Tyg Lek 1973 May 14;28(20):733-5^^Cybulska M, Dolezko-Marciniak H, Hencner Z^^0
73223740^[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis without fever]^197305^Rev Clin Esp 1973 May 31;129(4):389-92^^Darnell A, Rodes J, Oliver JA, Bruguera M, Revert L^^0
74012330^Microbiology--waterborne outbreaks.^197306^J Water Pollut Control Fed 1973 Jun;45(6):1265-77^^Craun GF^^0
74025804^Occupational distribution of leptospiral (SEL) antibodies in West Malaysia.^197306^Med J Malaya 1973 Jun;27(4):253-7^^Tan DS^^0
73244760^Use of a fluorescent antibody technique for the serological differentiation of leptospiral serotypes in cultures and in bovine urine.^197306^N Z Vet J 1973 Jun;21(6):109-15^^Hodges RT, Ekdahl MO^^0
73258682^The uvea.^197306^Arch Ophthalmol 1973 Jun;89(6):505-17^^O'Connor GR^^0
74012331^Microbiology--detection of bacterial pathogens and their occurrence.^197306^J Water Pollut Control Fed 1973 Jun;45(6):1278-89^^Reasoner DJ^^0
74025162^Leptospirosis in albino rats.^197306^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1973 Jun;32(2):171-7^^Nicolescu M, Borsai L, Alamita I^^0
74286944^Purification and lyophylization of Weil's disease therapeutic serum.^197306^Kitasato Arch Exp Med 1973 Jun;46(1):57-71^^Chiba K^^0
73191265^Leptospirosis ballum contracted from pet mice.^197306^Calif Med 1973 Jun;118(6):51-2^^Friedmann CT, Spiegel EL, Aaron E, McIntyre R^^0
73212258^Growth requirements of pathogenic Leptospira.^197306^Infect Immun 1973 Jun;7(6):886-97^^Staneck JL, Henneberry RC, Cox CD^^0
73253659^An unusual case of leptospirosis.^197306^Practitioner 1973 Jun;210(260):791-3^^Parry WH, Seymour MW^^0
73212993^Improved microtechnique for the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test.^197306^Appl Microbiol 1973 Jun;25(6):976-80^^Cole JR Jr, Sulzer CR, Pursell AR^^0
74069758^Proceedings: Netherlands Society for Microbiology meeting at Utrecht on 2 May 1973. Environmental effects on bacterial wall synthesis.^197306^Nord Vet Med 1973 Jun;25(6):313-21^^Gunnarsson A, Hurvell B, Hanko E^^0
74109023^[A method of detecting leptospira in the water of open reservoirs]^197306^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1973 Jun;50(6):118-9^^Rostomian SV^^0
74045980^[Evaluation of the indirect hemagglutination test for human leptospirosis (author's transl)]^197306^Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1973 Jun;28(2):237-42^^Matsui H, Ashizawa Y, Imamura S^^0
75161386^Leptospirosis in Ghana.^197306^Ghana Med J 1973 Jun;12(2):190-3^^Kinebuchi H, Afoakwa SN^^0
73252840^Ultrastructural study on contractile structures in mammalian nephron. Their development in the metanephros of human embryo.^197306^Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1973 Jun 20;140(1):101-24^^De Martino C, Accinni L, Procicchiani G^^0
74021303^A survey of the genitalia of bulls in Northern Australia.^197307^Aust Vet J 1973 Jul;49(7):335-40^^Ladds PW, Dennett DP, Glazebrook JS^^0
74040961^[Epizootology of leptospirosis]^197307^Veterinariia 1973 Jul;7:46-7^^Bolotskii IA, Sidnevets PV, Khitsunov LL^^0
74005449^[Epidemics of leptospirosis and ornithosis in unusual epidemiological conditions]^197375^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1973 Jul-Sep;77(3):519-22^^Oana C, Micu I, Manta I, Ioan E, Secu A, Birzu N, Butuc A^^0
73242890^Cultivation of parasitic leptospires: effect of pyruvate.^197307^Appl Microbiol 1973 Jul;26(1):118-9^^Johnson RC, Walby J, Henry RA, Auran NE^^0
74148280^[Quantitative determination of lipids in thin-layer chromatography]^197375^Vopr Med Khim 1973 Jul-Aug;19(4):438-4^^Bondarenko BN^^0
73211368^Leptospires from water sources at Dixon Springs Agricultural Center.^197307^J Wildl Dis 1973 Jul;9(3):209-12^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE^^0
73211378^A new leptospiral serotype belonging to serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae.^197307^J Wildl Dis 1973 Jul;9(3):254-7^^Urquhart A, Grant L, Sulzer C^^0
74035601^[Survival of Leptospira strains in the organism of experimental animals]^197307^Bratisl Lek Listy 1973 Jul;60(1):33-7^^Bazovska S, Hlavata Z^^0
74250974^[Beta-galactosidase activity in leptospires]^197307^Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1973 Jul;124(1):119-20^^Mailloux M^^0
74271333^[Metabolic disorders in severe leptospirosis]^197375^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1973 Jul-Aug;18(4):351-4^^Dragomirescu M, Martincu V, Novac E^^0
74271336^[Production and use of an improved medium for preparation of leptospiral antigens]^197375^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1973 Jul-Aug;18(4):365-70^^Nicolescu M, Borsai L^^0
76017921^[The authors examined 275 samples of kidneys from swines apparently healthy, slaughtered in an abbatoir at Sao Paulo (Brazil) (author's transl)]^197375^Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 1973 Jul-Sep;40(3):243-6^^Santa Rosa CA, Filho OC, Pestana de Castro AF^^0
75004569^[Research on the epidemiology-epizootology of leptospirosis. I. Serological studies on the role of the hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus var. italicus Barrett-Hamilton, 1900, in the spread of pathogenic Leptospira]^197375^G Batteriol Virol Immunol [Microbiol] 1973 Jul-Dec;66(7-12):234-59^^Orlandella V, Ioli A, Alosi C, Sindoni L, Coppola L^^0
73250914^[Serological studies on cattle in catchment area of Kabete (Kenia). 2. Determination of antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Brucella, Salmonella, Pasteurella multocida, Listeria and Leptospira]^197307^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1973 Jul 15;86(14):267-70^^Gossler R, Hunermund G^^0
74021976^Proceedings: Further studies on bovine leptospirosis in Scotland.^197307^Vet Rec 1973 Jul 21;93(3):78^^Ellis WA^^0
74049544^The low incidence of leptospirosis in British deer.^197307^Vet Rec 1973 Jul 28;93(4):98-100^^Twigg GI, Hughes DM, McDiarmid A^^0
74168112^[Ornithonyssus bacoti mites as pest on a farm]^197308^Angew Parasitol 1973 Aug;14(3):169-76^^Eichler W, Cerny V, Schiffel K^^0
74309947^Urban rodent-borne disease and rodent distribution in Israel and nighboring countries.^197308^Isr J Med Sci 1973 Aug;9(8):969-79^^Gratz NG^^0
73255990^[Serological survey of leptospirosis in Santa Cruz, Bolivia]^197308^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1973 Aug;75(2):139-45^^Limpias E, Marcus SJ^^0
73242025^Sporadic anicteric leptospirosis in South Vietnam. A study in 150 patients.^197308^Ann Intern Med 1973 Aug;79(2):167-73^^Berman SJ, Tsai CC, Holmes K, Fresh JW, Watten RH^^0
74077538^[Diagnosis of leptospirosis in slaughter animals]^197308^Veterinariia 1973 Aug;8:52-4^^Malakhov IuA, Polevodov NA, Teternik DM, Sosov RF, Cherevatenko LN^^0
74125416^[Dynamics of serum antibodies in patients with leptospirosis, caused by L. pomona, and in healthy vaccinated subjects]^197308^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1973 Aug;50(8):109-12^^Zorina ZM, Martynova AP, Ivanova MN^^0
74099513^[Tarassov's leptospirosis with fatal course]^197308^Z Gesamte Hyg 1973 Aug;19(8):589-91^^Hergt R, Krauss R^^0
74125429^[Epidemiology of zoonoses. I. Epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of zoonoses among the population of the USSR]^197308^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1973 Aug;50(8):3-9^^Cherkasskii BL^^0
73232324^Leptospirosis in 1972.^197308^Br Med J 1973 Aug 4;3(874):293-4^^Mackay-Dick J^^0
73233222^Penicillin in leptospirosis.^197308^Br Med J 1973 Aug 11;3(875):354^^Clein L^^0
74068187^[Successful hemodialysis treatment of acute kidney failure in icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis (Weil's disease)]^197308^Z Gesamte Inn Med 1973 Aug 15;28(16):508-10^^Gutschmidt HJ, Ziegelasch HJ^^0
73226604^Diseases from pets.^197308^Med Lett Drugs Ther 1973 Aug 31;15(18):73-5^^^^0
74029224^Pathogenic leptospira isolated from toad kidneys.^197309^Trop Geogr Med 1973 Sep;25(3):297-9^^Babudieri B, Carlos ER, Carlos ET Jr^^0
74071085^Leptospirosis in Philippine monkeys.^197309^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1973 Sep;4(3):316-8^^Famatiga EG^^0
74120777^[Immunochemical study of the antigens isolated from Leptospira]^197375^Mikrobiol Zh 1973 Sep-Oct;35(5):619-24^^Kislova IF, Bernasovskaia EP, Mogireva LA^^0
74014780^Immunogenicity of canine distemper virus vaccine produced in a continuous cell line (LLC-MK2 cells).^197309^Am J Vet Res 1973 Sep;34(9):1189-94^^Lavender JF, Bewsey BJ^^0
74260290^Differential diagnosis and treatment of anterior uveitis.^197309^Vet Clin North Am 1973 Sep;3(3):503-14^^Lavignette AM^^0
74013773^Leptospirosis with acalculous cholecystitis.^197309^Am J Dis Child 1973 Sep;126(3):350-1^^Barton LL, Escobedo MB, Keating JP, Ternberg JL^^0
74156845^Neuromuscular disease in dogs: some aspects of its investigation and diagnosis.^197309^J Small Anim Pract 1973 Sep;14(9):533-54^^Griffiths IR, Duncan ID, McQueen A, Quirk C, Miller R^^0
73250321^Cytotoxic factor in the blood and plasma of animals during leptospirosis.^197309^Infect Immun 1973 Sep;8(3):401-5^^Knight LL, Miller NG, White RJ^^0
73257142^The vagaries of historical data.^197309^JFMA 1973 Sep;60(9):21-3^^Wickenden TC^^0
74003733^Leptospirosis--an epidemic in children.^197309^Am J Epidemiol 1973 Sep;98(3):184-91^^Barkin RM, Glosser JW^^0
74014776^Renal leptospirosis: exposure of vaccinated and nonvaccinated swine to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and Leptospira canicola.^197309^Am J Vet Res 1973 Sep;34(9):1171-3^^Shibley GP, Morsi HM, Strother HL, Clark M^^0
74035584^[Isolation of Leptospira andamana in Slovakia]^197309^Bratisl Lek Listy 1973 Sep;59(3):307-10^^Hlavata Z^^0
74068686^[Competition method for control and purification of cultures of Leptospira acuicola]^197375^Microbiol Parazitol Epidemiol (Bucur) 1973 Sep-Oct;18(5):469-74^^Safer M, Verenca C, Sandru C^^0
74297045^[Use of cryolysate antigen for preparation of anti-Leptospira immune serums]^197309^Quad Sclavo Diagn 1973 Sep;9(3):815-8^^Buzzanca E, Frezza L, Montebianco Abenavoli S^^0
74004137^Marine mammal disease surveillance program in Los Angeles County.^197309^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973 Sep 15;163(6):580-1^^Schroeder RJ, Delli Quadri CA, McIntyre RW, Walker WA^^0
74075081^[Leptospirosis in South-East Hungary]^197309^Med Welt 1973 Sep 28;24(39):1484-6^^Ivanyi J, Pluhar J, Libor J^^0
74114828^[Studies on the haemolytic properties of leptospira with the application of a radioisotopic method (author's transl)]^197310^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1973 Oct;224(4):492-5^^Stempien R, Dymowska Z, Kaminska D, Nasilowska M^^0
74021111^Thiosulfate and survival of Leptospira autumnalis Akiyami A.^197310^Am J Vet Res 1973 Oct;34(10):1345-50^^Schiemann DA^^0
74124128^A study of reproduction, disease and physiological blood and serum values in Idaho elk.^197310^J Wildl Dis 1973 Oct;9(4):296-301^^Vaughn HW, Knight RR, Frank FW^^0
74081716^The isolation of Leptospira serotypes Copenhageni and Ballum from healthy calves.^197310^N Z Vet J 1973 Oct;21(10):218-20^^Ris DR, Lake DE, Holland JT^^0
74021096^Antibody response of swine to Leptospira canicola and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.^197310^Am J Vet Res 1973 Oct;34(10):1253-5^^Morsi HM, Shibley GP, Strother HL^^0
74021097^Failure to reproduce acute porcine leptospirosis by physiologic stress or concurrent infections.^197310^Am J Vet Res 1973 Oct;34(10):1257-60^^Stalheim OH^^0
74053909^Leptospiral taxonomy by pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography.^197310^Can J Microbiol 1973 Oct;19(10):1203-6^^Reiner E, Hicks JJ, Sulzer CR^^0
74106134^[Granule formation in Leptospira]^197310^Biull Eksp Biol Med 1973 Oct;75(10):83-6^^Kiktenko VS, Bakulina NA, Levina LF^^0
74010913^Letter: Penicillin in leptospirosis.^197310^Br Med J 1973 Oct 13;4(884):109^^Lawson JH^^0
74010755^Epidemiology of the acute fevers of unknown origin in South Vietnam: effect of laboratory support upon clinical diagnosis.^197311^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973 Nov;22(6):796-801^^Berman SJ, Irving GS, Kundin WD, Gunning JJ, Watten RH^^0
74022052^Timely topics in microbiology, 1970-1971: miscellaneous bacteria, antibiotics.^197311^Am J Med Technol 1973 Nov;39(11):472-82^^Branson D^^0
74071744^A new leptospiral vaccine for use in man. II. Clinical and serologic evaluation of a field trial with volunteers.^197311^J Infect Dis 1973 Nov;128(5):647-51^^Torten M, Shenberg E, Gerichter CB, Neuman P, Klingberg MA^^0
74028356^Letter: Leptospirosis in Vietnam.^197311^Ann Intern Med 1973 Nov;79(5):756^^Welsh JD^^0
74052900^Evaluation of a hemagglutination test for human leptospirosis.^197311^Appl Microbiol 1973 Nov;26(5):655-7^^Sulzer CR, Jones WL^^0
74057076^Growth temperatures, virulence, survival, and nutrition of leptospires.^197311^J Med Microbiol 1973 Nov;6(4):487-97^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
74060924^Human leptospirosis in Texas: a nine-year overview.^197311^Tex Med 1973 Nov;69(11):64-8^^Barkin RM^^0
74071743^A new leptospiral vaccine for use in man. I. Development of a vaccine from Leptospira grown on a chemically defined medium.^197311^J Infect Dis 1973 Nov;128(5):642-6^^Shenberg E, Torten M^^0
74106932^[Application of the critical path method as a planning model in microbiology]^197311^Z Gesamte Hyg 1973 Nov;19(11):820-5^^Fuchs GH, Burger G^^0
74123579^Letter: The incidence of leptospiral agglutinins in domestic cats in Sydney.^197311^Aust Vet J 1973 Nov;49(11):545^^Watson AD, Wannan JS^^0
74012693^An outbreak of leptospirosis in Washington state.^197311^Am J Epidemiol 1973 Nov;98(5):336-47^^Nelson KE, Ager EA, Galton MM, Gillespie RW, Sulzer CR^^0
74031521^Letter: Penicillin in leptospirosis.^197311^Br Med J 1973 Nov 3;4(887):301^^Nicholls H^^0
74114835^Electron microscopy of Leptospira. 1. Leptospira strain Pomona.^197312^Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [B] Microbiol Immunol 1973 Dec;81(6):665-76^^Birch-Andersen A, Hovind Hougen K, Borg-Petersen C^^0
74252143^[Factorial analysis of the leptospiral Grippotyphosa serogroup]^197312^Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1973 Dec;124(4):495-503^^Kmety E, Lataste-Dorolle C^^0
74132663^[Submicroscopic structure of the bacterial cell wall (review of the literature)]^197312^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1973 Dec;50(12):105-13^^Kats LN^^0
74149464^Effect of anti-cell and anti-axial filament sera on Leptospira.^197312^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1973 Dec;51(6):847-56^^Chang A, Faine S^^0
74051760^Human leptospirosis from immunized dogs.^197312^Ann Intern Med 1973 Dec;79(6):777-85^^Feigin RD, Lobes LA Jr, Anderson D, Pickering L^^0
74067314^Death and lysis of leptospirae when cultured in asbestos-filtered growth media.^197312^Appl Microbiol 1973 Dec;26(6):959-68^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
74258025^Virulence, nutrition and antigenicity of Leptospira interrogans serotype Pomona in supplemented and nutrient deleted bovine albumin medium.^197312^Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1973 Dec;124(4):477-93^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
74051777^Editorial: Leptospirosis: a contemporary zoonosis.^197312^Ann Intern Med 1973 Dec;79(6):893-4^^Reif JS, Marshak RR^^0
74051797^Letter: Hypoglycorrachia in leptospirosis.^197312^Ann Intern Med 1973 Dec;79(6):912^^Helmer RE 3d, Millsaps RD^^0
74136671^Leptospires isolated from wild mammals in Egypt.^197312^Trop Geogr Med 1973 Dec;25(4):362-4^^Barsoum IS, Moch RW, Botros BA, Kaiser MN^^0
74294048^[Isolation of Leptospira canicola in swine and dogs in South Africa]^197312^J S Afr Vet Assoc 1973 Dec;44(4):435-6^^Rensburg WJ van^^0
74051761^Leptospirosis caused by serotype Fort-Bragg. A suburban outbreak.^197312^Ann Intern Med 1973 Dec;79(6):786-9^^Fraser DW, Glosser JW, Francis DP, Phillips CJ, Feeley JC, Sulzer CR^^0
74132673^[Epidemiology of zoonoses. II. Characteristics of the territorial distribution of incidence of zoonoses along the population of the USSR]^197312^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1973 Dec;50(12):34-42^^Cherkasskii BL^^0
74129507^Incidence of antibodies for leptospirosis in dogs in Glasgow, and a comparison of the conventional (Schuffner's) and rapid microscopical agglutination (RMAT) tests.^197312^Vet Rec 1973 Dec 15;93(24):633-4^^Michna SW, Ellis W^^0
74076707^Immunoperoxidase staining of leptospires.^197401^Appl Microbiol 1974 Jan;27(1):268-9^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE^^0
75088466^Pathophysiology and epidemiology of acute viral infections of the nervous system.^197401^Adv Neurol 1974;6:27-40^^Johnson RT^^0
75207542^[Leptospiroses in tropical medicine. Epidemiology and diagnosis on Reunion Island and in French Polynesia (Tahiti)]^197475^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1974 Jan-Feb;67(1):30-6^^Malloux M^^0
77102943^The control of outbreaks of leptospriosis in beef cattle by simultaneous vaccination and treatment with dihydrostreptomycin.^197401^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1974;(78):126-30^^South PJ, Stoenner HG^^0
75061940^Rats, flies and mosquitos of Lebanon: pests, reservoirs and vectors of disease.^197401^J Med Liban 1974;27(4):375-81^^Matossian RM, Ibrahim J^^0
75105257^Serological studies of Leptospiras by immunodiffusion.^197401^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1974;228(3):369-77^^Yanagawa R, Shinagawa M, Takashima I^^0
75105258^[Standardizing in sero-diagnostic leptospirose investigations (author's transl)]^197401^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1974;228(3):378-87^^Fuchs GH, Burger G^^0
75105259^Pathogenicity of Leptospires of various serological types for some species of wild rodents.^197401^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1974;228(3):388-95^^Chernukcha YG, Ananyina YV, Zenkovitch NS^^0
75105272^Thermoresistant antigen in leptospires. Possibility of a macroscopic diagnosis of leptospirosis with a single antigen.^197401^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1974;229(2):238-41^^Mailloux M, Mazzonelli J, Dorta de Mazzonelli GT^^0
74096245^Urinary precipitate in porcine leptospirosis.^197401^Cornell Vet 1974 Jan;64(1):20-4^^Stalheim OH^^0
75092155^[On the occurrence, characteristic and structure of the focci of leptospirosis in Czechoslovakia (author's transl)]^197401^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1974 Jan;23(1):10-21^^Sebek Z, Rosicky B^^0
75124944^[The ecology of pathogenic leptospirae under conditions of a natural focus]^197401^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974;00(5):36-40^^Karaseva EV, Zaitsev SV, Chernukha IuG, Piskunova LA^^0
75124940^[Distribution of leptospirosis in Bulgaria]^197401^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974;00(5):22-8^^Mateev D, Kebedzhiev G, Manev Kh^^0
75032298^[Thermoresistant antigen in Leptospira (author's transl)]^197401^Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1974 Jan;125A(1):125-6^^Mazzonelli J, Dorta de Mazzonelli G, Mailloux M^^0
75084700^[Survey of rodents and domestic animals in a focus of epidemic leptospirosis in the Wroclaw Province in 1971]^197401^Przegl Epidemiol 1974;28(4):535-42^^Konarska D^^0
75088461^Miscellaneous forms of meningitis.^197401^Adv Neurol 1974;6:205-21^^Horenstein S^^0
75099989^The pathogenesis of hemorrhage in the lung of the hamster during acute leptospirosis.^197401^Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1974;160(4):269-78^^Miller NG, Allen JE, Wilson RB^^0
75143150^[Serological indicators in rabbits in relation to brucellosis antigen]^197401^Zh Eksp Klin Med 1974;14(6):8-14^^Kazarian AS^^0
75148312^A case report. Leptospirosis.^197401^Cent Afr J Med 1974 Jan;20(1):12-4^^Mossop RT^^0
75180339^[The occurrence of leptospirosis bratislava in the GDR]^197401^Z Gesamte Hyg 1974;20(8):495-7^^Hergt R^^0
75181575^[Occurrence of the Leptospira arboreae serotype in Portugal]^197475^An Inst Hig Med Trop (Lisb) 1974 Jan-Dec;2(1-4):471-7^^Babudieri B, Fraga de Azevedo J, Palmeiro JM^^0
76014019^[Liver diseases in the dog 2.  A review from the clinical standpoint]^197401^Tierarztl Prax 1974;2(4):419-33^^Lettow E^^0
76017148^[Systematic study of saprophytic leptospirae isolated in Brazil]^197401^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1974;10(1-2):21-5^^Silva I^^0
76017781^Effect of animal-passage and in vitro cultivation in homologous antiserum on leptospiral antigenicity.^197401^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1974;28(2):243-7^^Stalheim OH^^0
76017934^[The diagnosis of animal leptospirosis by the complement fixation test (author's transl)]^197475^Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 1974 Jan-Mar;41(1):19-23^^Santa Rosa CA, Pinto AA^^0
76251135^Electron microscope identification of mesosomes in some water strains of Leptospira by reduction of tetrazolium chloride to formazans.^197401^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1974;10(3-4):179-82^^Silva I, Bocciarelli DS, Valente FR, Crateri PT^Rounded granules protruding from the external surface of some water Leptospira strains and considered as mesosomes were studied by electron microscope and by means of the intravital reduction of tetrazolium chloride. Satisfactory results were obtained with two of the strains studied. It appears that neither the culture medium nor the age of the culture have any influence on the unusual position of the mesosomes.^0
75086862^[Attempt to establish evaluation standards for a bivalent vaccine against leptospirosis of farm animals, using LMAR (leptospirosis micro- agglutination reaction]^197401^Vet Med Nauki 1974;11(7):39-45^^Stoianova L, Todorova R^^0
75124760^[An electron microscopic study of the ultrastructure of leptospirae and their formation of agglutinates]^197401^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Jan;(1):71-6^^Kiktenko VS, Bakulina NA, Levina LF^^0
77102942^Isolation of leptospiral serotype szwajizak from dairy cattle in Oregon.^197401^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1974;(78):119-25^^Glosser JW, Sulzer CR, Reynolds GC, Whitsett DK^^0
77102944^Host animal efficacy studies using a multivalent leptospira bacterin^197401^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1974;(78):131-5^^Strother HL^^0
74076708^Limitations of the use of 5-fluorouracil as a selective agent for the isolation of leptospirae.^197401^Appl Microbiol 1974 Jan;27(1):270-1^^Ris DR^^0
74302773^Infectious diseases along Brazil's trans-amazon highway: surveillance and research.^197401^Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1974;8(2):111-22^^Pinheiro FP, Bensabath G, Andrade AH, Lins ZC, Fraiha H, Tang AT, Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Azevedo MC^^0
75034883^[Results of comparative studies of some tests for characterization of Leptospira (8-azaguanine, egg's red, oxidases and cationic detergent test)]^197475^Ann Sclavo 1974 Jan-Feb;16(1):87-90^^Ioli A, Munao F, Cananzi F^^0
74061327^Amino acid biosynthesis in the spirochete Leptospira: evidence for a novel pathway of isoleucine biosynthesis.^197401^J Bacteriol 1974 Jan;117(1):203-11^^Charon NW, Johnson RC, Peterson D^^0
74253677^To the evolution of natural foci of L. grippotyphosa in Central Europe.^197401^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1974;21(1):11-20^^Rosicky B, Sebek Z^^0
74288742^[Inflammatory joint syndrome as the main clinical manifestation of leptospirosis]^197401^Vnitr Lek 1974 Jan;20(1):78-81^^Dvornik J, Vachtenheim J^^0
74081529^A preliminary report on potentially pathogenic microbiological agents recently isolated from pinnipeds.^197401^J Wildl Dis 1974 Jan;10(1):54-9^^Smith AW, Prato CM, Gilmartin WG, Brown RJ, Keyes MC^^0
74253679^Results of serologic examination of domestic animals for leptospirosis in the Mongolian People's Republic.^197401^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1974;21(1):21-8^^Sebek Z^^0
74283414^Comparative study between complement fixation and microscopic agglutination tests for leptospiral diagnosis.^197401^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1974 Jan;16(1):28-31^^Pinto AA, Rosa CA, Sadatsune T, Fleury GC^^0
74144312^[Characterization of particles found in clinical cases of viral hepatitis: coronavirus-like particles, Australia antigen and Dane particles]^197402^Can J Microbiol 1974 Feb;20(2):193-203^^Ackermann HW, Cherchel G, Valet JP, Matte J, Moorjani S, Higgins R^^0
74278944^[Ring-shaped structures in Leptospirae (author's transl)]^197402^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1974 Feb;226(1):91-6^^Kiktenko WS, Bakulina NA, Lewina LF^^0
75124847^[A method of drawing a sectoral-polar diagram]^197402^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Feb;(2):144-7^^Shliakhov EN, Gazhim SP, Kovaliu SV^^0
75124854^[Leptosiral infections among dogs in Saratov]^197402^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Feb;(2):152-3^^Abramson LA, Malafeeva LS, Kartseva TS, Drankin DI^^0
74091585^Infection by leptospira ballum: a laboratory-associated case.^197402^South Med J 1974 Feb;67(2):155 passim^^Barkin RM, Guckian JC, Glosser JW^^0
75170638^[Bacterial lipids]^197475^Izv Akad Nauk SSSR Biol 1974 Mar-Apr;(2):162-78^^Ruban EL^^0
75063238^[Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. Clinical and bacteriologic study. (Apropos of 3 cases)]^197403^Lille Med 1974 Mar;19(3):293-301^^Mizon JP, Laude M, Laurans J, Gentit F, Lienard J^^0
74257697^The use of a polyvalent antigen in complement fixation tests for bovine leptospirosis.^197403^N Z Vet J 1974 Mar;22(3):21-4^^Hodges RT^^0
74257698^Complement fixing and agglutinating antibody responses and Leptospiruria in calves inoculated with leptospira serotypes pomona, hardjo, copenhageni or ballum.^197403^N Z Vet J 1974 Mar;22(3):25-30^^Hodges RT, Ris DR^^0
74133710^Laboratory identification of bacterial pathogens of aquatic animals.^197403^Am J Vet Res 1974 Mar;35(3):447-50^^Glorioso JC, Amborski RL, Larkin JM, Amborski GF, Culley DC^^0
74252329^The pathology of feral rodents in North Queensland.^197403^Tropenmed Parasitol 1974 Mar;25(1):116-27^^Mesina JE, Campbell RS, Glazebrook JS, Copeman DB, Johnson RH^^0
74109119^Experimental evidence for a cyclic occurrence of leptospirosis in vector mice.^197403^Am J Epidemiol 1974 Mar;99(3):225-9^^Birnbaum S, Torten M, Shenberg E^^0
74151122^Transplacental migration of swine influenza virus in gilts exposed experimentally.^197403^Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1974 Mar;7(3):629-32^^Woods GT, Mansfield ME^^0
74171892^The isolation of Leptospira belonging to the serogroup ballum from the kidneys of a brown rat (Rattus norvegicus).^197403^Res Vet Sci 1974 Mar;16(2):263-4^^Michna SW, Ellis W^^0
74252551^Evaluation of Leptospira biflexa antigens for screening human sera by the microscopic agglutination (MA) test in comparison with the sensitized-erythrocyte-lysis (SEL) test.^197403^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1974 Mar;5(1):12-6^^Tan DS, Welch QB^^0
74287822^Effect of animal-passage and in vitro cultivation in homologous antiserum on leptospiral antigenicity.^197403^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1974 Mar;28(3):243-7^^Stalheim OH^^0
74174158^Experimental leptospiral abortion in cattle.^197403^Vet Rec 1974 Mar 23;94(12):255^^Ellis WA, Michna SW^^0
75007943^Chemical, serological and biological properties of a serotype-specific polysaccharide antigen in Leptospira.^197404^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1974 Apr;52(2):311-9^^Faine S, Adler B, Palit A^^0
76035800^[Evaluation of cross-reactions with hepatitis-B-antigen (Australia- antigen) in the Ausria-testsystem (author's transl)]^197404^Z Immunitatsforsch Exp Klin Immunol 1974 Apr;146(5):414-22^^Sauer H, Marklein G, Schafer E^^0
75006271^A mechanism of immunity to leptospirosis.^197404^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1974 Apr;52(2):301-10^^Faine S, Adler B, Ruta G^^0
75010618^Herd studies on the genital pathology of infertile beef cows.^197404^Aust Vet J 1974 Apr;50(4):150-4^^Summers PM, Campbell RS, Dennett DP^^0
74263259^Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of leptospiral antibodies.^197404^Jpn J Exp Med 1974 Apr;44(2):191-7^^Imamura S, Matsui H, Ashizawa Y^^0
74175482^Leptospirosis--a review.^197404^Del Med J 1974 Apr;46(4):181-8^^Weidner DR^^0
74292542^[Diagnosis of leptospirosis in bulls and boars]^197404^Veterinariia 1974 Apr;50(4):59-61^^Malakhov IuA^^0
74176022^Leptospira and infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) virus antibodies and nephritis in Dublin dogs.^197404^Vet Rec 1974 Apr 6;94(14):316-9^^Timoney JF, Sheahan BJ, Timoney PJ^^0
75092175^[Differential diagnostics between leptospirosis and tick-born meningoencephalitis (author's transl)]^197405^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1974 May;23(3):160-4^^Sramkova L, Vanista J, Duniewicz M, Cerovova H, Lobkowicz F^^0
75027526^The laboratory in the diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis.^197405^Clin Gastroenterol 1974 May;3(2):317-36^^McIntyre N, Heathcote J^^0
75002071^[Epidemiologic studies on the incidence of leptospirosis in childhood (author's transl)]^197405^Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1974 May;122(5):179-82^^Engelhardt K, Schonberger W, Schonberger G^^0
75011560^Leptospirosis in animals and man.^197405^Aust Vet J 1974 May;50(5):216-23^^Sullivan ND^^0
74170158^Immunogenic properties of a leptospiral outer envelope bacterin in hamsters and foxes.^197405^Am J Vet Res 1974 May;35(5):681-4^^Glosser JW, Johnson RC, Sulzer CR, Auran NE^^0
74299922^Dairy farm fever in New Zealand: a local outbreak of human leptospirosis.^197405^N Z Med J 1974 May 8;79(514):901-4^^Christmas BW, Tennent RB, Lindsay PG^^0
74299923^Dairy farm fever in New Zealand: isolation of L pomona and L hardjo from a local outbreak.^197405^N Z Med J 1974 May 8;79(514):904-6^^Christmas BW, Bragger JM, Till DG^^0
75032769^Cross-reactivity of the axial filament antigen as a criterion for classification of Leptospira.^197406^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1974 Jun;52(Pt 3):549-68^^Chang A, Faine S, Williams WT^^0
75025578^Further studies on leptospiral genus-specific antigen: its ultrastructure and immunochemistry.^197406^J Gen Microbiol 1974 Jun;82 Pt. 2(0):223-36^^Palit A, Hamilton RC, Gulasekharam J^^0
75030163^"Incomplete subserotypes" and the cryptic axial filament antigen of Leptospira.^197406^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1974 Jun;52(Pt 3):569-75^^Chang A, Faine S^^0
74260472^Bacterial diseases of bats: a review.^197406^Lab Anim Sci 1974 Jun;24(3):530-4^^McCoy RH^^0
75001892^[Effect of satellite microorganisms on the growth of Leptospira colonies]^197406^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Jun;51(6):131-2^^Kanareikina SK^^0
75003050^[Leptospira virulence depending on the storage time under laboratory conditions]^197406^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Jun;51(6):132-3^^Anan'ina IuV, Zaitsev SV^^0
75142444^Preliminary report on the isolation of twelve leptospira serotypes in Barbados.^197406^West Indian Med J 1974 Jun;23(2):65-8^^Jones CJ^^0
76068191^The leptospiral agglutinin of Korean dogs and wild rats by employing filter paper and rapid microsocpic agglutination test.^197406^Int J Zoonoses 1974 Jun;1(1):21-35^^Ryu E, Suh IS^^0
76068192^Leptospirosis in animals and man in the Philppines. VIII. Serological incidence in native dogs.^197406^Int J Zoonoses 1974 Jun;1(1):32-42^^Topacio TM, Gavino LG, Famatiga E, Suva M^^0
74310128^Water pollution. Microbiology--detection of bacterial pathogens and their occurrence.^197406^J Water Pollut Control Fed 1974 Jun;46(6):1395-408^^Reasoner DJ^^0
74176103^The indirect immunoenzyme test for the detection of antibodies against North American Borreliae. II. Experiments with human sera.^197406^Am J Clin Pathol 1974 Jun;61(6):844-8^^Felsenfeld O, Wolf RH^^0
74260660^Early protection of dogs by a leptospira bacterin.^197406^Mod Vet Pract 1974 Jun;55(6):430-2^^Marshall V, Kerr DD^^0
74309800^Twenty-five years of infectious disease.^197406^N Z Med J 1974 Jun 26;79(518):1064-6^^Clair RE^^0
74252673^[A rare case of human-to-human infection of leptospirosis]^197406^Orv Hetil 1974 Jun 30;115(26):1531-2^^Szalka A, Binder L^^0
75026410^Studies on the determinant group of the type specific antigen of Leptospira kremastos strain Kyoto.^197407^Jpn J Vet Res 1974 Jul;22(3):97^^Adachi Y^^0
74274687^Oxygen uptake by Treponema pallidum.^197407^Infect Immun 1974 Jul;10(1):123-7^^Cox CD, Barber MK^^0
75002070^[Epidemiologic studies on leptospirosis in childhood]^197407^Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1974 Jul;122(7):445^^Schonberger W, Engelhardt K^^0
75012177^Letter: The isolation of Leptospira pomona from a sick foal.^197407^Aust Vet J 1974 Jul;50(7):326^^Hogg GG^^0
75027159^The isolation of Leptospira hardjo from an aborting cow.^197407^Res Vet Sci 1974 Jul;17(1):133-5^^Michna SW, Ellis W, Dikken H^^0
75011897^Letter: Leptospira hardjo with abortions in a group of heifers.^197407^Aust Vet J 1974 Jul;50(7):325-6^^Johnson RH, Allan PJ, Dennett DP^^0
74303337^Leptospiral motility.^197407^Nature 1974 Jul 19;250(463):260-1^^Cox PJ, Twigg GI^^0
75028809^Perinatal calf losses in a beef herd.^197408^Aust Vet J 1974 Aug;50(8):338-44^^Young JS, Blair JM^^0
75089979^trypsin extractable precipitating antigens of Leptospira interrogans (serotype Biflexa).^197408^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1974 Aug;52(4):615-29^^Graves S, Faine S^^0
75089981^Relative specificities of immunoglobulins reacting with axial filament antigens of Leptospira.^197408^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1974 Aug;52(4):639-46^^Chang A, Faine S^^0
75002072^[Epidemiological aspects of human leptospiroses in greater Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]^197408^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1974 Aug;77(2):122-34^^Silva AR da, Quadra AA, Quadra JA, Cordeiro HA de^^0
75105400^[Detection of leptospirosis in Turkmenia]^197408^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Aug;(8):143-4^^Batkov IV^^0
75062588^[Contribution to leptospirosis uveitis (author's transl)]^197408^Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1974 Aug;165(2):279-85^^Pietruschka G, Hergt R^^0
75089980^subsurface location of non-agglutinating antigens of Leptospira interrogans (serotype Biflexa).^197408^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1974 Aug;52(4):631-7^^Graves S, Faine S^^0
75069871^Studies on the antigenic determinant group of the type-specific antigen of Leptospira canicola.^197409^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1974 Sep;228(4):533-41^^Kasai N, Yanagawa R^^0
75207576^[First case of confirmed leptospirosis in Mali]^197475^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1974 Sep-Oct;67(5):498-503^^Mailloux CH, Mailloux M, Giraudeau P, Gilot Y, Saint-Andre P^^0
75019175^Contamination of bacteriological media by Leptospira biflexa.^197409^Appl Microbiol 1974 Sep;28(3):505-6^^Brendle JJ, Alexander AD^^0
75069929^[Spontaneous infection of a population of murine rodents by agents pathogenic to man in the Lithuanian SSR]^197409^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Sep;(9):122-3^^Moteiunas LI, Kovaleva LI, Ezerskene EP^^0
75069959^[Nucleic acid content and the nucleotide makeup of the RNA in certain strains of Leptospira]^197409^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Sep;(9):70-3^^Ezhov GI, Berezov TT, Kiktenko VS^^0
75140393^[Serologic survey of leptospira in Rio Grande do Norte]^197475^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1974 Sep-Oct;16(5):259-64^^Cunha Lima DP, Santa Rosa CA^^0
75113999^On the contamination of cell cultures by Leptospira biflexa.^197475^In Vitro 1974 Sep-Oct;10(3-4):238-42^^Tumilowicz JJ, Alexander AD, Stafford K^^0
74306299^Protection against the renal carrier state by a canine leptospirosis vaccine.^197409^Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1974 Sep;69(9):1157-60^^Kerr DD, Marshall V^^0
75082798^Some observations on experimental Leptospira serotype Pomona infection in sheep.^197409^N Z Vet J 1974 Sep;22(9):151-4^^Hodges RT^^0
75086747^International control of equine infectious diseases.^197409^Vet Rec 1974 Sep 21;95(12):248-51^^Archer RK^^0
75123477^[Serological characteristics of Leptospira strains]^197410^Veterinariia 1974 Oct;(10):61-2^^Liubashenko SIa, Seregin IG, Akhmedov MM, Bolotskii IA, Sidnevets PP^^0
75123480^[Model of an anthropurgic focus of leptospirosis]^197410^Veterinariia 1974 Oct;(10):68-70^^Adamovich VL, Goriainov PI^^0
76080317^[Status of human leptospirosis in Rumania in the period 1967-1971]^197475^Rev Ig [Bacteriol] 1974 Oct-Dec;19(5):375-82^^Nicolescu M, Moldoveanu G^^0
75062134^Survey of diseases in free-living California sea lions.^197410^J Wildl Dis 1974 Oct;10(4):370-6^^Sweeney JC, Gilmartin WG^^0
75040422^Urea utilization by Leptospira.^197410^Infect Immun 1974 Oct;10(4):793-801^^Kadis S, Pugh WL^^0
75043649^Geographical distribution of leptospira-positive field rodents in Japan.^197410^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1974 Oct;27(5):277-84^^Kitaoka M, Ishimaru M^^0
75062126^Leptospira interrogans in the Ballum serogroup from a vole, Microtus oeconomus (Pallas) in Alaska.^197410^J Wildl Dis 1974 Oct;10(4):325-6^^Woods FN^^0
75062144^Cultural and serologic evidence of Leptospira interrogans serotype Tarassovi infection in turtles.^197410^J Wildl Dis 1974 Oct;10(4):429-35^^Glosser JW, Sulzer CR, Eberhardt M, Winkler WG^^0
75078278^Interstitial nephritis in infection.^197410^J Med Assoc Thai 1974 Oct;57(10):517-20^^Sitprija V^^0
75090048^Letter: Eradication of leptospirosis in commercial pig herds.^197410^Aust Vet J 1974 Oct;50(10):471^^Dobson KJ^^0
75123479^[Leptospirosis--problems and opinions]^197410^Veterinariia 1974 Oct;(10):65-8^^Malakhov IuA^^0
75075613^[Leptospirosis and measures of prevention]^197410^Feldsher Akush 1974 Oct;39(10):7-10^^Budak AP^^0
75060041^Vaccination for reproductive efficiency in cattle.^197410^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974 Oct 15;165(8):689-92^^Zemjanis R^^0
75060044^Causes and control of swine stillbirths.^197410^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974 Oct 15;165(8):698-701^^Sprecher DJ, Leman AD, Dziuk PD, Cropper M, DeDecker M^^0
75097461^Ultrastructural changes in renal tubules of sheep following experimental infection with Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona.^197411^J Med Microbiol 1974 Nov;7(4):505-8^^Marshall RB^^0
75142047^[Effectiveness of a specific gamma-globulin in leptospirosis of swine]^197411^Veterinariia 1974 Nov;(11):70-1^^Androsov VA^^0
75100015^[Study of the antibacterial effect of organs and tissues of the tick Hyalomma asiaticum (Ixodidae)]^197475^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1974 Nov-Dec;43(6):715-9^^Podboronov VM, Stepanchenok-Rudnik GI, Grokhovskaia IM^^0
75105352^[Pone tortoises (Emys orbicularis) as a possible source of Leptospira infection]^197411^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Nov;(11):138^^Tagi-Zade TA, Alekperov FP, Dzhabrailova FB, Gadzhiev IA^^0
75091574^Animal leptospirosis in the Sudan.^197475^Br Vet J 1974 Nov-Dec;130(6):528-31^^Shigidi MT^^0
75105353^[Dissociation of Leptospira]^197411^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1974 Nov;(11):139^^Ezhov GI, Kiktenko VS, Berezov TT^^0
75161411^[Acute kidney failure in leptospirosis]^197411^Z Urol Nephrol 1974 Nov;67(11):823-7^^Reinschke P^^0
75064543^Urban leptospirosis.^197411^N Y State J Med 1974 Nov;74(12):2232-3^^Berger SA, Oliver JA, Pulini M^^0
75040974^Common diseases of pinnipeds.^197411^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974 Nov 1;165(9):805-10^^Sweeney JC^^0
75059637^Conversion of serotype in Leptospira from hebdomadis to kremastos.^197412^Infect Immun 1974 Dec;10(6):1439-42^^Yanagawa R, Takashima I^^0
75091558^Sexually-transmitted diseases in animals.^197412^Br J Vener Dis 1974 Dec;50(6):412-20^^Oriel JD, Hayward AH^^0
75060269^Lipids of the Spirochaetales: comparison of the lipids of several members of the genera Spirochaeta, Treponema, and Leptospira.^197412^J Bacteriol 1974 Dec;120(3):1268-73^^Livermore BP, Johnson RC^^0
75077332^Leptospira pomona and reproductive failure in California sea lions.^197412^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974 Dec 1;165(11):996-8^^Smith AW, Brown RJ, Skilling DE, DeLong RL^^0
75141705^Thermolabile agglutinogens in saprophytic leptospirae.^197412^Trop Geogr Med 1974 Dec;26(4):417-22^^Cinco M, Crismani P^^0
75129510^Changing patterns in leptospirosis in Sri Lanka.^197412^Ceylon Med J 1974 Dec;19(3):142-9^^Ramachandran S, Rajapakse CN, Perera MV^^0
76028290^Intracutaneous infection with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (Shibaura strain) of the guinea pig.^197412^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1974 Dec;27(6):297-308^^Mori M, Arimitsu Y, Otani S, Akama K^Experimental leptospirosis with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae Shibaura strain was studied in guinea pigs. When the pathogen was inoculated intracutaneously to the back of the animals, localized haemorrhage was observed at the inoculated site before the appearance of general haemorrhage. The severity of the local lesion increased progressively until the 7th day of inoculation. The minimum infective dose (MID) or the 50% infective dose (ID50) of the leptospiral suspension was determined by the appearance of the macroscopic local haemorrhage 7 days after inoculation. The MID thus determined was almost comparable with the value determined by the development of general symptoms and signs by conventional ip inoculation. The number of the pathogen per ID50 varied between 6 and 35 in five experiments. The local haemorrhage was effectively protected by active or passive immunization. Microscopically, haemorrhage at the inoculated site was found mainly in the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis in particular, and accompanied with leakage of the pathogen. The pathogen was also detected abunduntly in the thickened epidermal layer covering the inoculated area as well as in the epithelial matrix of hair-follicle, probably due to the proliferation of the pathogen at the site.^0
76068196^An investigation of canine leptospiral antibodies in Tokyo and Yokohama. Comparison of Canine Positive rates between rapid microscopic agglutination test and Schuffner-Mochtar test.^197412^Int J Zoonoses 1974 Dec;1(2):82-90^^Ryu E, Hasegawa A, Saegusa S, Ichiki H^^0
75150096^Infectious swine reproductive diseases.^197412^Theriogenology 1974 Dec;2(6):149-60^^Leman AD, Cropper M, Rodeffer HE^^0
75167458^Serological study of leptospirosis among farmers and farm helpers in central Taiwan.^197412^Chung Hua Min Kuo Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Tsa Chih 1974 Dec;7(4):176-7^^Tsai CC, Fresh JW^^0
75078014^Characterization of the antibodies detected by the microscopic agglutination test for bovine leptospirosis.^197412^J Hyg (Lond) 1974 Dec;73(3):425-32^^Morris JA, Hussaini SN^^0
76030636^Bovine leptospirosis: the detection of haemolysin inhibitors in sera from experimentally and naturally infected cattle.^197412^N Z Vet J 1974 Dec;22(12):239-42^^Hodges RT^^0
75183202^Selective renal angiography in renal failure due to infection.^197412^Australas Radiol 1974 Dec;18(4):446-52^^Arthachinta S, Sitprija V, Kashemsant U^^0
76115133^[The effect of bile acids and their salts on the lipolytic activity of microorganisms]^197501^Biol Nauki 1975;(9):91-9^^Severina LO, Bashkatova NA^^0
79180252^Variable factors influencing the isolation of leptospires involving culture ingredients and testing.^197501^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1975;(79):126-41^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
76123245^[Type-specific antigenic determinants of Leptospira. Possible participation of proteins]^197501^Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 1975 Jan;30(1):149^^Adachi Y, Yanagawa R^^0
75107332^Immunity to leptospirosis: antiserums in dogs and hamsters.^197501^Am J Vet Res 1975 Jan;36(1):67-70^^Huhn RG, Kokjohn JL, Cardella MA^Resistance to clinical and renal leptospirosis in dogs injected with antiserum to Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola and Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was demonstrated. The relationship between resistance induced in serum-injected hamsters was also demonstrated, using criteria of leptospiremia, renal infection, leptospiruria, and clinical signs of disease in dogs and death in hamsters.^0
75107333^Immunity to leptospirosis: bacterins in dogs and hamsters.^197501^Am J Vet Res 1975 Jan;36(1):71-4^^Huhn RG, Baldwin CD, Cardella MA^Resistance to clinical and renal leptospirosis in dogs vaccinated with a bacterin containing Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola and Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was demonstrated. The relationship between resistance induced in vaccinated dogs and that induced in vaccinated hamsters was also demonstrated, using criteria of leptospiremia, renal infection, leptospiruria, and clinical signs of disease in dogs and death in hamsters.^0
75222227^[Study of Brazilian agricultural workers. A medico-socio-psychological study]^197501^Acta Trop 1975;32(1):1-36^^Wiesmann E, Mosimann J, Drolshammer I, Eckert J, Marki H, Munzinger J, Schurter V, Schweizer H^The general state of health of native Brazilian agricultural workers - a total of 750 people from 3 different plantations in the States of Parana and Saso Paulo - was examined. The main interest of this study war centred on infectious and parasitic diseases, nutritional conditions as well as social, intellectual factors. Observations: Apart from the high number of cases of helminthiasis, amounting to 80%, the general state of health of the examined subjects was found to be good - indeed better than that of a hypothetical, comparable group of Europeans. Except for the Chagas' disease, by which 5% of the test subjects were afflicted, infectious diseases posed no serious problems. There was no case of malnutrition. The relatively lower intellectual level can not be attributed to any heriditary factor, and could definitely be improved by proper schooling. Corrective measures: Chagas: Since brick houses have replaced the wooden ones for several years, new infections are unlikely. Helminthiasis: In addition to the anthelminthic treatment, sanitary prophylactic measures should be taken. Social-intellectual factors: The following points should be emphasized: elementary schooling on the plantations; teaching at intermediary level; sewing and cooking courses; general hygience.^0
79180253^Summary report on the 1975 survey for leptospirosis in the United States.^197501^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1975;(79):145-9^^Stoenner HG^^0
76060805^[Detection of pathogenic leptospira in the waste water and sewage sludge of large pig breeding sites]^197501^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1975;29(4):557-62^^Minzat RM, Tomescu V^Sewage effluent and sludge from the purification plant of 8 large piggeries was examined for the presence of pathogenic leptospires. By using the methods of Appelman and Van Thiel it was found that 43.1% of samples of effluent were contaminated with L. pomona and O. tarassovi. Altogether 33 strains of pomona and three mixed cultures of pomona and tarassovi were obtained. The isolated strains were shown to be pathogenic by experimental infection of guinea-pigs, rabbits and pregnant and non-pregnant sows. The average period of survival of pathogenic leptospires in sewage effluent was 24 to 48 hours, with a maximum of 96 hours. Leptospires were killed within 24 hours in decanted sludge, owing to its strong acidity.^0
76067177^Physical simulation in epizootology of non-transmissive zoonoses.^197501^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1975;22(3):251-6^^Litvin VY^^0
76108819^Landscape epidemiology (epizootiology).^197501^Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1975;19:73-96^^Galuzo IG^^0
76108820^Some diseases of free-living wildlife.^197501^Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1975;19:97-126^^McDiarmid A^^0
75079423^Pathogenic leptospiras isolated from Malaysian surface waters.^197501^Appl Microbiol 1975 Jan;29(1):30-3^^Alexander AD, Evans LB, Baker MF, Baker HJ, Ellison D, Marriapan M^Pathogenic leptospiras (1,424) isolated from natural waters and wet soils in Malaysia comprised 29 different serovars (synonym serotypes). All except two of the serovars had been found previously in Malaysia. The exceptional serovars were werrasingha, an Autumnalis serogroup member originally isolated in Ceylon, and a new serovar designated evansi. Serovar evansi had serological affinities with serovar ranarum which was isolated from the kidney of a frog in Iowa. The large variety of serovars found in jungle areas was consistent with similar previous findings of diverse serovar infections in troops who had operated in Malaysian jungles.^0
75104094^[Vaccination of cattle against leptospirosis]^197501^Veterinariia 1975 Jan;(1):43-5^^Malakhov IuS, Solov'eva VS, Shupliko AN, Gushchin VN, Seregin IG^^0
75107331^Immunity to leptospirosis: Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona bacterins in cattle.^197501^Am J Vet Res 1975 Jan;36(1):59-65^^Huhn RG, Hanson LE, Killinger AH, Cardella MA^Immunity to renal leptospirosis was demonstrated in cattle vaccinated with Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona. Vaccinated cattle, challenge inoculated with virulent L interrogans serotype pomona organisms 12 months after vaccination, were resistant to renal infection; similarly inoculated, but nonvaccinated, cattle were susceptible to renal infection. Relationship was demonstrated between immunity induced in vaccinated cattle and that induced in hamsters vaccinated with a dilution of the same bacterin and later inoculated with virulent L interrogans serotype pomona organisms.^0
75145098^[Sensitivity of certain strains of pathogenic Leptospira to streptomycin, the nature of resistant variants and the frequency of their occurrence]^197501^Antibiotiki 1975 Jan;20(1):62-6^^Petrov EM, Chernukha IG^Streptomycin sensitivity of 112 Leptospira strains isolated from domestic and wild animals was studied. Independent of the isolation period and nature the strains proved to be highly sensitive to the antiobiotic (MIC 0.1 to 0.5 gamma/ml). On the example of a clone strain of Leptospira it was shown with a fluctuation test that streptomycin resistance occurred spontaneously. Frequency of the streptomycin resistant mutations was determined for 5 clone strains of L. interrogans. It was 10-9 to 10-7 per a Leptospira.^0
75180599^[Allergic indices in relation to brucellosis in rabbits immunized with brucellosis vaccine separately as well as in a complex and in association with leptospirosis and pasteurellosis vaccines]^197501^Zh Eksp Klin Med 1975;15(1):35-9^^Kazarian AS^^0
75221215^Dependence of pathogenic properties of leptospires on animal subspecies.^197501^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975;231(1-3):175-9^^Chernukha YG, Kokovin IL, Ananyina YV, Ryabov NI, Devyatova AP^1. Leptospires of mozdok serotype of the Pomona serogroup possessed specific pathogenic properties for a definite subspecies of Apodemus agrarius. They caused carriership in rodents of a European population, but were unable to cause such a process in Far East mice. However, leptospires of monjakov and pomona types were also unable to provoke leptospiruria in these small mammals. 2. The intensity of the formation of antibody to leptospires in different subspecies of Apodemus agrarius was dependent on the degree of their susceptibility, determined by the presence of renal leptospirosis. Leptospira-carriers among animals reacted by antibody formation 6-40 times more intensive than in those not susceptible to the infection. 3. Leptospires of pomona, monjakov and mozdok serotypes of the Pomona group taxonomically can be designated as separate subspecies, on the basis of differences in biological properties as related to their natural animal reservoirs.^0
75221216^Failure of transformation in leptospira with two genetic markers of streptomycin resistance and the ability to grow in a synthetic medium.^197501^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975;231(1-3):180-6^^Takashima I, Yanagawa R^Transformability of Leptospira was investigated with the two genetic markers, streptomycin (SM) resistance and the ability to grow in SHENBERG's synthetic medium. DNA was extracted from the two mutants of L. icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura, which were SM-resistant and able to grow in SHENBERG's medium. Recipients were 5 strains of L. icterohaemorrhagiae and 1 strain of L. copenhageni. Studies taking careful consideration of the growth phase of the recipient cells, transformation medium, and incubation temperature did not produce the appearance of transformant. Transformation of L. kremastos with SM resistance also showed a negative result.^0
75221235^Classification of 8 new strains of Leptospira isolated in Ceylon.^197501^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975;231(1-3):365-8^^Cinco M, Nityananda K^^0
76036347^[The etiology structure of the leptospiroses in Bulgaria (author's transl)]^197501^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975 Jan;230(1):67-80^^Mateew D, Manew C^In the course of many years the authors have studied the etiological structure of the leptospiroses in Bulgaria and have typed a significant number of leptospira strains isolated from humans and animals. The strains have been isolated by the authors themselves for the most part, while some others have been received from other laboratories in the country. The contributions of other authors in this field have been taken into consideration. In identifying these strains use has been made of the methods of the cross agglutination-lysis reaction and the cross absorption according to Schuffner and Bohlander, while in typing the strains from the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis serogroups there have been applied also factor sera according to the method of KMETY. The presence of the following serotypes has been established in Bulgaria: L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. copenhageni, L. sofia, L. canicola, L. bulgarica, L. srebarna, L. lora, L. jalna, L. bratislava, L. pomona, L. mozdok, L. tsaratsovo, L. sejroe, L. balcanica, L. saxkoebing, L. mini, L. batabiae, L. tarassovi. Three of these serotypes, namely, L. sofia (874) L. bulgarica (Nikolaevo) and L. balcanica (1627 Burgas), have been isolated for the first time in Bulgaria, accepted as independent serotypes, and included as such in the International Classification Scheme of the Leptospirae. The serotypes srebarna and tsaratsovo have recently been established by MANEV as independent Bulgarian serotypes, but they have not yet been accepted internationally as such, since no control has been carried out by other reference laboratories.^0
76037373^Deoxyribonuclease production by leptospires.^197501^Acta Vet Scand 1975;16(3):477-9^^Liven E^^0
76056279^[The incidence of leptospirosis around Erzurum]^197501^Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1975;34(3):101-21^^Tuncel E, Ogutman R^^0
76084229^[Preventive properties of blood sera of rabbits immunized with 3 vaccines by separate, complex and combined application]^197501^Zh Eksp Klin Med 1975;15(4):32-9^^Kazarian AS^^0
76103690^[Serologic survey on human leptospirosis in Argentina]^197575^Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol 1975 Jan-Apr;7(1):21-7^^Cacchione RA, Cascelli ES, Martinez ES^This paper presents the results obtained with the sera of persons having direct or indirect contact with ethiological agents of leptospirosis. Exposure could have ocurred during the performance of their duties, by contact with contaminated habitats and/or animals. One thousand thirty eight sera from persons living in different regions of Argentina were received at the laboratory and studied by the microscopic agglutination tecnique. Of these, 164 were positive (15.7%) to serveral serotypes. One hundred thirty eight sera of the 857 males studied (16.1%) were positive, and 16 out of 173 female sera (15%) were positive. Males between 31 and 40 years of age had the highest proportion of positives (21.7%); however, among females the group between 21 and 30 years of age had the highest rate (14.2%). Most of the sera reacted to L. brastislava (15%), followed by L. icterohaemorrhagiae (17.7%) and L. butembo (14%), with nine other serotypes at lower rates.^0
76105285^[Current zoonoses in veterinary practice. 2. Bacterial infections]^197501^Tierarztl Prax 1975;3(3):271-6^^Weber A, Karuss H^^0
76111411^Serotype determination of reference strains in the Pomona serogroup. Results obtained by using antisera prepared with living and respectively heat-killed leptospira as antigens.^197575^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1975 Jan-Jun;34(1-2):41-6^^Nicolescu M, Moldoveanu G^^0
76111412^Serotype identification of Romanian leptospira strains belonging to the Pomona serogroup.^197575^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1975 Jan-Jun;34(1-2):47-54^^Nicolescu M, Borsai L, Ionescu-Dorohoi T^^0
76115374^Leptospira fort-bragg isolated from a rat in Barbados.^197501^Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1975;9(3):208-11^^Myers DM, Jones CJ^Leptospira fort-bragg was isolated from the kidney tissue of a rat (Rattus rattus) trapped on a plantation in St. Philip Parish, Barbados. This constitutes the first reported isolation of this Autumnalis group serotype outside of the United States and its first known isolation from an animal species. Serologic evidence is presented which indicates that this serotype may be the cause of leptospiral infections in Barbadian cattle.^0
76131542^[Attempts at obtaining a pentavalent vaccine against leptospirosis]^197501^Vet Med Nauki 1975;12(4):34-8^^Stoichev S, Todorova R^Obtained was a five-valent vaccine (Leptospira pomona, L. canicola, L. grippotyphosa, L. mitis, and L. icterohaemorrhagiae). It was found that storage at 4degreesC does not impair the immunogenicity of the vaccine in the course of one year. Three groups of rabbits were used to test its immunogenicity--group I, injected once, subcutaneously, with 1 cu. cm of the vaccine; group II, injected subcutaneously, twice, at an interval of 7 days, with 1 cu. cm of the vaccine each time; and group III, injected once, muscularly, with 1 cu. cm. The animals were kept under observation for twelve months. It was established that in the case of intramuscular treatment there were highest antibody titers in the blood serum persisting up to the twelfth month.^0
76156909^[Serological indicators of microagglutination and lysis in rabbits immunized simultaneously against leptospirosis, pasteurellosis ans brucellosis]^197501^Zh Eksp Klin Med 1975;15(3):37-42^^Kazarian AS^^0
76202166^Acute renal failure caused by leptospirosis.^197501^Acta Chir Acad Sci Hung 1975;16(2):175-81^^Csata S, Gallyas F, Szendi L, Koller O^Three patients with severe leptospirosis leading to anuria and treated with haemodialysis are reported. One patient died. The pathomechanism and the underlying pathological and histological changes of the renal failure are discussed. It is stressed that the clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis is often difficult, as other infectious diseases,first of all infectious hepatitis, frequently present the same symptoms.^0
76230499^[Research of beta-galactosidase in the leptospira]^197575^Ann Sclavo 1975 Jan-Feb;17(1):50-4^^Canazi F, Crupi D, Quartarone F^The Authors have investigated on the presence of beta-galactoxidase in the serotypes of Leptospires most frequently employed for the diagnosis of the formes epidemiologic occurrent in Italy. With the two employed methodes it was possible to make evident the enzyme in all the serotypes, but not in L. saxkoebing (Mus 24); L. ballum (Castellon 3), L. doberdo (Percedol 3).^0
76025895^Nucleic acid content and nucleotide composition of DNA in leptospirae.^197501^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1975;19(2):246-53^^Ezhov GI, Kiktenko VS, Berezov TT^The contents of DNA and RNA were studied in 9 strains of leptospirae and the composition of nitrogen bases of DNA in 20 strains of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospirae. It has been found that leptospirae contain a high per cent ration of nucleic acids. According to the nucleotide composition, the family of Leptospira as a whole belongs to the AT-type. According to overall guanine and cytosine contents, the investigated strains of pathogenic leptospirae fall into 3 groups and differ from the seprophytic strains. With respect to the limited number of the investigated strains, the DNA nucleotide composition of leptospirae can be used as a supplementary biochemical criterion in the classification of leptospirae.^0
76123246^[Protective effect of somatic components of Leptospira]^197501^Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 1975 Jan;30(1):150^^Takashima I, Yamagawa R^^0
76123247^[New Leptospira vaccine. I. Preparation of a vaccine using synthetic media]^197501^Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 1975 Jan;30(1):151^^Kida H, Ishii T, Watanabe H, Tsunehisa Y, Yamamoto S^^0
77109692^[Minor survey on trichinosis and leptospirosis in swine]^197575^An Inst Hig Med Trop (Lisb) 1975 Jan-Dec;3(1-4):377-80^^De Azevedo JF, Rombert P, Palmeiro JM^^0
77220943^[Canine leptospirosis in the state of Sao Paulo (author's transl)]^197501^Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 1975;42:111-8^^Hagiwara MK, Rosa CA^In this paper the occurrence of leptospirosis was studied by the search of agglutininis antileptospira, in 10 dogs with symptoms of the disease. Another group of 22 animals with hepatic or renal insufficiency was also studied for the correlation between both insufficiency and leptospirosis. Finally, a third group of 40 dogs, clinically normal, was also included in this study. In 60% of suspected cases the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of specific agglutinins to serotypes icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, grippotyphosa and bataviae. Among animals with renal or hepatic insufficiency it was found 36.3% of reagents while in the normal group the rate was only 7.5%. The serotype butembo was detected serologically in dogs for the first time in Brazil.^0
75096708^Enhancement of growth of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae by tissue cell cultures.^197502^J Gen Microbiol 1975 Feb;86(2):358-62^^Lindenbaum I, Eylan E, Raanani E^^0
75192126^Leptospirosis in Ethiopia: a serological survey in domestic and wild animals.^197502^J Trop Med Hyg 1975 Feb;78(2):38-42^^Moch RW, Ebner EE, Barsoum LS, Botros BA^Seven hundred and fifty-eight serum samples from domestic and wild animals in Ethiopia were tested for leptospiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. The following percentages of seropositivity were obtained: horse (91.3 per cent), cow (70.7 per cent), pig (57.1 per cent), goat (47.3 per cent), sheep (43.4 per cent), camel (15.4 per cent), and dog (8.3 per cent). All 54 samples from birds and wild animals were seronegative. Most of the positive sera exhibited reaction to more than one serotype and antibodies to serotype butembo were predominant in sera of the majority of the examined species. However, grippotyphosa, rather than butembo was the predominant reacting serotype in camels and dogs. It is concluded that leptospirosis is of significant prevalence in domestic animals in Ethiopia and may constitute an occupational health hazard to man.^0
75096126^Examination of slurry from cattle for pathogenic bacteria.^197502^J Hyg (Lond) 1975 Feb;74(1):57-64^^Jones PW, Matthews PR^One hundred and eighty-seven samples of slurry from cattle were examined forthe presence of salmonellas, pathogenic leptospires and brucellas. Small numbers of salmonellas, generally less than 1/g., were isolated from 20 samples (11%). These were S. dublin (12), S. typhimurium (4), S. indiana (1), S. bredeney (1), S. cerro (1) and S. unnamed 4, 12:d:-(1). Leptospires were isolated from 56 samples (30%) but none was pathogenic for hamsters. No brucellas were isolated. The results of this survey are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of salmonellosis.^0
75117814^Blood cultures: principles and techniques.^197502^Mayo Clin Proc 1975 Feb;50(2):91-8^^Washington JA 2d^Detecting the presence of microorganisms in blood is an important function of the clinical microbiology laboratory. With prompt isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates, the clinician can modify the selection and dosage of the antimicrobics used initially to treat a suspected septicemia. Principles and techniques for blood collection, culture, examination, and reporting are reviewed.^0
76008470^Chemical studies on the cell walls of Leptorspira biflexa strain Urawa and Treponema pallidum strain Reiter.^197502^Jpn J Microbiol 1975 Feb;19(1):45-51^^Azuma I, Taniyama T, Yamamura Y, Yanagihara Y, Hattori Y^The preparation and chemical properties of the cell walls of Leptospira biflexa Urawa and Treponema pallidum Reiter are described. Both cell walls are composed mainly of polysaccharides and peptidoglycans. The data of chemical analysis indicate that the cell wall of L. biflexa Urawa contains rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and unidentified sugars as neutral sugars, and alanine, glutamic acid, alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, glucosamine and muramic acid as major amino acids and amino sugars. As major chemical constituents of the cell wall of T. pallidum Reiter, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, alanine, glutamic acid, ornithine, glycine, glucosamine and muramic acid have been detected. The chemical properties of protein and polysaccharide fractions prepared from the cells of T. pallidum Reiter were also partially examined.^0
75121938^Leptospirosis: an underdiagnosed cause of acute febrile illness.^197502^South Med J 1975 Feb;68(2):217-9^^Thorsteinsson SB, Sharp P, Musher DM, Martin RR^Two cases of leptospirosis diagnosed at the Texas Medical Center in a two-week period are presented. Most cases of leptospirosis go undiagnosed because the symptoms and signs are nonspecific. Leptospirosis should enter the differential diagnosis when symptoms of influenzal illness, aseptic meningitis, and viral gastroenteritis occur, especially if abnormal hepatic and renal function are shown to be present. Many, but by no means all, patients will give history of exposure to livestock or rodents. Diagnosis is best made by serologic methods; Treatment is usually not required since the disease is self- limited, and even in the more severe form, antibiotics have not been conclusively shown to be of benefit.^0
76008446^Studies on the potency test of antiserum for Weils disease by the intracutaneous method.^197502^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1975 Feb;28(1):1-9^^Akama K, Otani S, Mori M, Arimitsu Y^A method for estimating the leptospiricidal activity of therapeutic antiserum for Weil's disease was improved by using the intracutaneous method in guinea pigs. The neutralization curves between the leptospiral suspensions for challenge and the antisera were shown to be linear over a wide range of the dosis of the pathogen. Although the reproducibility of the neutralization experiments was high, a significant divergence was observed among the slopes in various test samples. However, the trouble due to such a discrepancy in the slope may practically be reduced if such an antiserum preparation that has a regression coefficient close to the mean of those of various neutralization lines constructed by many different products is adopted as the reference. A practical method for the potency test was suggested.^0
75083005^[Human disease caused by Leptospira canicola in Budapest]^197502^Orv Hetil 1975 Feb 9;116(6):317-9^^Binder L, Szalka A, Kemenes F, Szeky A^^0
75159543^[Meningitis caused by leptospirosis]^197502^Rev Prat 1975 Feb 11;25(9):663-4, 667-70^^Bertrand A, Janbon F^^0
76129827^[Leukocytosis and polynucleosis in infectious disease]^197502^Sem Hop 1975 Feb 26;51(10):659-6^^Frottier J, Modai J^During bacterial infections, the intensity of the polymorphonuclear leukocytosis depends on the bacterium but also on the mechanism and extent of the infection. Polymorphonuclear leukocytosis is greater during pyogenic and anaerobic infections. It is due to deep suppuration, septicemia of thrombophlebitic origin, acute endocarditis, purulent meningitis and pneumonia. The increase in the number of polymorphonuclear cells is, on the other hand, less marked in sub-acute bacterial endocarditis. Apart from bacterial infections, a polymorphonuclear leukocytosis is common in inflammatory disease, such as tissue necrosis and several malignant diseases. It may also be due to drug allergy.^0
75179136^Isolation and identification of leptospira hardjo from cattle in Argentina.^197503^Trop Geogr Med 1975 Mar;27(1):63-70^^Myers DM, Jelambi F^A serological evaluation was done on the prevalence of bovine leptospirosis in Argentina. In 1,857 serum samples obtained from the major cattle raising areas of the country, 59.1 percent showed leptospiral agglutinins in the microscopic-agglutination test. The most frequent leptospiral antigens showing antibody reactions were the hebdomadis group serotypes, of which 45.8 per cent of the sera reacted to Leptospira hardjo with titres ranging from 1:100 to 1:25,600. Six Leptospira isolations were made from 161 bovine kidneys collected at local abattoirs. Their isolation and subsequent identification as serotype L. hardjo is described. This study reports on L. hardjo in cattle of Argentina for the first time and confirms the need for improved cultural methodology for its isolation.^0
75166509^[Occupational leptospiroses in laboratory workers (author's transl)]^197503^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1975 Mar;24(2):77-83^^Plesko I, Hruzik J, Hlavata Z^^0
75186378^Human leptospirosis.^197503^CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1975 Mar;5(4):413-67^^Feigin RD, Anderson DC^Human leptospirosis is a subject of increasing interest. Although this disease was frequently associated with individuals whose occupation or geographic location placed them in close proximity to wild animals or farm animals, recent cases have been particularly prevalent in young children and adolescents in urban and suburban America. Many of the recent cases have been acquired from household pets, particularly from dogs or hamsters. In particular, healthy dogs who have been immunized with leptospiral organisms, thereby creating a significant risk for their owners. This article will review the pathophysiology, clincal manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of leptospirosis in the modern era, with particular emphasis on a more complete understanding of the epidemiology of this disorder.^0
75200259^[Method of examining the vestibular analyzer in certain infectious diseases]^197575^Vestn Otorinolaringol 1975 Mar-Apr;(2):39-42^^Vlasov AI, Lebedev IG, Streletskaia RA^^0
76019329^A generalized modified-chi2 analysis of categorical bacteria survival data from a complex dilution experiment.^197503^Biometrics 1975 Mar;31(1):59-101^^Koch GG, Tolley HD^A well-known method of estimation for the density of bacteria in a sample solution is the most probable number (MPN) procedure. This paper considers the change in density through time of bacteria populations which are undergoing extinction. The MPN with its estimated variance for a fixed time point is a basic module of these investigations and is treated as a general implicit function of the cell proportions in linear categorical data analysis. These quantities are then used to fit exponential decay models over time by weighted least squares. When such models are supported by the data, comparisons of decay rates between populations under possibly different experimental conditions can be undertaken. This methodology is illustrated with an example pertaining to the survival experience of Leptospira autumnalis.^0
75199518^[Studies on the antigens of leptospires (author's transl)]^197503^Tropenmed Parasitol 1975 Mar;26(1):35-42^^Mazzonelli J, de Mazzonelli GD, Mailloux M^The authors show the existence of a TR (thermoresistant) antigen capable to withstand heating at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes. This antigen is present in Patoc I, serogroup Semaranga. It absorbs the corresponding immune serum at rates exceeding 99%, and appears to be the only antigen playing a part in the absorption of agglutinins. The existence of a TR antigen was demonstrated in various pathogenic serotypes. This antigen withstands heating at 80 degrees C for 10 minutes. The TR antigen absorbs antibodies of immune sera of the corresponding strains; and, in cross agglutination reactions, antibodies of the other immune sera of the studied pathogenic leptospires. the TR antigen of serotypes icterohaemorrhagiae Wijnberg, australis Ballico and pyrogenes Salinem are not able to absorb agglutinins of sera anti-Patoc I, whereas TR/Hebdomadis and TR/Pomona absorb as much as 20%. tr/hond Utrecht IV and TR/Patoc I (by absorbing their immune sera in cross agglutination) act as homologous strains with an absorption rate of 99%. The capability of absorption of TR changes according to the composition of culture media. This antigen, heated at 80 degrees C for 10 minutes and obtained pyrogenes Salinem is used for macroscopic diagnosis in slide test procedure by mixing equal proportions of antigen and serum. A positive reaction is indicated by distinct agglutination clumps.^0
75198365^Leptospira canalzonae in man: A case report.^197503^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1975 Mar;6(1):133-5^^Tsai C-C, Fresh JW^^0
75192288^A serologic survey of pronghorns in Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1970-1972.^197504^J Wildl Dis 1975 Apr;11(2):157-63^^Barrett MW, Chalmers GA^To determine the exposure of free-ranging pronghorns (Antilocapra americana Ord) to selected pathogens, serum samples were obtained from 33 live-trapped animals from southwestern Saskatchewan in 1970, and from 26 and 51 animals from southeastern Alberta, in 1971 and 1972, respectively. Antibodies were found to the agents of parainfluenza 3, bovine virus diarrhea, eastern and western encephalomyelitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and the chlamydial group. No serologic reactors were found to the agents of bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, brucellosis, or leptospirosis (4 serotypes).^0
75210944^Sensitivity in vitro of leptospira to oxamicetin.^197504^J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1975 Apr;28(4):325-7^^Cinco M, Cociancich L^Oxamicetin was tested against 12 strains of parasitic leptospira each representing a different serotype and serogroup, and 8 saprophytic strains in liquid media. The results showed general susceptibility of parasitic leptospira being MIC's from 0.1 to 0.5 mug/ml. The MIC's against saprophytic strains were 10 similar to 40 mug/ml.^0
75172844^[Further studies on indirect hemagglutination test in leptospirosis]^197504^Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1975 Apr;30(1):220^^Imamura S, Matsui H, Ashizawa Y^^0
76034312^Leptospirae of serotype lora of the serogroup Australis isolated for the first time from swine in the Netherlands.^197504^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1975 Apr 15;100(8):421-5^^Hartman EG, Brummelman B, Dikken H^Leptospirosis in swine, caused by serotype lora (serogroup Australis) was detected both serologically and by culture. The most important symptoms consisted in abortion during the final month of gestation and the birth of dead or not viable piglets.^0
75200417^Subclinical L icterohaemorrhagiae infection in dogs associated with a case of human leptospirosis.^197504^Vet Rec 1975 Apr 26;96(17):385^^Clegg FG, Heath PJ^^0
75215883^Letter: Brucellosis eradication.^197504^Med J Aust 1975 Apr 26;1(17):545^^Bisby JA^^0
75163882^Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Complication of other illnesses in childhood.^197505^Arch Surg 1975 May;110(5):543-7^^Ternberg JL, Keating JP^Seventy-four cases of acalculous cholecystitis in infants and children (seven personal cases and 67 from the literature) were analyzed. In 45 cases the cholecystitis appeared as a complication of another illness. The primary illnesses in our patients were leptospirosis (four cases), diarrhea (two cases), and third-degree burns (one case). All seven children were critically ill. Abdominal pain and an abdominal mass were present in all. Fever was present in six of the seven patients, jaundice in four. Tube cholecystostomies were done in all cases. After recovery from their illness, the five surviving patients had normal bilary tracts when studied by cholangiography via the tube. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in infancey and childhood as a complication of injury or illness should be treated as an undrained abcess.^0
75204019^Efficacy of combined furazolidone and neomycin in the control of contamination in Leptospira cultures.^197505^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975 May;7(5):666-71^^Myers DM^^0
76107924^[Polymorphism of water-soluble and triton-X 100-extractable esterases and proteins from Leptospira]^197505^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1975 May;(5):73-7^^Atanasov NA, Vasilevskaia MD^Electrophoresis in gel from polyacrylamide was used to study the water- soluble intracellular esterases, triton-X 100-extracted and proteins of three saprophytic and three pathogenic strains of leptospirae belonging to different serological types. The results of investigation of a relative mobility of 27 fractions with an esterasic activity and the molecular weight of eight of them showed that their polymorphism was mainly consecuent of structural differences. In examination of proteins extracted from the cell residues with triton-X 100 there was also revealed an intertype polymorphism: by acrylamide electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulphate they were divided into 3--10 fractions with a molecular weight of from 20000 to 200000. The results of these studies are discussed as a manifestation of biochemical individuality of leptospirae of individual serological types.^0
75194065^Editorial: Leptospirosis.^197505^Med J Aust 1975 May 17;1(20):606-7^^^^0
75194072^Acute renal failure due to leptospirosis with hyponatraemia.^197505^Med J Aust 1975 May 17;1(20):621-2^^Humphery TJ^Severe forms of leptospirosis causing acute renal failure are uncommon in Australia. Reported here is one such case, with marked hyponatraemia, which was treated with peritoneal dialysis. Biopsy findings are presented. It is believed that the infection was acquired in suburban periodomestic surroundings.^0
75188505^Possible role of protein(s) as antigenic determinant of the type- specific main antigen of Leptospira kremastos strain Kyoto.^197506^Infect Immun 1975 Jun;11(6):1325-31^^Adachi Y, Yanagawa R^^0
76007853^Microbiology--waterborne outbreaks.^197506^J Water Pollut Control Fed 1975 Jun;47(6):1566-81^^Craun GF^^0
75171073^Leptospirosis in the United States, 1971-1973.^197506^J Infect Dis 1975 Jun;131(6):743-5^^Geistfeld JG^^0
76007854^Microbiology-detection of bacterial pathogens and their occurrence.^197506^J Water Pollut Control Fed 1975 Jun;47(6):1581-7^^Reasoner DJ^^0
76039262^Letter: Importation of etorphine.^197506^Aust Vet J 1975 Jun;51(6):328^^Campbell RS, Stallman ND^^0
76094163^Human leptospirosis in Brazil.^197506^Int J Zoonoses 1975 Jun;2(1):1-9^^Correa MO^Serological data on the prevalence of human leptospiroses in certain regions of Brazil are presented. Out of 467 diseased and clinically healthy persons, 40 were positive in the Amazonia. The most frequent serotypes were grippotyphosa (27.5%), panama (25%), icterohaemorrhagiae (10%) and woffi (10%). In 1966 and 1970, 279 cases were identified in Recife (northeastern Brazil) during outbreaks subsequent to floods. Among these 92.5% belonged to the icterohaemorrhagiae serotype. From 1947 to 1972, in Sao Paulo City (southeastern Brazil), of 18,233 patients with clinical signs of leptospirosis, 2,237 were positive with 86.5% belonging to icterohaemorrhagiae. In all Brazil, 32 strains of leptospires were isolated, 27 of which belonged to the icterohaemorrhagiae serotype and one strain for each wolffi, canicola, grippotyphosa, andamana and alexi serotypes.^0
76094165^An investigation of canine antileptospiral antibodies in Japan.^197506^Int J Zoonoses 1975 Jun;2(1):16-34^^Ryu E^From 1970 through 1973, blood samples of 7113 attended dogs and 1615 stray dogs in 50 cities of Japan were examined for leptospiral antibodies by RMAT on filter paper specimens. Results were as follows: 1. Prevalences of antibodies against L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola in attended dogs in 50 cities ranged from 22.5% to 0% with an average of 9.8%. Those of stray dogs in 8 cities ranged from 52.5% to 0% with an average of 21.7%. 2. 64 and 37 of 7113 attended dog sera reached positively only against either L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola, respectively. 595 of 7113 attended dog sera reacted positively against both antigens. 3. In 820 attended dog sera tested against 8 leptospiral serotypes, 57 had antibodies against L. icterohaemorrhagiae, 52 against L. canicola, 2 against L. australis A, 10 against L. pyrogenes and 2 against L. grippotyphosa. 4. The prevalence of antibodies was twice as much in male dogs as in females. The prevalence in a healthy group was only half that of a sick group. Attended dogs below 4 years old had a higher antibody prevalence than any other age. The prevalence of antibodies in summer was lower than for any other season.^0
76094167^Leptospiroses equals zoonoses.^197506^Int J Zoonoses 1975 Jun;2(1):45-54^^Mailloux M^^0
75175241^Letter: Enhanced translational motion of Leptospira in viscous environments.^197506^Nature 1975 Jun 19;255(5510):656-7^^Kaiser GE, Doetsch RN^^0
76047156^[Distribution of antibodies to Leptospira among the residence of Tokyo and its suburbs]^197507^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1975 Jul;49(7):288-95^^Osada F, Kogure M, Kobayashi S^^0
75200363^Leptospira hardjo infection in a dairy herd.^197507^Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1975 Jul;70(7):794^^Hunter R^^0
76030676^Letter: Serological evidence for infection of sheep with Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo.^197507^N Z Vet J 1975 Jul;23(7):154^^Ris DR^^0
75206948^Uveitis: report of a 10-year survey in Northern Finland.^197507^Can J Ophthalmol 1975 Jul;10(3):356-60^^Saari M, Miettinen R, Alanko H^In order to determine the distribution of etiologic and diagnostic categories of uveitis at the Oulu University Eye Hospital, 653 patients with uveitis treated during the years 1964-1974 were reviewed. Of the 653 patients, 321 were men and 332 women; 547 had anterior, 64 posterior and 42 generalzied uveitis; 524 unilateral and 129 bilateral; 570 acute and 83 chronic; and 446 single and 207 recurrent. The etiologic factors were distributed into rheumatoid (7.2%), streptococcal (4.1%), tuberculosis (3.7%), toxoplasmosis (3.3%), varicella-zoster (1.7%), sarcoidosis (1.4%), staphylococcal (1.1%), leptospirosis (0.6%), lymphatic leucemia (0.5%), herpes simplex (0.5%), yersinosis (0.1%) and undetermined cases (75.8%). There were no cases of syphilis. Most of the cases in this series were anterior and acute uveitis occurring mainly in the age group 20-59 years.^0
75207034^Isolation and chemical characterization of outer envelope of Leptospira pomona.^197507^Can J Microbiol 1975 Jul;21(7):1102-12^^Zeigler JA, VanEseltine WP^Cells of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona harvested from a chemically defined medium were resuspended in 0.01 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.3.  Electron microscopy showed that 90 min of exposure effectively ruptured the outer envelope, freeing it from the cells as small flakes.  Both zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients and centrifugation in isopycnic KBr and CsCl gradients could be used to separate the outer envelope from the axial filaments and protoplasmic cylinders.  The latter method resulting in higher yields of purified envelope with the particular protocols used.  Thin sections of isolated outer envelope showed the same trilaminar structure seen in sections of intact cells.  The outer layers were 1.5 nm thick and appeared as single layers of electron-dense particles.  The central electron- transparent layer was 2.0-2.5 nm thick and appeared structureless.  The gross  chemical composition of the purified outer envelope was 47% protein, 27% carbohydrate, and 23% lipid.  Colorimetric carbohydrate determinations revealed hexose, pentose, and 6-deoxyhexose; hexosamine was identified during amino acid analysis.  Muramic acid, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate were not detected.  Thin-layer chromatography revealed only polar lipids, about 98% phosphatidylethanolamine and 2% lysophosphatidylethanolamine.  Fatty acids identified by gas-liquid chromatography were octadecanoic, octadecenoic, hexadecanoic, and hexadecenoic.  Amino acid analysis revealed 17 amino acids, histidine and glutamic acid being most abundant.  The outer envelope was interpreted to be comparable with the outer double-track layer found in the cell covering of gram-negative eubacteria.^0
76036390^[The result-sequence method (sequence analysis) in leptospira research. 3. Communication: The bilateral sequential test (de Boer, Armitage) for testing the difference of mean values of two binomial distributions (author's transl)]^197507^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975 Jul;232(2-3):341-54^^Fuchs GH, Burger G^The influence of the liver-activated and non-activated cytostatic drug Cyclophosphamid on the respiration of Leptospira biflexa semaranga Veldrat S 173 was tested in three different concentrations by group- sequential testing of two relative frequencies in a two-sided test- reading. The conditioned probability theta = 0.82 results from thetan = 0.40 and thetaa = 0.75. On account of a practicable sample size, we choose theta' = 0.80 (activated form superior) and theta'' = 0.20 (non- activated form superior). The test-adjusted level of significance is alpha = 0.05 less than beta = 0.10. The expected values for the number of discordant pairs are Etheta' = Etheta'' = 13, Etheta = 1/1 = 14 and Ethetamax = 16. The acceptance inspection performed by control chart and tabulated reference figures results - in comparison with conventional procedures - in savings of discordant pairs of 65 per cent (concentration 10(-4) g/ml) in a decision in favour of activated form, of 65 per cent (concentration 10(-8) g/ml) in an equal efficiency of both states of Cyclophosphamid and of 10 per cent (concentration 10(- 11) g/ml) in a non-significant difference. Taking into consideration all unrestrictedly selected pairs, the duration of the experiment takes only 4.25 months instead of 6.75 if the statistical data analysis is not performed conventionally, but group-sequentially instead.^0
76163601^[An anademy of ictero-hemorrhagic leptospirosis in a military group in Algeria (author's transl]^197575^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1975 Jul-Aug;68(4):370-6^^Aubry P, Bordahandy R, Ferah T, Mailloux M, Thomas J^Seven cases of L.I.H. are noted simultaneously in a military group in the suburbs of Algier. It is an anademic by contamination at the same point, without interhuman infection. Only two of these cases have clinical symptoms to permit diagnosis of the others by research of specific antibodies (Immunodiagnosis). Anicteric forms are very frequent. This explains probably failure of diagnosis when epidemiological conditions are realized. This unawareness of leptospiroses is unfortunately a general phenomenon in the world.^0
76163608^[Serological study on bovine leptospirosis in Guadeloupe (author's transl)]^197575^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1975 Jul-Aug;68(4):420-5^^Tissot D, Mailloux M, Corroller YL^A serological study on bovines in Guadeloupe (French Carraibes) was conducted during 1973-1974. 456 animals were tested. Their sera were examined by microscopic agglutination technique with 20 antigens. Antibodies against the following serogroups: Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bataviae, Australis, Pomona and Sejroe, were found. Ballum is the first serogroup by frequency and titers of antibodies. One young animal was ill and Immunological Test revealed a high titer of antibodies against serogroup Sejroe. This work demonstrates the existence of animal leptospiroses in Guadeloupe.^0
75200475^Some disorders of wild deer in the United Kingdom.^197507^Vet Rec 1975 Jul 5;97(1):6-9^^McDiarmid A^^0
75220377^Isolation of a leptospira of the Pomona serogroup from a field vole.^197507^Vet Rec 1975 Jul 19;97(3):56^^Little TW, Salt GF^^0
76076369^The failure of genus-specific serological tests to detect leptospirosis in cattle and rabbits.^197508^N Z Vet J 1975 Aug;23(8):164-6^^Ris DR^^0
76034287^[Fertility problems caused by infectious agents pigs in the Netherlands(author's transl)]^197508^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1975 Aug 1;100(15):809-20^^Akkermans JP^The concept of fertility problems is defined in the introduction and their economic importance in pig breeding are pointed out. The infectious causes of the problem are reviewed. Infections with L. tarassovi and with Aujezky's virus regularly lead to practically endemic abortions; Brucella suis and swine-plague infections do so sporadically. The SMEDI syndrom is considered. The clinical symptoms, diagnosis, epizootiology, and the therapeutical and prophylactic measures of these infections are discussed. In the case of brucellosis, attention is paid to the differential diagnosis in the serological examination. The incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica among the Dutch pig population is high. This micro-organism has antigen components in common with brucellae. In Holland the significance of infectious agents as the causes of sterility is not considered to be high.^0
76032001^Dogs, cats and other pets.^197508^Practitioner 1975 Aug;215(1286):172-7^^Sheridan JP^^0
76172183^Pathogenesis of renal failure in tropical diseases.^197508^Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1975 Aug;17(8):707-9^^Sitprija V, Kashemsant U, Arthachinta S, Poshyachinda V^^0
76084300^[Epidemiological characteristics of a natural leptospirosis focus in the basin of Lake Nero, Yaroslavl Province]^197509^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1975 Sep;0(9):147-8^^Ageev AV^^0
76131494^[Use of immunofluorescence in diagnosing leptospirosis]^197509^Veterinariia 1975 Sep;(9):112-3^^Kozlovskii EV, Sushkova NK^^0
76101324^Letter: Leptospirosis in the opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula).^197509^N Z Vet J 1975 Sep;23(9):215-6^^de Lisle GW, Almand KB, Julian AF, Wallace J^^0
76101325^Letter: Isolation of Leptospira hardjo from the opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula).^197509^N Z Vet J 1975 Sep;23(9):216^^Brockie RE^^0
76018298^Surveillance of some infectious diseases among aircrew personnel in Southeast Asia.^197509^Aviat Space Environ Med 1975 Sep;46(9):1152-4^^Lee R, Cross JH, Irving GS, Lane C, Watten RH^A 2-year analysis of specimens among aircrew personnel in Southeast Asia is reported. Stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria, blood smears for blood parasites, and sera tested for transaminases (SGOT) and antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis viruses, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Leptospira sp. and Pseudomonas pseudomallei. One to four specimens each were obtained from 537 adult males and 20 females. There were 56 subjects with intestinal parasites as follows: Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Endolimax nana (2.6%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.4%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.9%), Entamoeba coli (0.7%), Trichiuris trichiura (1.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%), hookworm (0.9%), and Clonorchis sinensis (1.2%). Two individuals had malaria, Plasmodium vivax (0.6%). Pathogenic enteric bacteria were isolated from seven stool specimens; Shigella groups B and D (0.9%), Salmonella paratyphi (0.3%), and Arizona group (0.9%). Significantly elevated SGOT levels were found in 0.9% and antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in 1.5%, to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in 1.2%, to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in 0.3%, to Entamoeba histolytica in 0.9% and to Toxoplasma gondii in 10.1%. No antibodies were found to Chikungunya virus or Leptospira sp.^0
76017072^Leptospirosis in wildlife in Brazil: isolation of a new serotype in the pyrogenes group.^197509^Am J Vet Res 1975 Sep;36(9):1363-5^^Santa Rosa CA, Sulzer CR, Giorgi W, da Silva AS, Yanaguita RM, Lobao AO^A new leptospiral serotype in the serogroup Pyrogenes is described. The strain was isolated from one gray "four-eyed" opossum (Philander opossum). It is proposed that the serotype be designated guaratuba, strain An-7705. The isolations of serotypes ballum from the South American field mouse (Akodon arviculoides), szwajizak and icterohaemorrhagiae from the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), and grippotyphosa from many other wild animal species as well as domesticated animals are also described.^0
76017073^Leptospiral antibodies in serum from cattle, swine, horses, deer, sheep, and goats: 1973 and 1974.^197509^Am J Vet Res 1975 Sep;36(9):1367-70^^Harrington R Jr^During 2 years (fiscal years 1973 and 1974), microscopic agglutination tests were performed on 12,565 serums from cattle, swine, horses, deer, sheep, and goats for the detection of leptospiral antibodies. The most frequent presumptive infecting serogroups were Hebdomadis, Pomona, Autumnalis, Ballum, Australis, and Canicola.^0
76025521^Proceedings: Leptospirosis.^197509^J Clin Pathol 1975 Sep;28(9):755^^Turner LH^^0
75214682^Serum creatine phosphokinase in leptospirosis.^197509^JAMA 1975 Sep 1;233(9):981-2^^Johnson WD Jr, Silva IC, Rocha H^Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvic transaminase (SGOT, SGPT) levels were determined in 61 patients with leptospirosis and 16 with viral hepatitis during the acute phase of illness. The CPK value was elevated in 29 leptospirosis patients and normal in all 16 hepatitis patients. Conversely, mean SGOT and SGPT levels were lower in leptospirosis patients. The CPK determination is a simple test that may provide diagnostic information in a jaundiced patient, particularly when characteristic manifestations of leptospirosis are absent. The pattern of greatly elevated CPK levels with only modest elevations in transaminase values in an acutely jaundiced patient should strongly suggest a diagnosis of leptospirosis.^0
76025447^Evaluation of an indirect hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.^197509^J Clin Microbiol 1975 Sep;2(3):218-21^^Sulzer CR, Glosser JW, Rogers F, Jones WL, Frix M^A presumptive hemagglutination test for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in humans is described. The antigen was prepared from a soluble alcohol extract of an andamana strain sorbed to human O- negative erythrocytes and preserved by pyruvic aldehyde fixation. In this study, the overall sensitivity of the hemagglutination test was 92% in contrast to 69% for the presumptive slide agglutination test. The specificity was 95% for the hemagglutination test in comparison with 83% for the slide test.^0
76084187^[Leptospirosis in domestic animals in the south of Chile. Serological study]^197509^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1975 Sep;22(7):544-55^^Zamora J, Kruze J, Riedemann S^^0
76087411^Leptospiral titres in pigs after vaccination.^197509^Aust Vet J 1975 Sep;51(9):443-4^^Dobson KJ, Davos DE^Two groups of 8 pigs were vaccinated and given a booster vaccination 6 weeks later each with a commercial dual L. pomona and L. tarassovi killed vaccine. Serum from bloods collected before and up to 30 weeks after vaccination had agglutinating antibodies only after the 0ooster vaccination and then only with 1 vaccine. Titres persisted less than 8 weeks when tested against L. pomona but up to 16 weeks when tested against L. tarassovi at the 1:300 dilution and up to 20 weeks at the 1:100 dilution.^0
76084166^Immunizing effects of structural components of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.^197509^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975 Sep;233(1):93-8^^Takashima I, Yanagawa R^The protective attributes of the structural components of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura were examined. Guinea pigs were immunized with the outer envelope, the cell wall, the type-specific main antigen, and the protein constituent of the outer envelope respectively. Of the 4 preparations, the outer envelope, the cell wall and the type-specific main antigen showed a considerable protective effect in this order. The protein constituent of the outer envelope was less effective. Immunization with 200 mug of the outer envelope protected guinea pigs from lethal infection but no completely from the renal carrier state. The rate of protection from renal leptospirosis by the preparations of leptospiral components and lyophilized whole cells was always inferior to the survivor rate.^0
76131511^[Dynamics of antibody formation in swine with leptospirosis]^197509^Veterinariia 1975 Sep;(9):50-2^^Bolotskii IA, Korshunova LN, Shiliakin VK, Davydenko RF^^0
76171867^Electrocardiographic abnormalities in leptospirosis.^197509^J Trop Med Hyg 1975 Sep;78(9):210-3^^Ramachandran S^Electrocardiographic abnormalities occurred in 46 per cent of cases uith leptospirosis. Although the individual changes noted do not appear to be of importance, they indicate that sub-clinical cardiac involvement does occur in a significant proportion of the patients. The abnormalities observed include disorders in cardiac rhythm and changes in the P-QRS-T complexes, probably resulting from direct myocardial involvement or from a  changing milieu interior. While serial tracings are indicated in patients with acute renal failure of the oliguric variety, repeated tracings may detect more definitely changing patterns which indicate the presence of cardiac involvement in patients with other presentations of the disease.^0
76180203^[Acute hemodialysis in internal medicine emergency therapy]^197509^Z Gesamte Inn Med 1975 Sep 1;30(17):175-6 contd^^Mampel E, Koall W, Ganzert G^^0
77258681^[Results of a survey on leptospirosis of rice fields workers]^197509^Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1975 Sep;49(9):825-36^^Cortina Greus P, Hernandez Galve A^^0
76146388^Medical aspects of some zoonoses.^197509^J S Afr Vet Assoc 1975 Sep;46(3):221-5^^Gear JH^^0
76060756^Morphology and physiology of Spirochaeta aurantia strains isolated from aquatic habitats.^197509^Arch Microbiol 1975 Sep 30;105(1):1-12^^Breznak JA, Canale-Parola E^1. Seven strains of Spirochaeta aurantia were isolated from pond and swamp water by means of a selective technique which utilized the ability of these organisms to move through bacterial filters and to diffuse through agar media. Although most of the isolations were accomplished when enrichment media low in carbohydrates were used, all seven strains were found to be exclusively saccharolytic. 2. The isolates could be divided into two groups on the basis of cell morphology: a loosely coiled group, and a tightly coiled group with markedly smaller wave length and wave apmlitude. Spirochetes of the latter group possessed a slightly lower GC content in their DNA. The isolates were facultative anaerobes, synthesized carotenoid pigments which conferred an orange color to aerobic colonies, and utilized a variety of carbohydrates--but not amino acids--as energy sources. Exogenous thiamine was required by six isolates tested, riboflavin by four, and biotin by one. The major products of glucose fermentation were acetate, ethanol, CO2 and H2. Growth of the isolates was inhibited by a variety of antibiotics. Determinations of GC contents of DNA showed that strains of S. aurantia are phylogenetically distant from spirochetes classified in the genera Treponema and Leptospira. 3. S. aurantia populations inoculated in the center of agar medium plates migrated in the form of growth rings toward the periphery of the plates. The rate of migration of glucose-utilizing rings was greatest at low glucose concentrations (e.g., 0.02 g/100 ml). It was concluded that migration of cells present in these rings was mainly due to a chemotactic response to glucose which served both as the attractant and the substrate. Chemotaxis of S. aurantia toward glucose may be used as a selective factor in isolating this bacterium from natural environments. 4. The subspecific epithet stricta is proposed to recognize, taxonomically, the tightly coiled strains of S. aurantia.^0
76024617^Wildlife and environmental health: raccoons as indicators of zoonoses and pollutants in southeastern United States.^197510^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1975 Oct 1;167(7):592-7^^Bigler WJ, Jenkins JH, Cumbie PM, Hoff GL, Prather EC^Inasmuch as terrestrial fauna are an integral part of our natural environment and are directly exposed to disease and pollutants, it follows that certain wild populations could serve to detect subtle alterations within ecosystems. A collection of studies on raccoons is presented to stimulate other researchers to develop the potential of our wildlife resources as monitors of environmental health. Raccoons have been used as serologic sentinels for St Louis encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Studies suggest that the raccoon may be used as an indicator of leptospirosis, tularemia, and some enteric bacteria and viruses. Base line surveys have defined (1) residue levels of organochlorine and organophosphate compounds and (2) body burdens of mercury, cesium-137, and strontium-90. Physiologic responses, parasite burdens, and reproductive processes are also considered as measures that may reflect pertinent information about environmental health.^0
76218085^In vitro and in vivo effects of kasugamycin on Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.^197575^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1975 Oct-Dec;28(5-6):285-90^^Kitaoka M, Mori M, Arimitsu Y^^0
76024614^Leptospirosis in selected wild mammals of the Florida panhandle and southwestern Georgia.^197510^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1975 Oct 1;167(7):587-9^^Shotts EB Jr, Andrews CL, Harvey TW^A group of 144 wild mammals, including white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, fox squirrels, gray squirrels, raccoons, opossums, a bobcat, and various small rodents was examined for cultural or serologic evidence of leptospiral infection. Leptospires were isolated from 1 of 25 rabbits, 1 of 27 fox squirrels, 1 of 26 gray squirrels, 4 of 18 mice and rats, 8 of 21 raccoons, 7 of 17 opossums, and a bobcat. Isolations were not made from 6 deer examined. Serotypes isolated were Leptospira interrogans, serotype grippotyphosa and L interrogans, serotype ballum. New host-serotype relationships were noticed in the following instances: bobcat: grippotyphosa, and gray squirrel: ballum. These studies further confirm the occurrence of grippotyphosa in the fox squirrel. Serologic response in these animals did not necessarily correlate with isolations, although some relationship was noticed in raccoons and opossums.^0
76064017^[Leptospirosis in dairy cattle: serological survey in the province of Quebec]^197510^Can Vet J 1975 Oct;16(10):304-7^^Higgins R, Cayouette P, Cousineau JG^^0
76093761^[Leptospirosis grippotyphosa with jaundice, acute renal failure and paraproteinemia (author's transl)]^197510^Immun Infekt 1975 Oct;3(5):225-31^^Albert FW, Schultz R, Christ B^^0
76106187^[Selection of antibiotics for treating animal carriers of Leptospira]^197510^Veterinariia 1975 Oct;(10):45-7^^Komardina MP, Malakhov IuA, Trykanova IuG^^0
76045979^Fatal hemolytic anemia attributed to leptospirosis in lambs.^197510^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1975 Oct 15;167(8):739-41^^Smith BP, Armstrong JM^^0
76039738^[Leptospirosis in San Martin, Peru]^197511^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1975 Nov;79(5):410-21^^Liceras de Hidalgo J^^0
76156928^[The epidemiology and clinical picture of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis in the Krasnodar area]^197511^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1975 Nov;(11):121-2^^Gol'denshtein ZA^^0
76153783^[Australia antigen in acute viral hepatitis and leptospirosis in Salvador, Bahia]^197575^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1975 Nov-Dec;17(6):361-7^^Lyra LG, Reboucas G, Fontes AF, Barbosa M, Peixinho A, Barbosa E^^0
76183063^[Effect of some antibiotics and chemotherapeutic preparations on Leptospira in vitro]^197511^Antibiotiki 1975 Nov;20(11):1011-4^^Bolotskii IA^It was shown in vitro with the method of successive serial dilutions that polymyxin M, thilan, streptomycin, neomycin, sodium levomycetin succinate, brilliant green, tripaphlavin, azidin, aminoacrichin, and novarsenol had the most pronounced bactericidal effect on Leptospira. Combination of the antibiotics or the chemotherapeutics apart from azidin and tripaphlavin did not increase the bactericidal effect as compared to their use alone. The clinical and collection strains of Leptospira had the same sensitivity to the substances tested. The above drugs should be tested on animals with leptospirosis.^0
76063911^The lipids of four unusual non-pathogenic host-associated spirochetes.^197511^Can J Microbiol 1975 Nov;21(11):1877-80^^Livermore BP, Johnson RC^The lipid compositions of two spirochetes isolated from the human oral cavity and two isolated from pig feces were examined. These isolates were unusual in that they did not require long-chain fatty acids for growth, as do the other host-associated spirochetes, but rather required isobutyric and valeric acids. Therefore, they could be cultured in a medium free of serum or fatty acid - albumin supplements. The major fatty acids synthesized were normal and iso fatty acids with 14 and 16 carbons. No unsaturated fatty acids were detected, nor were chain lengths longer than 16 carbons. The major complex lipids found were monogalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl glycerol, and bis- phosphatidyl glycerol. Nitrogenous phospholipids, present in Treponema and Leptospira, were not synthesized by these novel strains. The data indicate an intermediate position of these isolates between Treponema and free-living Spriochaeta.^0
76132810^Taxonomical, cultural and metabolic characteristics of halophilic leptospirae.^197511^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975 Nov;233(3):400-5^^Cinco M, Tamaro M, Cociancich L^Four strains of leptospirae were isolated from the sea and studied from a serological and metabolic point of view. These strains did not differ from saprophytic leptospirae except for their Na+ dependence.^0
76156963^[New findings concerning the spread of natural foci of infection in the transpolar region of eastern Siberia]^197511^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1975 Nov;(11):96-100^^Kornilova GV, Raikhlin MI, Iastrebov VK, Shaiman MS, Egorova LS^New materials are presented on the presence of the foci of anthropozoonozes in the Extreme North. For the first time there was established the existence in the subarctic tundra of the Taimyr peninsula of the arbovirus foci of the tick-borne encephalitis complex. A virus of the tick-borne encephalitis complex was isolated in 1973 from the gamasida ticks Haemogamasus ambulans Thorel. and Hirstionyssus isabellinus Oudms. and the nests of the Siberian lemming Lemmus lemmus L. This pointed to the existence in the Transpolar region of the foci or arboviruses in the nest-hole biocenoses of the lemmings outside the bird colonies. Cultures of tularemia bacilli (which proved the etiology of the epizootic among the lemmings observed in 1973 and also the presence of the lemming natural foci of tularemia and their combination with the arbovirus foci) were isolated from the lemmings at the same territory. The results of serological examination of the local population and of the animals pointed to the circulation in the Transpolar region of the causative agents of leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, Q-fever and of the Asian tick-borne rickettsiosis.^0
76030151^Letter: Rarity of leptospirosis in New England.^197511^N Engl J Med 1975 Nov 20;293(21):1106-7^^Berger SA, Barza M^^0
76076111^[Diagnostic problems in a case of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^197511^Minerva Med 1975 Nov 21;66(79):4213-4^^Dietz A^^0
76192885^Passive hemagglutination test as a serodiagnostic tool for human leptospirosis.^197512^Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 1975 Dec;74(12):762-6^^Tsai CC^^0
76166925^Isolation of Icterohaemorrhagiae from Microtus montebelli trapped at the Nagaoka area, Niigata Prefecture in Japan.^197512^Int J Zoonoses 1975 Dec;2(2):100-4^^Kitaoka M, Fujikura T^Three strains of leptospira were isolated from field rodents on the occasion of scrub typhus survey on the Nagaoka, Kurojo, Kamikawanishi area, Niigata Prefecture in September 1961. Out of 10 Microtus montebelli 3 strains of leptospira by means of heart puncture in febrile stage from guinea pigs. They were identified as icterohaemorrhagiae by cross-agglutination-lysis and a cross absorption tests. It was the first report of icterohaemorrhagiae in Microtus montebelli in Japan.^0
76212478^Isolation of Icterohaemorrhagiae from Microtus monte belli trapped at the Nagaoka area, Niigata Prefecture in Japan.^197512^Int J Zoonoses 1975 Dec;2(2):100-4^^Kitaoka M, Fujikura T^Three strains of leptospira were isolated from field rodents on the occasion of scrub typhus survey on the Nagaoka, Kurojo, Kamikawanishi area, Niigata Prefecture in September 1961. Out of 10 Microtus montebelli 3 strains of leptospira by means of heart puncture in febrile stage from guinea pigs. They were identified as icterohaemorrhagiae by cross-agglutination-lysis and a cross absorption tests. It was the first report of icterohaemorrhagiae in Microtus montebelli in Japan.^0
76094007^Antileptospiral activity in lower-vertebrate sera.^197512^Infect Immun 1975 Dec;12(6):1386-91^^Charon NW, Johnson RC, Muschel LH^Normal serum from the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), and the frog (Rana pipiens) were found to possess bactericidal activity towards Leptospira. Leptospires from both the parasitic and biflexa complexes were killed by these sera at high dilutions. This pattern differs from that of mammalian serum, as generally only the biflexa complex leptospires are killed by normal mammalian serum. The activity in C. picta serum was characterized as being complement dependent and not mediated by basic proteins. Because comple-inactivated C. picta serum regained leptospiricidal activity after the addition of fresh rabbit serum, antibody is also likely to participate in the killing activity. Further support that C. picta serum contained leptospiral antibodies was found by the detection of serotype-specific agglutinins.^0
76199474^Coagulation studies in leptospirosis.^197512^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1975 Dec;6(4):562-6^^Jaroonvesama N, Viranuvatti V, Charoenlarp K^Coagulation and serum F.D.P. studies in 10 leptospirosis patients (5, L. bataviae, 2, L. autumnalis, 2, L. australis, and 1, L. akiyami A.)showed prolongation of prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and thrombin clotting time, slight low platelet count, depletion of factor V and slightly high serum F.D.P. in only four cases. Four cases had bleeding and one case died because of severe haemorrhage but with only slight changes in coagulation factors and slightly high serum F.D.P. These findings suggested that the damage of capillary endothelium was more pronounced than the coagulopathy which may be due to liver cell damage.^0
76067840^Immune plasma-dependent cytotoxicity of immune and non-immune peripheral lymphoid cells for target cells coated with bacterial outer unit membrane.^197512^Immunology 1975 Dec;29(6):1093-102^^Torten M, Johnson RC, Kaattari S, Leung C, Benjamini E^The development of a model system for use in the study of lymphoid cell cytotoxicity to bacterial membrane antigens was attempted. In this system 51 Cr-labelled chicken red blood target cells were coated with pieces of the outer unit membrane of leptospirae rather than with soluble antigens. Using the model system to study dog peripheral immune lymphoid cell cytotoxicity to coated target cells we found that both immune and non-immune lymphocytes are antibody dependent for the expression of their cytotoxicity. It was also found that the unit membrane preparation from leptospirae can serve as a good antigenic stimulant to immune dog lymphoid cells as measured by increased [3H]thymidine uptake.^0
76085615^The public health implications of urban dogs.^197512^Am J Public Health 1975 Dec;65(12):1315-8^^Beck AM^^0
76086111^Immunoglobulins in cattle vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins.^197512^Am J Vet Res 1975 Dec;36(12):1735-6^^Tripathy DN, Smith AR, Hanson LE^The growth-inhibition test was used to detect specific antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo in isolated immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) fractions of serums from cattle vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins. The growth-inhibiting antibodies were detected mainly in the IgG class. Agglutinated clumps also occurred with the IgM fraction. The serums collected from cattle 4 months after vaccination were negative in the microscopic agglutination test.^0
76095468^New microtechnique for the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test.^197512^J Clin Microbiol 1975 Dec;2(6):474-7^^Carter PL, Ryan TJ^A new microtechnique has been developed for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in serum by the microscopic agglutination test. The test was set up in a microtiter transfer plate held in a transfer plate holder, resting on a transfer plate cover. Live leptospiral antigen was added and a second transfer plate cover was placed over the transfer plate during 2 h of incubation at 32 C. After incubation the bottom cover was removed and the complete unit was placed in a specially designed base plate containing microscope slides (50 by 75 mm). The serum/antigen mixture was ejected on to the microscope slides by means of a sharp tap. The agglutination was then read using a 10 X objective, 10 X eyepieces, and a dry, dark field condenser.^0
76130877^Isolation of a 'saprophytic' leptospiral serotype andamana from carrier rats in Israel.^197512^Trop Geogr Med 1975 Dec;27(4):395-8^^Shenberg E, Lindenbaum I, Dikken H, Torten M^The first isolation of two leptospira strains belonging to the serotype andamana from the kidney of Rattus norvegicus is reported. A strain of this serotype has never before been isolated in the Middle East, nor from any rodent in any other part of the world. Its epidemiologic significance and the classification of this serotype as part of the saprophytic Biflexa species is discussed.^0
76131273^[Dissemination and etiological structure of leptospirosis of swine]^197512^Veterinariia 1975 Dec;(12):50-3^^Malakhov IuA, Gushchin VN, Samokhvalov AP, Solov'eva VS, Shupliko AN^^0
76131274^[Etiology and some problems of the epizootology of leptospirosis in animals]^197512^Veterinariia 1975 Dec;(12):54-7^^Liubashenko SIa, Kirianov EA, Dragomir AA, Matveeva AA, Sakharova PU^^0
76156857^A suitable medium for the cultivation of halophilic leptospirae.^197512^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975 Dec;233(4):553-5^^Cinco M, Cociancich L^Cultural studies were carried out on halophilic Leptospirae to find a medium permitting their optimal growth and being easily reproducible. Tween 80 albumin medium enriched with artificial sea water shows these characteristics.^0
76179974^Laboratory investigations on four cases of leptospiral meningitis in Jamaica.^197512^West Indian Med J 1975 Dec;24(4):196-201^^King SD, Urquhart AE^^0
76132934^[Geographic distribution of diseases with natural foci and an epizootologic-epidemiologic study of the western Ukraine]^197512^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1975 Dec;(12):8-14^^Vigovskii AI, Vinograd IA^^0
76148181^[Method of preservation of blood sera of patients with leptospirosis for the immunofluorescence, microagglutination and lysis tests]^197601^Lab Delo 1976;(1):25-6^^Kozlovskaia EV, Sushkova NK^^0
76196684^Letter: Dark-ground microscopy of stained leptospires.^197675^N Z Vet J 1976 Jan-Feb;24(1-2):24^^Fowler GF^^0
76202447^Determination by means of electron microscopy of morphological criteria of value for classification of some spirochetes, in particular treponemes.^197601^Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppl 1976;(255):1-41^^Hovind-Hougen K^^0
77022303^[Study of a specific polyoside and a group antigen extracted from Leptospira biflexa patoc, patoc I strain]^197601^Biochimie 1976;58(7):827-35^^Gabay J, Tinelli R^We extracted from L. biflexa patoc a fraction F, reacting in hemagglutination and ring tests with sera prepared against more than ten different serogroups. This fraction contains mainly a polysaccharide (65 per cent), the role of which was clearly demonstrated in the precipitation reaction with homologous antisera, through periodic oxidation; it also contains lipids (20 per cent) and proteins (10 per cent). We isolated from this fraction F, by Biogel column chromatography, 2 distinct antigens, one, F2, carrying the patoc- type specificity, the other, F 1B, a group specificity shared by many leptospira. These antigens differ not only immunogically, but also in their chemical composition. The type-specific antigen F2 contains mainly a polysaccharide composed of arabinose and glucosamine (possibly an immunodominant sugar). As for the group-specific fraction F 1B, its composition is more complex since lipids and proteins are also found with the polysaccharide. This antigen could therefore be a lipoglycoprotein.^0
77032993^[Certain indicators of enzymograms and their diagnostic value in leptospirosis and viral jaundice]^197601^Lab Delo 1976;(5):289-93^^Pupkevich-diamant IaS^^0
76245868^[Use of culture media with sheep serum for maintenance and isolation of Leptospira strains]^197675^Rev Ig [Bacteriol] 1976 Jan-Mar;21(1):49-53^^Nicolescu M, Moldoveanu G^A study was carried out on the effects of a culture medium prepared with sheep serum inactivated at 68 degrees C on Leptospira cultures. Good results were obtained showing that the medium with sheep serum can be used for the cultivation of Leptospira in view of the preparation of antigens for microscopic agglutination and complement fixation. In experiments on the isolation of germs from organocultures and haemocultures the proportion of positive results obtained with sheep serum was smaller than with the media containing rabbit serum.^0
76147041^Leptospirosis in small mammals of Iran: I. Serologic tests and isolation of Leptospira hebdomadis from Apodemus sylvaticus.^197601^J Wildl Dis 1976 Jan;12(1):34-8^^Hooshmand-Rad P, Maghami G^Leptospires of the hebdomadis sero-group and related to sejroe serotype, were isolated from the kidney of a vole (Apodemus sylvaticus) by direct culture as well as by animal inoculation. Sera of the vole from which leptospires were isolated, and serologic specimens from 1372 other small mammals, were negative for leptospiral agglutinins.^0
76236470^Leptospiral antibodies in wild living animals from North Tyrol.^197601^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1976;23(1):25-31^^Sebek Z, Kaaserer G, Sixl W, Wallner H, Valova M^The authors examined serologically 623 wild living animals (22 species) from North Tyrol for the incidence of leptospirosis. Positive reactions (MAL) in the titre 1: 100 and more were found in 4.5% of the animals examined; the serotypes concerned were these: icterohaemorrhagiae, sorex-jalna, castellonis or arboreae, grippotyphosa, bratislava, pomona, sejroe, saxkoebing. Positive reactions were obtained with the sera of Sorex araneus, Erinaceus europaeus, Putorius putorius, Vulpes vulpes, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Rupicapra rupicapra, Apodemus sp., Clethrionomys glareolus. The serotypes forming natural foci of leptospirosis in North Tyrol are these: sorex-jalna, grippotyphosa, bratislava, saxkoebing and, apparently, jalna. Synanthropic foci are formed by icterohaemorrhagiae or copenhageni and sejroe.^0
77052443^The agglutinating and immunofluorescent activities of antileptospiral antibodies of human sera and of immunoglobulins M and G.^197601^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1976;21(3):341-52^^Roch P, Sramkova L, Salak J^Microagglutinating and immunofluorescent activities of sera of nine patients with clinically diagnosed leptospirosis were investigated. L. grippotyphosa was found in seven patients, L. sejroe in one and L. icterohaemorrhagiae in one patient. The agglutinating activities of IgM approximated the activities of the whole sera. In five patients the agglutinating activities were found in IgG; in four of them two to three months after the onset of the disease, in one patient a month after its onset. In one patient only the activity of IgG reached the activity of IgM after six months. Immunofluorescent activity was found in IgG in eight patients two to five weeks after the onset of the disease. In seven of these patients the activity of IgG reached or exceeded the activity of IgM three to ten weeks after the onset of the disease. IFAT was found to be poorly specific because of high heterologous titres. In 5 out of 7 patients with L. grippotyphosa, heterologous IFAT titres were reduced or eliminated by carrying out the reaction with isolated IgM and IgG. However, in patients with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and with L. sejroe heterologous IFAT activity persisted in both IgM and IgG. The study points out the possibility of differentiating an early stage of the infection from convalescence.^0
77095381^The agglutinating and immunofluorescent activities of antileptospiral antibodies of human sera and of immunoglobulins M and G.^197601^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1976;21(3):341-52^^Roch P, Sramkova L, Salak J^Microagglutinating and immunofluorescent activities of sera of nine patients with clinically diagnosed leptospirosis were investigated. L. grippotyphosa was found in seven patients, L. sejroe in one and L. icterohaemorrhagiae in one patient. The agglutinating activities of IgM approximated the activities of the whole sera. In five patients the agglutinating activities were found in IgG; in four of them two to three months after the onset of the disease, in one patients a month after its onset. In one patient only the activity of IgG reached the activity of IgM after six months. Immunofluorescent activity was found in IgG in eight patients two to five weeks after the onset of the disease. In seven of these patients the activity of IgG reached or exceeded the activity of IgM three to ten weeks after the onset of the disease. IFAT was found to be poorly specific because of high heterologous titres. In 5 out of 7 patients with L. grippotyphosa, heterologous IFAT titres were reduced or eliminated by carrying out the reaction with isolated IgM and IgG. However, in patients with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and with L. sejroe heterologous IFAT activity persisted in both IgM and IgG. The study points out the possibility of differentiating an early stage of the infection from convalescence.^0
78034828^[Leptospirosis]^197601^Tr Inst Pastera 1976;46:13-32^^Popova EM, Stoianova NA^^0
79224768^[Leptospirosis. Serological study of an epidemic outbrake in the province of Camaguey]^197675^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1976 Jan-Apr;28(1):33-8^^Ginebra Gonzalez O^A brief historical review of human leptospirosis up to 1972 in Cuba is made. Serological studies were made among sugar cane workers from the Army of Working Youth (EJT) during an epidemic leptospirosis outbreak at the Camguey province in 1973. Results of those studies are presented. The outbreak was due to several serotypes of Leptospira. Other works of the author as well as several reports obtained from specialized medical literature are compared.^0
76147034^Premature parturition in the California sea lion.^197601^J Wildl Dis 1976 Jan;12(1):104-15^^Gilmartin WG, Delong RL, Smith AW, Sweeney JC, De Lappe BW, Risebrough RW, Griner LA, Dailey MD, Peakall DB^Twenty percent of the California sea lion pups born on San Miguel Island die due to premature parturition. Specimens collected from premature-partus animals resulted in recovery of a virus, San Miguel Sea Lion Virus, indistinguishable from  Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, and Leptospira pomona from some of the premature cows and pups. The age range of 10 females delivering healthy pups in June was 10-14 years. With one exception, the ages in 10 aborting females was 6-8 years. The p,p'-DDE levels of the premature parturient cows' blubber and liver were 7.6 and 4.8 times greater, respectively, than corresponding tissue concentrations in the full-term animals. Polychlorinated biphenyls residues were 4.4 and 3.8 times greater in aborting animals' blubber and liver than in the same tissues of full- term sea lions. Premature-partus females had tissue imbalances of mercury, selenium, cadmium and bromine. Pathology, parasitology, serum enzyme and hormone results are also presented. These data suggest an interrelationship of disease agents and environmental contaminants as the cause of premature parturition.^0
79180285^Evaluation of sera of leptospiral vaccinated cattle for brucella antibodies.^197601^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1976;(80):107-13^^Hanson LE, Tripathy DN, Mansfield ME^^0
76223965^[Epidemiological study on leptospirosis in Brazilian snakes]^197675^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1976 Jan-Feb;18(1):10-6^^Hykutake S, de Biasi P, Santa Rosa CA, Belluomni HE^^0
76251528^Growth of saprophytic and pathogenic leptospira: evaluation of medium, temperature, inoculum, and cost.^197601^Appl Environ Microbiol 1976 Jan;31(1):134-7^^Finn MA, Jones RH^^0
76246867^[Intracutaneous leptospirin test on swine within the framework of the examination of slaughtered animals and control of animal epidemics]^197601^Tierarztl Prax 1976;4(2):203-6^^Obiger G, Schonberg A^^0
76236469^Leptospiral antibodies in domestic animals in Tyrol.^197601^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1976;23(1):15-23^^Sebek Z, Wallner H, Sixl W, Kaaserer G, Valova M^Results are presented of a serological examination of 1,547 domestic animals (cattle, pig, sheep, horse, goat, dog, cat) from 9 Tyrolian districts (Austria), performed in order to disclose the incidence of leptospirosis. Completely significant titres were domonstrated by means of the MAL test in the serotypes icterohaemorrhagiae or copenhageni, sorex-jalna, bratislava, sejroe and saxkoebing. In addition, antibodies were confirmed against L. bataviae, L. pomona, L. tarassovi and L. bulgarica, but the titres were insignificant. Of the animals examined, 7.2% gave positive reactions in titres of 1: 800 and above (for dogs and cats 1: 100 and more); positive reactions were obtained from 8.8% of cattle serum, 6.8% of pig-, 1.1% of sheep-, 3.3% of dog-, 18.2% of cat serum. A positive reaction was obtained with the serum of one out of the 9 horses examined, the sera of the two goats examined were negative. he percentage of positivity in animals from the individual districts ranged from 1.0 to 17.0, and variations were found also in the distribution of serotypes in the individual districts. The results indicate that the percentage of positivity in domestic animals from Tyrol decreases as the altitude of the localities increases.^0
76256613^Treatment of human leptospira infections with semicillin (ampicillin) or with amoxil (amoxycillin).^197601^Chemotherapy 1976;22(6):372-80^^Munnich D, Lakatos M^Ampicillin (Semicillin) and Amoxycillin (Amoxil) have a strong leptospirocidal effect in vitro and also in vivo. We have tested these drugs on 28 patients suffering from Leptospira infection. The patients generally received per os 3 g Ampicillin (Semicillin) or 2 g Amoxycillin (Amoxil) per day over a period of 6 days. In the groups treated with Ampicillin and Amoxycillin the average durations of fever during the treatment were 1.6 and 1.2 days, respectively. In the first group (Ampicillin) a 'second wave of fever' occurred in one case (5%) and in the second group (Amoxycillin), in 0% (as compared to 22% after treatment with benzylpenicillin). On the basis of our experiences, Ampicillin and Amoxycillin are strongly recommended for the treatment of human Leptospira infections.^0
76273157^[The current situation of leptospiroses in the GDR]^197601^Z Gesamte Hyg 1976 Jan;22(1):71-3^^Hergt R^^0
77018279^[Study of the resistance of rabbits immunized with combined vaccines to Brucella culture]^197601^Zh Eksp Klin Med 1976;16(2):33-7^^Kazarian AS^^0
77022582^Leptospirosis as an animal and public health problem in Latin America and the Caribbean area.^197601^Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1976;10(2):110-25^^Szyfres B^As a major livestock disease, leptospirosis cuts significantly into the world's supply of animal protein through its consequences of abortion and calf mortality, retarded growth, and reduced milk production. Evidently, such losses have severe economic implications as well. The disease's impact has been somewhat diminished in the developed countries thanks to mechanization of rural activities, improved personal and environmental hygiene, and broad application of preventive measures, including the administration of bacterins, in domestic animals. Still, even in these circumstances it remains a serious problem. In the developing countries, in which large percentages of the population live in close contact with animals, the spread of infection is much greater. Moreover, the ecology of tropical and subtropical America--with its abundant rainfall, natural water courses, and high temperatures--is particularly favorable for the transmission of leptospires. In such conditions the human disease is a growing threat as well. The spread of leptospirosis, both in animals and man, is facilitated by the fact that inefection from many of the serotypes can exist without presenting serious clinical manifestations. Hence the importance of laboratory diagnosis. Systematic studies over time of serotype distribution, coupled with wide and improved surveillance, will be a key factor in bringing the disease under control. According to the limited seroepidemiologic data available, 3 to 18 per cent of the general human population, 2 to 32 per cent of those belonging to exposed occupational groups, and 10 to 50 per cent of patients with fever of unknown origin have leptospiral antibody. The most predominant serogroups are Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Hebdomadis, and Bataviae. So far more than 50 serotypes, from 15 serogroups, have been isolated from man and animals in Latin America and the Caribbean area.^0
77022583^Immunization against leptospirosis: vaccine trials with heat-killed whole cell and outer envelope antigens in hamsters.^197601^Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1976;10(2):126-30^^Zeigler JA, Jones RH, Kubica K^Heat-killed whole cell and outer envelope antigens prepared from homologous virulent and avirulent strains of Leptospira serotypes canicola and pomona were evaluated for protecting hamsters against experimental leptospirosis. The heat-killed bacterins proved at least as effective as the outer envelope antigens, or more so, in providing protection against death and infection, and they are easier and more economical to prepare.^0
77041822^Serological investigations of leptospiral deoxyribonucleases.^197601^Acta Vet Scand 1976;17(3):354-8^^Mohn SF, Sandvik O^^0
77007571^Leptospirosis infection through insemination of animals.^197601^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1976;20(2):207-13^^Kiktenko VS, Balashov NG, Rodina VN^The semen of animals in spontaneous and experimental leptospirosis was investigated by bacteriological, immunological and biological methods. It has been found that pathogenic leptospirae (L. pomona, L. hebdomadis) are well preserved in the semen and in media used for its dilution. Leptospirae are eliminated with the semen. The initial strain of the agent was isolated from the semen and secretions of 6 out of 26 experimentally infected rabbits and 4 spontaneously recovered bulls (L. hebdomadis). Specific leptospiral antibodies appear in the semen of infected animals. The dynamics of the titre of these antibodies corresponds to the dynamics of the antibody titre in the blood. It is recommended to use the sement for the agglutination reaction. The application of semen infected with pathogenic leptospirae for artificial insemination causes the animals falling ill with leptospirosis accompanied by abortions, reduced fertility and stillbirths of rabbits.^0
77007586^Leptospirosis infection through insemination of animals.^197601^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1976;21(2):207-13^^Kiktenko VS, Balashov NG, Rodina VN^The semen of animals in spontaneous and experimental leptospirosis was investigated by bacteriological, immunological and biological methods. It has been found that pathogenic leptospirae (L. pomona, L. hebdomadis) are well preserved in the semen and in media used for its dilution. Leptospirae are eliminated with the semen. The initial strain of the agent was isolated from the semen and secretions of 6 out of 26 experimentally infected rabbits and 4 spontaneously recovered bulls (L. hebdomadis). Specific leptospiral antibodies appear in the semen of infected animals. The dynamics of the titre of these antibodies corresponds to the dynamics of the antibody titre in the blood. It is recommended to use the semen for the agglutination reaction. The application of semen infected with pathogenic leptospirae for artificial insemination causes the animals falling ill with leptospirosis accompanied by abortions, reduced fertility and stillbirths of rabbits.^0
77014671^[Serological survey on leptospirosis in bovines and swines in the state of Veracruz]^197675^Rev Invest Salud Publica 1976 Jan-Mar;36(1):13-7^^Velasco-Osorio R^^0
77092476^Leptospira sorex-jalna antibodies in shrews in Bohemia.^197601^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1976;23(3):200^^Sebek Z, Rosicky B^^0
77103665^[Leptospirosis outbreak in the Wroclaw Province in 1974]^197601^Przegl Epidemiol 1976;30(4):491-5^^Halat Z, Korczynska A, Ksinski J^^0
77134371^Co-antibodies in human leptospirosis.^197601^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1976;55(6):495-509^^Cacciapuoti B^Investigations concerning the co-antibodies formed in the course of human leptospirosis and the extractive antigens of leptospiras were reviewed. As a whole, the results concerning leptospira antigens point, next to antigens of serotype, to genus-specific and intertype antigens deeply seated in the cells. These cannot be identified by the MAL test, and therefore are not related to the co-agglutinins in human leptospirosis. The associations of co-antibodies in human leptospirotic sera were analyzed, using the MAL and CF tests performed with 20 pathogenic and water serotypes of leptospira. The results showed that in the course of human leptospirosis high titer co-antibodies are formed, both agglutinating and complement fixing, variably associated for one or more serotype antigens not belonging to the infecting strain. The various biological interpretations of the phenomenon were discussed and the hypothesis of antigenic changes of leptospira strains in vivo as well as in vitro was discussed, as a determining factor in the formation co-antibodies in leptospirosis.^0
77176329^[Epizootiology of leptospirosis on industrial swine-breeding complexes]^197601^Vet Med Nauki 1976;13(8):68-74^^Sherkov Sh, Khalacheva M, Kararizova L^Epizoovotiologic studies were carried out at two industrial pigbreeding complexes for 40,000 and 33,000 animals with a record of leptospirosis. The serologic examination of pigs made use of the microagglutination reaction in the investigation of a total of 3,793 blood samples by groups corresponded to the technology of raising introduced at such complexes--sows, growing animals, replacement animals, and pigs for fattening, along with the study of 20,914 blood samples taken from pigs in various regions of the country. The total number of positively reacting pigs accounted for 12.9 per cent. Highest was the percent of positively reacting sows and growing pigs--19.1 and 12.9, while the replacement animals showed 8.31. No positively reacting animals were found among the pigs for fattening. Highest titers were noted among sows--up to 1:12,800 (infectious), and lowest among growing pigs--up to 1:100 (postnatal). State are the substantial economic losses caused by abortions and stillborn piglets--11 and 23 per cent, resp., for the two complexes. The basic Leptospira type for the two complexes and for the country as a whole proved L. pomona. The main source of infection were the carrier pigs that excreted Leptospira organisms, and the infection at the industrial complexes came from the hybrid sows and boars imported from abroad for grading purposes. A biologically justified and economically expedient programme of immunoprophylaxis in the control of Leptospirosis was worked out, providing vaccination of replacement pigs and sows only, treatment taking place after impregnation.^0
77052449^Nephelometric density adjustment of leptospiral antigen.^197601^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1976;21(3):377-81^^Fuchs GH, Burger G^In testing leptospirosis by microagglutination, reproducibility of the results is affected by population age and germ concentration. These undesirable factors can be avoided if antibody identification is made with cultures incubated for 7 to 21 days and adjusted to 50 X 10(6) leptospires per mililitre. Most suitable for the purpose is an analogue mode based on nephelometry and the probability theory. The obtained statistical data furnish calculated and tabulated apparatus values which are used for standardizing with the aid of a newly developed nepheloflask with compression-spring stirrer.^0
77095387^Nephelometric density adjustment of leptospiral antigen.^197601^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1976;21(3):377-81^^Fuchs GH, Burger G^In testing leptospirosis by microagglutination, reproducibility of the results is affected by population age and germ concentration. These undersirable factors can be avoided if antibody identification is made with cultures incubated for 7 to 21 days and adjusted to 50 X 10(6) leptospires per millilitre. Most suitable for the purpose is an analogue mode based on nephelometry and the probability theory. The obtained statistical data furnish calculated and tabulated apparatus values which are used for standardizing with the aid of a newly developed nepheloflask with compression-spring stirrer.^0
77166465^Identification of Leptospira andamana isolated from the spinal fluid of a fatal case of leptospirosis in Sao Paulo, 1963.^197601^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1976;20(4):437-42^^Kitaoka M, Hyakutare S, Mori M^The IAL-S. P. strain was isolated from the spinal fluid of a patient male, aged 35, black, a sewer worker with fever, myalgia, jaundice, vomiting and meningitis symptoms with a 5-day incubation period after the lower half of the body had been submerged for 2 hours in sewers when unblocking a drain. Leptospires were isolated by direct inoculation of the spinal fluid taken on the 9th day of the illness into the Fletcher's media and into guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal route. The patient gave a positive agglutination test for L. andamana with cross-reaction with L. sejroe. The strain was identified as L. andamana by the cross-agglutination-lysis test and the cross-absorption test. The IAL-S. P. strain is undoubtedly not saprophytic but parasitic and pathogenic for man and animals, however its biological properties resist to the oligodynamic action of Cu and Hg and the 8-azoguanine action as in the case of the Patoc 1 strain. I could be recommended to reconsider whether the strain belongs to L. interrogans, L. biflexa or to another group because the grounds for L. andamana being saprophytic were denied by this report.^0
78253831^Leptospira-induced repeated abortion in sows.^197601^Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung 1976;26(4):395-403^^Kemenes F, Suveges T^^0
76196685^Leptospirosis: New Zealand's no. 1 dairy occupational disease.^197675^N Z Vet J 1976 Jan-Feb;24(1-2):6-8^^Philip NA^^0
79180290^Evaluation of the immune response of cattle to single and multiple vaccination with a polyvalent leptospiral bacterin.^197601^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1976;(80):173-81^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Nervig RM, Cardella MA, Mansfield ME^^0
76106747^[Leptospiral jaundice in miners]^197601^Vrach Delo 1976 Jan;(1):137-9^^Gazhiev VV, Bondarev LS^^0
76110023^Evaluation of the immune response of cattle to leptospiral bacterins.^197601^Am J Vet Res 1976 Jan;37(1):51-5^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Mansfield ME^Cattle were vaccinated against leptospirosis with 3 bacterin preparations: (a) trivalent (serotypes grippotyphosa, pomona, and hardjo) whole cell bacterin; (b) bivalent pomona and hardjo whole cell bacterin; and (c) pentavalent (canicola, grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, and hardjo) cell wall bacterin. Microscopic agglutinating antibody responses in cattle given the last- named bacterin were higher than those in cattle vaccinated with the 2 whole cell bacterins (trivalent and bivalent). However, microscopic agglutinating antibody responses occurred in all vaccinated cattle after they were given a challenge inoculation of serotype hardjo. Leptospires were isolated from 2 of 4 challenge controls (i.e., not given any bacterin), but none of the 15 vaccinated cattle given any one of the bacterins and then challenge inoculated with hardjo became culturally positive. It was concluded that the 3 multivalent bacterins were protective against experimental challenge inoculation of hardjo.^0
76110033^Immunity to leptospirosis: renal changes in vaccinated cattle given challenge inoculum.^197601^Am J Vet Res 1976 Jan;37(1):93-4^^Killinger AH, Taylor PL, Huhn RG, Hanson LE, Mansfield ME^Resistance to renal leptospirosis was demonstrated in cattle vaccinated with Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona bacterin. Fewer vaccinated cattle given challenge inoculum of virulent serotype pomona leptospires 12 months after vaccination had kidneys with gross focal lesions in the cortex than did nonvaccinated controls. Histopathologic changes characteristically associated with renal leptospirosis occurred less frequently and renal tissue damage was less severe in vaccinated cattle than in nonvaccinated controls. The isolation of serotype pomona from only 1 of 29 vaccinated cattle, compared to 7 isolations from 11 nonvaccinated cattle, at 26 days after challenge inoculum was given, indicated that mild renal infection occurred only infrequently in vaccinated cattle. It appeared that challenge inoculation of vaccinated cattle with virulent serotype pomona leptospires stimulated an accelerated secondary immune response in which immunity limited the multiplication of leptospires in the kidney.^0
76139068^Serologic evidence of equine leptospirosis in the northeast United States.^197601^Cornell Vet 1976 Jan;66(1):105-9^^Smith RE, Williams IA, Kingsbury ET^Serologic testing for leptospiral antibody was conducted with the macroscopic agglutination test on 1,346 equine serum samples. These were collected from clinically normal horses in 123 purebred herds in the Northeast. Sixty-eight samples (5%) from the population tested reacted at significant levels (1:40 or higher) to one or more of the 5 serotype antigens used. These reactors were from 38 (31%) of the herds tested. Reactions to serotype pomona predominated in 25 (72%) of these 38 herds. Smaller numbers of herds had reactors to canicola, icterohemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa. No significant reactions to serotype hardjo were detected.^0
76147047^Some observations on chronic leptospiral carrier state in gerbils experimentally infected with Leptospira grippotyphosa.^197601^J Wildl Dis 1976 Jan;12(1):55-8^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE^Leptospiruria with persistent microscopic agglutinating antibody titers were maintained in gerbils that became carriers following experimental infection with Leptospira grippotyphosa, strain F 4397. Leptospires were isolated from kidneys of a gerbil which died 28 months after experimental inoculation.^0
76178960^Leptospirosis in Trinidad and Grenada, with special reference to the mongoose.^197601^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1976;70(1):57-61^^Everard CO, Green AE, Glosser JW^In Trinidad, six Leptospira isolates were made from 957 febrile patients between 1968 amd 1972. In addition, CF antibodies were detected in 6-6% of febrile patients and human survey sera collected during this period. In 1972 alone, 10-4% (38/363) of sera examined had CF titres consistent with positive exposure to the disease. Grenada does not report leptospirosis, but the disease is common in mongooses in both Trinidad and Grenada. Serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Canicola are present in Grenada with 35-2% of mongooses examined being seropositive. Five Canicola strains of Leptospira were isolated from mongooses in Trinidad and serological studies showed that this was the most common serogroup from mongooses on the island. A total of 31 strains recorded from at least seven different serogroups and eight named serotypes have been isolated from humans, rats and mongooses in Trinidad. Human leptospirosis is probably more common in the Caribbean than the medical records indicate.^0
76196840^[Clinical observations on patients with leptospirosis]^197601^Orv Hetil 1976;117(18):1089-91^^Gyorgy B^^0
76111804^[Pathology, clinical aspects and etiology of glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis in dogs]^197601^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1976 Jan 15;89(2):21-4 concl^^Muller-Peddinghaus R, Schaefer B, Greiffenhagen U, Wirth W, Trautwein G^^0
76130111^Acute renal failure. Experience with 52 patients treated at Livingstone Hospital.^197601^S Afr Med J 1976 Jan 17;50(3):78-80^^Naidoo PM^Fifty-two cases of acute renal failure at Livingstone Hospital were studied. Twenty-two cases were obstetric, 10 surgical and 20 medical. The aetiological factors are tabulated and the pathophysiology is reported. Clinical features and biochemical abnormalities are presented. Infection was the commonest associated factor, followed by hypotension and volume problems, coagulation disorders, jaundice and hepatic failure, respiratory failure, pancreatitis and typhoid fever. In 7 of the medical cases the aetiology was unknown and was assumed to be toxic. A case history of a patient with leptospirosis, acute renal failure, liver failure and pancreatitis is presented. The mortality in this series was 32%.^0
76265510^Leptospira canicola isolated from Apodemus speciosus speciosus in Kyushu.^197602^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1976 Feb;29(1):45-7^^Kitaoka M, Otsuka S^^0
76265511^Identification of Leptospira pyrogenes isolated from a swine in the Philippines in 1967.^197602^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1976 Feb;29(1):49-51^^Kitaoka M, Mori M, Armitsu Y^^0
76171729^Growth, survival, antigenic stability, and virulence of Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola.^197602^J Med Microbiol 1976 Feb;9(1):29-37^^Ellinghausen HC, Painter GM^Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola (strain NADL A-13) grew from inocula as small as two cells in liquid polysorbate 80 medium (P-80 medium, in P-60, P-40 and P-20 media, and in P-80 medium from which polysorbate, NH4C1 or thiamine had been omitted. It grew well initially in vitamin B12-deleted P-80 medium, but only with inocula as large as 26 x 10(4) cells per ml. P-80 medium lacking both polysorbate and NH4Cl supported light growth from small inocula, but the omission of thiamine and vitamin B12 in addition seriously affected the properties of the medium. Where readily detectable growth did not develop in liquid nutrient-deleted medium, viable ortanisms could often be demonstrated indirectly by subculture to semisolid medium, and their occurrence was influenced by the presence of albumin, thiamine, and vitamin B12. Growth on semisolid media was comparable with that in liquid media of similar composition. The absence of polysorbate 80, thiamine, or vitamin B12 prevented the appearance of Dinger's zones of growth from small inocula. Antigenic composition as measured by microscopic agglutination tests with homologous and heterologous antisera was not appreciably affected by repeated subculturing in various complete and incomplete media. Homogenates of infected-hamster-kidney tissue in bovine serum-albumin diluent still contained viable organisms after 60 days' storage at 23-25 degrees C. Organisms derived from this material after 3 and 16 days' storage showed no loss of virulence. Organisms grown in artificial culture showed no loss of virulence after storage in bovine albumin diluent or phosphate buffer for 7 days at 23-25 degrees C. Cultures of the organism survived without loss of virulence for 15 months in 13 semisolid media of differing complexity. Single colonies derived from five different solid media were grown in semisolid forms of the parent media and stored at 23-25 degrees C for 10 months without loss of virulence.^0
76194509^[Treatment with hemodialysis of acute renal insufficiency in leptospirosis]^197602^Klin Med (Mosk) 1976 Feb;54(2):131-4^^Vladyka AS, Dotsenko AV, Mikhalevskaia LA^^0
77164674^Leptospirosis and acalculous cholecystitis.^197602^Ir Med J 1976 Feb 14;69(3):71-2^^McKiernan J, O'Brien DJ, Dundon S^^0
76177491^Comparative studies on the use of 5-fluorouracil in two different media as a selective agent for isolation of Leptospira.^197603^Res Vet Sci 1976 Mar;20(2):148-50^^Hussaini SN, Ruby KR^Incorporation of 5-fluorouracil at concentrations of 100-150 mug/ml in Korthof's medium was found to be effective in inhibiting staphylococci and Escherichia coli without adversely affecting leptospiral growth when cultures were incubated at 30 degrees C or at room temperature (15- 22 degrees C). No growth was detected in cultures incubated at 37 degrees C. it was concluded that Korthof's medium containing 5- fluorouracil at these concentrations forms a useful selective medium for the isolation of leptospires when incubated at appropriate temperatures.^0
76270172^Prevalence of rodent and mongoose leptospirosis on the Island of Oahu.^197675^Public Health Rep 1976 Mar-Apr;91(2):171-7^^Higa HH, Fujinaka IT^Sporadic occurrences of human leptospirosis in recent years throughout the State of Hawaii have resulted in at least one death. Because of the apparent association of rodents and possibly mongooses with human leptospiral infections, a survey for leptospirosis was conducted among rodents as well as mongooses on Oahu. No such work had been recorded since a survey of rodents and mongooses for leptospirosis 31 years ago. In the current work, the prevalence of rodent and mongoose leptospirosis in the districts of Oahu was determined by the kidney- culture method. A serologic study of the rodents and mongooses subjected to kidney culturing was also conducted by use of the microscopic slide agglutination test. There were 1.2 times as many kidney culture results that were positive as serologic results. High prevalence of rodent leptospirosis were found where there was considerable rainfall or fresh surface water such as from streams. The overall leptospirosis prevalence for rodents was 23.4 percent, and for mongooses it was 23.0 percent. The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) had the highest infection rate, 33.3 percent, and the predominant (72.2 percent) organism in these infections was Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, which causes Weil's disease in man. Observations of rodent leptospirosis recorded 31 years ago were compared with results of the current study. The mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is the preeminent carrier of Leptospira sejroe, a serotype that generally causes a mild form of leptospirosis in man.^0
76172563^[Leptospirosis epidemic (L. grippothyphosa) in the Mainz area, concerning the pediatric age group (author's transl)]^197603^Klin Padiatr 1976 Mar;188(2):156-60^^Ohr C, Schmidt M, Engelhardt K, Straub E^31 children, presenting with rather uncharacteristic symptoms of an infectious disease and being referred to this clinic mostly because of lymphadenitis of the neck (81%) and/or signs of meningitis (45%), were seen within a period of only eight weeks and proved to suffer from Leptospirosis (L. grippotyphosa). The majority of the patients belonged to the age group of one to six years and lived in rural environs.  Our observation is considered to relate to a Leptospirosis epidemic and suggests, as opposed to the general acceptance, a much higher incidence of Leptospirosis in this country and, moreover, in children.^0
76202138^[Tests for anthropozoonoses in sera of farmers in eastern-Austria. I. Communication (author's transl)]^197603^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Mar;234(2):265-70^^Sixl W, Stunzner D, Withalm H^Because of human disease and the evidence of antibodies in domestic- and wild animal-sera, human sera were tested for various anthropozoonoses in three districts of the so called "Seewinkel" (Eastern-Austria). Positive reactions were found for listeriosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, ornithosis, Q-fever, rickettsiae of the RMSF- group "Stamm B", mycoplasmosis, TBE-(FSME-), Sindbis-, West Nil-VIRUS. These results are indicators for the occurrence of the pathogens and are supported by the positive results already found at serological tests of domestic and wild animals.^0
77114378^[Human leptospirosis in Martinique]^197675^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1976 Mar-Apr;69(2):144-51^^Mailloux M, Schneider R, Gervaise G^Eco-geographic conditions are good for spread of Leptospiroses in Martinique. Leptospiroses are widespread in all parts of the Island. Many people have animals in inhabitation area. When they are sought, Leptospiroses can be diagnosed. During 3 years, we found many cases confirmed by biological diagnosis (immunological research of antibodies). Icterohaemorrhagiae is the first serogroup encountered and the most frequent. After follow Canicola, Ballum, Cynopteri and Javanica. Actually, Leptospiroses are a disease more frequent than is generally thought in Martinique. But only the severe cases are hospitalized, so diagnosed. Many cases of fever of unknown origin can be Leptospiroses.^0
76196689^Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona infection and leptospiruria in vaccinated pigs.^197603^N Z Vet J 1976 Mar;24(3):37-9^^Hodges RT, Stocker RP, Buddle JR^^0
76190480^A card test for the serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis.^197603^J Clin Pathol 1976 Mar;29(3):198-202^^Bragger JM, Adler B^A macroscopic agglutination test for detecting leptospiral antibodies in human sera is described. The test utilizes a stained preparation of non-pathogenic leptospires and is performed on the Brewer diagnostic cards used for bovine brucellosis screening. The agglutination of the stained antigen is more easily observed than the current macroscopic slide test using unstained leptospiral antigens. The non-pathogenic serotype patoc is agglutinated by sera from humans infected with serotypes pomona, hardjo, ballum, and copenhageni with a sensitivity of 94% in comparison with the microscopic agglutination test.^0
76179425^Abortion associated with mixed Leptospira/equid herpesvirus 1 infection.^197603^Vet Rec 1976 Mar 13;98(11):218-9^^Ellis WA, Bryson DG, McFerran JB^^0
76221081^Letter: Leptospirosis hardjo.^197603^N Z Med J 1976 Mar 24;83(560):208^^Avery TL^^0
76218466^Natural infections of guinea-pigs.^197604^Lab Anim 1976 Apr;10(2):119-42^^Rigby C^^0
76272632^[Lysozyme level in swine with leptospirosis]^197604^Veterinariia 1976 Apr;(4):55-6^^Bolotskii IA, Kundriukov AI, Tereshchenko NI, Shiliakin VK^^0
77066602^Some leptospira agglutinins detected in domestic animals in British Columbia.^197604^Can J Comp Med 1976 Apr;40(2):215-7^^Andress CE, Greenfield J, Macdonald K^During a period of six years 7,555 bovine sera, 421 canine sera, 251 porcine sera and 135 equine sera were tested for agglutinins to Leptospira interrogans serotypes canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, pomona and sejroe. The bovine sera reacted predominantly with hardjo and/or sejroe at a rate of 15% compared to 3.5% with pomona. Breeding or abortion problems were associated with pomona but not with sejroe/hardjo agglutinins. The canine sera reacted to canicola (9.9%y and icterohemorrhagiae (5.4%), tcted predominantly with canicola (8.9%) and icterohemorrhagiae (8.1%).^0
77126822^[Study of a leptospirosis focus with L. grippotyphosa in a Subcarpathian zone. III. Postepizooto-epidemic evolution of the focus]^197675^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1976 Apr-Jun;80(2):233-6^^Straton C, Straton A, Teodorovici G, Bercovici C, Buzdugan I, Beldiman N, Vasiliu D, Vasiliu A, Soana G, Soana R^^0
76184284^Leptospirosis in a rural barrio of Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.^197604^Bol Asoc Med P R 1976 Apr;68(4):69-75^^Hiatt RA, Sulzer CR^^0
76173939^[Severe course of an infection with Leptospira grippotyphosa (author's transl)]^197604^Med Klin 1976 Apr 9;71(15):631-4^^Meuter KP, Weihrauch TR, Kohler H, Gnandiger HP^In a 22 years old female patient severe jaundice, renal failure and myocarditis developed 3 days after the onset of fever and other uncharacteristic symptoms. In dark-field microscopy leptospires were found. Inspite of high-dose penicillin therapy exitus letalis occurred in myocardial and circulatory failure, due to a severe interstitial myocarditis. Leptospira grippotyphosa could be proven serologically as the causative bacterium. It is pointed out, that leptospirosis inspite of their rare occurrence should be included in the differential diagnosis of infections of undetermined origin, especially if jaundice develops. The demonstration of leptospira in blood, cerebro-spinal fluid or urin by means of darkfield microscopy may quickly support the diagnosis. Since the course of severe leptospirosis can be influenced significantly only up to the 4th day after the onset, high-dose penicillin G or tetracycline therapy should be initiated already when the clinical suspicion is present.^0
76217537^The route of entry of leptospires into the kidney tubule.^197605^J Med Microbiol 1976 May;9(2):149-52^^Marshall RB^To study the migration of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona through the kidney, conventionally-reared mice aged 2 or 3 weeks were infected intraperitoneally with this organism. Within the first 4 days, the organisms migrated from the capillary lumina to the interstitial tissue and provoked an interstitial oedema. By the 10th day they were seen between the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules and by the 14th day many were located within tubular lumina. There was no evidence of viable leptospires within the cells of the proximal tubules, though occasionally structures resembling leptospiral fragments inside lysosomes were observed. At no stage during the study were glomerular lesions seen.^0
76268262^Letter: Leptospirosis hardjo.^197605^N Z Med J 1976 May 12;83(563):336^^Avery TL^^0
76213849^Bovine leptospirosis.^197606^J Dairy Sci 1976 Jun;59(6):1166-70^^Hanson LE^^0
76237816^Serological studies and isolations of serotype hardjo and Leptospira biflexa strains from horses of Argentina.^197606^J Clin Microbiol 1976 Jun;3(6):548-55^^Myers DM^Three pathogenic leptosipras and 12 saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strains were isolated from 72 apparently normal horse kidneys collected at an abattoir in Argentina. Cross-agglutination reaction patterns of the pathogens showed that they were antigenically homologous with members of the Hebdomadis group. When one of the strains was compared to Hebdomadis serotypes in reciprocal agglutination-absorption tests, it was found to be serologically homologous to serotype hardjo. This is the first known report of an isolation of this serotype from horses. Serological tests were also carried out on randomly collected abattoir sera from 245 horses to determine the prevalence of equine leptospirosis. Significant antibody titers (1:100 or greater) were found in 74.6% of the sera. Predominant reactions occurred with the antigens pomona, hebdomadis group, pyrogenes, tarassovi, and canicola. Agglutination tests performed with antigen prepared with one of the saprophytic biflexa isolates showed seropositive reactions in 99.1% of the equine sera, with agglutination titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:3,200. Absorption of selected horse sera with the saprophytic strain removed the agglutinins to Leptospira interrogans serotypes. This suggests the possibility that L. biflexa strains may act as an antigenic stimulus and account for some of the persistent multiple cross-reaction patterns of equine sera with pathogenic serotypes.^0
76240834^Microbiology--waterborne outbreaks.^197606^J Water Pollut Control Fed 1976 Jun;48(6):1378-97^^Craun GF^^0
76240835^Microbiology--detection of bacterial pathogens and their occurrence.^197606^J Water Pollut Control Fed 1976 Jun;48(6):1397-410^^Reasoner DJ^^0
76247839^[Immunobiological reactivity in swine infected with radioactive phosphorus-labeled Leptospira]^197606^Veterinariia 1976 Jun;(6):42-4^^Stepanenko PP, Liubashenko SIa, Netsepliaev SV, Iaichuk VR, Seregin IG^^0
77021220^The effect of Leptospira hardjo vaccine in a northern Queensland beef herd.^197606^Aust Vet J 1976 Jun;52(6):258-60^^Holroyd RG, Smith PC^In a northern Queensland beef herd where there was serological evidence of L. hardjo infection, lactation failure or wastage between pregnancy diagnosis and branding was 11.9% in animals vaccinated with a single dose of a L. hardjo vaccine and 19.4% in unvaccinated controls. This difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Vaccination caused a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in rate of lactation failure in heifers but not in other classes of cows.^0
77028003^An international survey of leptospiral agglutinin of dogs by RMAT.^197606^Int J Zoonoses 1976 Jun;3(1):33-60^^Ryu E^FRom 1970 through 1973, the author used RMAT to examine the canine leptospiral antibodies against 10 serotypes in 12,374 attended dogs, 1,855 stray dogs and 480 house dogs in 24 countries. Among the 10 serotypes, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola were the most prevalent. Positive rates were in the following order: Peru 26.3%, Chile 18.4%, Turkey 17.4%, Austria 16.0%, Korea 15.0%, Cina (Taiwan) 11.4%, Japan 9.8%, Brazil 7.7%, United States 5.5%, United Kingdom 4.5%, Italy 3.5%, Germany 2.0%, and Canada 0.4%. Negative results were obtained in Australia, Dominica, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Indonesia, Iran, Malta, Philippines, Sweden and Thailand. Positive rates on different continents were: South America 11.1%, Asia 10.1%, Europe 3.4%, North America 2.4%, Oceania and Africa (Ethiopia) 0%. Negative results were obtained against either L. icterohaemorrhagiae or L. canicola in samples from most tropical countries. Lower positive rates were seen during summer in Korea and Japan. Positive reactors were detected against other serotypes, viz., L. grippotyphosa, L. australis A, L. pyrogenes, L. bataviae, L. autumnalis, L. hebdomadis and L. javanica. Sex, physical condition and vaccination status as factors in the presence of antibodies were reviewed.^0
77062461^Decreased delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin demonstrated in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs.^197606^Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [C] 1976 Jun;84(3):255-60^^Colding H, Johansen KS, Bentzon MW^Skin reactivity to tuberculin has been studied during the course of experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs. A depression of the delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin was demonstrated in the infected animals. The depression was most pronounced when icterus had developed. The depression was not correlated with the amount of infectious units administered or with the demonstration of live leptospirae in the peritoneal cavity. In the infected animals there was no correlation between the initial and the final skin tests which is in contrast to findings in the control group.^0
77010232^Some parasites and other organisms of wild rodents in the vicinity of an SPF unit.^197607^Lab Anim 1976 Jul;10(3):271-8^^Owen D^80 Rattus norvegicus and 63 Mus musculus caught near the Laboratory Animals Centre, were examined for parasites and other organisms: 32 parasite species were found and 2 species of Mycoplasma. A small number of individuals were tested and found positive serologically for species of Leptospira.^0
77014923^[Diagnostic value of blood fibrinogen in leptospirosis]^197675^Rev Ig [Bacteriol] 1976 Jul-Sep;21(3):181-4^^Prodrom I, Popa O, Raileanu I, Radu T, Voiculescu G, Cretu G^A study was carried out on the value of the presumptive diagnosis of fibrinogenemia in the uncharacteristic forms of leptospirosis, during the first eight days of the disease, in 42 cases, as compared to that of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The results of fibrinogenemia determinations were more suggestive of the diagnosis at the beginning of the disease.^0
76233627^Serological survey of dogs from Toronto for leptospiral antibodies.^197607^Can Vet J 1976 Jul;17(7):192-3^^Kingscote B, Tittiger F^^0
76265129^Patterns of acute renal failure in leptospirosis.^197607^J Trop Med Hyg 1976 Jul;79(7):158-60^^Ramachandran S, Rajapakse CN, Perera MV, Yoganathan M^The renal profile was studied in 61 patients having leptospirosis. Leptospira-induced acute renal failure conformed to one of two distinct clinical patterns, either oliguric on non-oliguric renal failure. The prognosis was excellent in the latter variety of renal failure and mortality was confined to patients with oliguric renal failure, where severe glomerular and widespread tubulo-interstitial lesions were invariably present. These patients had unfavourable prognostic features during life, such as prolonged oliguria and anuria, absence of a diruetic phase, persistent elevations in BUN and persistently low urea excretion. The prognostic significance of the age of the patients, hypotension and jaundice in relation to the occurrence and type of acute renal failure have been discussed. Retrospective observations indicate that both a vasculotoxic or haemorrhagic state and oliguric acute renal failure are important causes for mortality in human leptospiral infections.^0
76265928^Leptospirosis in a British domestic cat.^197607^J Small Anim Pract 1976 Jul;17(7):459-65^^Bryson DG, Ellis WA^^0
77057877^The early diagnosis and investigation of the meningitides.^197607^Practitioner 1976 Jul;217(1297):82-90^^Chambers RA^^0
77133626^Unusual and new Leptospira hebdomadis serotypes isolated from wild small rodents in Romania.^197607^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1976 Jul;35(3):203-11^^Nicolescu M, Straton A, Alamita I^^0
77047441^[Polysaccharide antigen from the leptospira L. biflefa patoc]^197607^C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1976 Jul 12;283(2):215-8^^Tinelli R, Gabay J^We have extracted from L. biflexa patoc (using sodium desoxycholate) a fraction F containing 65% of polysaccharide, reacting in hemagglutination and ring-test with sera prepared against 8 different serogroups.^0
77035094^Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica from a possum [letter].^197607^N Z Med J 1976 Jul 28;84(568):74-5^^Marshall RB, Manktelow BW, Ryan TO, Hathaway SC^^0
76276362^Anterior uveitis and leptospirosis.^197608^Ann Ophthalmol 1976 Aug;8(8):958-62^^David R, Barkay S^Seven patients with anterior uveitis due to leptospirosis are presented. The diagnosis was based upon serologic tests and exclusion of other etiologic possibilities. Six patients came from a well-known endemic area of leptospirosis during the time of epidemics and one case came from an area which was not known to be endemic at the time. In 5 patients the uveitis was bilateral. The disease was mild in all but 2 patents who needed systemic administration of steroids. The posterior part of the eye was not involved in any of the cases.^0
77041075^[Meaning of serotype Patoc (biflexa complex) for the diagnosis of leptospirosis by microscopic agglutination test (author's transl)]^197608^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Aug;235(4):506-11^^Hergt R^Agglutination with serotype patoc (Patoc 1) was found in 72 of 125 cases of leptospirosis. Patoc-agglutination occured frequently in leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagiae, less frequently in leptospirosis grippotyphosa and rarely in leptospirosis tarassovi. 53 cases of leptospirosis were not diagnosed when using Patoc 1 as single antigen. So we cannot recommend to use serotype patoc as the sole antigen for microscopic agglutination test. We observed 1 case in which the reaction with Patoc 1 happened earlier than the reaction with the pathogen serotypes. For this reason the battery of antigens for carrying out microscopic agglutination test should include serotype patoc, too.^0
76246809^[Review of the incidence of antibodies to various serological groups of the species Leptospira interrogans in a number of farm animals in the Netherlands (author's transl)]^197608^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1976 Aug 1;101(15):835-48^^Hill WK, Weenink-Van Loon CD^Report on the results of serological studies on the species Leptospira interrogans in cattle (19,607), swine (6,348), dogs (182) and horses (88) from the Netherlands during the period from 1969 to 1974. Living cultures of the serotypes of pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, guidae (Tarassovi serological group), grippotyphosa and sejroe were used as antigen in the micro-agglutination test. The numerical findings showed that antibodies to serotypes of the species Leptospira interrogans were present in 7.67 per cent of the cattle, 22.21 per cent of the pigs, 36.81 per cent of the dogs and 92.05 per cent of the horses studied. Infection with the serotypes of icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa was most common in cattle and horses, icterohaemorrhagiae and tarassovi were most common in swine and icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola were most common in dogs. The presence of pomona is not a factor in the Netherlands. In view of statistical findings, grippotyphosa infections in cattle may be assumed to result in abortion.^0
77197219^[Effect of vaccination on the reproductive function of animals]^197608^Veterinariia 1976 Aug;(8):78-9^^Il'inskii EV, Rodionov VI^^0
77101139^The effects of Leptospira serotype pomona in sheep of different haemoglobin types.^197608^N Z Vet J 1976 Aug;24(8):163-6^^Hodges RT, Millar KR, Revfeim KJ^^0
76233264^Leptospirosis as a cause of erythema nodosum.^197608^Br Med J 1976 Aug 14;2(6032):403-4^^Derham RL, Owens GG, Wooldridge MA^^0
76214982^Classification of spirochaetes in general and of the genus Leptospira in particular.  pp. 95-106.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Turner LH^^0
76214983^Comparative spirochete physiology and cellular composition.  pp. 39-48.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Johnson RC^^0
76214987^Epidemiologic trends of leptospirosis in the United States, 1965-1974. pp. 177-89.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Kaufmann AF^^0
76214989^Immunity in leptospirosis.  pp. 339-49.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Alexander AD^^0
76214992^Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis.  pp. 209-23.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Shotts EB Jr^^0
76214994^Morphology of leptospires.  pp. 19-37.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Ritchie AE^^0
76214995^Nutrition of leptospires in bovine albumin polysorbate medium.  pp. 65- 85.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
76214996^Pathogenesis of leptospirosis.  pp. 295-306.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Hanson LE^^0
76215002^Some perspectives for thinking about spirochaetal structure.  pp. 1-5.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Murray RG^^0
76215003^The determinants of microbial pathogenicity in relation to spirochetal disease.  pp. 235-47.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Smith H^^0
76215010^Treatment and control of leptospirosis.  pp. 375-88.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Stoenner HG^^0
76215006^The epidemiology of the spirochetoses. A worldwide view.  pp. 133-55.^DATUM^In:  Johnson RC, ed.  The biology of parasitic spirochetes. New York, Academic Press, 1976.  QW 155 S989 1975b. ;:^^Willcox RR^^0
77077731^Leptospira interrogans serovar tarassovi in New Zealand [letter].^197608^N Z Med J 1976 Aug 25;84(570):171^^Ryan TJ, Marshall RB, Blackmore DK^^0
77055890^Leptospiral infections in humans [letter].^197608^Med J Aust 1976 Aug 28;2(9):357^^Adler B, Bragger JM^^0
77030577^The effects of alkalinity and hypertonicity on the morphology and motility of Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain B16.^197609^J Gen Microbiol 1976 Sep;96(1):25-33^^Kaiser GE, Doetsch RN^Effects of alkalinity and hypertonicity on the motile behaviour of Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) B16 were observed, quantified, and compared with effects previously shown by similar factors on the motility of eubacteria. Leptospira interrogans tolerated relatively high concentrations of hydroxide ions. Motility similar to that in controls was observed at pH values up to 9-8; but at pH 10-0 motility declined sharply with time of exposure, and there was structural alteration, visible as a blebbing of the cell envelope. Unlike the behaviour of eubacteria, immobilization of L. interrogans induced by hydroxide ions could not be reversed by lowering the pH. It is suggested that by restricting entry of hydroxide ions, the cell envelope protects its motility apparatus from adverse effects. Leptospira interrogans was completely immobilized in 0-5 M and 1-0 M- sucrose solutions. Unlike the eubacteria, leptospires were incapable of spontaneous reversion to motile forms and resumption of motility was dependent on both concentration and time of exposure to sucrose. Deuterium oxide did not affect movement, suggesting that even though leptospire endoflagella and the exoflagella of eubacteria are analogous, the motile behaviour of L. interrogans is significantly different from that of eubacteria.^0
77047190^[First case of leptospirosis caused by serotype from the serogroup autumnalis in CSR (author's transl)]^197609^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1976 Sep;25(5):269-73^^Sebek Z, Odehnal P^^0
77047192^[Immunofluorescent technique in serology of leptospiroses. II. Demonstration of specific IgM antibodies in acute leptospiroses (author's transl)]^197609^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1976 Sep;25(5):280-6^^Klanica J, Sramkova L, Cervova H^^0
78120896^[Leptospirosis in a Dakar hospital: results of a new survey]^197609^Afr J Med Med Sci 1976 Sep;5(3):213-20^^Sankale M, Sow AM, Ruscher H, Sarrat H^The incidence of leptospirosis in West Africa is still almost unknown. Doubtful or positive serological tests were found in approx. 35% of the patients admitted to the hospital, among which leptospirosis could clinically or biologically be suspected. This rather high proportion reflects the frequency of recent or past contacts with leptospira antigen. It is in agreement with the high infestation prevalence observed among several domestic or wild animals, besides small rodents. On the countrary, it should be noted that the leptospirosis-illness, at least in its pure form, with its characteristic hepatic, renal and neurological signs, is seldom seen. Seven typical cases only (among which five at the hosptical Le Dantec) have been diagnosed in Dakar during these last 6 years. Even taking into account that the proportion of atypical, fruste or undiagnosed forms is not negligible, leptospirosis does not appear to be a major medical problem in Senegal.^0
76266756^Chronic meningitis.^197609^Medicine (Baltimore) 1976 Sep;55(5):341-69^^Ellner JJ, Bennett JE^^0
77005267^Susceptibility of mice treated with cyclophosphamide to lethal infection with Leptospira interrogans Serovar pomona.^197609^Infect Immun 1976 Sep;14(3):703-8^^Adler B, Faine S^Mice not normally susceptible to infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona were rendered susceptible to lethal infections by treatment with a single dose of 300 mg of cyclophosphamide (Cy) per kg administered optimally from 4 days before to 1 day after infection. Cy- treated mice with either passively or actively acquired antibody were protected from death. Blood levels of leptospires in infected untreated and in Cy-treated mice remained similar until 2 days after infection, when untreated mice cleared the leptospires. Soon afterwards, opsonizing and agglutinating antibody appeared. Cy-treated mice given spleen cells from other normal or specifically immune mice were protected from infection. An important factor in the natural resistance of mice to leptospiral infection appears to be their capacity to produce circulating antibody within 48 to 72 h. Applications are suggested for this animal model in vaccination and protection studies.^0
77006426^Primary isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex-serotype 6 on blood agar.^197609^J Clin Microbiol 1976 Sep;4(3):266-9^^Thigpen JE, Thierry VL, Gupta BN^Mycobacterium avium complex-serotype 6 was isolated in pure culture on blood agar plates from inocula taken from the heart blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen of a naturally infected captive female opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana). Repeat cultures from stored tissues and transfer of colonies from original blood agar plates revealed that the mycobacterium grew on tryptose, brilliant green, eosin-methylene blue. Sabouraud glucose, and mycobiotic agar plates and in Fletcher leptospira medium. The cultural, biochemical, and serological characteristics of the test isolate were compared with other mycobacteria. This is the first report to describe the primary isolation of a serotype from the M. avium complex from an animal species on blood agar or in Fletcher broth. In addition, this is the second documented report describing the isolation and identification of a mycobacterial species from the American opossum.^0
77040430^[Septic course of a leptospirosis due to serotype grippotyphosa (swamp fever)]^197609^Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1976 Sep 1;70(18):939-43^^Schutz J, Kleine HC, Lauf H^^0
77111710^A study of nephritis of beef cattle in North Queensland.^197609^Aust Vet J 1976 Sep;52(9):398-402^^Amatredjo A, Campbell RS, Trueman KF^The incidence of subclinical nephritis in beef cattle slaughtered at a Townsville abattoir during the period 1970-73 was 3.8 percent. A rising incidence coincided with the wet summer of 1973-74 reaching a peak of 8.2 percent thereafter in June 1974. All but 1 of 100 cases macroscopically identified as nephritis and studied histologically proved to be of interstitial type in which lymphocytic infiltration predominated. Follicular lymphoid hyperplasia was also a common feature. The exceptional case showed proliferative glomerulonephritis. Leptospires were isolated from 16 percent of cases cultured, and observed in 8 percent of specimens examined histologically. All of the 8 isolates subjected to serogrouping were L. pomona. Of the animals tested serologically against 2 serotypes 66.2 percent were positive to L. pomona (33.8 percent), L. hardjo (18.9 percent) or both (13.5 percent). The total incidence is significantly higher than in other random surveys carried out in the region. These findings suggest that Leptospira sp. are a major cause of bovine nephritis. Since other pathogens endemic in the area, for example, Babesia and Theileria sp., may be capable of causing nephritis in cattle an accurate assessment of the aetiology of that form of renal disease in north Queensland cannot yet be made.^0
77111716^Leptospiral agglutinins in dogs in Sydney.^197609^Aust Vet J 1976 Sep;52(9):425-6^^Watson AD, Wannan JS, Porges WL, Testoni FJ^From June 1971 to June 1972, sera from 600 dogs in Sydney were tested for leptospiral agglutinins by a rapid slide agglutination method. The end-point titre was taken at 50 percent agglutination of the live organisms. Forty-one samples (6.8 percent) had a significant leptospiral titres (100 or greater) and 5 of these reacted to 2 serotypes. Thirty serums (5 percent) contained agglutinins against L. copenhageni, and 6 (1 percent) against L. pomona, while a few samples reacted against hardjo, tarassovi, australis, grippotyphosa or pyrogenes serotypes. No significant titres were found to L. canicola, L. hebdomadis, L. autumnalis or L. bataviae.^0
77122527^[Review of our patients with leptospirosis accompanied by jaundice syndrome]^197675^Med Arh 1976 Sep-Oct;30(5):323-6^^Sibalic S, Kurt A, Maric D, Lupi D, Mulic D, Jusufovic E^^0
77174872^Leptospirosis in Malaysia: a common cause of short-term fever.^197609^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1976 Sep;7(3):380-3^^Brown GW, Lee CK, Huxsoll DL, Ng TS, Lim KJ, Wan HS, Eeran JD, Sannasey G^A study of 1,437 unselected febrile patients in rural Malaysia yielded a diagnosis of leptospirosis in 86 (6.0%). The clinical syndrome was mild to moderate in all cases, jaundice was observed in only 2 (2.3%) and no deaths were documented. The diagnosis was not clinically obvious in most cases, and it is apparent that many infections must be going unnoticed at present.^0
77101152^Isolation of a leptospire belonging to serogroup tarassovi [letter].^197609^N Z Vet J 1976 SEP;24(9):212-3^^Ryan TJ, Marshall RB^^0
77057941^[Jaundice and kidney failure]^197609^Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1976 Sep 21;65(38):1176-8^^^^0
76239255^Chemotherapy and immunization in the control of leptospirosis in domestic animals.  pp. 156-66.^DATUM^In:  VIII Inter-American Meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease an Zoonoses Control. Washington, Pan American Health Organization, 1976.  W1 PA443 no.316 1976. ;:^^Stalheim OH^^0
76239257^Diagnosis of leptospirosis.  pp. 143-7.^DATUM^In:  VIII Inter-American Meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease an Zoonoses Control. Washington, Pan American Health Organization, 1976.  W1 PA443 no.316 1976. ;:^^Santa Rosa CA^^0
76239258^Epidemiologic aspects of leptospirosis.^DATUM^In:  VIII Inter-American Meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease an Zoonoses Control. Washington, Pan American Health Organization, 1976.  W1 PA443 no.316 1976. ;:148-55^^Blenden DC^^0
76239261^Leptospirosis as an animal and public health problem in Latin America and the Caribbean area.  pp. 115-30.^DATUM^In:  VIII Inter-American Meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease an Zoonoses Control. Washington, Pan American Health Organization, 1976.  W1 PA443 no.316 1976. ;:^^Szyfres B^^0
76239267^The problem of leptospirosis in the world.  pp. 131-42.^DATUM^In:  VIII Inter-American Meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease an Zoonoses Control. Washington, Pan American Health Organization, 1976.  W1 PA443 no.316 1976. ;:^^Abdussalam M^^0
77084177^[Antigenic structure of saprophytic leptospirae and their classification]^197610^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1976 Oct;(10):113-6^^Vlasova NP, Kiktenko VS^The authors present the results of study of the serological properties of 46 strains of saprophytic leptospirae of different origin. On the basis of the affinity of the antigenic structure detected in the cross microagglutination reaction (MAR) 38 strains under study were united into 8 serological groups; the rest 8 strains were serologically independent in this reaction. The fact that 9 strains of water leptospirae isolated in the Armenian SSR belonged to one serological group was proved in the cross MAR and the test of aglutinin adsorption. This serological group was new and was named L. armenica. Five individual serological types of saprophytic leptospirae were differentiated in its composition. Comparative study of the serological interrelations between the group of strains isolated in Armenia and the strains of some serological groups and serological types the closest serological connections were noted in the K-1030 (serological group Armenica) and Bovedo (serological group Andamana) strains. It is believed that the existing division of the saprophytic leptospirae into two serological groups (Semaranga and Andamana) required widening and supplement by new serological groups and serological types.^0
77126975^[Therapeutic considerations on severe leptospirosis]^197675^Rev Ig [Bacteriol] 1976 Oct-Dec;21(4):241-5^^Prodrom I, Raileanu I, Popa O, Radu T, Voiculescu G, Cretu G^The present paper reports on the results obtained by intravenous administration of furosemide which shortened the period of oliguria in the course of acute renal insufficiency in leptospirosis. The criteria of administration of heparin for preventing the intravascular disseminated coagulation syndrome in leptospirosis are discussed.^0
77030934^Canine leptospirosis: an immunopathological study of interstitial nephritis due to Leptospira canicola.^197610^J Pathol 1976 Oct;120(2):83-9^^Morrison WI, Wright NG^In an attempt to define the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in acute interstitial nephritis due to Leptospira canicola the kidneys of 14 dogs were subjected to histological immunofluorescence and elution studies. Leptospiral antigen was found in three sites within the kidney; as discrete organisms in the proximal tubules, as granular deposits in the cytoplasm of macrophages and in large extracellular clumps in the interstitium. Deposits of IgG were also detected in the latter site and in plasma cells found in the surrounding cellular infiltrate. Anti-leptospiral antibody, mainly of the IgG class, was detected in renal eluates using both agglutination-lysis and indirect immunofluorescence. From these findings it was considered that the cellular infiltrates found in the kidneys of dogs suffering from acute leptospiral nephritis have two main functions; firstly, the local production of anti-leptospiral antibody and, secondly, phagocytosis.^0
77028773^Occurrence of 3-O-methylmannose in the polysaccharide of Leptospira biflexa Urawa.^197610^J Bacteriol 1976 Oct;128(1):492-4^^Azuma I, Takeda K, Yamamura Y, Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^^0
77098397^[Differential diagnosis of acute forms of viral hepatitis and jaundice variants of nonicteric leptospirosis]^197610^Klin Med (Mosk) 1976 Oct;54(10):75-8^^Belov GF, Kunina NA, Sakharova EG^^0
77152609^[Hepato-renal form of leptospirosis]^197610^Vrach Delo 1976 Oct;(10):145^^Rudoi FD^^0
77023130^Leptospirosis presenting with profuse haemoptysis.^197610^Br Med J 1976 Oct 23;2(6042):982^^Burke BJ, Searle JF, Mattingly D^^0
76262749^Research on infectious and parasitic agents in foxes in the Modenese Apennines.  pp. 527-8.^DATUM^In:  Page LA, ed.  Wildlife diseases.  New York, Plenum Press, 1976. W3 IN9323 1975w. ;:^^Soldati G, Pavesi M^^0
76262752^Some research needs in the zoonoses.  pp. 369-78.^DATUM^In:  Page LA, ed.  Wildlife diseases.  New York, Plenum Press, 1976. W3 IN9323 1975w. ;:^^McDiarmid A^^0
77116489^[Level of antibodies against Leptospira in sera of dogs in Gdansk]^197611^Med Weter 1976 Nov;32(11):672-5^^Gorska I, Kopczewski A, Krolak M^^0
77046513^A comparative study on the use of whey and serum for microscopic agglutination test for the detection of Leptospira antibodies.^197675^Br Vet J 1976 Nov-Dec;132(6):621-6^^Hussaini SN^^0
77074113^Immunising potency of Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola after heat inactivation at different temperatures.^197611^J Med Microbiol 1976 Nov;9(4):487-92^^Painter GM, Ellinghausen HC Jr^The immunogenicity of Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola suspensions inactivated by various degrees of heat exposure was examined in hamsters. No differences between leptospires killed at 50 degrees C and at 98 degrees C were shown. After exposure to 121 degrees C, suspensions retained their ability to protect against lethal infections but lost their ability to prevent leptospiruria. Tests with vaccines inactivated at or below 98 degrees C showed that the doses required for complete protection varied with the interval between vaccination and challenge. Larger doses were required to prevent the development of leptospiruria than to prevent death.^0
77084219^[Leptospirosis in rodents in the old natural focus of Eastern Slovakia]^197611^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1976 Nov;(11):47-8^^Prokopchakova G, Pospishil R^A total of 770 rodents (40 rats, 100 hamsters and 630 rodents) were serologicall examined in the old natural foci in some of the Eastern Slovakia regions; there were 10.6% of positive reactions to Leptospirosis in dilutions ranging from 1 : 100 to 1 : 1600. In rats 17 sers (40%) proved to be positive to leptospira, mostly reacting with the L. icterohaemorrhagiae. A positive reaction with the leptospira antigen was found in 13 sera (15%) of hamsters; the sera reacted with the Leptospira grypposa more frequently than with the L. serjoe. In the group of small rodents the greatest number of positive reactions to leptospirosis was obtained in microtus arvalis (10.7%); the sera reacted most frequently with L. grippotyphosa and L. serjoe. As many as 9 serological types were revealed in the group examined.^0
77106619^[Clinical characteristics of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^197611^Vrach Delo 1976 Nov;(11):146-50^^Sokol AS, Vozianova ZhI, Kuz'minskii NP, Dekhtiarenko OM, Shvets ET^^0
77107562^Serological characteristics of the Leptospira serogroup Pomona. I. Factor analysis of the reference strains.^197611^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Nov;236(2-3):316-22^^Manev C^The factor analysis of the Leptospirae of the Pomona serogroup discloses the presence of 4 main factors in this group on the basis of which 4 serovars, namely pomona, mozdok, tropica and proechimys may be accepted in this group. It is proposed that the Monjakov and the LT 1026 strains be referred to the pomona serovar. One of the established main antigens (P-4) is of the complex nature containing both thermostable and thermolabile compounds.^0
77107563^Serological characteristics of the Leptospira serogroup Pomona. II. Changes in the agglutination and absorption properties of the reference strains after formalin- and heat-inactivation.^197611^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Nov;236(2-3):323-7^^Manev C^After formalin or heat-inactivation for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C, the absorption properties of some Pomona serogroup strains diminish, which indicates that they have thermolabile (Pomona, CZ 299U and LT 796) or formalin-labile (Pomona and 5621) minor antigenic factors. The agglutination properties of the various strains change differently after inactivation though not in parallel with the absorption properties.^0
77107564^Immunological and morphological analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate extract of Leptospira.^197611^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Nov;236(2-3):328-35^^Kida H, Watanabe H, Yamamoto S, Yanagawa R^Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extract of Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura was fractionated by rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient, and the fractions were analysed immunologically and morphologically. Two main peaks of antigenic activities were obtained. The first peak showed activities of strong indirect hemagglutination (IHA), weak complement fixation (CF), and low production of agglutinin in mice, and produced 5 precipitin lines in immunodiffusion with homologous strain antiserum. It gave only partial protection to guinea pigs. No recognizable structural components were found electron microscopically in the first peak. The second peak, on the other hand, showed no IHA activity, strong CF activity, high production of agglutinin in mice, and produced no precipitin line in immunodiffusion. It gave complete protection to guinea pigs. Membrane fragments of the enveloping sheath were found electron microscopically in the second peak. The protective activity of SDS extract of leptospira was thus intimately associated with the activityes of agglutinin production and CF, as well as with the membranous structures of the enveloping sheath.^0
77107565^The dynamics of IgM- and IgG-antibodies in leptospiral infection in man.^197611^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Nov;236(2-3):336-43^^Chernukha YG, Shishkina ZS, Baryshev PM, Kokovin IL^The dynamics of specific agglutinating antibodies belonging to different classes of immunoglobulins in 1047 blood sera of 669 patients and persons who had recovered from leptospirosis was studied. 19S and 7S antibodies were found in sera of patients with simultaneous presence of Pomona and Grippotyphosa. The character of syntesis of specific leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies correlated, but the concentration of the IgG was much lower. As a rule, IgM antibodies had a wide range of cross-reactions with leptospires of heterologous serogroups. However, IgG-antibodies in 85% of cases reacted with homologous leptospires only.^0
77107566^Formation of antibodies and immunoglobulins of various classes in persons vaccinated with warm antileptospirosis polyvalent vaccine.^197611^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Nov;236(2-3):344-53^^Shishkina ZS, Baryshev PM, Chernukha YG, Kokovin IL^The results of the observations of 2 groups of 372 persons during 10 months showed that a twofold inoculation of corpuscular heated 6-valent antileptospiral vaccine ensures the formation of 19S-antibodies. The ratio 19S/7S antibodies was determined by inactivation of IgM agglutinins with the help of 2-mercaptoethanol. Quantitative content of immunolglobulins (G, A and M) was determined in parallel with the reaction of agglutination by the method of simple radial diffusion. Immunoglobulins of the class M in the serum of vaccinated persons increased as compared with control, whereas the content of IgG did not rise and that of IgA decreased.^0
77107567^Studies on the role of sodium in the metabolism of halophilic leptospirae.^197611^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Nov;236(2-3):354-8^^Cinco Del Fabbro M, Sottocasa GL^Data from studies of the metabolic mechanism of the sodium dependence of halophilic leptospirae revealed that the presence of sodium - 1) has no effect on the oxygen uptake when the microorganism is oxidizing endogeneous and exogeneous substrates; 2) is not involved in the multiplication phase; but 3) is of importance for keeping the cell structure intact.^0
77174192^The experimental infection of calves with a British leptospire of the Pomona serogroup.^197611^Res Vet Sci 1976 Nov;21(3):363-4^^Little TA, Salt GF^Two calves were infected with a British leptospire of the Pomona serogroup. Both showed symptoms of anorexia and fever and one had marked haemoglobinurea and leptospiruria. The serum antibody titres rose rapidly in both calves.^0
77195775^[Leptospirosis in the state of Chiapas, Mexico (preliminary report)]^197675^Salud Publica Mex 1976 Nov-Dec;18(6):989-98^^Zavala Velazquez J, Caballero Guerrero C, Sanchez Vazquez I^^0
77147553^An epidemiological investigation of leptospirosis at an artifical breeding centre.^197611^N Z Vet J 1976 Nov;24(11):253-62^^Blackmore DK, Marshall RB, Ingram BR^^0
77060686^Bovine leptospirosis: infection by the Hebdomadis serogroup and mastitis.^197611^Vet Rec 1976 Nov 6;99(19):368-70^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Pearson JK, Collins DS^An outbreak of mastitis involving approximately 70 out of 140 cows over a two-month period is described. Common mastitis pathogens were not incriminated. Leptospires belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup were isolated from the milk of three out of five cows and the blood of two of those cows.^0
77060693^Bovine leptospirosis: a serological and clinical study.^197611^Vet Rec 1976 Nov 13;99(20):387-91^^Ellis WA, Michno SW^Antibodies to serotypes representing one or more of 10 Leptospira serogroups were detected in the sera of 1766 (49-1 per cent) cows and heifers out of a total of 3600 sera tested. Infection by the Hebdomadis serogroup was the predominant infection; antibodies to serotype sejroe were found in 1503 (41-8 per cent) sera. Antibodies to the Icterohaemorrhagiae (7-7 per cent) and Balllm (7-3 per cent) serogroups were the next most common, while antibodies to the Australis, Javanica, Canicola, Panama, Cynopteri, Pyrogenes and Autumnalis serogroups were detected in a small number of animals. Only the Hebdomadis and Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroups were associated with clinical disease.^0
77082754^Bovine leptospirosis: infection by the Hebdomadis serogroup and abortion-A herd study.^197611^Vet Rec 1976 Nov 20;99(21):409-12^^Ellis WA, Michna SW^A possible relationship is demonstrated between infection of cattle by the Hebdomadis serogroup of Leptospira and abortion of undiagnosed aetiology. This association is based on (1) The occurrence of a much higher incidence of antibodies to serotype sejroe in herds with a history of undiagnosed abortion than in other groups of cattle tested. (2) A relationship between the incidence of cows with antibody titres to sejroe and the incidence of abortion of unknown aetiology in 29 herds during an 18 month model period.^0
77060701^Bovine leptospirosis: demonstration of leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup in aborted fetuses and a premature calf.^197611^Vet Rec 1976 Nov 27;99(22):430-2^^Ellis WA, Michna SW^Leptospires were demonstrated in five aborted fetuses and in a premature calf. Evidence is presented to indicate that a member of the Hebdomadis serogroup was the causative agent.^0
77156889^Drug induced interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis.^197612^Aust N Z J Med 1976 Dec;6(6):583-7^^McMenamin RA, Davies LM, Craswell PW^Acute interstitial nephritis associated with hepatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, fever and eosinophilia is uncommon. The syndrome has been described previously in association with phenindione administration, leptospirosis and heavy metal poisoning. Four cases are described, two of which were due to phenindione sensitivity. The other two patients had been exposed to a number of toxins including allopurinol, frusemide, chlorothiazide and methyldopa so that the exact aetiological agent is unclear. Interstitial nephritis should be considered as a cause of acute renal failure in patients with other features of drug hypersensitivity.^0
77078192^[Leptospirosis typho-gripposa in 4 children]^197612^Pediatr Pol 1976 Dec;51(12):1471-3^^Wiklik W, Skibinska L^^0
77107584^Electrophoresis of water-insoluble leptospiral proteins and the taxonomy of Leptospira.^197612^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976 Dec;236(4):536-42^^Atanasov N, Vassilevska M, Popov N^The cellular debris obtained after lysis of Leptospira were solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate and studied by polyacrylamide electrophoresis, comparing the molecular weight and relative concentration of the protein bands. The percentage similarity of 30 characteristic bands from 21 Leptospira strains, belonging to the main pathogenic and some saprophytic serogroups, was calculated; A partial matching of the derived dendrogram with the other classifications was observed.^0
77116500^[Vaccines against leptospirosis]^197612^Med Weter 1976 Dec;32(12):707-11^^Nowakowski J^^0
77174911^Socio-economic, health and nutritional status of the villagers in the Nong Wai irrigation area, Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand.^197612^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1976 Dec;7(4):601-21^^Harinasuta C, Sornamani S, Migasena P, Vivatanasesth P, Pongpaew P, Intarakao C, Vudhivai N^Studies were carried out from June 1974 to May 1975 on the socio- economic status, health and nutritional status of the people in 4 villages, in the irrigation area of the Nong Wai Pioneer Agricultural Project of Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand. The result obtained were compared with those in 2 non-irrigated villages in the same province, in order to identify the health and nutritional problems which might arise during the water resource development in the irrigation area. It was found that in the irrigated villages 90% of the peoples were farmers, while in the non-irrigated villages all were farmers. The socio-economic status of the people in the irrigated villages was much better than those in the non-irrigated ones. The income per family in the former was about three times greater than that in the latter. In the study of the health conditions of the villagers, the vulnerable age group including pre-school children under 7 years of age and school children in the elementary school class 1 and class 2, aged 7-9 years old, served as subjects for investigation. Haematological and physical examinations revealed many children with mild to moderate anaemia, vitamin B2 deficiency and a few cases of hepatomegaly. Anaemic children were found to be more prevalent in the non-irrigated villages than in the irrigated area. The overall parasitic infection rates in children in the irrigated and non- irrigated villages were similar with respect to severity of the infection. Hookworm infection, opisthorchiasis, strongyloidiasis and giardiasis were the leading parasitic infections, while amoebiasis was rare. Ascariasis and trichuriasis were not found. However, the first two helminthic infections had a low grade of intensity. The nutritional status of pre-school children, showed that there were more children with good growth in the irrigated villages than in the non-irrigated one. Serum proteins, albumin and globulin, and urinary urea nitrogen- creatinine ratio revealed normal findings indicating that the children had sufficient protein intake. The results of the urinary hydroxyproline-creatinine index suggested that many of the children in both groups of the villages were at marginal malnutrition status. Surveys on domestic animals including cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and field rats revealed no important zoonotic diseases except leptospirosis in a few rats. Some fish were found to harbour metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini, while some snails were positive for cercariae of O. viverrini, Schistosoma spindale, and Echinostoma malayanum. The overall findings indicated that the water resource development by establishing better irrigation, resulted in an improved socio-economic and nutritional status among the villagers, but health conditions and associated parasitic diseases and some nutritional deficiency still existed in the children. However, the findings from this study provide only preliminary data concerning the socio-economic status, health, and nutritional status of the villagers in the irrigation area...^0
77073010^Leptospirosis australis--a case report.^197612^J Med Assoc Ga 1976 Dec;65(12):449-50^^Long HW, Walker GS 3d^^0
77060714^The isolation of a leptospire from an aborted bovine fetus.^197612^Vet Rec 1976 Dec 4;99(23):458-9^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Neill S, Hanna J, Bryson DG^^0
77191003^[Absorption reaction of Leptospira antibodies]^197701^Lab Delo 1977;(2):109-10^^Kiktenko VS, Vlasova NP^^0
78240192^Proving the presence of leptospiric antigen in the urine of diseased animals by means of complement fixation test.^197701^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1977;19(1):47-9^^Iankov N, Baltova E, Vassilevska M^^0
78240196^A study on the relationship dose-effect in case of gamma-irradiation on leptospira.^197701^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1977;19(1):67-72^^Vassilevska M, Jankov N, Grigorov L^^0
77176292^[Prevention and decontamination of farms of swine leptospirosis]^197701^Veterinariia 1977 Jan;(1):67-8^^Bobrovskii VI^^0
78200474^The serology of calves vaccinated and challenged with Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona. I. Agglutination and complement fixation reactions.^197775^N Z Vet J 1977 Jan-Feb;25(1-2):10-1^^Ris DR^^0
78200479^Leptospira ballum isolated from hedgehogs.^197775^N Z Vet J 1977 Jan-Feb;25(1-2):28-30^^Brockie RE, Till DG^^0
78200482^Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona infection in pigs: prevention of leptospiruria by immunisation before exposure to a natural infection.^197775^N Z Vet J 1977 Jan-Feb;25(1-2):33-5^^Hodges RT^^0
79180328^Leptospirosis in perspective.^197701^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1977;(81):161-82^^Ellinghausen HC Jr, Deyoe BL, Nervig RM^^0
79180329^Variation in response of hamsters to Hebdomadis group of Leptospira.^197701^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1977;(81):183-95^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Barten SL, Mayer GD, Jones FC 3d^^0
79180330^Serological incidence of leptospirosis in Florida cattle.^197701^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1977;(81):197-200^^Rubin HL^^0
77126739^Leptospires isolated from wild mammals caught in the south west of England.^197701^Res Vet Sci 1977 Jan;22(1):126-7^^Salt GF, Little TW^Leptospires of the serogroups Australis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, Javanica and Pomona were isolated from wildlife caught in the south west of England.^0
78018594^The spirochetes.^197701^Annu Rev Microbiol 1977;31:89-106^^Johnson RC^^0
78108012^Results of the investigation of soil for contamination with pathogenic leptospires.^197701^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1977;24(4):301-4^^Karaseva EV, Chernukha YuG, Sakhartseva TF^In the natural focus of leptospirosis at the lake Nero (Yaroslav region, USSR) 630 samples of soil were investigated for the presence of leptospires. Seven cultures of leptospires were isolated from the soil; five of them were pathogenic (four belonged to the serogroup Grippotyphosa and one to the serogroup Hebdomadis) and two were saprophytic. Among the cultures of pathogenic leptospires isolated from the soil there was observed the same quantitative ratio of serogroups as among cultures obtained from rodents, which suggests that the leptospires circulate from mammals to soil and vice versa.^0
77202127^[Agents of zoonoses and the environment of their habitats. III. Adaptive variability and ecotypes]^197701^Biol Nauki 1977;(4):43-9^^Litvin VIu^^0
77245169^The kidney and infections.^197701^Contrib Nephrol 1977;7:272-89^^Eknoyan G, Weinman EJ^^0
78079270^Comparative bacteriological survey of imported experimental monkeys.^197701^Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Georg Speyer Haus Ferdinand Blum Inst Frankf A M 1977;(71):113-7^^Brede HD, Heber L, Steinbach A^^0
77113409^An examination of the antibodies active in the indirect haemagglutination test for bovine leptospirosis.^197775^Br Vet J 1977 Jan-Feb;133(1):17-24^^Morris JA, Gill JE, Hussaini SN^^0
77126746^Plasma concentrations of steroid hormones in sows infected experimentally with Leptospira pomona or porcine enterovirus strain T1 in late gestation.^197701^Res Vet Sci 1977 Jan;22(1):28-34^^Bielaaski A, Raeside JI^Plasma levels of progesterone, corticosteroids and oestrone were determined during the late stages of pregnancy in four sows experimentally infected with Leptospira pomona and in a group of three sows in which fetuses were inoculated in utero with a strain of porcine enterovirus. Only one of the seven infected sows farrowed at full term. All fetuses were dead and delivery was prolonged in litters infected with the virus. In the sows with leptospirosis almost all piglets were expelled dead or in a weak condition. The amounts of progesterone in plasma were within the normal range and showed a decrease shortly before abortion similar to that observed before parturition in normal animals. The elevation in plasma corticosteroids at normal parturtion was not seen at abortion. An irregular pattern with rising levels of plasma oestrone was found in most sows. Peak levels of oestrone were usually reached close to the time of delivery, but occured earlier in most sows which aborted well before term. In conclusion differences were noted between the endocrine patterns in normal parturition and in abortion caused by infectious agents in sows.^0
77130673^[Significance of an increase in the titer of agglutinins in the microagglutination test in leptospirosis]^197701^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1977;(1):70-4^^Kiktenko VS, Shirkovskaia AP, Ezhov GI, Golub VP^The authors considered different views of investigators on the diagnostic antibody titre level in the microagglutination test (MAT) in leptospirosis of man and animals. Some of them took into consideration MAT in low titres (1:10-1:20), and others - in high only (1:400, 1:1000), which gave no possibility to assess the state of leptospirosis morbidity. The authors suggest that the assessment of the level of the titres in single and repeated studies should be approached differentially. In single examination 1:100 and over should be considered as a positive MAT titre for man, 1:200 and over - for cattle, 1:20 and over - for swine, and 1:20 and over for murine rodents. In repeated investigations any level of the titre in case of its dynamics should be taken into consideration.^0
78015257^[Studies of the etiology of infectious abortion in cows in Ruse District]^197701^Vet Med Nauki 1977;14(3):54-60^^Kolev V, Genchev GA, Bogdanov M, Venev S, Donev A^A total of 28,159 blood serum samples have been examined for brucellosis, 87--for leptospirosis, 84--for toxoplasmosis, 554--for the presence of rickettsii and neoreckettsii, and 193--for total protein content, albumin, and protein fractions, taken from cows in the course of the years on 40 dairy farms in the district of Rousse. Bacteriologically were examined 349 aborted fetuses, 178 samples of estral secretion, 57 placentae, and 1002 samples of washings and seminal fluid from bulls for vibriosis. Bacteriologic investigations were also carried out on 383 fetuses for salmonellosis, listeriosis, and colibacteriosis, and virologic studies of 398 placentae and parenchymal organs of fetuses. Twenty-eight fetuses were studied parasitologically for toxoplasmosis, and 118 blood smears were examined for hemosporidiosis. It was established that most important in the etiology of the infectious abortions in cows in the district of Rousse were Vibrio organisms. They were found in 36.9 per cent of the studied bovine fetuses and in 24.4 per cent of all materials examined bacteriologically. Only 4 cases were noted of neorickettsii from fetuses and placentae. Serologically, there were 23.6 per cent cases positive for neorickettsiosis, and 12.6 per cent--for Q fever; 56.4 per cent of the investigated sera proved positive for leptospirosis. In 0.8 per cent of the examined fetuses there was Escherichia coli. Abortions in cows were also due to anaplasmosis and francaillelosis; 14.2 per cent of the investigated respective sera were positive for toxoplasmosis. On the days of abortions the amount of total protein was 7.13 mg%, that of albumins--36%, and of globulins--64%. It is considered imperative to elucidate the cause of abortions of infectious nature in cows in connection with the establishing of cattle-breeding complexes.^0
77082119^[Leptospirosis (author's transl)]^197701^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1977 Jan 1;102(1):45-52^^Hartman EG^Leptospirosis is one of the most widely distributed zoonoses. Dogs are the pets in which leptospirosis is most common. The use of diagnostic laboratory procedures is discussed. During the first seven days of the disease, leptospires may be detected in the blood and organs; after the seventh day, they are detectable in the kidney and possibly also in the urine. Examination of the serum for antibodies is possible after the first week of the disease. A clinical diagnosis is often hard to establish. Unlike what used to be the case, infections with L. icterohaemorrhagiae are more common today than those with L. canicola. Infections are more common in male dogs than they are in bitches. In addition to antibiotic therapy, preferably consisting in administration of penicillin and streptomycin, symptomatic treatment is useful. Vaccination should be performed in the spring. Dog are probably of minor importance as a source of human infection in the Netherlands.^0
77085009^Dynamic changes in the epidemiology of canicola fever in Israel. Natural adaptation of an established serotype to a new reservoir host.^197701^Am J Epidemiol 1977 Jan;105(1):42-8^^Shenberg E, Birnbaum S, Radrig E, Torten M^Investigation of human leptospirosis caused by the serotype canicola revealed a significant shift in the chain of infection of this disease. The adaptation of an old and well-established serotype to a new and abundant host, the Norway rat, provides a new means for spreading and transferring canicola fever to man and farm animals. The changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis described should serve as a warning to epidemiologists responsible for suggesting proper prophylactic measures.^0
77105262^Leptospirosis in west Texas.^197701^Tex Med 1977 Jan;73(1):75-8^^Newman EC, Pool GE^^0
77113407^The isolation of a strain of Leptospira serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae from an aborted bovine foetus.^197775^Br Vet J 1977 Jan-Feb;133(1):108-9^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Neill S, Hanna J, Bryson DG^^0
77153650^Factor analysis of Basovizza serogroup of "Leptospira biflexa".^197701^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1977;237(2-3):337-41^^Cinco M, Stefanelli I^Factor analysis is performed on serotypes of Basovizza serogroup of "Leptospira biflexa". The results show the arrangement of main factors typical for the members of this serogroup as well as the antigens common with serotypes of the heterologous serogroup. The existence of a main haptene-like factor is also hypothesized.^0
77154160^[Incidence and clinico-biochemical characteristics of liver damage in leptospirosis]^197701^Acta Med Iugosl 1977;31(1):33-42^^Breitenfeld V, Gugic F^^0
77176291^[Etiology of leptospirosis in animals]^197701^Veterinariia 1977 Jan;(1):61-6^^Matveeva AA, Sakharova PU, Shabran EK, Dragomir AV, Nekipelova GA^^0
77170542^[Intravital pulse photography of microorganisms in a dark field]^197775^Mikrobiologiia 1977 Jan-Feb;46(1):179-81^^Khavkin TN, Ioffe VA^^0
77175593^Cardiac and pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis.^197701^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1977;71(1):56-9^^Ramachandran S, Perera MV^The clinico-pathological features of cardiac and pulmonary involvement were studied in seven cases of fatal leptospirosis. Petechial haemorrhages occurred in the heart and pericardium in all cases with blood-stained pericardial effusions in five. Interstitial myocarditis was noted in five patients and probably caused the changing electrocardiographic abnormalities and clinical cardiovascular effects during the illness. Sub-pleural and intrapulmonary haemorrhages occurred in all seven cases with pleural effusions in four. Pulmonary oedema was a striking feature during the early stages of the illness, while in patients surviving the first week of the disease infiltrative and proliferative lesions were common. The latter type of pulmonary changes occurred at a stage when acute renal failure was improving and were not related to the presence and severity of jaundice. The clinico- pathological profile of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis appears to fall into an adult respiratory distress syndrome and, when present, carries a serious prognosis and would then be a prime factor in mortality. As clinical manifestations of pulmonary involvement appear late during the clinical illness and may be of abrupt onset, auscultatory and radiological surveillance becomes mandatory in severe leptospiral infections.^0
78000951^Isolation of serotype hardjo and other leptospirae from armadillos in Argentina.^197701^Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1977;11(2):131-9^^Myers DM, Caparo AC, Moreno JP^A serologic, bacteriologic, and histopathologic examination for leptospires was carried out on 89 armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) from Argentina. Forty-seven per cent of the serum samples yielded positive results when tested by microscopic-agglutination. Predominant agglutination reactions were to the Hebdomadis and Bataviae serogroups. A total of 15 Leptospira isolations (from 16.8 per cent of the animals tested) were obtained from kidney tisse. Nine of the isolates were identified as belonging to the Bataviae group serotypes argentiniensis, paidjan, or bataviae; three other isolates proved to be the Canicola group serotype canicola; two others were Leptospira biflexa strains; and the last isolate was found to be serotype hardjo of the Hebdomadis group. The latter finding represents the first isolation of serotype hardjo from this animal species. Histopathologic examination of kidneys from 11 of the animals yielding pathogenic leptospires permitted a diagnosis of interstitial nephritis. This intersitial nephritis, presenting the characteristic picture of lymphoid infiltration, appeared intense in two animals, moderate in five others, and only slight in the remaining four. These histopathologic findings of chronic nephritis, combined with the high positive serologic and cultural isolation rates, suggest that the armadillo is an important natural reservoir-host for pathogenic leptospirae.^0
77119073^Proposed calfhood immunization program for the commercial dairy herd.^197702^J Dairy Sci 1977 Feb;60(2):294-9^^Smith PC^Immunization programs never will usurp the central role of sound management practices and good nutrition in the disease prevention program of the commercial dairy operation. However, certain immunizations against diseases such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, and clostridial infections should be routine. Other diseases such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine virus diarrhea, parainfluenza- 3, colibacillosis, and pasteurellosis should be considered if it can be determined that the herd is infected chronically. The present knowledge of other disease conditions, vaccine effectiveness and safety makes the use of vaccines for other diseases of questionable value.^0
77130559^Identification of some Japanese leptospiral strains as serotypes copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae by preciptin-absorption test in gel.^197702^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1977 Feb;237(1):96-103^^Yanagawa R, Adachi Y^Nine strains of Leptospira belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroups isolated in Japan were identified by the precipitin- absorption test in gel. The results of the precipitin-absorption test matched closely with those of the agglutinin-absorption test. Two strains were identified as serotype copenhageni and 7 were serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. Strain Shibaura, which was thought to belong to serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and used in many laboratories in Japan, was corrected as belonging to serotype copenhageni.^0
77127585^Leptospirosis: a neglected cause of nonbacterial meningoencephalitis.^197702^South Med J 1977 Feb;70(2):150-2^^Pierce JF, Jabbari B, Shraberg D^Two cases of leptospirosis with different clinical presentations are presented. The importance of recognizing mild, nonicteric and meningoencephalitic forms in order to identify vectors and contaminated areas and prevent further infections is emphasized. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in reported cases of leptospirosis are reviewed and possible prognostic implications of CSF xanthrochromia, hypoglycorrhachia, persistent polymorphonuclear leukocytosis, and increased intracranial pressure are discussed.^0
77099137^Sulphation of bile acids: Liver or kidney [letter]?^197702^Lancet 1977 Feb 12;1(8007):374^^van Berge Henegouwen GP, Brandt KH, Ruben AT, van Leusen R^^0
77203397^[Immunofluorescent and agglutinating activity on antileptospirosal rabbit sera (author's transl)]^197703^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1977 Mar;26(2):110-22^^Kadlcik K^^0
78200498^Observations on some aspects of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in a herd of pigs.^197703^N Z Vet J 1977 Mar;25(3):56, 65-6^^Buddle JR, Hodges RT^^0
78101887^[Study of the antigenic relationship between Shigella and Leptospira. I. Antigenic relationship between Shigella dysenteriae, type 1 and Leptospira sejroe, Leptospira hardjo and Leptospira sao paulo]^197775^Ann Sclavo 1977 Mar-Apr;19(2):219-24^^Ioli A, Tredici E, Loggini F^^0
77177703^[Cytopathogenic properties of leptospirae in cell cultures of embryonic cow, swine and guinea pig kidney]^197703^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1977 Mar;(3):144-5^^Reichuk EA, Soloshenko IZ, Chernukha IuG^^0
77148656^Leptospirosis.^197703^Practitioner 1977 Mar;218(1305):376-81^^Ghosh SK, Stevenson J^^0
77174214^Bovine leptospirosis: experimental infection of pregnant heifers with a strain belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup.^197703^Res Vet Sci 1977 Mar;22(2):229-36^^Ellis WA, Michna SW^Twenty pregnant heifers were inoculated with a leptospire of the Hebdomadis serogroup. Leptospiraemia was accompanied by pyrexia which lasted from one to five days. Sixteen animals had relapses of fever. One of these aborted and two produced weak calves, one of which was premature. In the heifers, leptospires localised in the placentae, where they were demonstrable for 14-60 days after inoculation, and in the renal tubules for as long as 174 days. They were also demonstrated in liver, kidney and lung from the aborted fetus. Antibodies were detected in susceptible heifers six days after inoculation and maximum titres of up to 1:100,000 developed between 11 and 21 days. A titre of 1:10 was demonstrated in the serum of a premature live calf. These findings indicated that leptospires of the Hebdomadis group were capable of causing abortion in cattle.^0
77201276^Isolation of leptospira interrogens serotype tarassovi from a pig [letter].^197703^Aust Vet J 1977 Mar;53(3):151-2^^Davos D^^0
77224920^Clinical leptospirosis in Kenya (1): a clinical study in Kwale District, Cost Province.^197703^East Afr Med J 1977 Mar;54(3):115-24^^de Geus A, Wolff JW, Timmer VE^^0
77224921^Clinical leptospirosis in Kenya (II): A field study in Nyanza Province.^197703^East Afr Med J 1977 Mar;54(3):125-32^^de Geus A, Wolff JW, Timmer VE^^0
77183561^[Serological diagnosis of leptospirosis]^197703^Cas Lek Cesk 1977 Mar 25;116(12):369-73^^Sramkova L, Vanista J, Cervova H, Polakova L^^0
78056221^[Prevention of leptospirosis of swine at a breeding farm]^197704^Veterinariia 1977 Apr;(4):58-9^^Dragomir AV^^0
78200507^Leptospiral infections of rodents in the North Island.^197704^N Z Vet J 1977 Apr;25(4):89-90, 95-6^^Brockie RE^^0
79013836^[Substitution of rabbit serum in the culture medium for Leptospira. Use of bovine amniotic fluid]^197775^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1977 Apr-Jun;19(2):83-6^^Riedemann S, Zamora J^^0
77183364^A summary of some of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in bovine abortion.^197704^Can Vet J 1977 Apr;18(4):87-95^^Miller RB^^0
78234641^Antigenic competition between the particulated and soluble fractions of the Leptospira biflexa Patoc I.^197775^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1977 Apr-Jun;36(2):125-33^^Stavri D, Moldoveanu G, Niculescu D, Ionescu MD^^0
78234644^The thermolabile antigen of some reference Leptospira strains from the Pomona serogroup.^197775^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1977 Apr-Jun;36(2):151-5^^Nicolescu M, Moldoveanu G^^0
77120668^Leptospirosis: a childhood disease^197704^J Pediatr 1977 Apr;90(4):532-7^^Wong ML, Kaplan S, Dunkle LM, Stechenberg BW, Feigin RD^A diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed in nine children who were admitted to St. Louis Children's Hospital during the past 54 months. Epidemiologic, clinical, cultural, and serologic data which were obtained emphasize (1) the high incidence of urban cases; (2) contact with dogs as the most likely source of infection; and (3) that serotypes other than Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae may produce severe clinical disease. Unusual or previously unreported manifestations of leptospirosis including acalculous cholecystitis, pancreatitis, abdominal causalgia, desquamating skin rashes, and infarction of the extremities which were noted in these children are discussed.^0
78234643^Increase in sensitivity of the Patoc antigen as used in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis by the complement fixation test.^197775^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1977 Apr-Jun;36(2):145-50^^Nicolescu M^^0
77176885^[Sporadic incidence of leptospirosis in Zaporozh'e]^197704^Vrach Delo 1977 Apr;(4):138-9^^Duka TV, Zeigermakher GA, Ponomarenko GF, Ievleva TN^^0
77183232^The pathogenesis of leptospirosis I. Hemorrhages in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs.^197704^Can J Comp Med 1977 Apr;41(2):174-81^^Higgins R, Cousineau G^In experimental infections of guinea pigs with a virulent strain of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae widespread hemorrhages were observed. Thrombocytopenia, prolongation of prothrombin, thrombin, partial thromboplastin and coagulation times, decrease of plasma fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII and the presence of fibrinogen degradation products were demonstrated. Treatment of infected guinea pigs with heparin prolonged life for two to three days. The histological observations revealed that the main lesion is a severe injury of the vasculature, mainly arteries, arterioles and capillaries. Most of the endothelial cells are affected or destroyed and the muscular fibers of arteries and arterioles are injured. With Martius-Scarlet-Blue, Weigert or Picro-Mallory stains it was demonstrated that the organization seen in the vessels is not all made of fibrin. The conclusion reached was that the hemorrhages observed in experimental leptospirosis in guines pigs are due to disseminated intravascular coagulation.^0
77183233^The pathogenisis of leptospirosis II. Jaundice in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs.^197704^Can J Comp Med 1977 Apr;41(2):182-7^^Higgin R, Cousineau G^Different mechanisms responsible for the appearance of jaundice in leptospirosis caused by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in guinea pigs were discussed. Hepatocellular damage was demonstrated with the presence to a lesser extent of intrahepatic biliary obstruction. A massive destruction of extravascular red blood cells liberated by the hemorrhagic diathesis, appeared to be the main cause in the genesis of jaundice. The latter was inhibited following the neutralization of the reticuloendothelial system of guinea pigs by an irradiation before  the infection.^0
77190374^Naturally-occurring leptospirosis in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus).^197704^J Wildl Dis 1977 Apr;13(2):144-8^^Smith AW, Brown RJ, Skilling DE, Bray HL, Keyes MC^A 4-year study of Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) leptospirosis in the Bering Sea has shown that in newborn pups Leptospira pomona is associated with a multiple hemorrhage syndrome. Adults may develop an interstitial nephritis and shed organisms in the urine. The hed prevalence, based on microscopic slide agglutination tests, ranged between 7.0% and 15.4% for adult females and 3-4 year old bachelor bulls, whereas nursing pups averaging 4 months of age had a prevalence of 2%. These results are used to conclude that leptospirosis is not acquired primarily on the breeding rookeries but rather is more frequently acquired subsequent to the  purps leaving the rookeries, presumably through the food chain during their first pelagic cycle.^0
77206640^Leptospirosis among dairy workers in the valley of Jezreel: first recorded isolation of Leptospira hardjo in Israel.^197704^Isr J Med Sci 1977 Apr;13(4):377-84^^Shenberg E, Bitnun S, Birnbaum SH^Five cases of leptospirosis among dairy farmers in the Valley of Jezreel are described. The disease was caused by leptospirae of serotype hardjo and available epidemiological evidence suggested infection due to contact with cows. This is the first time that Leptospira hardjo has been isolated and identified in Israel. Infection with L. hardjo should be regarded as a significant occupational risk and this strain should be included in the group of antigens used for screening sera for leptospira antibodies in Israel.^0
77258306^[Human leptospirosis in the state of Yucatan (author's transl)]^197775^Rev Invest Clin 1977 Apr-Jun;29(2):161-4^^Zavala-Velazquez J, Herrera-Hoys J, Laviada FA^^0
78013433^[Study of the natural reservoir of Leptospira in the Danube delta. I. Chilia branch region]^197775^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1977 Apr-Jun;81(2):233-7^^Straton C, Bercovici C, Straton A, Beldiman N, Stefanescu E, Anton N, Tudor G, Vrabie S, Catineanu A^^0
77172593^Leptospirosis.^197704^Nurs Times 1977 Apr 14;73(15):535-6^^McQuillan WJ^^0
77192131^[Vaccinations of animals and human health (author's transl)]^197704^MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1977 Apr 22;119(16):551-4^^Mayr A^Vaccination of animals may have both positive and negative effects on human health. The negative consequences largely occur with live vaccines. The protection provided by vaccination to animals is taken advantage of for human health in the most diverse ways, both directly and indirectly. Typical examples are vaccination of dogs and cats against against rabies and inoculation against diseases of cattle, horses and dogs in which reoviruses of serotypes 1, 2 and 3 are involved. An important contribution to the protection of human health is also provided by vaccination with inactivated pathogens against leptospirosis and salmonellosis, against stomatitis vesicularis and American equine encephalitis and in developing countries against brucellosis.^0
78200511^The effect of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona infection on some characteristics of pig urine.^197705^N Z Vet J 1977 May;25(5):115-7^^Millar KR, Hodges RT, Hammington MW^^0
77192040^Preconditioning feedlot calves.^197705^Mod Vet Pract 1977 May;58(5):471-3^^^^0
77206900^Immunology of bacterial diseases, with special reference to leptospirosis.^197705^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977 May 1;170(9):991-4^^Hanson LE^^0
77200647^Leptospirosis presenting with erythema nodosum.^197705^Arch Dis Child 1977 May;52(5):418-9^^Buckler JM^An illness due to a leptospiral infection in a boy aged 12 years is described which, in addition to presenting with severe fever, malaise, and aseptic meningitis, showed the rare features of severe bradycardia and erythema nodosum.^0
77206693^Leptospirosis in Hawaii.^197705^Hawaii Med J 1977 May;36(5):135-8^^Shrader WA Jr^^0
77262097^Comparison of vaccines prepared from leptospires grown in a serum medium and in a chemically defined medium.^197705^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1977 May;238(1):86-96^^Kida H, Ishii T, Tsunehisa Y, Yamamoto S, Yanagawa R^Two types of leptospiral vaccines consisting of the organisms of four strains (strain Shibaura of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, strain Akiyami A of serotype autumnalis, strain Akiyami B of serotype hebdomadis and strain Akiyami C of serotype australis) were prepared; one type was prepared from these strains grown in KORTHOF'S medium containing normal rabbit serum (the serum medium vaccine), and the other was made from mutants grown in SHENBERG'S chemically defined medium (the chemically defined medium vaccine). The protein nitrogen was lower and electron microscopical impurities were fewer in the chemically defined medium vaccine than in the serum medium vaccine. The rabbit serum was detected by the precipitation test in the serum medium vaccine. The results of the potency test did not differ between the two vaccines. The decrease in body weight of animals one day after intraperitoneal injection was induced equally by both vaccines. These results indicate that the chemically defined medium vaccine is preferable to the serum medium vaccine.^0
77266325^Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo outbreak in a Victorian dairy herd and associated infection in man.^197705^Aust Vet J 1977 May;53(5):227-9^^Gordon LM^Leptospirosis associated with probable L. hardjo infection was investigated in a dairy herd in a coastal district of Western Victoria. Thirty-six  of 110 cows suffered leptospiruria and mastitis characterised by flaccid udders and abnormal milk. One of two media used enabled the isolation of the organism from infected guinea pigs inoculated with fresh urine. Microscopic agglutination titres to L. hardjo were elevated during the outbreak. There was an associated human infection.^0
77227091^The zoonoses in the South Pacific and their public health significance.^197706^Int J Zoonoses 1977 Jun;4(1):1-20^^Steele JH^^0
77230643^Waterborne outbreaks.^197706^J Water Pollut Control Fed 1977 Jun;49(6):1268-79^^Craun GF^^0
78046883^[Leptospirosis and Weil's disease]^197706^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1977 Jun;51(6):261-263^^Kobayashi Y^^0
77227095^Leptospirosis in swine--experimental infection with serotype bratislava.^197706^Int J Zoonoses 1977 Jun;4(1):38-44^^Farina R, Andreani E, Tolari F^^0
77227096^Identification of Leptospira strains isolated from rats in Saigon as Leptospira bataviae or its subserotype.^197706^Int J Zoonoses 1977 Jun;4(1):45-7^^Kitaoka M, Duong-Hong-Mo, Mori M^^0
77251465^Immunochemistry of extracts from Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo.^197706^J Gen Microbiol 1977 Jun;100(2):249-56^^Palit A, Harrison PM^Antigens from Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo grown in modified Korthof's medium were obtained by ethanol and alkaline extraction procedures and their chemical and serological properties were compared. The protein to polysaccharide ratio in the ethanol extract was 1:1-8 and in the alkali extract was 1-7:1. The lipid content of the latter was twice that of the former (8-5%, w/w). There was an inverse relationship of the protein and carbohydrate contents of the two preparations, the total reducing sugar being higher in the ethanol extract whereas protein was higher in the alkali extract. Both preparations contained arabinose, rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid but in different amounts. No muramic acid or 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate was detected. Both extracts contained erythrocyte sensitizing substances which, in the passive haemagglutination absorption test, appeared to be closely related antigenically but not identical. In the electron microscope, thin sections of the ethanol extract showed trilaminar outer envelope-like material.^0
77262191^[Fatty acid and lipid content of leptospirae]^197706^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1977 Jun;(6):127-9^^Eshov GI^^0
78014612^Medical research in Kenya. IV. Tropical medicine and pathology.^197706^Trop Geogr Med 1977 Jun;29(2):S31-5^^De Geus A, Oomen LJ^^0
77217468^Leptospirosis in cattle in south west Scotland [letter]^197706^Vet Rec 1977 Jun 18;100(25):535-6^^Maclaren AP, Wright CL, Guthrie M^^0
77237386^Experiements with an inactivated hepatitis leptospirosis vaccine in vaccination programmes for dogs.^197706^Vet Rec 1977 Jun 25;100(26):552-4^^Wilson JH, Hermann-Dekkers WM, Leemans-Dessy S, Meijer JW^A fluid adjuvanted vaccine consisting of inactivated hepatitis virus (iH) and leptospirae antigens (L) was developed. The vaccine (Kavak iHL; Duphar) was tested in several vaccination programmes both alone and in combination with freeze dried measles (M) or distemper (D) vaccines. The results demonstrate that this new vaccine is also effective in pups with maternally derived antibodies, although a second vaccination at 14 weeks of age is recommended to boost the first vaccination. For the booster vaccination either the iHL-vaccine or the liver attenuated hepatitis vaccine (H) can be used.^0
77241956^[Isolation of the serotype hardjo and other Leptospiraes from armadillos in Argentina]^197707^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1977 Jul;83(1):56-65^^Myers DM, Cuba Caparo A, Payan Moreno J^^0
78001197^[Effect of population dynamics of small mammals on spread and survival of Leptospira grippotyphosa in foci (author's transl)]^197707^Bratisl Lek Listy 1977 Jul;68(1):50-6^^Vosta J, Hanak P, Vychodil J^^0
78255769^[Blood culture in the leptospiroses (author's transl)]^197775^Ann Sclavo 1977 Jul-Aug;19(4):886-91^^Bianchi L^In the early stage of Leptospirae infection there is always blood stream invasion so blood culture is the best diagnostic test and permit precise etiologic identification. In the paper methods and selective media are suggested and the possibility of mistake so called "pseudo Spirochaetes" for Leptospirae is emphasized. Personal experience about the streght of blood culture in comparison with Martin and Pettit serumdiagnostic tests is reported.^0
78074500^[Study of the natural reservoir of Leptospira in the Danube Delta. II. Area of the Sulina branch]^197775^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1977 Jul-Sep;81(3):421-4^^Bercovici C, Straton A, Straton C, Beldiman N, Stefanescu E, Anton N, Tudor G, Vrabie S, Catineanu A^^0
77226908^Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections.^197707^Infect Immun 1977 Jul;17(1):67-72^^Adler B, Faine S^Several serovars of Leptospira virulent for hamsters and guinea pigs caused acute lethal leptospirosis in mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. Neither BCG vaccine nor Corynebacterium parvum suspension influenced the course of leptospiral infection in either immunosuppressed or normal BALB/c mice. Nude athymic mice produced anti- leptospiral antibody and were therefore resistant to infection with leptospires. Nude mice were made susceptible with cyclophosphamide but were immune if they had acquired antibody from previous infection or immunization. The evidence suggests that mechanisms of resistance to primary infection and immunity to reinfection are exclusively humorally mediated in mice. The roles of host and microbial factors in the outcome of infection are discussed.^0
77239900^Mycoplasma pneumonia: a study on hospitalized American patients with pneumonia in Vietnam.^197707^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 Jul;26(4):743-7^^Arnold K, Kilbridge TM, Miller WC Jr, Smith TJ, Cutting RT^A prospective study on consecutively hospitalized pneumonia patients showed that 41.5% of 58 patients had a fourfold rise in the complement- fixation titer for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Viral isolation techniques and serologic tests for influenza A1, A2 and B, parainfluenza 1 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus and the adeno virus group yielded only a single positive isolate for influenza A2. Serologic tests for melioidosis, leptospirosis, scrub, murine and epidemic typhus and psittacosis were all negative. The clinical manifestations were not distinctive for the positive M. pneumoniae patients when compared with the patients having a negative M. pneumoniae complement-fixation test. The symptoms and signs and laboratory and radiologic findings were similar to those described in other reports on primary atypical pneumonia.^0
78001195^[First observations of Leptospirosis sorex (author's transl)]^197707^Bratisl Lek Listy 1977 Jul;68(1):37-41^^Kmety E, Bakoss P, Manicova E, Stupalova S, Hrabinsky S, Peci J^^0
78029223^Leptospirosis in small mammals of Iran: II: isolation of Leptospira grippotyphosa from Mus msuculus.^197707^J Wildl Dis 1977 Jul;13(3):286-9^^Maghami GH, Hooshmand-rad P, Farhang-azad A^The serotype of Leptospira grippotyphosa, which is most frequently encountered among sheep, cattle and man in Iran, was isolated from the kidney of a house mouse, Mus musculus, by direct culture and animal inoculation. This is the first time that a rodent reservoir of L. grippotyphosa in Iran has been investigated and reported.^0
78093011^The susceptibility of New Zealand isolates of leptospira to three antibiotics.^197707^N Z Med J 1977 Jul 27;86(592):93-4^^Cameron GL^The susceptibilities of 14 recent isolates of Leptospira to benzyl penicillin, tetracycline and minocycline, were tested. All strains were highly susceptible to penicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the two tetracyclines were generally low, and no significant difference was found between them.^0
77248485^Inhibition of leptospiral agglutination by the type-specific main antigens of leptospiras.^197708^Infect Immun 1977 Aug;17(2):466-7^^Adachi Y, Yanagawa R^Microscopic agglutination of leptospiras was inhibited by the homologous type-specific main antigens. The result may indicate that the substance participating in the agglutination of leptospiras with antiserum is the type-specific main antigen.^0
78200532^Clinical and biochemical changes in sheep inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona.^197708^N Z Vet J 1977 Aug;25(8):203-7^^Millar KR, Hodges RT, Sheppard AD, Hammington MW^^0
78146608^[Haemolysis of white rat erythrocytes by pathogenic and saprophytic strains of leptospires (author's transl)]^197709^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1977 Sep;26(5):275-83^^Bazovska S^^0
77249374^Relationship between cell coiling and motility of spirochetes in viscous environments.^197709^J Bacteriol 1977 Sep;131(3):960-9^^Greenberg EP, Canale-Parola E^The lowest viscosity that stops translational motility of cells (minimum immobilizing viscosity [MIV] was determined for various spirochetes. The viscous agent used was polyvinylpyrrolidone, The MIV for either Spirochaeta halophila P1 or Spirochaeta aurantia J4T was approximately 1,000 centipoise (cp), and for Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) B16 the MIV was greater than 500 cp. In comparison, the MIV for the flagellated bacteria Escherichia coli and Spirillum serpens was 60 cp. MIV values for two S. halophila mutant strains lacking the characteristic cell coiling (Hel-mutants) were 70 and 120 cp, approximately one-tenth the MIV for the wild-type strain. MIV values for cells of S. aurantia strains with fewer coils than comparably long cells of S. aurantia J4T were 300 to 600 cp. The average velocity of strains of S. aurantia and S. halophila decreased at viscosities higher than 2 to 3 cp. At 2 cp the average velocity of S. halophila P1 was 16 micron/s, whereas the average velocities of Hel-mutant strains were 7 to 9 micron/s. This study indicates that the coiling of spirochetes plays a role in their ability to move through environments of realtively high viscosity. Among the spirochetes we investigated, this ability is greater in the more extensively coiled strains.^0
78113569^[Study and prevention of natural-foci diseases in USSR]^197775^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1977 Sep-Oct;46(5):537-45^^Kucheruk VV, Olsuf'ev NG, Grokhovskaia IM, Karukin BE, Tarasevich IV, Chernukha IuG^^0
78203319^[Outbreak of leptospirosis in children at Longchamps, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina: laboratory diagnosis]^197775^Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol 1977 Sep-Dec;9(3):126-8^^Cacchione RA, Cascelli ES, Saravi MA, Martinez ES^^0
78017890^Incidence of leptospirosis in the detroit rat population.^197709^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 Sep;26(5 Pt 1):970-4^^Thiermann AB^The rat population (Rattus norvegicus) in the city of Detroit was surveyed to determine the incidence of leptospirosis. Four methods of survey were used--serological, direct examination of urine, culture of urine, kidney and brain, and histopathological examination. Of 358 sera tested by the microscopic-agglutination test, 277 (77.4%) had significant agglutinins for serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. Significant differences were found between adult and young animals in both incidence and antibody titers, titers of 1:50 or higher being present in 90.3% and 38.8%, respectively, of adult and young rats. Examination of freshly drawn urine by dark field microscopy revealed that 59.6% of the animals were shedding leptospirae. When stained with Steiner's silver stain, 91.9% of the kidney sections were positive for leptospirae, showing this to be the most sensitive test of those used. Leptospirae were isolated from one or more cultures of kidney, urine, or brain from 221 (59.2%) of the 358 rats examined.^0
78038467^Growth, virulence, and immunogenicity of Leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak.^197709^Am J Vet Res 1977 Sep;38(9):1421-4^^Nervig RM, Ellinghausen HC Jr, Cardella MA^Leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak was characterized by (1) its growth in polysorbate 80-bovine albumin medium, (2) its virulence and course of infection in laboratory animals, and (3) its immunogenicity. Growth of this organism was continuous and vigorous at 29 C and 37 C in liquid medium for 10 serial subcultures. Some specific lots of agar were superior to other agars if tested for the ability to support the growth of small inoculums. Individual colonies resulted from growth of small inoculums on solid polysorbate medium. Virulence of the organisms did not appear to be altered by 10 serial subcultures in liquid medium incubated at 29 C. The estimated median lethal dose of szwajizak for hamsters by the intraperitoneal route was 2 cells. Virulence, infectivity, and pathogenicity of szwajizak were shown in the hamster and the guinea pig. Protection results indicate the heat-inactivated szwajizak bacterin was a substantially better immunizing agent than the chemically inactivated bacterin. Serotype hardjo bacterins provided hamsters some protection against death if challenge exposed with szwajizak, but afforded no protection against infection.^0
78038473^Serologic survey of leptospiral antibodies in horses in California.^197709^Am J Vet Res 1977 Sep;38(9):1443-4^^Verma BB, Biberstein EL, Meyer ME^A serologic survey was made of the prevalence of common leptospiral infections in horses in California. A total of 465 serums were tested, using the microscopic agglutination method, against 5 leptospiral serotypes: Leptospira pomona, Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, Leptospira canicola, Leptospira grippotyphosa, and Leptospira hardjo. Of the serums tested, 127 (27.30%) were positive against 1 or more of the leptospires, with percentage distribution among the reactors as follows: L pomona, 12.47%; L icterohaemorrhagiae, 10.32%; L canicola, 3.22%; L grippotyphosa, 0.86%; and L hardjo, 0.43%. The prevalence of reactors to leptospiral antigens did not differ with the age or sex of the animals.^0
78056683^[Leptospirosis due to bathing]^197709^Z Gesamte Hyg 1977 Sep;23(9):668-9^^Hergt R^^0
78050842^Clinical uses of kanamycin, neomycin and streptomycin.^197710^Mod Vet Pract 1977 Oct;58(10):845-50^^Clark CH^^0
78200487^Adaptation of a complement fixation test for large scale serological diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis.^197710^N Z Vet J 1977 Oct;25(10):261-2^^Hodges RT, Weddell W^^0
78077102^Leptospirosis in Egyptian rodents.^197710^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1977 Oct;24(9):728-32^^Tawfik MS, Hamed OM, El-Karamani R^^0
78165522^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans, serotype balcanica from a brush- tailed opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula) [letter]^197710^Aust Vet J 1977 Oct;53(10):508^^Durfee PT, Presidents PJ^^0
78180022^[Electrocardiographic changes in uncomplicated clinical leptospirosis. Comments on 73 cases]^197775^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1977 Oct-Dec;81(4):561-5^^Dimitriu S, Gavrila I^^0
79035715^[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with erythroblastosis in a patient with disseminated pancreatic carcinoma and leptospirosis]^197710^Srp Arh Celok Lek 1977 Oct;105(10):855-65^^Jelic S, Bojic P, Rosic D^^0
78057372^Potential variability of Leptospira serovars belonging to the same group.^197710^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1977 Oct;239(2):252-61^^Petrov EM, Chernukha YG^3 clone strains of monjakov and pomona serovars were cultured with prolongation in a medium containing homologous immune sera. Separate subcultures were cloned in a solid medium, while isolated clones were typed in microagglutination test with whole and absorbed immune sera and in some cases in an absorption test. The results showed that the mutants of subcultures with the minimal and maximal time of contact with the immune serum turned out to differ greatly from each other in antigenic properties. While antigenic mutants of earlier subcultures were constantly connected with serovars of Pomona serogroup, mutants of subcultures adapted to immune serum were serologically more related to butembo serovar of Cynoptery serogroup. The results obtained showing potential variability of serovars belonging to Pomona serogroup could be significant from the viewpoint of classification and phylogeny of Leptospira.^0
78050613^[Fulminant course of a leptospira grippotyphosa infection (letter)]^197710^Med Klin 1977 Oct 28;72(43):1832-4^^Mochmann H, Meutery KP, Weihrauch TR, Kohler H, Gnandiger HP^^0
78099304^[In vitro and in vivo activity of tiamulin against leptospires (author's transl)]^197711^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1977 Nov;239(3):403-8^^Laber G, Schutze E^The minimal growth inhibiting concentration of tiamulin, a derivative of the diterpen antibiotic pleuromutilin, was evaluated in vitro against 11 different serogroups of leptospira interrogans by twofold serial dilution technique, in comparison to tetracyclin, dihydrostreptomycin and tylosin. The range of the MIC values of tiamulin is between 0.07 and 2.5 microgram/ml and thus comparable to the activities of the standard antibiotics tested (see table 1). The chemotherapeutic efficacy (ED50) of the compound was examined in two experimental leptospiral infections of the Syrian hamster, in comparison to tetracyclin. Both compounds were administered orally for 3 days. In the L. canicola infection, the ED50 values were 103.8 mg/kg and 306.3 mg/kg body-weight for tiamulin and tetracyclin, respectively. In the L. grippotyphosa infection, the ED50 values amounted to 35.16 and 277.5 mg/kg bodyweight for tiamulin and tetracyclin, respectively. Based on these values, tiamulin in comparison to tetracyclin showed 3-8 fold higher efficacy in vivo after oral administration.^0
78146619^[Leptospiroses and their diagnostics (author's transl)]^197711^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1977 Nov;26(6):363-9^^Sramkova L, Vanista J, Polakova L, Cervova H, Klanica J^^0
78224274^Isolation of leptospires from the vitreous humor of aborted piglets [letter]^197711^N Z Vet J 1977 Nov;25(11):352^^Ryan TJ, Marshall RB, Edwards JD, Stevenson BJ^^0
78099303^Factor analysis of serogroups botanica and aurisina of Leptospira biflexa.^197711^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1977 Nov;239(3):397-402^^Cinco M^Factor analysis is performed on serovars of Botanica and Aurisina serogroup of Leptospira biflexa. The results show the arrangement of main factors serovar and serogroup specific, as well as the antigens common with serovars of heterologous serogroups.^0
78099307^Leptospirae: their place in the systematics.^197711^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1977 Nov;239(3):419-23^^Parnas J^The morphology and electron-microscopic anatomy of Leptospirae, the lack of the presence of leptospiral phages (and probably of bacteriocins), and the absence of phagocytosis as a defence mechanism in leptospirosis, indicate the non-bacteriologie character of this genus. Leptospirae form an evolutionary intermediate bridge between the worlds of bacteria and protozoa. In "Bergey's Manual" they are assigned to the world of bacteria for practical reasons; but it seems to be reasonable to stress more largely the "bacteriological" and "protozoologic" markers of Leptospirae, in the subsequent 9th edition of this Manual.^0
78180219^Clinical, radiological and functional pulmonary manifestations in patients with leptospirosis.^197775^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1977 Nov-Dec;19(6):366-73^^Nery LE, de Paula AB, Nakatani J, dos Santos ML, Ratto OR^^0
78237380^[Anademic focus of leptospirosis at Fondem (U.R. of Cameroon)]^197775^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1977 Nov-Dec;70(6):569-83^^Le Bras J, Guyer B, Sulzer C, Mailloux M^^0
78007591^Leptospirosis mimicking MLNS [letter]^197711^J Pediatr 1977 Nov;91(5):853-4^^Humphry T, Sanders S, Stadius M^^0
78029344^Leptospirosis in New England.^197711^JAMA 1977 Nov 7;238(19):2027-8^^Andrew ED, Marrocco GR^Although rarely reported in humans in New England, leptospirosis is enzootic in western and central Massachusetts. Recently there were three cases of Leptospira interrogans, serotype var pomona, in Easthampton, Mass. Our study and others indicate a potential for waterborne epidemics in humans.^0
78025355^[Microsymptoms in leptospirosis]^197711^Fortschr Med 1977 Nov 17;95(43):2637-9^^Krauss N^Leptospirosis is not an exotic disease, still it is  seen more frequent in southern countries. Microsymptoms, such as supraorbital headache, muscle pain in the legs, herpes naso-labialis or axillaris (often symmetrical), pharynxenanthema, fugitive rash, epistaxis, confusion, etc., are very important for early diagnosis. An intradermal test for early diagnosis was developed and is described here.^0
78080530^Leptospiras as causative organisms of meningitis.^197711^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1977 Nov 30;56(5):422-8^^Cacciapuoti B^Data concerning the incidence of meningeal syndromes during the course of leptospirosis are analyzed, in relation to the Italian epidemiological situation in the years 1973-1976. From this analysis, some characteristic aspects concerning meningitis from leptospiras emerge. Specifically: the remarkable frequency of meningeal syndromes in leptospirosis; the greater incidence of the syndrome among young people; the neurotropism common to all serotypes of leptospira observed in Italy. These data suggest to extend the search for leptospiroses in all forms of the so called aseptic meningitis in order to determine better the actual incidence of leptospiroses in meningeal syndromes.^0
78095588^[Icterohaemorrhagic leptoipirosis. Report of 2 cases]^197711^Rev Clin Esp 1977 Nov 30;147(4):439-42^^Olivares Martin J, Gomez Andres A, Luna Morales A, Palazon Azorin JM, Lopez Fernandez P, Pascual Megias A, Plazas Ruiz J^^0
78224291^Probable leptospiral abortion in mares [letter]^197712^N Z Vet J 1977 Dec;25(12):401^^Tyndel PE^^0
78133457^Use of freeze-dried sensitized erythrocytes in indirect hemagglutination test for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.^197712^Jpn J Exp Med 1977 Dec;47(6):441-4^^Imamura S, Matsui H, Kasao M, Ashizawa Y^The indirect hemagglutination (HA) test using freeze-dried tanned formalinized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with deoxycholate-extracted leptospiral antigen was investigated for its applicability to serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The sensitized erythrocytes suspension containing an adequate concentration of glycine was lyophilized and used for the HA test. The lyophilized sensitized cells are rehydrated after at least 10 months storage without any loss of HA titer. The sensitivity of such cell suspension tested on sera from cases of leptospirosis equals that of the suspension before freeze-drying.^0
78082032^Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona in Saskatchewan: isolation from a naturally infected striped skunk.^197712^Can J Microbiol 1977 Dec;23(12):1654-6^^Carpio M, Wobeser G, Iversen J^Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona was isolated from the kidneys of a normal striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis hudsonicus) collected near Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Although there were no gross lesions, small foci of chronic interstitial nephritis were observed microscopically. This is the first reported isolation of serotype pomona for the prairie provinces.^0
78086554^Immunological inquiry for the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Canis familiaris in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.^197712^Int J Zoonoses 1977 Dec;4(2):103-10^^Caldas EM, Doria JD, Martins MA^A total of 430 dogs were immunologically examined in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and 21.6% of them were positive. The animals were selected through an aleatory pattern, according to the division of the City in 18 residential zones a division which had been established by the vaccination campaign against canis hydrophobia. The serotypes icterohemorrhagiae and canicola were the most frequently registered. Between the sexes, the male presented the highest index of positivity, though the difference wasn't statistically significant. The period of age ranging from 12 to 48 months comprised 67.7% of the investigations. Mestizo dogs presented a higher frequency of positivity than any other race and the areas of Nordeste de Amaralina, Liberdade and Quintas showed the greatest percentages of positive dogs.^0
78097621^The pathology of feral rodents in North Queensland. II. Studies on zoonotic infections.^197712^Tropenmed Parasitol 1977 Dec;28(4):545-51^^Glazebrook JS, Campbell RS, Hutchinson GW^^0
78099534^Jaundice in typhoid hepatitis: a light and electron microscopy study based on liver biopsies.^197712^Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg) 1977 Dec;24(6):426-33^^de Brito T, Trench Vieira W, D'Agostino Dias M^Light and electron microscopy study of fourteen liver biopsies in typhoid fever disclosed a mild hepatitis in which there is marked reticulo-endothelial hyperplasia, with many lymphoid cells in the hepatic sinusoids. The hepatic cell lesion was non specific, manifested by reticulum endoplasmic dilatation, mitochondrial alteration and biliary canaliculus injury. Such findings were particularly evident in the jaundiced patients.Jaundice was, in our series, a more frequent complication of acute typhoid fever than commonly reported. Usually it is of short duration and the serum bilirubin was not markedly elevated. However, there were instances when the jaundice was so accentuated as to lead the clinician to a first diagnosis of virus hepatitis or leptospirosis. The pathogenesis of the intrahepatic cholestasis in typhoid fever is still obscure, but apparently it is, as has been described in other infectious diseases, due to an injury of the bile secretory apparatus brought out by the bacillary endotoxin.^0
80219129^[Total nitrogen, alpha-amine nitrogen and pH in the cultural filtrates of various leptospiral serotypes being cultured in a liquid Korthof's medium (author's transl)]^197801^Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med] 1978;33:117-23^^Wach T, Hencner Z^^0
79051569^[Cultivation of Leptospira on the color agar medium]^197801^Lab Delo 1978;(10):633-5^^Volina EG, Sarukhanova LE^^0
79093300^Nature of antigenic determinant of serovar-specific antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis.^197801^Microbiol Immunol 1978;22(9):523-33^^Adachi Y, Yanagawa R^The nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main antigen (NDTM antigen) of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis (a variant which can grow in a synthetic medium) showed a strong inhibition of the complement fixation between the serovar-specific main (TM) antigen of this strain and the homologous antiserum. The inhibitory effect of the NDTM antigen was completely lost by treating the antigen with proteolytic enzymes, and the fractions of TM antigen containing amino sugar, neutral sugars, and lipids did not show any inhibition of complement fixation, indicating that the antigenic determinant of this strain is related to proteins. NDTM antigen contained more hydrophilic amino acids than hydrophobic amino acids, whereas TM antigen contained more hydrophobic amino acids than hydrophilic amino acids. The amino acid compositions of NDTM antigens of hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis (variant) and kremastos strain Kyoto, which belonged to the same serogroup, were considerably similar. Difference was found in the amounts of methionine, arginine, lysine and glutamine acid.^0
79192653^Acrylamide electrophoresis of water-soluble proteins from leptospiras.^197801^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1978;20(4):38-41^^Vasilevska M^^0
85006622^Influence of seminal additives and packaging systems on fertility of frozen bovine spermatozoa.^197801^J Anim Sci 1978;47 Suppl 2:12-47^^Pickett BW, Berndtson WE, Sullivan JJ^The following recommendations and conclusions are based upon results of fertility and laboratory studies, and general trends from field investigations. Fertility results due to the addition of enzymes have been variable and contradictory. Flushing of ampules with dry, gaseous nitrogen prior to filling has become a routine practice in processing semen to be frozen. For control of Vibrio fetus and Leptospira pomona, 2,000 micrograms of streptomycin and 1,000 u polymyxin B sulfate should be added per milliliter of raw semen immediately after collection. The extender for initial dilution should contain the same concentration of antibiotics used for raw semen plus 500 u penicillin. The glycerol portion of the extender should contain 500 u penicillin per milliliter. The effect of addition of sugars on fertility has been highly variable. The primary beneficial effect is probably due to their cryoprotective properties. A myriad of concoctions have been added to bovine semen and the results have been highly variable with respect to both motility and fertility. Results of subsequent experiments have rarely proven that addition of exotic compounds or mixtures has been of value. Higher mean fertility was obtained with semen in straws in 14 of 21 comparisons with ampules. The differences in favor of straws ranged from 1.1 to 18.9; while the range in favor of ampules was .1 to 4.4 percentage points. Fertility obtained with pellets has ranged from minus 12.8 to plus 11.9 percentage points in nonreturn rate (NR), compared to the corresponding NR with semen in ampules. Fertility of semen in ampules was higher in five of eight studies. Fertility of pelleted semen has ranged from minus 9.5 to plus 6.0 percentage points compared with straws. Fertility was higher for semen in pellets in only one of five investigations. Pellets should not be used until the potential for pathogenic contamination and exchange of spermatozoa among pellets is eliminated. There is a potential for higher fertility with semen in straws as compared to other packaging systems, but the issue of liquid nitrogen (LN) entry and possible contamination of semen should be further investigated. In general, fertility obtained with semen frozen in the .25 ml straw has been equal to or higher than semen in larger packages. However, they cannot be unequivocally recommended due to other considerations. From laboratory studies, it appears that greater spermatozoan survival is obtained when semen frozen in straws is thawed in water at 35 C or above.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)^0
78126292^Current canine vaccination programs: results of a questionnaire.^197801^Cornell Vet 1978 Jan;68 Suppl 7:62-9^^Schultz RD^^0
79201883^Standardization of leptospiral testing.^197801^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1978;(82):191-204^^Brown AL^^0
79201907^A study on the causes of abortion/stillbirth/perinatal lamb loss in Oregon.^197801^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1978;(82):414-6^^Schmitz JA, Coles BM, Burdett R, Reynolds GE^^0
79040595^Motility and chemotaxis of spirochetes.^197801^Annu Rev Microbiol 1978;32:69-99^^Canale-Parola E^^0
78063545^Viability of Leptospira interrogans serotype grippotyphosa in swine urine and blood.^197801^Cornell Vet 1978 Jan;68(1):70-7^^Nervig RM, Ellinghausen HC Jr^Normal swine urine, devoid of its microbial flora, diminished the viability and virulence of Leptospira interrogans serotype grippotyphosa. Bovine serum albumin diluent effectively offset the urine's deleterious effects. Membrane filtration (0.45 micrometer) rendered urine free of bacteria, but permitted passage of limited numbers of leptospires. Most of the commonly used anticoagulants did not alter viability of grippotyphosa in whole blood. However, EDTA significantly reduced the number of viable cells.^0
78150405^Laboratory-acquired infections at the National Animal Disease Center 1960--1976.^197801^Health Lab Sci 1978 Jan;15(1):58-64^^Sullivan JF, Songer JR, Estrem IE^Experience with exposure to, or infection with pathogenic agents at the National Animal Disease Center is summarized. A total of 60 laboratory- associated exposures to infectious disease agents were reported. Forty- nine exposures resulted from known accidents, but the other 11 were identified only after the development of clinical or serological manifestations of infection. Eighteen cases of laboratory-acquired infections were reviewed. Brucellosis, the most frequently reported laboratory-acquired infection, accounted for one-half of the cases summarized. Three cases of leptospirosis, two cases of Newcastle disease, two cases of ringworm, and a single infection with Mycobacterium bovis and with Salmonella arizonae were also encountered. The most frequently reported causes of exposure were: auto-inoculation or spray exposure associated with the use of the hypodermic syringe, cuts or lacerations, direct contact with infected animals, and mouth pipetting. Although the infecting event could not be identified in 11 infections, presumptive evidence suggests aerogenic transmission as a probable route of exposure in a number of such cases.^0
78227784^[Study of the natural reservoir of Leptospira in the Danube Delta. III. Region of the Sfintu Gheorghe branch]^197875^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1978 Jan-Mar;82(1):69-72^^Straton A, Straton C, Bercovici C, Beldiman N, Stefanescu E, Anton N, Tudor G, Vrabie S, Gavris L^^0
79102518^Leptospirosis: ecology, epidemiology and prophylactic measures.^197875^Ann Sclavo 1978 Jan-Feb;20(1):71-105^^Parnas J^^0
78115699^Furosemide and acute renal failure.^197801^Postgrad Med J 1978 Jan;54(627):30-2^^Borirakchanyavat V, Vongsthongsri M, Sitprija V^High dose of intravenous furosemide (2 g/24 hr) was given to six patients with acute renal failure due to leptospirosis. The results, based on urine flow, changes in serum creatinine and creatinine clearance, were compared with a control group of eight patients with the same disease and comparable degree of renal failure. Excellent diuresis was observed following furosemide therapy but renal function and the clinical course of the disease were unaltered. The duration of renal failure was the same in both groups.^0
78121595^Leptospirosis in zoo workers associated with bears.^197801^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1978 Jan;27(1 Pt 1):210-1^^Anderson DC, Geistfeld JG, Maetz HM, Patton CM, Kaufmann AF^Leptospirosis due to Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae was diagnosed in two zoo animal keepers. The implicated source of infection was bear cubs that had microscopic agglutination antibody titers to leptospires of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup.^0
78110526^Hyperbilirubinemic renal failure in tropical disease: Treatment with exchange transfusion.^197801^J Med Assoc Thai 1978 Jan;61 Suppl 1:75-7^^Pochanugool C, Sitprija V^^0
78125343^Serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in the Province of Quebec.^197801^Can Vet J 1978 Jan;19(1):13-6^^Higgins R, Cayouette P^^0
78139530^Study of coinciding foci of malaria and leptospirosis in the Peruvian Amazon area.^197801^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978;72(1):76-83^^Sulzer AJ, Sulzer KR, Cantella RA, Colichon H, Latorre CR, Welch M^A hyperendemic malaria focus, found in 1973 in a secluded valley in South-eastern Peru, was restudied in 1975. Tests for antibodies to Plasmodium and Leptospira were performed on blood serum and blood slides collected at three locations on the Rio Ene and confluent streams and at two locations in the neighbouring highlands. The hyperendemic focus of P. vivax-P. malariae found at Mission Cutivirini in 1973 was confirmed in this study. Another hyperendemic focus of predominantly P. vivax was found at the village of Saoreni. Lesser amounts of malaria were found at other locations. Serology indicated past or present contact with Leptospira of from 50 to 75% of individuals at all locations. The two hyperendemic malaria foci therefore were embedded in a much larger hyperendemic focus of leptospirosis. The value of the indirect immunofluorescence test for malarial antibodies as a sero-epidemiological tool was emphasized by this study.^0
78149422^Further results of serological examination of domestic animals for leptospirosis in Afghanistan.^197801^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1978;25(1):17-22^^Sebek Z, Blazek K, Valova M, Amin A^The authors examined serologically 329 specimens of domestic animals from 8 provinces of Afghanistan for the incidence of leptospirosis. They detected in 15.8% of the animals examined antibodies against Leptospira in titres of 1 : 800 and higher: in 6.4% with serotypes of the serogroup Hebdomadis, 5.5%--Tarassovi, 2.7%--Grippotyphosa, 2.4%-- Pomona, 2.1% Javanica, 1.5%--Icterohaemorrhagiae, 0.6% each--Canicola, Ballum, Bataviae, 0.3%--Pyrogenes. Positivity was highest in the buffalo--55.0%, camel--10 of the 18 animals examined, and cattle-- 25.5%. It was considerably lower in sheep--2.3% and goat--3.2%; also positive was one of the 6 zebus examined.^0
79013318^[Leptospirosis in the Katowice region in the years 1968-1976]^197801^Przegl Epidemiol 1978;32(2):189-93^^Pawlicka-Kurek H^^0
79013319^[Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in meningitis caused by Leptospira]^197801^Przegl Epidemiol 1978;32(2):195-202^^Kucharska-Demczuk K, Trzaska B^^0
79017740^[A case of acute renal insufficiency caused by icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^197801^Acta Clin Belg 1978;33(1):55-61^^Lamy V^^0
79022071^Immunization against leptospirosis: continued vaccine trials in hamsters using strains isolated from Barbados.^197801^Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1978;12(2):130-3^^Zeigler JA, Kubica KM, Jones RH^Heated whole-cell suspensions of L. interrogans serotype copenhageni strains isolated from the field in Barbados have proved to be protective immunogens against experimental leptospirosis.^0
79040519^Equine leptospirosis with some clinical observations.^197801^Ann Rech Vet 1978;9(1):115-8^^Barsoum IS, Botros BA, Morcos MB^In a serologic survey on equine leptospirosis in Egypt, the following incidences of leptospiral serosensitivity were found: 1. Hospitalised horses 65/113 (57.5 %). 2. Hospitalised donkeys 90/125 (72.0 %). 3. Apparently healthy horses 21/72 (29.1 %). Sera of these animals were mostly reacting to serotypes butembo, pomona, icterohemorragiae, and grippotyphosa. Equine in Egypt are close animals to humans and may constitute a potential source of leptospiral infection. From the clinical point of view, it is very possible that ocular, hoof lesions and icterus in equines would be expected with leptospiral titres.^0
79055611^[Leptospirosis in the Chelm province]^197801^Przegl Epidemiol 1978;32(3):323-9^^Patorska-Mach E, Mierzejewska I, Kornas B^^0
79114629^Antilymphoid activity of leptospiral exoproducts.^197801^Neoplasma 1978;25(5):565-8^^Oravec C, Kmety E^Intraperitoneal application of supernatant fluid of L. patoc caused a pronounced and transient fall in peripheral lymphocyte count of Syrian hamsters. Pathogenic and possible cancerologic aspects of this findings are discussed.^0
79120362^[Course studies in leptospirosis]^197801^Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1978;(84):928-31^^Frohlich J^^0
79143885^[Leptospiroses in Madagascar. (Bacteriological and serological study)]^197801^Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar 1978;46(1):429-39^^Lhuillier M^^0
80219128^[Free aminoacids in a liquid Korthof's medium during the culturing of various serotypes of Leptospirae (author's transl)]^197801^Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med] 1978;33:103-16^^Wach T, Hencner Z^^0
80219130^[Investigations into the activity of some leptospiral enzymes (author's transl)]^197801^Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med] 1978;33:125-35^^Wach T, Hencner Z^^0
78122989^Rocky Mountain spotted fever and jaundice. Two consecutive cases acquired in Florida and a review of the literature on this complication.^197802^Arch Intern Med 1978 Feb;138(2):260-63^^Ramphal R, Kluge R, Cohen V, Feldman R^Rocky mountain spotted fever is increasing in Florida, a state that has had few cases in the past. The typical clinical illness has been well described, but jaundice has been rarely reported. In two patients with illnesses resembling leptospirosis, jaundice appeared on the sixth and ninth day of illness, and peak bilirubin levels were between 7 and 9 mg/100 ml. Liver biopsy specimen from one patient showed a nonspecific hepatitis. Hemolysis and renal dysfunction may have contributed to the production of jaundice in these patients. Fourteen instances of jaundice were reported in 43 autopsied cases as of 1941, but since that time only rare mention of jaundice has been made.^0
78129110^Protein-free and low-protein media for the cultivation of Leptospira.^197802^Infect Immun 1978 Feb;19(2):562-9^^Bey RF, Johnson RC^A protein-free medium composed of charcoal-detoxified Tweens (polysorbates), vitamins B12 and B1, inorganic salts, and organic buffer is described that supports the growth and subculture of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira. Growth was initiated from small inocula, and cell densities of 10(9) organisms per ml were attained. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of Leptospira cultivated in this medium were similar to those of cells cultivated in serum-containing media. The protein-free medium was converted to a low-protein medium by the addition of 0.1% bovine serum albumin.^0
78109194^Infectious agents associated with fetal and early neonatal death and abortion in swine.^197802^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978 Feb 15;172(4):480-3^^Kirkbride CA, McAdaragh JP^Laboratory examination of specimens from 824 porcine abortions over a 6- year period produced 320 (38.8%) diagnoses. Viruses were involved in 22% and bacteria in 16.5% of all cases. Enterovirus was the virus isolated most often (10.9%), followed by parvovirus (4.9%), reovirus (4.4%), pseudorabies virus (1%), and adenovirus (0.8%). Leptospirosis was the bacterial infection most commonly diagnosed (9.8%), with numerous miscellaneous bacterial and fungal infections making up the remainder (7.0%) of the infectious causes.^0
78207197^[Outbreak of leptospirosis among the inhabitants of the village of Avaran in the Kusarsk region of the Azerbaijan SSR]^197803^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 Mar;(3):142-3^^Tagi-Zade TA, Agaev IA, Alekperov FP, Ibragimov AI, Mikaelian BA^^0
79035563^Biomedical survey in the Moluccas, Indonesia.^197803^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1978 Mar;9(1):20-4^^Watten RH, van Peenen PF, Joseph SW, Louhenapessy A, Cross JH^^0
78142865^Pathogenesis of experimental Leptospira interrogans, serovar bataviae, infection in the dog: microbiological, clinical, hematologic, and biochemical studies.^197803^Am J Vet Res 1978 Mar;39(3):449-54^^Keenan KP, Alexander AD, Mongomery CA Jr^^0
78142881^Experimental infection of calves with Leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak.^197803^Am J Vet Res 1978 Mar;39(3):523-5^^Nervig RM, Cheville NF, Baetz AL^This is a report on the experimental infection of cattle with Leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak. The principal clinical features in three 4-week-old Holstein-Friesian heifers intravenously inoculated were fever, listlessness, anorexia, weakness, and diarrhea. Szwajizak was isolated from the blood for the first 5 to 8 days after inoculation. Leptospires were recovered from kidneys, but not from liver, spleen, brain, or urine. Two of the 3 calves produced homologous agglutinins, with maximum serum titers of 1:80 and 1:160. The sera of the 2 calves that developed szwajizak agglutinins showed cross reactivity with wolffi and hardjo antigens. There were not significant differences of plasma and urine constituents between the inoculated calves and the control calf. Endocardial hemorrhages and large soft black-red spleen were present in the 2 calves given the greatest numbers of leptospires. Histopathologically, kidney of all infected calves had multiple small foci of lymphoid cells, chiefly pasmacytes, which were present in periglomerular and interstitial areas.^0
78143390^Distribution of the genus Leptospira in soil and water.^197803^Appl Environ Microbiol 1978 Mar;35(3):492-9^^Henry RA, Johnson RC^The distribution of the aerobic spirochetes Leptospira in surface waters, soil, and aquatic animals was investigated. Isolates from water and soil exhibited physiological characteristics common to members of the "biflexa complex," none were capable of infecting experimental animals, and leptospires could not be isolated from the eight genera of aquatic animals examined. The isolation frequencies from surface waters were: stream, 100%; lake, 65%; spring, 28%; bog lake, 5%; and marsh, 0%. With the exception of the stream, more isolations were obtained from the soil adjacent to the water than from the water. Leptospires were most frequently associated with soils of high moisture and organic matter content.^0
78160948^Leptospirosis in cattle in south west Scotland [letter]^197803^Vet Rec 1978 Mar 25;102(12):267^^Johnston WG, Orr JP, Wright CL^^0
78134649^Mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome with positive Weil-Felix reaction but negative Leptospira studies [letter]^197804^Lancet 1978 Apr 1;1(8066):720-1^^Bergeson PS, Serlin SP, Corman LI^^0
78205495^[Observation on the antigenic affinity of Leptospira and Brucella in the serological examination of cattle]^197804^Vet Med (Praha) 1978 Apr;23(4):213-8^^Kadlec V^36,9% bovine serums which showed a non-specific reaction in examination for brucellosis had titre greater than or equal to 1:400 leptospirosis agglutinins. 15.1% of the serums showed a positive reaction (greater than 1:800), mostly those against L. sejroe and L. grippotyphosa. The cross reactions, found in individual cases within up to 39 days since the first reaction to brucellosis in cattle may signalize early Leptospira infections.^0
78191376^[Epidemiology and prevention of leptospirosis]^197804^Feldsher Akush 1978 Apr;43(4):7-10^^Budak AP^^0
78165603^[Survival ability of Leptospira pomona in kidney and muscle tissue of slaughtered pigs in freezing temperatures]^197804^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1978 Apr 1;91(7):130-6^^Sasse D, Reuter G^^0
78174130^Evaluation of the hemagglutination test for epidemiologic studies of leptospiral antibodies in wild mammals.^197804^J Wildl Dis 1978 Apr;14(2):193-202^^Cirone SM, Riemann HP, Ruppanner R, Behymer DE, Franti CE^Sera from 153 wild animals of 18 species were tested for antibodies against 12 serovars of Leptospira by the microscopic agglutination (MA) test. Seventy-five percent of the animals tested were seropositive against one or more of the 12 serovars used. The most commonly found serovars were pomona, autumnalis, pyrogenes, icterohaemorrhagiae, australis, and canicola. Of 62 carnivores representing 7 species, 55 (89%) were seropositive, as were 46 (60%) of 77 rodents from 9 species. Leptospira of the serovar copenhageni serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae were recovered from kidney tissues of a Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Of 443 wildlife sera tested by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test using cells sensitized with L. illini antigen, 47 (11%), mainly carnivores and deer, gave a heterophile reaction. Of the remaining 396 sera, 164 (41%) were seropositive for leptospirosis by the IHA test. To compare the IHA test with the MA test, 143 serum samples were tested by both methods. There was 84% concordance between the two tests.^0
78207100^Characterization of a new strain of leptospira isolated from surface water in India.^197804^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1978 Apr;240(3):356-8^^Cinco M, Ivanov I^A new strain of Leptospira, isolated from surface water in India, is studied and classified. It shows, in the biological tests, a behaviour like that of saprophytic leptospirae; further serovar it represents a new serovar which we named poona.^0
78207109^Studies of antigenic variants of leptospira isolated from experimentally infected mice.^197804^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1978 Apr;240(3):437-55^^Yanagawa R, Adachi Y^Antigenic variants were isolated from mice inoculated with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype copenhageni by cultivating the kidney cortex in the liquid or the solidified serum media containing the immune serum against the parent strain. The variants, which were isolated from the mice from 7 to 113 days after infection, were found to be antigenically different from the parent by the agglutinin-absorption test, precipitin-absorption test in gel and guinea pig protection test. The variants were antigenically stable and different from the 18 serotypes of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. The significance of antigenic variants of leptospira which appear in vivo is discussed.^0
78209240^Gas-liquid-chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives from whole cell methanolysates of Leptospira : preliminary evaluation of its applicability to the taxonomy of the genus.^197804^Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1978 Apr;129(3):295-311^^Bisso GM, Silva I, Merli F^Gas-liquid-chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives from whole cell methanolysates was investigated as a supplmentary means for taxonomical classification within the genus Leptospira. Reproducibility of this technique was assessed through the peak height variations occurring in chromatograms of strain Patoc 1, serotype patoc, when samples either from the same or different batches of culture were used. From each chromatogram seven peaks were selected. Their heights were measured and calculated as percent values of the seven peaks total height. The values of relative standard deviation reported show that the reproducibility of this technique lies within the usual limits of biological methods. Four out of seven different serotypes analyzed gave elution patterns dissimilar enough to allow a clear distinction among them by the simple visual examination. Differentiation of the other three had to be done comparing the relative heights of the seven selected peaks. One not yet classified new strain was submitted to this technique; results seemed to confirm available serological information about it. Data reported encourage further research in order to evaluate the potential of GLC as an useful aid in the taxonomy of genus Leptospira.^0
78209245^[Spirochetes: coiling direction]^197804^Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1978 Apr;129(3):351-60^^Kayser A, Adrian M^On electron micrographs of spirochetes, the axial fibers are alternatively visible and hidden, i.e. above then under the cytoplasmic cylinder. From this observation the sense of coiling can be inferred. Leptospires are right-handed structures. So are other spirochetes, but it is less conspicuous. The opposite, however, appears on most published photographs and on schematic drawings. The explanation would be that the preparation introduced into the electron microscope was not facing the photographic plate, but turned to the electron beam. Also the picture must not be turned over, neither in the photographic laboratory nor when used as a slide.^0
78227441^[Clinical considerations on Weil's disease]^197804^Rev Clin Esp 1978 Apr 15;149(1):63-6^^Vilaseca J, Ruiz J, Ballester M, Villalonga C, Pedreira JD, Richart C, Bacardi R^^0
78207230^[Comparative study of the immunoglobulin content in persons from leptospirosis foci in different geographical zones of the RSFSR]^197805^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 May;(5):122-7^^Baryshev PM, Shishkina ZS, Chernukha IuG, Kokovin IL, Malkina LA^The authors carried out a comparative study of the content of serum immunoglobulins in persons from the leptospirosis foci of various geographical zones of the RSFSR: European part--the Centre (Moscow and Ryazan regions), the South (Checheno-Ingush ASSR and Krasnodar Territory), and Western Siberia (Altai territory), Leptospira of serological group Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Hbedomadis served as the causative agents of the diseases. It appeared that the annual course of the climatic factors acted equally (inhibitory action) on the immuno- globulin metabolism in the residents of temperate and southern zones of the RSFSR at the warm period of the year (May-September), and in the Western Siberia- in winter. However, irrespective of the time of the year, the level of immunoglobulins G and A was greater in the residents of Western Siberia than in the native population of the European part. There proved to be no correlation between the levels of leptospirosis seropositivity in the foci of infection under study and the serum immunoglobulins in local residents of various geographical zones.^0
78207256^[Study data on ornithosis infection in the Azerbaijan SSR]^197805^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 May;(5):83-6^^Abushev FA^Data are presented on the study of epizootology and epidemiology of ornithosis. There were revealed natural foci of ornithosis in the Kyzyl- Agach preserve, at the Sary-Su lakes and at the Glinyany island; these foci were dihostal and polyhostal, as well as conjointed (ornithosis, arboviruses, Q-fever, Asian tick-borne typhus, leptospirosis). Anthropurgic foci were found in 12 populated localities, semi-wild dove serving as the main component. Fowl was found to be infected in 12 poultry-farms; occupational ornithosis was present among the bird- rearers. Immunological structure of the population in respect to ornithosis was studied. Patients with various diagnoses showed positive serological reactions retrospectively; there were 155 cases of ornithosis among them.^0
78228768^[Leptospirosis (epidemiology, immunity, immunodiagnosis and control and preventive measures)]^197805^Sov Med 1978 May;(5):83-8^^Chernukha IuG, Baryshev PM^^0
78205195^Leptospirosis in Colombia: isolation of Leptospira spp. from the kidneys of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped on infected piggeries.^197805^Trop Anim Health Prod 1978 May;10(2):121-3^^Morales GA, Guzman VH, Beltran LE^Leptospira interrogans serotypes pomona and icterohaemorrhagiae were isolated from the kidneys of Rattus norvegicus trapped on pomona infected piggeries. The isolation of pomona from one of 111 cultured kidneys, although of interest, strongly suggests that this rat does not play an important part in the epidemiology of infection by this serotype. Kidney tubular degeneration, focal mononuclear infiltrations and fibroplasia are morphological traces which remain after an attack of leptospirosis. The high percentage (48.6) of these lesions found in the rat kidneys examined does not seem to be related to serotype pomona but to icterohaemorrhagiae. The importance of this last serotype in swine in the Cauca Valley has yet to be assessed.^0
78249894^[Leptospirosis in Salvador (Brazil). Clinical and laboratory aspects]^197875^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1978 May-Jun;20(3):164-76^^Caldas EM, Costa E, Sampaio MB^^0
79080955^Humoral immune response of dogs vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines.^197805^Am J Vet Res 1978 May;39(5):831-6^^Bey RF, Johnson RC^The humoral immune response of dogs vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines was monitored with the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and leptospiricidal activity (LA) test for a 2-year period. The leptospiral serovars in the vaccines was canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, pomona, and hardjo. The LA test was markedly more sensitive than the MA test for detecting anti-Leptospira antibodies and was least noticeable with anti- pomona antibodies. Both Igm and IgG were produced in similar amounts in the vaccinated dogs, and both classes of immunoglobulins were reactive in the MA and LA tests. The IgM class of antibodies was slightly more reactive in the MA test, whereas IgG antibodies were somewhat more reactive in the LA test. A direct correlation between protective antibodies, as determined by the hamster passive-protection test, and antibodies reactive in the MA and LA tests was observed.^0
78177306^[Van Weil's disease and other leptospiroses]^197805^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1978 May 27;122(21):776^^Terpstra WJ^^0
79023164^[Sphingomyelinase activity of Leptospira cultures (author's transl)]^197806^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1978 Jun;27(3):137-43^^Bazovska S^^0
79047472^Infections with Erysipelothrix, Leptospira, and Chlamydia in Illinois veterinarians.^197806^Int J Zoonoses 1978 Jun;5(1):55-61^^Schnurrenberger PR, Hanson LE, Martin RJ^^0
78208372^Leptospirosis: a common-source outbreak due to leptospires of the grippotyphosa serogroup.^197806^Am J Epidemiol 1978 Jun;107(6):538-44^^Anderson DC, Folland DS, Fox MD, Patton CM, Kaufmann AF^In the period August 1-10, 1975, seven cases of leptospirosis occurred in residents of Stewart County, Tennessee. Based on serologic evidence, the infection was caused by leptospires of the Grippotyphosa serogroup. Epidemiologic study showed that the patients apparently acquired their infection while swimming in Cub Creek, a small local stream. Stagnation of the stream resulting from subnormal rainfall may have contributed to the timing of the outbreak. The source of leptospiral contamination for the stream could not be determined.^0
78220128^Surgical complications of leptospirosis in children.^197806^J Pediatr Surg 1978 Jun;13(3):325-30^^Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD^^0
78256598^The prevalence and distribution of leptospiral titres in cattle and pigs in Queensland.^197806^Aust Vet J 1978 Jun;54(6):297-300^^Elder JK, Ward WH^Serological test results for leptospiral species on serums from cattle and pigs performed by the diagnostic laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries from July 1973 to June 1976 were used to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of 3 leptospiral serotypes in Queensland. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies to L. hardjo than to L. pomona in cattle, whereas in pigs the prevalence of antibodies to L. pomona was much higher than that for L. tarassovi or L. hardjo. Feral pigs had a particularly high prevalence of L. pomona antibodies. There is a different geographical distribution of antibodies to L. pomona and L. hardjo. L. hardjo antibodies appear to be fairly uniformly distributed but there is a higher prevalence of L. pomona antibodies in low rainfall areas. This relationship was shown to be significantly correlated.^0
79011627^[Diagnostic difficulties in multiorgan form of Mycoplasma infection]^197806^Pediatr Pol 1978 Jun;53(6):769-71^^Chabudzinska S, Kacprzak-Bergman I^^0
79016536^Four new leptospira serotypes from Trinidad.^197806^West Indian Med J 1978 Jun;27(2):117-26^^Green AE, Sulzer CR, Evarard CO, Jones WL^^0
79031354^[A fatal case of leptospiral myocarditis (author's transl)]^197806^Lijec Vjesn 1978 Jun;100(6):349-52^^Beus A, Hirtzler R, Beus I^^0
79077970^The possible pathogenicity of water leptospires (L. biflexa) 1920-1930.^197806^Trop Geogr Med 1978 Jun;30(2):175-82^^Wolff JW^^0
79034768^Survival of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in an acidic soil under simulated New Zealand field conditions.^197807^Res Vet Sci 1978 Jul;25(1):29-33^^Hellstrom JS, Marshall RB^Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was found to survive for at least 42 days in a typical New Zealand soil under simulated winter field conditions. The soil was markedly acidic with a pH of 5.5 and survival times were not reduced even when its water content was only 23%. The values of both these parameters are considerably less than previously recorded for the survival of leptospires in soil. Two methods were used to recover leptospires from the soil microflora. One was the culture of a membrane filtrate in EMJH media with or without contaminant- suppressing additives and the other was the direct inoculation of soil- washings into hamsters. Both techniques proved to equally sensitive. It was estimated that following the addition of 5 X 10(8) leptospires to the soil samples less than 2 X 10(4) were present after six weeks.^0
79031389^[Transient (benign) monoclonal gammapathies in the course of infectious diseases (author's transl)]^197807^Lijec Vjesn 1978 Jul;100(7):433-6^^Petricivic I, Benic V, Lehpamer B^^0
79091127^[Infectious causes of perinatal mortalities in ruminants (author's transl)]^197807^J S Afr Vet Assoc 1978 Jul;49(2):89-98^^Coetzer JA, Schutte AP^The advantages and disadvantages of the different diagnostic techniques e.g. pathological and microbiological studies, immunoglobulin and specific antibody determinations and fluorescent antibody studies in relation to these mortalities are discussed. The most important pathological lesions in the placentas and foetuses are described.^0
80152699^Recent studies on Leptospira and leptospirosis in the Cantacuzino Institute (1968--1977).^197875^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1978 Jul-Dec;37(3-4):207-16^^Nicolescu M^^0
79001342^Serological studies on leptospirosis in cattle in east central Alabama.^197807^Can J Comp Med 1978 Jul;42(3):373-5^^Hussain B, Gbadamosi SG, Siddique IH^Serological surveys of leptospiral antibodies in cattle were carried out in Macon and the surrounding counties of East Central Alabama. A total of 286 bovine serum samples were screened for the presence of antibodies against live antigens from twelve pathogenic leptospiral serotypes using a microscopic agglutination test. The most frequently encountered serotypes were Leptospira hardjo (47%), Leptospira wolffi (34%), Leptospira canicola (12%), Leptospira pomona (10%) and Leptospira ballum (10%). Leptospira autumnalis, Leptospira grippotyphosa, Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae, Leptospira pyrogenes and Leptospira tarassovi were observed in less than 5% of the samples.^0
79017569^[Formation of group and intergroup antibodies in humans with leptospirosis infections]^197807^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 Jul;(7):74-81^^Baryshev PM, Chernukha IuG, Shishkina ZS, Kokovin IL^The authors studied regularities attending the biosynthesis of group (homologous) and intergroup (heterologous) antibodies in man during the whole cycle of leptospirosis infection, and for three months after it. Leptospira of the serological groups Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, the most prominent in the morbidity structure at present, served as etiological causative agents of the disease. Biosynthesis of both homologous and heterologous antibodies had its specific features for each serological group of the disease, and was characterized by the quadripol dynamics of 19S-macro and 7S- microglobulin antibodies production in leptospiroses of serological groups Pomona and Gryppotyphosa, whereas in leptospiroses of serological groups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Hebdomadis a graphically dipolic synthesis dynamics of 19S-macroglobulin antibodies alone was noted.^0
79017563^[Regional epidemiologic characteristics of combined foci of tick-borne encephalitis, endemic rickettsioses and leptospirosis in Western Siberia]^197807^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 Jul;(7):48-51^^Busygin FF, Shaiman MS, Chulovskii IK^The authors carried out complex study of combined foci of infections with natural foci in Western Siberia and their reflection in human pathology. The results of serological examination of 5917 persons and of 1743 of farm animals in respect to tick-borne encephalitis, Asian tick-borne rickettsiosis, Q-rickettsiosis, and leptospiroses are analysed. Affection of the population with all the four infections in all the landscape zones under study was shown; the intensity of this affection with different infections differed. Combined natural foci of the mentioned infections were found to be widespread; epidemiological significance of such combination was unequal in different ladscapes, this depending on the ladscape characteristics of the natural foci of infections under study and of different ways of transmission of their causative agents.^0
78233516^Humoral immune responses of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines.^197807^Am J Vet Res 1978 Jul;39(7):1109-14^^Bey RF, Johnson RC^The humoral immune response of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines was monitored with the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and the leptospiricidal activity (LA) test for a 2.5-year period. The serovars present in the vaccines were canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, pomona, and hardjo. The LA test had greater sensitivity than the MA test for detecting antibodies to the hardjo, canicola, and icterohaemorrhagiae components of the pentavalent vaccine and was approximately equal in sensitivity to the MA test for detecting antibodies to the grippotyphosa and pomona components of the leptospiral vaccine. Both IgM and IgG were produced in similar amounts in the immunized cattle, and both classes were reactive in the MA and the LA tests. The IgM class of antibodies was more reactive in the  MA test, whereas the IgG class of antibodies was more reactive in the LA test. Using the MA test as the criterion of evaluating, the immunogenic potency of the individual vaccine components was found to be canicola more than icterohaemorrhagiae more than grippotyphosa more than pomona more than hardjo. A direct correlation between protective antibodies, as determined by the hamster passive protection test, and antibodies reactive in the MA and the LA tests was observed.^0
78251941^[Cases of mixed infection in swine]^197807^Veterinariia 1978 Jul;(7):53-4^^Kirpichev AF^^0
79007668^The serologic and cultural prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand.^197807^J Wildl Dis 1978 Jul;14(3):345-50^^Hathaway SC, Blackmore DK, Marshall RB^In a serologic and cultural survey of 127 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) occupying pasture land in New Zealand, leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup were obtained from 48 (38%) of the animals sampled. Eight isolates were identified by cross-absorption agglutin ation studies as being Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. There was a marked age difference in prevalence with 41 positive cultures from 64 mature adults (64%) and no recoveries being made from juveniles. Isolation of leptospires was aided by the use of a new technique involving the homogenation of whole kidneys in gamma sterilized plastic bags in a "Coleworth Stomacher". The use of this apparatus allowed the processing of whole kidneys and the technique was efficient in both the recovery of leptospires and the prevention of contamination. In view of the fact that serovar balcanica has been recorded previously only in East Europe in man, cattle and pigs, the high prevalence of infection in a wild animal population in New Zealand is an interesting development in the world distribution of this serovar.^0
79013945^[Antibiograms of Leptospira on solid media in Petri dishes]^197875^Rev Ig [Bacteriol] 1978 Jul-Sep;23(3):177-81^^Sefer M^The sensitivity of fowl leptospirae to antibiotics was tested by diffusiometry on solid media in Petri dishes. The method includes two stages: 1) visible leptospirae cultures are obtained by central seeding and incubation during 3--5 days at 28 or 37 degrees C; 2) antibiotic tablets are disposed at 2 cm from the visible edge of the multiplication zone of the leptospirae. The edge is marked with a pencil at the moment in which the antibiotics are applied. Incubation is continued at the same temperatures. The results are read after five days taking as reference the position of the marginal multiplication line. The sensitivity of leptospirae to antibiotics is expressed by arrested multiplication and resistance by advance of the marginal multiplication line up to or even beyond the antibiotic tablets. Fowl leptospirae are sensitive to penicillin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, novobiocin, polymixin, pristinamycin, neomycin, erythromycin, and resistant to mycostatin, septrin, rifampicin, optoquine, sulphatiazol.^0
78251894^Naturally occurring leptospirosis (Leptospiraballum) in a red deer (Cervus elaphus).^197807^Vet Rec 1978 Jul 22;103(4):75-6^^Corrigall W^^0
78244588^Use of hamster antisera in the preliminary differentiation of Leptospira interrogans servars hardjo and balcanica.^197808^J Med Microbiol 1978 Aug;11(3):351-3^^Ris DR, Hamel KL^Preliminary differentiation of Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and balcanica can be made with antisera that are collected from hamsters after experimental infection with serovar hardjo and selected for high homologous and low or nil heterologous titres, as measured by the microscopic agglutination test. Rabbit antisera against serovars hardjo and balcanica, cattle antisera against hardjo and sheep antisera against the serogroup Hebdomadis each agglutinated hardjo and balcanica to a similar titre.^0
78244589^The routine application of a microtechnique for the demonstration of leptospiral antibodies.^197808^J Med Microbiol 1978 Aug;11(3):355-8^^Lewis J^The microtechnique of Galton et al. (1965) for the routine screening of blood samples for leptospiral antibodies was used to examine more than 8000 serum samples from animals that had aborted and from herds in which leptospiral antibodies had previously been demonstrated. The method gave consistently accurate results. In respect of ease and speed of performance, it was superior to the microscopic agglutination test and it required only minute volumes of serum and antigen suspension. Its most important advantage was that the agglutination reaction could be read directly on the plate, and the removal of samples for microscopical examination was therefore unnecessary.^0
79030667^[Clinical aspects of sporadic cases of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^197808^Klin Med (Mosk) 1978 Aug;56(8):101-10^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS, Rychnev VE^^0
79092973^[Myomorphous mammals as leptospirae reservoirs in the lowlands of SR Croatia (author's transl)]^197808^Lijec Vjesn 1978 Aug;100(8):465-70^^Borcic B, Kovacic H, Tvrtkovic N, Sebek Z, Aleraj B^^0
79120752^[1st isolation of serovar Sorex--Jalna leptospirae from humans]^197808^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1978 Aug;(8):42-5^^Baryshev PM, Kokovin IL^Leptospira strain "Patient No. 84", identical to the international standard of sorexjalna serovar, of Javanica serogroup was for the first time isolated on the 5th day of the disease from a patient suffering from leptospirosis in seeding his blood in Vervoort-Wolf's fluid medium. Antibodies heterologous against the strain isolated were also determined in the patient's blood on the 5th day. Their titre was 1 : 200(++), and they proved to react with leptospira of Cynopteri and Pomons serogroup.^0
78224738^[Severe leptospirosis treated successfully with amoxicillin and glycocorticoid]^197808^Orv Hetil 1978 Aug 6;119(32):1967-8^^Munnich D, Bakondi M^^0
79037330^[Sporadic cases of leptospirosis]^197808^Wiad Lek 1978 Aug 15;31(16):1169-72^^Witczuk J^^0
79043716^[On the selection of antigens for microagglutination reaction in leptospiroses (author's transl)]^197809^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1978 Sep;27(5):247-52^^Kmety E, Bakoss P^^0
79092696^Renal complications of infectious diseases.^197809^Med Clin North Am 1978 Sep;62(5):979-1003^^Eknoyan G, Dillman RO^^0
79057447^Antibodies to Leptospira in the sera of aborted bovine fetuses.^197809^Vet Rec 1978 Sep 9;103(11):237-9^^Ellis WA, Logan EF, O'Brien JJ, Neill SD, Ferguson HW, Hanna J^Antibodies to Leptospira serotypes were detected in sera from 15 (6.9 per cent) of 218 aborted fetuses, but were not detected in the sera from 196 non-aborted fetuses. Fourteen (6.4 per cent) sera from the aborted fetuses had antibodies to strains belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup and 1 (0.5 per cent) had antibodies to a strain belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. These antibodies were predominantly immunoglobulin M whereas in the dams, antibodies belonged to both immunoglobulin M and G classes.^0
79053718^Schizophreniform psychosis associated with leptospirosis [letter]^197809^N Z Med J 1978 Sep 13;88(619):212-3^^Marshall RB, Scrimgeour G^^0
79044666^Diseases transmitted from pets to man: an evolving concern for veterinarians.^197810^Cornell Vet 1978 Oct;68(4):442-59^^Kahrs RF, Holmes DN, Poppensiek GC^Pets are not a major source of human infections but they can transmit certain diseases to man. This transmission usually is complex, requiring close contact with pets or their excretions and frequently involves a breach of sound hygienic practice. In some instances, pathogens of animal origin are acquired inadvertently because infectivity can persist after evidence of gross contamination has gone. Veterinarians participate in controlling zoonotic diseases by encouraging rabies vaccination and hygienic treatment of pet feces and urine, by supporting community efforts toward responsible pet ownership and by advising on precautions for handling sick animals. It is recommended that veterinarians discourage the keeping of wild or exotic animals as pets and excess fondling of pets (particularly by children and pregnant women). Clients and kennel workers should be advised to use caution with animals that have aborted.^0
79115154^The detection of Leptospirae in cattle urine.^197810^N Z Vet J 1978 Oct;26(10):246, 255-6^^Ris DR, Hamel KL^^0
79056253^[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^197810^Sov Med 1978 Oct;(10):125-8^^Barats SM, Levin IuL, Matkovskii BV^^0
79056262^[Leptospirosis caused by an association of different serotypes of Leptospira]^197810^Sov Med 1978 Oct;(10):143-5^^Zeigermakher GA^^0
79115880^Bilateral neuralgic amyotrophy complicating Weil's disease.^197810^Postgrad Med J 1978 Oct;54(636):680-1^^Cumming WJ, Thrush DC, Kenward DH^The case of a patient with leptospirosis (treated with trimethoprim) with late neurological complications manifesting as a bilateral plexus syndrome is described. The probable reasons for the continued weakness, in this patient, of the muscles supplied by the anterior interosseus nerve, despite improvement in the proximal muscles, are briefly discussed.^0
79088884^Broadly reacting precipitating and agglutinating antigen of leptospirae.^197811^J Clin Microbiol 1978 Nov;8(5):580-90^^Myers DM, Coltorti EA^A saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strain of equine origin was found which cross-reacts with immune rabbit antisera to 14 pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serotypes. Sera from goats experimentally inoculated with the saprophyte showed multiple low-level cross- agglutination reactions against a battery of live L. interrogans serotypes. Sonically treated and saline-extracted suspensions of the L. biflexa strain and serotypes canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona yielded a common precipitating protein antigen that was detected by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with all of the antileptospiral sera examined. In cross-absorption and gel diffusion tests, the precipitinogen from each of the strains was shown to be identical. Formaldehyde treatments and heating at 100 degree C suggest that the cellular location of the common antigen is either somatic or subsurface, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration enabled the isolation of the active fraction of the L. biflexa antigen. Monoprecipitin sera against the common antigen of L. biflexa were produced by immunizing rabbits with specific precipitates in agar. In gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests the antisera with each of the soluble antigens developed a single precipitin formation, and the antisera agglutinated formolized and heated whole-cell suspensions of serotypes canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona at low dilutions. The soluble L. biflexa antigen was evaluated as an immunogen and in passive immunity tests for protection against death and kidney infection in hamsters. No cross-protection occurred when the hamsters were challenged with virulent leptospires. In contrast, the animals vaccinated or administered hamster immune serum before challenge died earlier than the control animals.^0
79099914^The immunoglobulins response in rabbit to single antigenic factors of leptospira. Investigations with two serovars from saprophytic leptospira.^197811^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1978 Nov;242(1):85-92^^Cinco M, Dougan R, Panfili E^The agglutinating antibodies formed after immunization of rabbits with viable leptospira consist of 19S and 7S immunoglobulins. IgM and IgG are formed already earlier in the course of immunization. after a lapse of one month more IgG is found than IgM. The specificity of agglutination with the main antigenic factors is due mainly to IgG.^0
79099929^Inhibition of leptospiral agglutination by the nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main antigens of leptospiras.^197811^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1978 Nov;242(2):261-4^^Sugiyama K, Yanagawa R^Microscopic agglutination of leptospiras was inhibited by the homologous nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main (NDTM) antigens of leptospiras. The agglutination was not inhibited by the heterologous NDTM antigens. The results may indicate that the substance participating in the microscopic agglutination of leptospiras with antiserum is the NDTM antigens.^0
79156485^Infertility in gilts and sows.^197811^Mod Vet Pract 1978 Nov;59(11):863-5^^^^0
79183169^Immunity to bacterial infections.^197811^Vet Clin North Am 1978 Nov;8(4):683-95^^Kramer TT^^0
79050031^Leptospiral antibody and MLNS [letter]^197811^J Pediatr 1978 Nov;93(5):896^^Ohtaki C, Tomiyama T, Suzuki M, Hayakawa H, Kaga M^^0
79070183^The antibodies involved in the human immune response to leptospiral infection.^197811^J Med Microbiol 1978 Nov;11(4):387-400^^Adler B, Faine S^Antibody responses were studied in human patients from whom leptospiral serovars--mainly  pomona or hardjo--had been isolated and identified. The antibody to the polysaccharide F4 antigen belonged exclusively to the IgM class, even as late as 10 months after infection. Human sera cross-reacted widely with F4 antigen from heterologous serovars. The antibodies involved in leptospiral agglutination were mainly IgM, but some patients also produced IgG agglutinins. The titres of IgM agglutinins were higher than those of IgG agglutinins and persisted for many months, regardless of the presence or absence of IgG agglutinins. Both types of immunoglobulin from patients with serovar pomona infection protected hamsters against lethal infections with homologous leptospires. The hamster-protective capacity of human sera correlated well with agglutinin titres. Sera from patients infected with serovars other than pomona protected hamsters against challenge with pomona only if they contained agglutinins to that organism.^0
79070184^Serological and protective-antibody responses of rabbits to leptospiral antigens.^197811^J Med Microbiol 1978 Nov;11(4):401-9^^Adler B, Faine S^The rabbit antibody response to leptospiral F4 antigen extracted from serovar pomona depended on the method of immunisation. Intravenous injection of whole leptospires stimulated F4 antibodies that were confined to the IgM class, but leptospires injected intramuscularly with adjuvant stimulated F4 antibodies in both the IgM and the IgM and the IgG classes. Both methods of immunisation stimulated agglutinins in both the IgM and IgG classes. F4 antigen in soluble form was immunogenci when injected intradermally with adjuvant, but not when given alone. The F4 antibodies were distinct from the agglutinins in that they did not protect hamsters from acute infection with homologous leptospires, nor did they kill leptospires in vitro although they reacted with leptospires. The hamster-protective capacity of rabbit sera depended on the level of agglutinin.^0
79090098^'Viscotaxis', a new behavioural response of Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain B16.^197811^J Gen Microbiol 1978 Nov;109(1):113-7^^Petrino MG, Doetsch RN^When in a non-viscous environment and confronted with a viscous one, Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain B16 preferentially selected the latter. We have designated this positive response to a viscosity gradient as 'viscotaxis'. Using an originally designed experimental chamber, a pool of leptospires were faced with capillary tubes containing either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or N-2- hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES). Leptospires suspended in HEPES responded positively to 2% (w/v) PVP in capillaries, and migrated into them in large numbers in 1 h. No response was observed when the chamber and capillary tubes contained solutions of the same viscosity. As the viscosity of PVP was increased, a proportionally larger number of leptospires migrated into it. This newly observed aspect of leptospiral behaviour may have ecological significance.^0
79109188^Hazards of disease transfer from marine mammals to land mammals: review and recent findings.^197811^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978 Nov 1;173(9):1131-3^^Smith AW, Vedros NA, Akers TG, Gilmartin WG^In a 5-year study (1972-1977) of microbial agents isolated from both clinically normal and diseased marine mammals, it was shown that certain disease agents are widespread in a diversity of ocean populations and that some are also transmissible to a number of terrestrial mammal species. Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona has been isolated repeatedly from 2 species of pinnipeds (Zalophus californianus califonianus and Callorhinus ursinus). Some of the more important bacterial pathogens for land mammals that were isolated from wild marine mammals are Pseudomonas mallei, Clostridium chauvoei, C novyi, Neisseria mucosa var heidelbergensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp, and Pasteurella multocida. Numerous serotypes of viruses classified as caliciviruses were isolated from a variety of marine mammals. Some of these are known to infect several land mammal species including swine horses, and primates. For this reason., precautions should be taken to ensure that disease agents shed by captive marine mammals are not transmitted to susceptible terrestrial mammals, including animal handlers and other human beings.^0
79248560^[Leptospirosis in porcine live stock. 1st national serologic survey of pigs from apparently healthy stock and of their keepers]^197875^Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1978 Nov-Dec;52(11-12):1425-33^^Pumarola A, Gimeno de Sande A^^0
81112284^Health trends in sri lanka.^197812^Ceylon Med J 1978 Dec;23(4):139-48^^Sivayoham S, Arumanayagam P^^0
79087870^Enzymatic degradation of H2O2 by Leptospira.^197812^Infect Immun 1978 Dec;22(3):672-5^^Corin RE, Boggs E, Cox CD^The enzymes responsible for reducing H2O2 were surveyed in 49 strains of Leptospira by using semiquantitative assays for catalase and peroxidase. The survey revealed a differential distribution of catalase and peroxidase activities between the two leptospiral complexes. The pathogenic Leptospira interrogans strains gave strong catalase and weak or negative peroxidase reactions. Conversely, the nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa strains gave strong peroxidase and negative or weak catalase reactions. An intermediate group of four L. biflexa strains, which were isolated from mammals, fell into the high peroxidase, low or negative catalase group. One water isolate, H-23, gave strong reactions for both enzymes and was examined for virulence and in vitro growth parameters. Results indicate metabolic differences between pathogens and water forms in their abilities to reduce H2O2.^0
79129793^Patoc 1 and Rufino strains of Leptospira biflexa, as screening antigens in the diagnosis of leptospirosis.^197812^Int J Zoonoses 1978 Dec;5(2):91-6^^Caldas EM, Sampaio MB, Costa E, Tishcenko LM^Patoc 1 and Rufino from L. complexo bifexa strains employed as screening antigen in the serologic diagnosis of liptospirosis in human and in six different animal species in comparison with a battery of 1.9 L complexo interrogans antigens, Patoc strain showed a 98.8% accordance in the sera agglutination tests, in humans; in animal it showed a low percentage of accordance in the sera agglutination tests in humans and in animals.^0
79160358^Two new leptospira serovars belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup.^197812^Trop Geogr Med 1978 Dec;30(4):537-42^^Dikken H, Kmety E, de Geus A, Adinarayanan N, Timmer VE^Two new serovars in the leptospira Hebdomadis serogroup are described following parallel investigations by the "classical" comparative cross- agglutinin absorption test method and by a method derived from factor analysis. The serovar names nyanza with reference strain Kibos and dikkeni with reference strain Mannuthi are proposed.^0
80216423^Isolation of antigenic variants from leptospiras grown in vitro and from heart blood of guinea pigs inoculated with a clonized strain of Leptospira.^197901^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1979;245(3):345-55^^Yanagawa R, Shimono E, Shinjo EM^A clonized culture of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain Shibaura (Cl-Shibaura) was inoculated into guinea pigs. The heart blood of the guinea pigs, obtained at the febrile stage and inoculated onto the solid serum medium containing the homologous immune serum, produced large and small colonies. The serological examinations revealed that the large colonies were found mainly to be the antigenic variants, while the small colonies were mostly the parent. The antigenic variants accounted for 16.4% of all the colonies from the blood of the guinea pigs infected with Cl-Shibaura, and for 1.2% of all the colonies from the blood of the guniea pigs infected with Cl-Shibaura, and for 1.2% of all the ll colonies. The serological examinations revealed that the large colonies were found mainly to be the antigenic variants, while the small colonies were mostly the parent. The antigenic variants accounted for 16.4% of all the colonies from the blood of the guniea pigs infected with Cl-Shibaura, and for 1.2% of all the colonies from the culture of Cl-Shibaura in the normal serum medium. Antigenic variants were also isolated in vitro from the culture of 2 other serovars. The fact that the frequency of the antigenic variants of leptospiras was higher in vivo than in vitro is discussed.^0
79250114^A study of leptospirosis among animals in Barbados W.I.^197901^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979;73(2):161-8^^Damude DF, Jones CJ, Myers DM^Microscopic agglutination tests performed during 1971 and 1972 on Barbadian livestock showed positive serological reactions for leptospirosis as follows: cattle 51%, pigs 13%, sheep 18%, horses 64% and goats 19%. The serogroup Autumnalis predominated in all but horses in which the reactions to the Pyrogenes group appeared slightly higher. After the isolation of a strain of Leptospira serotype fort-bragg (Barbadian strain No. 119) of the Autumnalis serogroup in 1973, and its subsequent inclusion in our test battery of leptospiral antigens, high percentages of cattle, dogs, mongooses and man showed sero-positive reactions against the strain. Attention is called to the wide dissemination of the fort-bragg serotype on the island and to the role of rodents and the mongoose in its spread. 74 clinically affected Barbadian cattle from three herds were studied during 1975-76; 60 (81%) were serologically positive and nine different serogroups were represented. Predominant sero-positive reactions to Hebdomadis, Autumnalis, Ballum and Pyrogenes antigens were recorded. The highest titres were against Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and Pomona. Hebdomadis and Pomona serogroup antibodies may be due to many importations of cattle with those infections into Barbados.^0
81188157^[Analysis of 137 cases of leptospiral uveitis (author's transl)]^197901^Chung Hua Yen Ko Tsa Chih 1979;15(4):247-9^^Zhu SP^^0
82039421^[Leptospirosis in porcine livestock. Second serological survey in outbreaks of infectious abortion]^197975^Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1979 Jan-Feb;53(1-2):51-5^^Pumarola Busquets A, Fernandez Nafria A, Esteban Velazquez E^^0
81101193^Laboratory practices involving the leptospiral microscopic agglutination microtiter test.^197901^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1979;(83):163-79^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
81101194^Evaluation of serologic reactions in cattle following vaccination with multivalent leptospiral commercial bacterins and comparison of the microscopic agglutination (MA) antibody response by various laboratories.^197901^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1979;(83):180-8^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Mansfield ME^^0
81101195^Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis of domestic animals.^197901^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1979;(83):189-95^^Cole JR Jr, Ellinghausen HC, Rubin HL^^0
79119291^[Methods of diagnosing leptospirosis in animals]^197901^Veterinariia 1979 Jan;(1):44-6^^Bolotskii IA^^0
80168006^[Leptospirosis according to the data of the infectious disease department of the municipal hospital in Raciborz in the years 1966-1977]^197901^Przegl Epidemiol 1979;33(4):515-8^^Bluszcz G, Ciszek Z^^0
79119290^[Epizootiology of leptospirosis in animals]^197901^Veterinariia 1979 Jan;(1):42-3^^Akhmedov MM, Amaev KG, Salikhov IuS, Makhmudov MP^^0
79140490^[Use of erythrocytic diagnosticum for the passive hemagglutination test in the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^197901^Vrach Delo 1979 Jan;(1):104-6^^Nazarova OG^^0
79165578^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection of cattle.^197901^Aust Vet J 1979 Jan;55(1):1-5^^Gordon LM^A survey of normal cattle in the Southern Victorian statistical divisions revealed that microscopic agglutination titres to L. hardjo occur at high frequency and are distributed throughout the cattle population. These titres are difficult to interpret as they may represent recent or old exposure, with or without disease. L. hardjo infection of dairy cattle was studied in 4 herds using the microscopic agglutination and complement-fixation tests. Statistical comparisons of individual titres obtained indicated that the sensitivity of the complement-fixation test was satisfactory for diagnostic purposes, but the test was unable to differentiate between current or past infections.^0
79186522^[Adeno-cutaneo-mucous syndrome (letter)]^197901^Arch Fr Pediatr 1979 Jan;36(1):82-3^^de Montis G, Chabrolle JP^^0
79249712^Effect of a plasma cytotoxic factor in leptospirosis on platelets in vivo.^197901^Thromb Res 1979;14(6):975-80^^Chaperon KM, Davis RB, Miller NG^^0
79250115^The problem of human leptospirosis in Barbados.^197901^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979;73(2):169-77^^Damude DF, Jones CJ, White HS, Myers DM^The results of a retrospective study of human leptospirosis cases occurring in Barbados during the period 19-68-74, and of serological findings among high risk occupational groups, fever cases and health centre patients monitored for the disease during 1975-77, indicate that infection by serotype fort-bragg of the Autumnalis group is widespread in this Caribbean island. The occupational groups most affected are sanitation workers and sugar-cane workers. Results of serological tests conducted at the principle hospital are comparable with the results obtained by the microscopic agglutination reference test procedure conducted at the Pan American Zoonosis Centre (CEPANZO).^0
79250149^Leptospirosis in patients from Grenada, West Indies.^197901^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979;73(3):303-5^^Everard CO, Fraser-Chanpong GM, Bhagwandin LJ, Ali S^Evidence of leptospirosis in humans from Grenada, W.I., is reported here for the first time. Of 139 hospital patients with pyrexia of undetermined origin, 94 were jaundiced, and 16 (17%) of these were positive for hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) and not examined further. 20 of the remaining 123 (16%) febrile patients were positive for leptospiral antibodies; 11 of them were current or recent cases. 25 of 182 (14%) afebrile out-patients showed evidence of previous exposure to leptospiral organisms. The most frequently encountered serogroups in the 45 seropositive in- and out-patients were Icterohaemorrhagiae (38%), Panama (24%) and Canicola (11%).^0
80027433^Immunity induced in hamsters vaccinated with a ribosome extract of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae.^197901^J Biol Stand 1979 Jan;7(1):81-7^^Morris JA, Orr HS^^0
80124999^Serological evidence of leptospirosis in Caribbean schoolchildren.^197901^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979;73(5):591-3^^Everard CO, Fraser-Chanpong GM^^0
80150179^[The leptospirocidal action of "Methimidol" and its metabolic process in vivo (author's transl)]^197901^Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1979;14(10):577-86^^Gao XS, Xiong CS, Wu BA^^0
79104803^Polymorphism of blood serum amylase and transferrin and leptospirosis in Large White Polish pigs.^197975^Br Vet J 1979 Jan-Feb;135(1):103-7^^Przytulski T, Porzeczkowska D^^0
81062714^Evaluation of the use of "thermoresistant" antigen Patoc 1, in the diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis. Preliminary report.^197901^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1979 Jan 31;57(6):707-12^^Cinco Del Fabbro M, Dougan R, Jelincic A, Piacentini I^The macroagglutination test, according Mailloux, was investigated for its feasibility in the rapid diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis. Suspected sera examinated by Mailloux test, were also examinated by Complement Fixation and Microagglutination; the results suggest that: Mailloux macroagglutination is the serological test of choice, for screening of animal and human sera, mostly if it is not needed to know the infecting serovar.^0
79120726^[Classification of Leptospira isolated in Peru]^197902^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1979 Feb;(2):77-81^^Masedo Agirre S, Chernukha IuG^Antigenic properties of 23 leptospira cultures isolated in Peru were studied by immunological absorption. Two new individual leptospira serovars were classified as huanuco with a reference strain M-4, representing a new Huanuco serological group, and san-martini with a reference strain CT-63 belonging to the Hebdomadis serological group. Besides for the first time in the American part of the world serovar budapest belonging to Icterohaemorrhagiae serological group was recorded; also the first finding of serovar pyrogenes of the pyrogenes serological group was certified.^0
79116010^[Leptospirosis]^197902^Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1979 Feb 20;68(8):260-1^^Beer K^^0
79119935^[Neurological manifestations in leptospirosis]^197902^ZFA (Stuttgart) 1979 Feb 28;55(6):373-6^^Krauss N^^0
79157254^Seroepidemiological evidence of infectious diseases in United States Marine Corps personnel, Okinawa, Japan, 1975--1976.^197903^Mil Med 1979 Mar;144(3):175-6^^Olson JG, Irving GS, Bourgeois AL, Hodge FA, Van Peenen PF^^0
79223613^Leptospirosis and acute renal failure--clinical experiences and a review of the literature.^197903^Postgrad Med J 1979 Mar;55(641):176-9^^Kennedy ND, Pusey CD, Rainford DJ, Higginson A^About 50 cases of leptospirosis are diagnosed each year in the United Kingdom, with an overall mortality of 5%. Renal failure, in association with jaundice, is commonly held responsible for this figure. Over a period of 18 years, 6 cases of leptospirosis complicated by renal failure were treated at the Royal Air Force Renal Unit; there were 4 survivors. The 2 deaths occurred before the unit policy of daily haemodialysis and total parenteral nutrition, and were both from haemorrhagic complications. The authors believe that patients with leptospirosis and progressive renal impairment should be managed in renal units experienced in the management of the hypercatabolic patient, and that this should improve their prognosis.^0
79200370^Leptospiral nephritis in a dog?^197903^N Z Vet J 1979 Mar;27(3):32^^Murphy TJ^^0
79134668^Leptospirosis and limb gangrene. Case report.^197903^Mo Med 1979 Mar;76(3):157-9^^Pfaller M, Wray RC Jr^^0
79172935^Axial filament involvement in the motility of Leptospira interrogans.^197903^J Bacteriol 1979 Mar;137(3):1406-12^^Bromley DB, Charon NW^Motility mutants of Leptospira interrogans serovar illini were isolated and analyzed by dark-field and electron microscopy. Mutants were obtained by screening for small colonies after nitrosoguanidine treatment. One class of mutants did not have hook- or spiral-shaped ends. In addition, the axial filaments from these mutants were not coiled. An analysis of revertants of two of the mutants in this class indicated that the mutations were pleiotropic with respect to motility, hook- and spiral-shaped ends, and axial filament coiling. We conclude that the axial filaments and the hook- and spiral-shaped ends are involved in L. interrogans motility.^0
79172936^Helix handedness of Leptospira interrogans as determined by scanning electron microscopy.^197903^J Bacteriol 1979 Mar;137(3):1413-6^^Carleton O, Charon NW, Allender P, O'Brien S^Representative serovars and strains of the seven genetic groups of Leptospira interrogans, and two previously studied serovars, were all found to form exclusively right-handed helices as determined by scanning electron microscopy. No change in handedness occurred in cells grown in a minimal medium (Tween-80 albumin) compared to cells grown in a rich medium (rabbit serum). The right-handedness of the organisms was related to the evolution, cell wall structure, and the mechanism of motility of L. interrogans.^0
79183306^[Colostral immunity following simultaneous vaccination of dams against Aujesszky's disease and leptospirosis]^197903^Veterinariia 1979 Mar;(3):36-8^^But'ianov DD, Maksimovich VV^^0
79248824^[Leptospirosis in children: a not infrequent disease (author's transl)]^197903^Sem Hop 1979 Mar 18-25;55(1112):601-7^^Chabrolle JP, Derrida S, Mailloux M, Rossier A^A total of 14 cases of leptospirosis in children aged from 5 to 15 years, hospitalized in the Paris region, are reported. The polymorphe character of the disease is pointed out. The necessity for respecting a rigorous chronological order when requesting complementary examinations, which could confirm the diagnosis, is stressed. Domestic animals, team-mates, and while swimming at week-ends or during holidays, are potential sources or means of infection in the young. This justifies searching for leptospirosis in cases of unexplained fever, a pseudo-influenza syndrome, a meningitis which is mainly of the lymphocytic type, or more rarely, in cases of jaundice. Leptospirosis should be a disease well-known by the pediatrician.^0
79135059^Movement of microorganisms in viscous environments.^197903^Nature 1979 Mar 22;278(5702):349-51^^Berg HC, Turner L^^0
80022722^[First demonstration of natural foci of Leptospira pomona in the Czech Socialist Republic (author's transl)]^197904^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1979 Apr;28(3):155-62^^Sebek Z, Hodkova Z, Palicka P, Zitek K, Valova M^^0
79204850^Leptospirosis in a dog.^197904^Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1979 Apr;74(4):497-502^^Garett AL, Williamson CH^^0
81280962^The serological diagnosis of domestic animals' leptospirosis by complement fixation test with antigens prepared in two different ways.^197975^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1979 Apr-Jun;38(2):133-9^^Nicolescu M, Lola C^^0
80009515^Serologic evidence of leptospirosis in woodchucks (Marmota monax) in central New York State.^197904^J Wildl Dis 1979 Apr;15(2):245-51^^Fleming WJ, Nusbaum SR, Caslick JW^Serum samples from 153 woodchucks (Marmota monax) from Tompkins County, New York, obtained in 1976 and 1977, were examined by plate agglutination tests for antibodies against five Leptospira antigens. Fourteen sera showed significant titers against either L. hardjo, L. icterohemorrhagiae and/or L. pomona. Reactions against L. hardjo were the most frequent. Woodchucks collected from two dairy farms with histories of bovine leptospirosis did not have a greater prevalence of antibodies than woodchucks collected from other locations. Each of two woodchucks experimentally-inoculated with L. hardjo developed titers to L. hardjo. Maximum titers occurred approximately 30 days post- inoculation. L. hardjo was not observed in urine specimens of these animals.^0
80019963^A serological survey of Australian wildlife for antibodies to Leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup.^197904^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1979 Apr;57(2):177-89^^Durfee PT, Presidente PJ^A serological survey for antibodies to Leptospira interrograns serovar hardjo was conducted on 574 serum samples from 10 native and 4 introduced wildlife species in south-eastern Australia. The microscopic agglutination (MA) test was used, and titres to hardjo antigen were detected in 33.5% of 352 brushtailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) sampled in several areas of Victoria. Prevalence of reactors ranged from 14 to 66% in 4 populations examined intensively. Serovar balcanica was isolated from possums with hardjo antibodies from two different areas. Of 20 wombats Vombatus ursinus) examined in Victoria, antibodies to hardjo were found in sera from 4 and titres to Pyrogenes and Pomona serogroups were detected in another. Hardjo antibodies were demonstrated in sera from 13 of 19 rusa deer (Cervus timorensis). Negative MA test results to hardjo antigens were recorded in 55 mountain possums (T. caninus), 63 macropods (Macropus spp.), 17 water rats (Hydrmys chrysogaster), 39 fallow deer (Dama dama), 2 hog deer (Axis porcinus) and 2 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus). No MA antibodies to any of 16 leptospiral serogroups were detected in 17 water rats tested. Kidneys were examined from 330 of these animals and focal interstitial nephritis suggestive of leptospirosis was found in kidneys of 63 of 169 T. vulpecula, 3 of 55 T. caninus, 12 of 18 V. ursinus, 6 of 22 Macropus spp., 9 of 16 H. chrysogaster, 5 of 11 C. timorensis and 3 of 39 D. dama. A statistical association between focal interstitial nephritis and MA antibodies to hardjo was found in T. vulpecula.^0
80019964^A sero-epidemiological study of Leptospira interrogans serovar Balcanica in four brush-tailed possum populations in Victoria, Australia.^197904^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1979 Apr;57(2):191-201^^Durfee PT, Presidente PJ^The microscopic agglutination (MA) test was utilised to study the prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in 4 populations of brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). The overall antibody prevalence varied from 14% to 66%; however, the age distribution of MA test titres was remarkably similar in all 4 populations. Antibody prevalence was similar in both males and females and demonstrable antibodies were limited to sexually mature animals. The greater prevalence of high titres (greater than or equal to 1:128) in the 18- to 24-month age group suggested that primary infections were acquired at this age. The findings suggested that infection was maintained in possum populations by direct transmission, probably associated with breeding. Focal interstitial nephritis was observed in kidneys of possums greater than 18 months of age and was associated with MA titres to hardjo (P less than 0.001). Serovar balcanica was isolated from possum kidneys from 2 of these populations, suggesting that balcanica infections were responsible for most of the hardjo titres. However, agglutinin-absorption tests indicated that some possums may be infected with a leptospire more closely related to hardjo than to balcanica.^0
80078692^An evaluation of the semi-automated complement fixation test and the microscopic agglutination test for the serological diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis.^197905^N Z Vet J 1979 May;27(5):101-2^^Hodges RT, Carter ME, Almand KB, Weddell W, Holland JT, Lewis SF, Lake DE^^0
79205673^[Basic results of a survey of natural foci of human diseases in the Amur-Bureya portion of the Baikal-Amur mainline]^197905^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1979 May;(5):34-8^^Korenberg EI, Kovalevskii IuV, Kuzikov IV, Pchelkina AA, Busoedova NM^^0
79221108^[Basic types of functioning of parasitic systems in natural foci infections]^197975^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1979 May-Jun;48(3):3-9^^Kulik IL^^0
79223084^Spirochetal infections.^197905^Pediatr Clin North Am 1979 May;26(2):377-413^^Taber LH, Feigin RD^^0
79205684^[Dynamics of Leptospira colony formation on solid nutrient media]^197905^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1979 May;(5):87-90^^Kiktenko VS, Volina EG, Sarukhanova LE^The formation of Leptospira colonies on solid culture media varying in composition were studied. In all species of Leptospira 3 main periods of colony development were revealed, each of them having its characteristic morphological changes connected with the growth of the colony deeply into agar.^0
80022516^A serological survey of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona in Saskatchewan horses.^197905^Can Vet J 1979 May;20(5):127-30^^Carpio MM, Iversen JO^^0
80011019^[Use of species specific leptospira antigens to prepare leptospiral erythrocyte diagnosticums]^197975^Mikrobiol Zh 1979 May-Jun;41(3):273-8^^Nazarova OG, Matsiuk VM^^0
79244077^Leptospirosis [letter]^197905^Med J Aust 1979 May 5;1(9):396, 398^^Wilks CR, Milner AR^^0
80078705^Protection of cattle against natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo using a hardjo-pomona vaccine.^197906^N Z Vet J 1979 Jun;27(6):114-6^^Marshall RB, Broughton ES, Hellstrom JS^^0
80078708^Effect of chilling and freezing on survival of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in naturally infected pig kidneys.^197906^N Z Vet J 1979 Jun;27(6):121-3^^Ho HF, Blackmore DK^^0
80078709^Leptospirosis in pigs: the effectiveness of streptomycin in stopping leptospiruria.^197906^N Z Vet J 1979 Jun;27(6):124-6^^Hodges RT, Thomson J, Townsend KG^^0
79228003^[Leptospira distribution in the soil of a natural focus of the infection (an attempt at the radioisotopic labelling of infected voles)]^197906^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1979 Jun;(6):74-9^^Litvin VIu, Karaseva EV, Karulin BE^The mass radioisotope (32P) labelling of all tundra voles excreting Zeptospira, infected urine was carried out over the area of 1 ha, and the results of the experiment analyzed by the method of planar coherent graphs, showed the irregular (spotted) distribution of "infected spots", i. e. soil patches contaminated by Zeptospira. The borders of individual small foci of infection did not coincide with the outlines of soil and vegetational divisions of the area. The spatial structure of the "extraorganismic" part of the Zeptospira population was originally formed by the carriers and thus determined by their mobility, their manner of using the territory. Later this structure was changed by selective elimination under the influence of living conditions for Zeptospira in the soil. The "infected spots", subjected to such selection, seem to be capable of constantly sustaining Zeptospira; the presence of these organisms is also due to the fact that they are regularly added into the soil with urine excreted by the carriers visiting the same spots of their territory.^0
80016505^Leptospires colonial variations.^197906^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1979 Jun;243(4):511-21^^Petrov EM, Chernukha YG^Six of 12 relatively freshly isolated and museum strains representing serovars mozdok, monjakov, kazakhstanica I and patoc were heterogeneous in colonia morphology. Recloned colonial variants of one and the same heterogeneous population did not exhibit any differences in antigenic properties in cross reactions of microagglutination and absorption of agglutinins. Along with it among the clones with various colonial types of the two relatively freshly isolated strains of serovar mozdok distinctions in virulence (LD50) for hamsters were marked. Moreover for the clones one of them differences in the level of renal infection (ID50) and in morphology of the cells (hooked and straight) were found. In a solid Tween-80 albumin medium in populations of two colonial variants (serovars monjakov and kazakhstanica I) colonial mutants appeared without any changes in antigenic properties, virulence and cell morphology with frequency of 10-9-10-8 per one bacterium per one generation.^0
79231403^[Serological study of Leptospira antibodies in mares after abortion]^197906^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1979 Jun 1;92(11):209-11^^Bugl G, von Benten C^^0
79253933^Chronic active hepatitis in dogs associated with leptospires.^197906^Am J Vet Res 1979 Jun;40(6):839-44^^Bishop L, Strandberg JD, Adams RJ, Brownstein DG, Patterson R^Chronic active hepatitis was diagnosed in five American Foxhounds from one kennel. Spirochetes were demonstrated in the liver in four of the dogs. A rising titer to Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa was found in the fifth dog, although spirochetes were not demonstrated in tissues. A serologic survey at the kennel revealed evidence of exposure of 6 of 13 dogs to grippotyphosa. This is the first report of an association between chronic active hepatitis leptospiral infection in any species.^0
80059888^A new leptospiral serovar in the Australis serogroup.^197906^Trop Geogr Med 1979 Jun;31(2):263-8^^Dikken H, Kmety E, De Geus A, Timmer VE^A new serovar in the Australis serogroup is described after parallel investigations by the "classical" comparative cross-agglutinin absorption test method and by a method derived from factor analysis. The serovar name ramisi with reference strain Musa is proposed.^0
80059889^The occurrence of leptospiral antibodies in rural inhabitants of Argentina.^197906^Trop Geogr Med 1979 Jun;31(2):269-74^^Myers DM, Varela-Diaz VM^Sera collected during surveys of presumably healthy rural inhabitants of the Provinces of Corrientes and Neuquen, Argentina, were examined for serological evidence of leptospirosis. Significant antibody levels (1:100 or greater) were found in 8.7 per cent of 1,029 sera from residents of Corrientes Province. The most frequent reactions occurred against the serotypes australis, hebdomadis group, pomona, and icterohaemorrhagiae. The predominance of antibodies to the Australis group in the country is new and suggests the emergence of leptospirosis in an unrecognized animal reservoir host. Out of 706 sera collected from rural school students and sera from 71 adults in the Province of Neuquen, only 4 (0.5%) showed leptospiral agglutinin in the microscopic agglutination test and these were only at a 1:100 serum dilution. The higher percentage of reactors in the Corrientes population appears to reflect a more favorable environment and a greater risk of infection.^0
80059894^Leptospirosis acquired in Surinam.^197906^Trop Geogr Med 1979 Jun;31(2):301-4^^van Heukelem HA, de Geus A, Thijs LG^A case of leptospirosis seen in the Netherlands but acquired in Surinam is described. Marked jaundice, disturbance of renal function, a first degree atrioventricular block and pancreatic irritation were observed.^0
80061428^Antibodies against Leptospira biflexa serotypes patoc and sao paulo in pigs: possible occurrence and importance for the intracutaneous test for leptospirosis.^197906^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1979 Jun;244(1):45-9^^Schonberg A^Leptospirin for the diagnosis of leptospirosis by an intracutaneous test contains antigenic material from 5 pathogenic Leptospira serotypes (10). During experiments with rabbits and pigs, leptospirin was injected into 6 pigs which had been infected artificially with apathogenic Leptospira biflexa serotypes patoc and sao paulo. Three out of the 6 pigs showed a positive leptospirin reaction (11). This interfering reaction in animals having been infected with apathogenic L. biflexa was the reason to investigate the occurrence of biflexa antibodies in pigs from different areas in Germany by the microscopic agglutination. None of the 854 pigs showed biflexa antibodies producing a 50% agglutination at a serum dilution of 1:100. If at all, pigs may become infected naturally by L. biflexa; this apparently seems to be a rare incident. An impairment of the diagnostic value of leptospirin by L. biflexa antibodies can be excluded.^0
80071297^Leptospirosis in dogs and cats on the Island of Trinidad: West Indies.^197906^Int J Zoonoses 1979 Jun;6(1):33-40^^Everard CO, Cazabon EP, Dreesen DW, Sulzer CR^Confirming previous observations on dog populations in other parts of the world, notably Japan, the Philippine Islands, and some countries in South America, we found that a high percentage of dogs in Trinidad are infected with organisms from many serogroups of Leptospira. Serogroups Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae were most commonly found. Ten isolates obtained from 50 kidneys from stray dogs (20% infectivity rate) were typed as portland-vere (six) and canicola (two) of the Canicola serogroup, copenhageni of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (one), and georgia in the Hebdomadis serogroup (one). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of a serotype in the Hebdomadis serogroup being isolated from a dog. A cat isolation was identified as canicola. Serological results showed that 55% or more of stray dogs had been exposed as opposed to only 12.5% of the cats examined. Serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Hebdomadis are found most frequently in dogs, cats, mongooses, and man in Trinidad.^0
80071300^Serological incidence of leptospirosis and leptospiral serotypes among livestock farms.^197906^Int J Zoonoses 1979 Jun;6(1):61-5^^Carlos RS, Medina CS, Dumag PU, Topacio TM Jr^^0
80129951^Experimental infections of brush-tailed possums, common wombats and water rats with Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and hardjo.^197906^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1979 Jun;57(3):231-40^^Durfee PT, Presidente PJ^Of 12 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica 11 developed migroagglutination (MA) antibody to jardjo antigen by 14 days postincubation (PI). Leptospiruria was observed in 2 possums 117 to 145 days PI. Of 6 possums inoculated with serovar hardjo 4 developed low short-lived titres by day 18 PI. Two of 3 wombats (Vombatus ursinus) inoculated with balcanica had high MA titres (greater than or equal to 1:128) by day 16 PI and leptospiruria occurred by day 16. One wombat inoculated with hardjo developed a low MA titre. Low transitory MA titres to hardjo were found in 1 of 3 water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) after inoculation with balcanica and 1 of 2 given hardjo. Histopathological examination of kidneys revealed mild to moderately severe focal interstitial nephritis in 4 of 8 possums, in 2 wombats and in 2 water rats following experimental infection with balcanica. Similar lesions were observed in 2 of 4 possums, 1 wombat and 2 water rats following experimental infection with hardjo.^0
80060417^Industrial injuries to cover leptospirosis [news]^197906^Vet Rec 1979 Jun 16;104(24):538^^^^0
80061453^Serological cross-reactions of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (F4) antigen.^197907^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1979 Jul;244(2-3):291-301^^Adler B, Faine S^The serological specificity of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (F4) antigen was examined by the technique of passive haemagglutination. F4 extracted from leptospiral serovars representative of several different serogroups showed wide cross reaction between serovars, including numerous one-way (non-reciprocal) reactions. The pattern of cross reaction was different to that of the standard leptospiral classification scheme.^0
80000039^[Prospective studies of porcine leptospirosis in organized farms of Venezuela]^197907^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1979 Jul;87(1):60-71^^Mazzonelli J, Jelambi F, Alvarez E, de la Canal H, Nava BO^^0
80052175^Serological studies on sympatric Barbary sheep and mule deer from Palo Duro Canyon, Texas.^197907^J Wildl Dis 1979 Jul;15(3):443-6^^Hampy B, Pence DB, Simpson CD^Sera were collected from 12 Barbary sheet (Ammotragus lervia) and 11 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) occupying sympatric ranges in Palo Duro Canyon, Texas. These were tested for leptospirosis, brucellosis, bovine virus diarrhea, anaplasmosis, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue (BT), epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and coccidioidomycosis. Serologic reactors were found to IBR in 3 Barbery sheep, BT in 6 Barbary sheep and 6 mule deer and EHD in 3 Barbary sheep and 4 mule deer. Possible ramifications of evidence for these diseases in wild herbivore populations in this area are discussed.^0
80049380^Influence of intrauterine events on postnatal survival in the pig.^197907^J Anim Sci 1979 Jul;49(1):221-4^^Leman AD, Hurtgen JP, Hilley HD^^0
90055770^Cross-reacting antigens among leptospires.^197975^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1979 Jul-Dec;38(3-4):289-94^^Stavri D, Moldoveanu G^^0
80061452^Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.^197907^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1979 Jul;244(2-3):285-90^^Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ, Ligthart GS^Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied on sera from patients with leptospirosis caused by leptospires from different serogroups and on sera from a control group. The CIE using an antigen prepared from a single leptospira strain agreed with the microscopic agglutination test using a battery of different antigens in 91% of the leptospirosis sera. CIE was sensitive and specific, comparatively easy to perform, used little amounts of serum and antigen, gave rapid results and allowed the examination of large numbers of specimens at a time.^0
80063230^Survey of leptospiral agglutinins in the sera of swine of southeastern Alabama.^197907^Am J Vet Res 1979 Jul;40(7):1019-21^^Jenkins EM, Harrington R Jr, Gbadamosi SG, Braye ET^The occurrence of leptospirosis in swine of southeastern Alabama was determined. A total of 627 sera were tested, using the microscopic agglutination method, with live antigens of 12 serovars. Of the sera tested, 121 (19.3%) had a titer of 1:100 or greater to the serovars employed. The percentage distribution of sera with titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 among serovars most commonly reported was as follows: Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, 3.8%; icterohaemorrhagiae, 3.3%; canicola, 1.6%; hardjo, 0.7%; and grippotyphosa, 0.16%. Of the less commonly recognized leptospiral serovars, the percentages reacting were as follows: ballum, 4.9%; autumnalis, 3.2%; pyrogenes, 1.1%; and bataviae, 0.4%. None of the sera reacted with antigen of serovars australis, tarassovi, or wolffi.^0
80140902^[Indirect agglutination test of Leptospira using charcoal sensitized with antigen (author's transl)]^197907^Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 1979 Jul;34(4):693-5^^Awano H^^0
80141018^[On the leptospirosis occurred in a worker under construction of World Ocean Exposition in Okinawa Prefecture (author's transl)]^197907^Sangyo Igaku 1979 Jul;21(4):366-9^^Shirakawa M, Yamaguchi T, Fukamachi S, Sugata S^A male worker, 29 years old, was engaged in construction work of World Ocean Exposition in Okinawa Perfecture, and was diagnosed as suffering from leptospirosis in September 1973. The leptospirosis was an acute infection caused by Leptospira hebdomadis. The parasite seemed to be transmitted to him by ingestion of food and drink contaminated with the urine and excreta of the reservoir animals in the unsanitary workshop and living environment in Okinawa district. This leptospirosis was determined as an occupational disease.^0
80083438^[Natural foci infections in the Urals]^197908^Voen Med Zh 1979 Aug;(8):42-4^^Rzhevskii ER, Kaplinskii MB, Sverdlov AK, Dvornik VF, Filimonov VB^^0
80020600^[Evaluation of the outer envelope antigens of leptospira in complement fixation and hemagglutination tests for leptospirosis]^197908^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1979 Aug;87(2):141-51^^Myers DM^^0
84012623^Leptospirosis in West Malaysia--epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis.^197908^Malays J Pathol 1979 Aug;2:1-6^^Tan DS^^0
84012624^Leptospirosis in the Malaysian army.^197908^Malays J Pathol 1979 Aug;2:11-4^^Supramaniam V^^0
84012625^Leptospirosis in animals in West Malaysia.^197908^Malays J Pathol 1979 Aug;2:15-21^^Joseph PG^^0
84012634^Clinical features and management of leptospirosis in Malaysia.^197908^Malays J Pathol 1979 Aug;2:7-9^^Saunders JP^^0
80038343^[Susceptibility and sensitivity of the Siberian lemming and Middendorff's vole to leptospirae of the grippotyphosa serogroup]^197908^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1979 Aug;(8):90-4^^Litvin VIu, Alekseeva IP^Siberian lemmings and Middendorf's voles were found to be susceptible to infection caused by Leptospira of the Grippotyphosa serogroup after the intraperitoneal injection of Leptospira culture, the application of the culture or infected urine to the skin, as well as after Leptospira- carrying animals were placed together with the animals to be infected. The infectious sensitivity of these animals to Leptospira was not high: leptospiruria was observed for 1-3 weeks; in some of the voles leptospiruria was slightly pronounced, whereas other voles had a great number of Leptospira in urine. Antibodies appeared in the blood on day 5 after infection, and their titers increased till days 61-63. In no case could Leptospira be isolated from the kidneys of the animals killed on days 61-83 of the experiment.^0
80055165^Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona vaccines with different adjuvants in cattle.^197908^N Z Vet J 1979 Aug;27(8):169-71^^Ris DR, Hamel KL^^0
80015934^[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis]^197908^Vrach Delo 1979 Aug;(8):116-9^^Kariuk SE, Zadorozhnaia EA, Fedorov EI, Trubetskaia IA^^0
80096344^Vascular damage in acute experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig.^197908^J Pathol 1979 Aug;128(4):177-82^^De Brito T, Bohm GM, Yasuda PH^The pathogenesis of the haemorrhagic diathesis in experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig was investigated in the lung, diaphragm and kidney. The vascular damage was found to be focal and mainly capillary. Swollen endothelium with dilated endoplasmic reticulum, enlarged mitochondriae and open junctions seemed to be the initial lesions and endothelial necrosis the final picture in all tissues. The lung capillaries showed endothelial and epithelial blebs and desquamation with many myelin figures. Capillary thrombosis was observed in the pulmonary microcirculation, probably acting as an aggravating factor and being partly responsible for the particularly impressive lung haemorrhages. The peritubular renal capillaries as well as open junctions and gaps due to necrosis also had enlarged fenestrae which were permeable to colloidal carbon particles. The paucity of micro-organisms in the vicinity of the lesions is in accordance with the toxic genesis postulated for the vascular damage in leptospirosis. It is suggested that the vascular lesions induced by leptospirosis begin with increased permeability prior to endothelial necrosis.^0
80107606^Experimentally induced leptospirosis in coyotes (Canis latrans).^197908^Am J Vet Res 1979 Aug;40(8):1115-19^^Marler RJ, Cook JE, Kerr AI^Infection of coyotes (Canis latrans) with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, canicola, and copenhageni was accomplished by percutaneous inoculation. Bacteriologic, serologic, histopathologic, and fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the infections. Leptospiremia was established with pomona. Leptospiruria was demonstrated with the three serovars. Serovar canicola was recovered from one coyote 134 days after it was inoculated.^0
80107623^Use of furosemide to obtain bovine urine samples for leptospiral isolation.^197908^Am J Vet Res 1979 Aug;40(8):1197-1200^^Nervig RM, Garrett LA^The use of the diuretic furosemide made it possible to obtain samples of urine from cattle for leptospiral isolations. The drug was injected IV at a dose level of 0.8 mg/kg for heifers and 0.5 mg/kg for calves. The average time to first voiding in heifers was 19 minutes. The average time from the first to the second voiding was 17 minutes. The average time to the first voiding in four calves was 12 minutes; the average time from the first to the second voiding was 10 minutes. A decrease in urinary osmolarity provoked by furosemide created a more favorable condition for the survival of leptospires. Leptospires were isolated in 24 (72.7%) of 33 weekly cultural attempts with the aid of furosemide in three experimentally infected adult cattle. Serovar hardjo was isolated in 16 (57.1%) of 28 weekly cultural attempts with aid of the diuretic in four experimentally infected calves. The recovery frequency was 28.5% from the first voiding and 50% from the second. Leptospires were not isolated from urine obtained from the calves by manual stimulation. Untoward side effects that might have been attributable to furosemide were not observed. Furosemide appears to be well suited to obtain urine samples from cattle for leptospiral isolation.^0
80012370^[Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae infections]^197908^Orv Hetil 1979 Aug 5;120(31):1869-72^^Szalka A, Binder L^^0
80027577^Radioimmunoassay system using a serovar-specific lipopolysaccharide antigen of Leptospira.^197909^J Clin Microbiol 1979 Sep;10(3):313-6^^Kawaoka Y, Naiki M, Yanagawa R^The serovar-specific main (TM) antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain Kyoto was labeled with sodium boro[3H]hydride after 1 h of oxidation with periodate. When 50 ng of the labeled compound was employed, 50% of the compound was bound to the antibodies contained in 7.5 x 10(-2) nl of anti-kremastos Kyoto serum. Under this condition, only 9 ng of the homologous TM antigen was required for 50% inhibition of serovar kremastos Kyoto 3H-TM antigen-anti-kremastos Kyoto serum binding, whereas 5,000 times as much TM antigen of serovar hebdomadis, which belongs to the same Hebdomadis serogroup as serovar kremastos, was required for the same inhibition. The TM antigens from serovars pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, and copenhageni, which belong to different serogroups, showed no inhibition in an amount of up to 3 x 10(3), 2 x 10(5), and 2 x 10(5) ng, respectively. In the inhibition study using the serovar hebdomadis TM antigen, inhibition values slightly fluctuated due to the antigen's insolubility. When the TM antigens were solubilized with 0.1% sodium taurodeoxycholate, the fluctuation in inhibition values was minimized, and the cross- reactivity of the serovar hebdomadis TM antigen with anti-kremastos Kyoto serum was diminished, while the inhibitory activity of the serovar kremastos Kyoto TM antigen was enhanced.^0
80083041^A different treatment recommended for leptospirosis in the dog [letter]^197909^Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1979 Sep;74(9):1204^^Brittin EE^^0
80171588^Serological evidence of human leptospirosis in northern Greece.^197909^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1979 Sep;244(4):546-51^^Antoniadis A, Papapanagiotou J^a) 1069 human blood samples were tested for the presence of C. F. antibodies to leptospirae. 98 of these sera were from patients suffering from Weil's syndrome. 13 out of 98 patients were found to be suffering from leptospirosis; one of these died. 460 sera were from patients with febrile (acute) illness of unknown origin and 511 sera from patients with respiratory disease (especially "influenza like disease"). None of these patients was found to be suffering from leptospirosis. b) 191 human sera from healthy people at risk to leptospiral infection were examined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). A high percentage (14.1%) was found to have antibodies against one or two leptospiral serogroups. The results obtained suggest that the incidence of leptospiral infections in humans in Northern Greece is higher than previously reported and the predominant serogroups were found to be Icterohaemorrhagiae followed by Autumnalis and Canicola.^0
82070510^[Study on avirulent Leptospira pomona live vaccine in swine (author's transl)]^197909^Chung Kuo I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1979 Sep;1(1):87-92^^Wang SQ, Zhang RZ, Li ZH, Liu YM, Tan MW, Zhang JS, Yang BJ^^0
80078724^Protection of sheep by vaccination against artificial challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^197909^N Z Vet J 1979 Sep;27(9):195^^Marshall RB, Broughton ES, Hathaway SC^^0
80078725^Experimental infection of sheep with Leptospira interrogans: serovars hardjo and balcanica [letter]^197909^N Z Vet J 1979 Sep;27(9):197^^Hathaway SC, Marshall RB^^0
79252979^Pseudospirochetes, a cause of erroneous diagnoses of leptospirosis.^197909^Am J Clin Pathol 1979 Sep;72(3):459-63^^Smith TF, Wold AD, Fairbanks VF, Washington JA 2d, Wilkowske CJ^Motile filaments of varying lengths and thicknesses were observed by darkfield microscopy in a blood culture of a specimen from a patient who had fever of unknown origin. Similar structures were also seen in cultures inoculated with donor blood from healthy controls. Since the movement and configuration of the structures were not characteristic for spirochetes, the morphologic features were further examined by electron microscopy. The filaments observed were identical in appearance to pseudospirochetes described more than 50 years ago. The authors' observations indicate that they are derived from erythrocytes. Because of possible confusion of these pseudospirochetes with living organisms, the diagnosis of leptospirosis by darkfield microscopy should be confirmed by cultural or serologic tests.^0
80052288^[A case of Leptospira hebdomadis infection treated with piperacillin (author's transl)]^197909^Jpn J Antibiot 1979 Sep;32(9):966-70^^Kanazawa Y^A 35-year-old male went fishing at the Agano River side in the suburbs of Toyosaka City, in August 1977. He was admitted to the hospital then with the chief complaints of high fever and severe headache on the 5th day of illness. Following the intravenous drip infusion of 12 g piperacillin for 6 1/2 days, he became afebrile within 2 days and recovered rapidly. Bacteriological examination disclosed none of significant data. Serum agglutinin reaction for leptospirosis, however, was positive in a titer up to 1:2,560 to L. hebdomadis, except for L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. autumnalis, L. australis and L. canicola.^0
80104153^A new leptospiral serovar in The pyrogenes serogroup.^197909^Trop Geogr Med 1979 Sep;31(3):405-8^^Dikken H, Kmety E, de Geus A, Timmer VE^A new leptospiral serovar in the Pyrogenes serogroup is described. Parallel investigations by the 'classical' cross-agglutinin absorption test method and the 'factor analysis' method determined the serological properties of the new serovar. The serovar name kwale with reference strain Julu is proposed.^0
80078635^The isolation of leptospires from an air-conditioning plant [letter]^197909^N Z Med J 1979 Sep 12;90(643):212^^Ris DR, Hamel KL^^0
80144012^A rapid method for the detection of leptospiraemia [letter]^197910^N Z Vet J 1979 Oct;27(10):224-5^^Mackintosh CG, Thompson JC^^0
80107502^Experimentally induced Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis infections in young swine.^197910^Am J Vet Res 1979 Oct;40(10):1355-8^^Inzana TJ, Dawe DL^Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis strain 621 was proven to be infective for swine by intranasal and ocular inoculation and by contact exposure. The course of the disease was that of a chronic asymptomatic infection. Throughout the experiment, leptospires were observed in all tissues examined by darkfield microscopy of 10% tissue suspensions and examination by indirect fluorescent antibody technique of frozen tissue sections. Infected pigs had increasing antibody titers, as determined by the microscopic agglutination test. The organism spread from intranasally inoculated pigs to contact controls.^0
80116082^Plate assay for detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona hemolysin.^197910^J Clin Microbiol 1979 Oct;10(4):590-2^^Stamm LV, Charon NW^^0
80219901^Experimental infection of calves and sheep with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica.^197910^Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1979 Oct;57(5):447-53^^Durfee PT, Presidente PJ^Two of four calves inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica developed low microscopic agglutinating (MA) titres to serovar hardjo. A third calf had an MA titre of 1:1024 by day 19 post- inoculation (PI). Transient leptospiruria was recorded in one calf on days 12 and 13 PI. An in-contact calf did not seroconvert. None of the calves had fever or other clinical signs of disease. Four ewes inoculated with balcanica developed MA titres to hardjo by day 13 PI, and a transient leptospiruria between days 14 and 25 PI. None of the ewes showed any evidence of clinical disease and three of them delivered healthy lambs 22 to 64 days PI. One ewe had mild lesions of focal interstitial nephritis.^0
80066351^Leptospirosis in man, British Isles, 1978.^197910^Br Med J 1979 Oct 6;2(6194):872^^Coghlan JD^^0
80111098^[Problems of leptospirosis (author's transl)]^197910^Cas Lek Cesk 1979 Oct 12;118(40-41):1226-9^^Kosina F, Haasova L, Truksova D^^0
81057437^Extramural study experience and practical experience of final year veterinary students of nine European schools.^197910^Vet Rec 1979 Oct 13;105(15):351-03^^Weaver AD^Arrangements for extramural education including "seeing practice" experience in nine European veterinary schools (Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Helsinki, Stockholm, Hannover, Ghent, Toulouse and Vienna) are described. Considerable differences existed between three UK schools, and between them and the Continental schools, where arrangements were usually voluntary. The amount of extramural experience in different types of work was quantified by student questionnaires. An average of 12 weeks' experience in farm practice was gained by 83 per cent of the 339 students, six weeks' small animal work by 48 per cent, four weeks in an abattoir by 43 per cent and other periods in specialised practices, laboratories and veterinary faculties. Practice abroad was experienced by 10 per cent. The total experience of different medical and surgical conditions varied considerably between schools as a result of disease eradication (eg, swine fever in UK), non-occurrence (canine leptospirosis in Sweden and Finland) or the availability of surgical or reproductive material, as well as on other factors.^0
80121407^A serological survey of leptospirosis in cats.^197911^N Z Vet J 1979 Nov;27(11):236, 245-6^^Shophet R^^0
80121408^A leptospirosis outbreak in a piggery.^197911^N Z Vet J 1979 Nov;27(11):247-8^^Edwards JD, Daines D^^0
80094171^Serologic survey for leptospirosis in coyotes in northcentral Kansas.^197911^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979 Nov 1;175(9):906-8^^Marler RJ, Cook JE, Kerr AI, Kruckenberg SM^During 1975 to 1977, serum samples were collected from 101 adult coyotes (Canis latrans) captured in northcentral Kansas. Ten samples were seropositive by microagglutination testing and six of those samples were seropositive for multiple serovars. Titers for Leptospira interrogans serovars grippotyphosa, pyrogenes, djasiman, butembo, and pomona were demonstrated.^0
80094173^Serologic profile of exotic deer at Point Reyes National Seashore.^197911^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979 Nov 1;175(9):911-3^^Riemann HP, Ruppanner R, Willeberg P, Franti CE, Elliott WH, Fisher RA, Brunetti OA, Aho JH Jr, Howarth JA, Behymer DE^Serotests were conducted on axis (Axis axis) and fallow (Dama dama) deer at Point Reyes National Seashore to determine their status with respect to nine diseases enzootic to the native black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) or to resident dairy cattle. In the exotic deer, the proportion of animals that were seropositive included: anaplasmosis, 35%; bluetongue, 48%; brucellosis, 0%; bovine viral diarrhea, 2%; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 3%; leptospirosis, 7%; parainfluenza-3, 49%; toxoplasmosis, 8%; and Q fever, 51%. The prevalence of antibodies among a small sample of the black-tailed deer included anaplasmosis, 100%; toxoplasmosis, 29%; and Q fever, 57%. The antibody prevalences in a sample of dairy cattle in the area included anaplasmosis, 19%; toxoplasmosis, 8%; and Q fever, 100%.^0
80168437^Isolation of Leptospira of the serotype hardjo from bovine kidneys.^197911^Res Vet Sci 1979 Nov;27(3):343-6^^Orr HS, Little TW^Thirteen strains of Leptospira serotype hardjo were cultured from 200 bovine kidneys collected from an abattoir. All strains grew on primary isolation in EMJH medium 0.1 per cent Noble agar but most failed to grow in a variety of media containing neomycin or 5-fluorouracil as selective agents. Two of the cattle from which hardjo were isolated were seronegative by the microscopic agglutination test against hardjo, two had titres of 1/100, five of 1/400, three of 1/1600 and one of 1/6400.^0
80119204^[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis with acute renal failure (author's transl)]^197911^Med Clin (Barc) 1979 Nov 25;73(9):362-6^^Garcia Garcia M, Darnell Tey A, Bergada Barado E, Revert Torrellas L^Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis is a zoonosis which is relatively frequent in rural agricultural or cattle areas. In the severe forms of the disease renal affection is frequent, but the incidence of acute renal insufficiency is far lesser. Three cases of acute renal insufficiency in adult male patients secondary to an infection by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae are presented. Two of the patients resided in urban areas and only one of which presented professional risk. The clinical polymorphysm of the illness is confirmed, having observed not only the absence of fever but also that of jaundice. The former history of chronic alcoholism, present in two cases, determined diagnostic difficulties with acute alcoholic hepatitis. The serologic diagnosis is often positive only at the end of the second week, and the need to carry out a series of seroaglutinations is to be insisted upon. The types of renal impairment in leptospirosis are reviewed and the presence of acute renal insufficiency is stressed, including those patients with less severe forms of the disease, and especially those without Weil's syndrome. All of the patients had to be treated with dialysis, although two of them had a conserved diuresis after an initial brief period of oliguria.^0
80100096^Leptospirosis in meat inspectors: preliminary results of a serological survey.^197911^N Z Med J 1979 Nov 28;90(648):415-8^^Blackmore DK, Bell L, Schollum L^A serological survey of leptospirosis among more than 1000  meat inspectors, from meat works throughout New Zealand, revealed a serological prevalence at a minimum serum dilution of 1:24, of 10.2 percent. Eighty-five percent of serological reactions were to serovars pomona and tarassovi. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the serological prevalence of these serovars and the inspection of pigs. Evidence is provided to substantiate the use of titres as low as 1:24 as an indication of previous leptospiral infection. Forty-two inspectors reported medical evidence of previous clinical infection with leptospirosis. Analysis of those who still exhibited a serological response and their individual case histories, indicated that detectable titres of leptospirosis can exist for up to 10 years.^0
80238452^Studies on antibody levels to Brucella abortus, Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira serogroups in sera collected by the National Serum Bank during 1974-1976.^197912^Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1979 Dec;245(4):520-6^^Metcalfe RV, Bettelheim KA, Berry ME, Hobbs KM, Thompson AL, Cole SP^The New Zealand National Serum Bank is a collection of human sera consisting predominantly of specimens taken from healthy New Zealand blood donors. The studies presented here were designed to assess the antibody levels in two urban centres to Brucella abortus, Toxoplasma gondii and several Leptospiral serogroups including all those found in New Zealand. In none of the sera could complement fixing leptospiral antibodies be detected. There was evidence of low level immunity to both Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella abortus.^0
80097803^Specificity of serovar-specific main antigens of leptospiras shown by the inhibition of leptospiral microscopic agglutination.^197912^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1979 Dec;41(6):623-8^^Shimono E, Sugiyama K, Yanagawa R^^0
80114539^Suppression of antibody response to Leptospira biflexa and Brucella abortus and recovery from immunosuppression after Berenil treatment.^197912^Infect Immun 1979 Dec;26(3):822-6^^Rurangirwa FR, Tabel H, Losos GJ, Tizard IR^Zebu cattle infected with either Trypanosoma congolense EATRO 1800 or Trypanosoma vivax EATRO 1721 had suppressed humoral immune responses to Leptospira biflexa injected intravenously and to attenuated Brucella abortus injected subcutaneously. T. congolense infections were more suppressive than T. vivax infections. In cattle infected with T. vivax, the suppression of immune responses to both bacterial immunogens was abrogated when the animals were treated with Berenil at the time of antigen administration. In cattle infected with T. congolense, simultaneous Berenil treatment at the time of vaccination abolished the suppression of immune response to L. biflexa, and lessened but did not abrogate the suppression of immune response to B. abortus.^0
80136536^Leptospirosis in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: a case-control seroepidemiologic study.^197912^Int J Zoonoses 1979 Dec;6(2):85-96^^Caldas EM, Sampaio MB^From January 1 to December 31 of 1975, all patients admitted to Salvador's Infectious Disease Hospital were serologically tested for leptospirosis if their clinical and laboratory findings were compatible with this diagnosis. Of the 888 patients tested, 133 were positive. Among patients with an initial clinical impression of leptospirosis, the diagnosis was confirmed serologically in 36% and for the 133 leptospirosis patients, only 67 (50.4%) were initially suspected. Epidemiological aspects investigated covered: age, sex, place of residence and occupation for all cases and for fatal cases; distribution of cases by month of occurrence and by rainfall in that month; distribution of serotypes by month; and probable source of infection with emphasis of the occurrence and type of contact with dogs. For each case residing in Salvador, a control of the same age and sex was interviewed in the immediate neighborhood. Sewage, rats, water, dogs, mud and garbage were identified as the most likely source of infection in that order. Marked seasonal fluctuations were apparent with peak incidence during the months of maximum precipitation. In two- thirds of cases reporting contact with a dog, tests on the animal revealed the same serotype. The most frequent serotypes were: icterohemorrhagiae, autumnalis, castellonis, grippotyphosa, hebdomadis and bataviae.^0
80137954^Pseudo-leptospires in blood culture.^197912^J Clin Pathol 1979 Dec;32(12):1226-7^^Rahman M, Macis FR^Spiral filaments seen in the blood cultures of two patients with fever and jaundice were initially thought to be leptospires; these were later proved to be artefacts. An investigation was carried out to exclude the possibility of laboratory contamination of the culture media and to find out how these objects were produced. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the possibility of a mistaken diagnosis in routine laboratories which have a limited experience of leptospires.^0
80153128^Lethal infections caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in immunosuppressed hamsters [letter]^197912^Aust Vet J 1979 Dec;55(12):600-1^^Adler B, Bragger JM^^0
80158846^Electron-microscopic studies of the effect of distilled water as washing fluid on Leptospira.^197912^Indian Vet J 1979 Dec;56(12):991-2^^Singh SP^^0
80161283^Leptospirosis in humans in the United States, 1974-1978 [news]^197912^J Infect Dis 1979 Dec;140(6):1020-2^^Martone WJ, Kaufmann AF^^0
80177097^Leptospirosis (Weil's disease) in Zimbabwe Rhodesia--a proven case.^197912^Cent Afr J Med 1979 Dec;25(12):261-2^^Wiles WA^^0
80192234^Bovine mycotic abortion caused by Acremonium kiliense Grutz.^197912^Sabouraudia 1979 Dec;17(4):355-61^^Dion WM, Dukes TW^Acremonium kiliense was cultured from the placenta and abomasal contents of an aborted bovine foetus; attempts to isolate viruses and bacteria were unsuccessful although the serum of the dam contained antibodies to Leptospira pomona. The fungus was nonpathogenic for mice but was able to survive in murine tissues for at least 13 weeks. The possibility of this case being a foetal infection as a result of insemination with contaminated semen is discussed.^0
81010683^[Leptospira cultivation on serum-free liquid nutrient media]^198001^Lab Delo 1980;(7):439-41^^Sarukhanova LE, Volina EG, Kiktenko VS, Ezhov GI^^0
81010718^[Changes in blood serum lipid metabolic indices in acute hepatitis]^198001^Lab Delo 1980;(9):522-6^^Labanovskaia ZhL, Silonova GI, Selitser IS^^0
81029196^[Use of mercamine for differentiating IgM and IgG antibodies in Leptospira infection]^198001^Lab Delo 1980;(10):626-8^^Stoianova NA, Popova EM^^0
83093979^[Veterinary tasks and preventive measures in sheep breeding. Infectious and invasive diseases of various degrees of importance]^198001^Tierarztl Prax 1980;8(2):147-61^^Zettl K^^0
80154515^Studies on genetic resistance to leptospirosis in pigs.^198075^Br Vet J 1980 Jan-Feb;136(1):25-32^^Przytulski T, Porzeczkowska D^^0
81056175^[Anaerobic oro-pharyngeal flora and immunopathology (author's transl)]^198001^Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 1980;81(4):253-8^^Lehmans J, Henocq E, Bazin JC, Laurent J, Lagrue G^^0
81080760^Leptospiral uveitis.^198001^Trans Ophthalmol Soc N Z 1980;32:73-5^^Murdoch D^^0
81007051^Estimation of residual free formaldehyde in biological products.^198001^J Biol Stand 1980;8(2):139-44^^Frerichs GN, Chandler MD^^0
82082634^A review of selected references dealing with Leptospira interrogans serovar (serotype) Hardjo.^198001^Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc 1980;84:240-64^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^^0
81254447^[Serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. Comparison of results obtained by macroscopic agglutination in slide test and agglutination-lysis test (author's transl)]^198001^Ann Rech Vet 1980;11(3):241-44^^Trap D, Gaumont R^^0
83066181^Leptospiral antibodies in stray dogs of Moreno, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.^198075^Rev Argent Microbiol 1980 Jan-Apr;12(1):18-22^^Myers DM^A serologic survey for leptospirosis in stray dogs from Moreno, Province of Buenos Aires, was carried out. Sera from 143 randomly collected animals were examined by the microscopic agglutination test. A total of 73 (51.0%) of the dogs have had contact with leptospirae. The predominant leptospiral agglutinnins were to serovar canicola (37.0%) and to a lesser degree against the serovar antigens pyrogenes (4.8%) and autumnalis (2.0%). Although a high percentage of seropositive reactions occurred against the serovar antigens ballum, pyrogenes and icterohaemorrhagiae, all the reactions against ballum and icterohaemorrhagiae, and the majority of the reactions to pyrogenes represented the natural coagglutinins frequently associated with serovar canicola. The detection of antibodies to the Autumnalis group in dogs of Argentina could be new and suggest the emergence of canine infections caused by a serovar of this serogroup which should be sought out and identified.^0
80192381^[Case of leptospirosis difficult for diagnosis in epidemiologic and clinical practice]^198001^Ter Arkh 1980;52(2):119-21^^Baryshev PM, Shkrob OS, Tsoi DM, Dreizina AM, Tur'ianov MKh^^0
81066116^[Moyamoya disease caused by leptospiral arteritis (author's transl)]^198001^Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1980;13(3):140-2^^Liu SM^^0
81081736^A new leptospiral serovar in the Tarassovi serogroup from Colombia.^198001^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1980;27(5):425-8^^Aycardi ER, Myers DM, Torres B^^0
81108913^[Observations on cases of leptospirosis in the Val d'Arda (Piacenza) district]^198075^Arch Sci Med (Torino) 1980 Jan-Mar;137(1):145-7^^Regolisti M, Bautz C^23 cases of leptospirosis hospitalized in the Medical Division of the Fiorenzuola d'Arda Hospital, over a period of 12,5 years, have been examined from the clinical and statistical point of view.^0
81129423^Antibodies to Leptospira in European hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas) in the Netherlands.^198001^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1980;27(8):640-9^^Hartman EG, Broekhuizen S^^0
80100118^The first New Zealand isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar australis [letter]^198001^N Z Med J 1980 Jan 9;91(651):28^^Thompson A^^0
80115184^Leptospirosis in lambs.^198001^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980 Jan 15;176(2):124-5^^Davidson JN, Hirsh DC^Two major episodes of acute hemolytic disease in lambs were associated with high mortality. Clinical signs were severe depression, dyspnea, and tachycardia. Gross postmortem findings included hemoglobinuria and icterus. Histologic examination revealed tubular necrosis and periacinar hepatocellular necrosis. Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona was proposed as the causative agent because high serum antibody titers for this bacterium were found in lambs and ewes in the affected flocks.^0
80198085^Metabolic sequelae of experimental leptospirosis in grivet monkeys.^198002^Br J Exp Pathol 1980 Feb;61(1):16-21^^Hambleton P, Baskerville A, Marshall RB, Harris-Smith PW, Adams GD^Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and tarassovi both induced mild subclinical infections in grivet monkeys. The activities in serum of lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase and the level of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin increased in a few days after infection. Concomitant decreases in serum iron levels were observed in some cases. These changes occurred in the absence of any observable clinical signs though there were histopathological lesions in some organs. No haematological changes or alterations in other sreum components were detected.^0
80095396^Immunogenicity of boiled compared with formalized leptospiral vaccines in rabbits, hamsters and humans.^198002^J Hyg (Lond) 1980 Feb;84(1):1-10^^Adler B, Faine S^Leptospires (Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona) grown in chemically defined medium were immunogenic when given intradermally in humans if the leptospires were killed with formalin but not if they were boiled. Boiled leptospires were immunogenic for rabbits and hamsters and protected hamsters from challenge infection. On the other hand, boiled leptospires of the biflexa complex, serovar patoc, did retain some immunogenicity in humans, but the antisera did not protect hamsters against challenge with serovar pomona.^0
81187978^[Investigation of natural infective foci of leptospirosis (author's transl)]^198002^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1980 Feb;14(1):10-3^^^^0
80253653^[Miliary pulmonary manifestations in leptospirosis--report of a case (author's transl)]^198002^Lijec Vjesn 1980 Feb;102(3):135-6^^Petricevic I, Tomljenovic V^^0
81001454^Characterization of leptospiral catalase and peroxidase.^198002^Can J Microbiol 1980 Feb;26(2):121-9^^Corin RE, Cox CD^Peroxidase from Leptospira biflexa strain B-16 ad catalase from Leptospira interrogans canicola Hond Utrecht were characterized and compared and both appeared to be heme enzymes as judged by their inhibition profiles and rapid inactivation during catalysis. Neither enzyme exhibited monovalent or divalent cation requirements. Dialysis of cell-free extracts resulted in loss of peroxidase activity but catalase was unaffected by this procedure. Peroxidase had a Km for H2O2 of 12.5 microM while catalase had a Km of 70 mM for H2O2. Catalase and peroxidase were physically separated by sedimentation in linear sucrose gradients. The specific activities of each enzyme seemed to be a function of the state of growth at which the cells were harvested and both enzymes were found associated with membranes, peroxidase by hydrophobic and catalase by ionic interactions. Speculative deductions are presented concerning the phylogenetic interrelationships of both enzymes as well as their significance in the biology and pathogenicity of leptospires.^0
81062184^Leptospira serogroup Hebdomadis infection as an Australian zoonosis.^198002^Aust Vet J 1980 Feb;56(2):70-3^^Milner AR, Wilks CR, Morgan IR, Rosen NE^Two cases of leptospirosis due to infection with a member of the Hebdomadis serogroup are described in farm workers on a Victorian dairy farm. The source of infection appeared to be the milking herd which had elevated serum antibody titres against a member of the Hebdomadis serogroup. Agglutinin-absorption testing of one patient's serum indicated that the infecting serovar was hardjo. A survey of 1,144 cattle entering abattoirs throughout the State indicated that 44.3% of these animals showed serological evidence of past or present infection with leptospira of the Hebdomadis serogroup and the potential risk for people with occupational contact with cattle is emphasised. The importance of considering leptospirosis in the differential diagnosis of all patients with influenza-like symptoms or pyrexia of unknown origin and having occupational contact with animals, especially cattle, is discussed.^0
81080810^Milk drop syndrome resulting from Leptospira hardjo [letter]^198002^Vet Rec 1980 Feb 9;106(6):135-6^^Pearson JK, Mackie DP, Ellis WA^^0
80148975^Leptospirosis apparently due to Leptospira bratislava in a dog.^198002^Vet Rec 1980 Feb 23;106(8):178-9^^Thomas S^^0
80229420^Serological and chemical interrelationship of antigens from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola.^198003^J Gen Microbiol 1980 Mar;117(1):141-6^^Palit A, Harrison PM^Antigens of the outer envelope from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola (Hond Utrecht IV) were extracted by 50% (v/v) ethanol or by sodium dodecyl sulphate and serological analysis suggested that they were identical. The "fraction 4" extracted by alkali was found to contain glycoproteins of high (retentate) and low (filtrate) molecular weight; the latter behaved like a hapten in serology and in animal immunization experiments. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against this hapten by conjugating it to bovine albumin fraction V. The antiserum was found to react with both the low molecular weight and high molecular weight glycoproteins. This anti-hapten serum contained little or no whole-cell-agglutinating antibodies. The fraction 4 retentate behaved like a complete antigen in serological and immunization studies. Fraction 4 retentate and the outer envelope preparations were serologically related but they were not identical. Chemical studies revealed similarities between the carbohydrate component of the outer envelope obtained by ethanol extraction and fraction 4. The outer envelope extracted by ethanol, fraction 4 and its low and high molecular weight glycoproteins contained arabinose, rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, glucosamine and glucuronic acid. Three unidentified peaks were observed in gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of methyl glycosides of all these samples and one of these peaks co-eluted with the O-trimethylsilyl derivative of 3-O-methylmannose.^0
80210764^Leptospirosis and other infections of Battus rattus and Rattus norvegicus.^198003^N Z Vet J 1980 Mar;28(3):45-50^^Carter ME, Cordes DO^^0
81018005^[Analysis of the antigeno-immunologic activity of heated leptospirosis vaccine in vaccinees and in an experimental study]^198003^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1980 Mar;(3):52-7^^Baryshev PM^The comparative analysis of the immunological effectiveness of heat- killed polyvalent leptospirosis vaccine has shown the low immunological effectiveness of the whole preparation (17.8%) and its components with the exception of the antigen of the Grippotyphosa serogroup. Antibodies could be detected in the vaccinees for not more than 10 months, and they showed the properties of 19S-macroglobulin antibodies. In experiments on rabbits newly isolated Leptospira strains from human patients and wild rodents, homologous to the vaccinal strains, were found to considerably surpass the latter in their immunogenic properties; this was particularly manifest in strain "Tundra vole No. 180". The use of newly isolated Leptospira strains as vaccinal antigens is recommended. A modified heat-killed polyvalent leptospirosis vaccine should have less antigens, and the antigenic and immunogenic properties of the remaining antigens must be equivalent to those of the vaccinal antigen of Leptospira belonging to the Grippotyphosa serogroup.^0
80192812^Immunosuppression in bovine trypanosomiasis. The establishment of "memory" in cattle infected with T. congolense and the effect of post infection serum on in vitro (3H)-thymidine uptake by lymphocytes and on leucocyte migration.^198003^Tropenmed Parasitol 1980 Mar;31(1):105-10^^Rurangirwa FR, Tabel H, Losos GJ, Tizard IR^Cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense were intravenously immunized with Leptospira biflexa 15 days after trypanosomal infection. The primary immune response to L. biflexa was considerably reduced as compared to uninfected controls. The infected cattle mounted a secondary response when they were cured of trypanosomes by treatment with Berenil 25 days after infection and re-immunized 8 days later. The mean secondary response in these previously infected animals was lower tha, but not significantly different from that of the uninfected control animals. Serum collected 15, 20 and 25 days after infection was inhibitory to the migration of both autologous and isologous (control) peripheral blood leucocytes. The migration inhibitory activity was abolished by heating the serum at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes implying the involvement of a heat labile serum component(s). The same serum did not modify the mitogenic effect of PHA on autologous peripheral lymphocytes.^0
80148937^The significance of leptospiral antibodies in calving and aborting cattle in south west England.^198003^Vet Rec 1980 Mar 8;106(10):221-4^^Little TW, Richards MS, Hussaini SN, Jones TD^A total of 2994 sera, from approximately equal numbers of aborting and normal calving cows, were examined for leptospiral antibodies using a complement fixation test. An analysis of the results indicated that approximately 10% of abortions were associated with leptospiral antibodies.^0
81014828^Pathological involvement of human gastrocnemius muscle in leptospirosis (a study in 63 patients).^198004^Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1980 Apr;13(1-3):9-13^^Guedes e Silva JB, Paiva LM, Pereira da Silva JJ, de Souza Netto BA^The authors discuss the microscopic changes in gastrocnemius muscle in Leptospirosis in 63 patients. The hyaline necrosis frequently associated to a hemorrhagic infiltrate represented the most important feature in the lesional picture of the disease. Other findings were swelling, loss of cross striations, vacuolation and regenerative changes of muscle fibres. This last one was represented by multinucleated sarcoblasts and the presence of thin and strongly basophilic new-formed fibres. Interstitial hemorrhage was frequently seen and an inflammatory afflux was only rarely observed. This histological picture was considered as characteristic and highly significant for the diagnosis of Leptospirosis.^0
80178166^Ethyl 4(5)-imidazolecarboxylate (code no. c-751) as an orally effective chemotherapeutic agent against leptospirosis.^198004^Chin Med J (Engl) 1980 Apr;93(4):217-26^^^^0
81039562^Benign leptospirosis: the pathology of experimental infection of monkeys with Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and tarassovi.^198004^Br J Exp Pathol 1980 Apr;61(2):124-31^^Marshall RB, BAskerville A, Hambleton P, Adams GD^Grivet monkeys experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and tarassovi showed no clinical disease, but severe meningoencephalitis was demonstrated histologically in animals killed 26 and 33 days after infection. The meningeal and perivascular reactions were exclusively lymphocytic. Mild focal lesions of degeneration and cellular infiltration were also present in the kidneys and femoral musculature.^0
80263644^Immunologic effects of experimental iodine toxicosis in young cattle.^198004^Am J Vet Res 1980 Apr;41(4):539-43^^Haggard DL, Stowe HD, Conner GH, Johnson DW^A study was designed to evaluate effects of 4 dosage levels (0, 50, 250, or 1,250 mg) of daily iodine supplementation on cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in 40 calves, 10 per group, for a 6-month period. Immune and inflammatory responses were measured by titers to brucella, leptospira, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccinations, by stimulation of lymphoctye mitoses with poke-weed, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and conconavalin A mitogens, by intradermal PHA responses, by in vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans by WBC, and by total WBC counts. Calves given 1,250 mg of iodine daily had significant (P = less than 0.05) decreases in persistence of antibody titers to brucella and leptospira organisms, in lymphocyte mitotic activity, in PHA injection induration, in phagocytosis by WBC, and in WBC counts. Calves fed iodine at 50 or 250 mg daily tended to have decreased leptospiral titers, lymphocyte mitoses, PHA injection induration, and in vitro phagocytosis by WBC compared with responses of controls. Seemingly, large amounts of dietary iodine interfere with titer maintenance to some antigens, with lymphocyte DNA synthesis, and with phagocytic activity of WBC.^0
82039077^Leptospirosis in Colombia. Isolation of Leptospira hardjo from beef cattle grazing tropical savannas.^198075^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1980 Apr-Jun;22(2):73-7^^Aycardi ER, Torres B, Guzman VH, Cortes M^^0
80138481^Isolation and classification of sixteen strains of saprophytic leptospires.^198004^J Hyg (Lond) 1980 Apr;84(2):173-9^^Cinco M, Coghlan JD, Matthews PR^Sixteen strains of leptospires were isolated from surface water (14 in England and 2 in Italy) and were classified. They were all saprophytic, and nine of them belonged to known serovars: the others were found to represent new serovars within already known serogroups.^0
80207647^Isolation of antigenic variants of leptospiras from puppies and pigs experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and pomona.^198004^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1980 Apr;42(2):177-86^^Fukui H, Shinjo EM, Yanagawa R^^0
81001416^Serological studies on leptospirosis in domestic animals in Quebec.^198004^Can J Comp Med 1980 Apr;44(2):229-31^^Higgins R, Cayouette P, Hoquet F, De LaSalle F^During a period of 30 months, from January 1977 to June 1979, Leptospira agglutinins were detected in 355 (6%) of 5841 bovine sera, 52 (10.1%) of 511 porcine sera, one (5%) of 20 equine sera and one (12.5%) of eight canine sera. Bovine, porcine and equine sera reacted predominantly with L. pomona. Reactors to L. hardjo/sejroe, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. grippotyphosa were also detected in cattle. One porcine serum reacted with L. grippotyphosa and one canine serum with L. icterohaemorrhagiae. Al the sera originated from suspected cases of leptospirosis.^0
80222980^[Importance of absorption tests in the serotype diagnosis of leptospirosis in humans (author's transl)]^198005^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1980 May;29(3):165-70^^Bakoss P, Kmety E^^0
81053000^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovars tarassovi and pomona from dogs.^198005^N Z Vet J 1980 May;28(5):100^^Mackintosh CG, Blackmore DK, Marshall RB^^0
80265159^[Methods for the detection of leptospires in sperm samples of boar]^198005^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1980 May 1;93(9):166-71^^Schonberg A, Kampe U, Rohloff D^^0
80165811^Steroid-responsive encephalomyelitis in childhood.^198005^Neurology 1980 May;30(5):481-6^^Pasternak JF, De Vivo DC, Prensky AL^The syndrome of parainfectious encephalomyelitis evolves from an antecedent infection. Several etiologic agents have been associated with this complication, although the pathogenesis in each instance may prove to be more uniform. Considerable evidence suggests that the syndrome is mediated immunologically. The seven cases reported here were clinically similar, although the infectious etiologies were diverse. Leptospirosis antedated the neurologic syndrome in two cases, and a "viral" illness preceded the other five cases. The evolution of the syndrome was slowly progressive in each case, and six patients had prominent involvement of rhombencephalic structures. The progressive course was reversed rapidly with eventual full recovery in each instance after initiation of corticosteroid therapy. Our experience with these cases coupled with a review of the literature suggests that corticosteroid therapy should be considered in the subacute or chronic cases of parainfectious encephalomyelitis.^0
81186530^[Human leptospiroses in the overseas departments and territories: 10 years' immunological diagnosis (1970-1979)]^198075^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1980 May-Jun;73(3):229-38^^Mailloux A^In French overseas Departments and Territories, Leptospiroses exist. In the Caribbean zone, human Leptospiroses are frequently found; in Martinique island, and some cases are recorded in French Guyana. In the Indian Ocean, "La Reunion" island, approximately 40 cases are diagnosed every year (mortality rate: 17%). In Polynesian areas, 3 serovars are found. Biological diagnosis is easier now with screening tests. Sera are to be sent to the National Leptospirosis Centre, Paris, for confirmatory test. In fact, the high incidence of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup does not seem to reflect the real situation, but represents the severe cases diagnosed in hospitalized patients. Minor cases remain often unnoticed. A survey of human and animal Leptospiroses would give another classification of serogroups frequency. It is important to know that 80% of Leptospiroses occur without jaundice.^0
80170540^Ultrastructure of renal lesions in pigs with acute leptospirosis caused by Leptospira pomona.^198005^Vet Pathol 1980 May;17(3):338-51^^Cheville NF, Huhn R, Cutlip RC^Twelve 4-day old, pathogen-free pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with virulent L. pomona. Two pigs each were killed 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after inoculation and their kidneys examined by light and electron microscopy. Three to 5 days after inoculation there was hyperemia, edema and swelling of tubular epithelium; leptospires were detected intravascularly, in interstitium and embedded within basement membranes. At day 7, leptospires were at basal surfaces of proximal tubules and in phagosomes in tubular epithelium. Perivascular aggregates of monocytes and macrophages were prominent. At day 14, intersitial cells were chiefly plasmacytes and lymphocytes. Leptospires were only on tubular epithelial cell surface microvilli. In another experiment, all pigs receiving low-virulent strains had leptospires in the renal interstitium at 7 days after inoculation but had none at 14 days. All low-virulent strains produced degenerative changes and lymphocyte-plasmacytic infiltration. These studies indicate that non of the low-virulent isolates were acceptable for use in vaccines. Fialure of leptospires to remain attached to microvilli of proximal tubules in late stages of acute infection may be related to differences in virulence of various isolates.^0
80204765^Detection of specific anti-leptospiral immunoglobulins M and G in human serum by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.^198005^J Clin Microbiol 1980 May;11(5):452-7^^Adler B, Murphy AM, Locarnini SA, Faine S^The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect leptospire-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG in the sera of patients infected with leptospiral serovars hardjo, pomona, or copenhageni. All patients produced specific IgM and IgG detectable by ELISA. In contrast, only a few patients produced IgG agglutinins whereas all produced IgM agglutinins. The specificity and sensitivity of the test suggest that the ELISA anti-IgM technique is a suitable method for detecting leptospiral antibodies in human sera for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.^0
80215834^Leptospirosis [clinical conference]^198005^West J Med 1980 May;132(5):440-50^^^^0
80222104^An experimentally induced predator chain transmission of Leptospira ballum from mice to cats.^198075^Br Vet J 1980 May-Jun;136(3):265-70^^Shophet R, Marshall RB^^0
81058415^[Demonstration of Leptospirae antibodies in the sera of immunized rabbits by the indirect immunofluorescence test (author's transl)]^198006^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1980 Jun;247(1):124-31^^Frohlich W^Antibodies of Leptospirae were demonstrated in the sera of immunized rabbits by the indirect immunofluorescence test, only after a suitable dilution of the "anti-rabbit-gamma-globulin fluorescin conjugated" was carried out in a cross reference titration ("chessboard method"). A distinct crossreaction was observed when anti-icterohaemorrhagiae - and anti-bratislava-immunsera reacted with several serotypes out of the "interrogans complex". But only a weak crossreaction was found when both sera reacted with the serotyp patoc from the "biflexa complex". The evaluation of the indirect immunofluorescence test was complicated by a streaky background of fluorescence. The agargeldiffusion tests (Ouchterolony) exhibited four, three and two precipitation bands according to the conbination of antigens and immunsera.^0
81058417^[A contribution to the technique of immunofluorescence in leptospirosis (author's transl)]^198006^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1980 Jun;247(1):138-41^^Staak C, Schonberg A^Mono- and polyvalent FITC-conjugates were prepared for detection of leptospires in artifically infected material. The organisms were concentrated by centrifugation and fixed onto glass slides after they had been mixed with serum or egg albumin. By this method, leptospires were detected down to a concentration of 10(2)-10(4) organisms/ml.^0
80209680^Cancer eye and infertility.^198006^Mod Vet Pract 1980 Jun;61(6):521-2^^Amstutz HE^^0
81010513^Pathogenesis of renal disease in leptospirosis: Clinical and experimental studies.^198006^Kidney Int 1980 Jun;17(6):827-36^^Sitprija V, Pipatanagul V, Mertowidjojo K, Boonpucknavig V, Boonpucknavig S^^0
81058414^Leptospirin - an intradermic test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis.^198006^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1980 Jun;247(1):114-23^^Schonberg A, Caldas EM, Sampaio MB, Costa E, Plank SJ^IN the State of Bahia (Brazil) the leptospirin produced in Germany for experimental use by the Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Federal Health Office, Berlin, was administered to humans and animals in order to diagnose leptospirosis in collaboration with this Institute. The results were compared with the microscopic agglutination reaction. The total number of test persons or animals was 268; this group included 81 human patients. 60 heads of cattle, 50 goats, 40 pigs, 25 horses, and 12 dogs. All were tested serologically and simultaneously the intracutaneous test was carried out. This test was positive when the erythema formed had a diameter of more than 9 mm. The evaluation took place 8 to 10 h and 24 h after the injection of leptospirin. 1. 52 humans reacted serologically; out of this group 44 were positive in the leptospirin test. The allergy test was also negative in the 29 serologically negative patients. 2. Out of the 21 heads of cattle with a positive agglutination test 7 reacted to leptospirin whereas 39 animals which did not react serologically were also negative in the skin test. 3. Although 10 goats out of 50 reacted serologically, all were negative in the intracutaneous test. 4. 9 out of 40 pigs reacted serologically; however, 8 reacted only to apathogenic leptospires (L.patoc, L.rufino, L.andamana). Out of these 9 animals 4 were positive in the intracutaneous test; among them the pig which reacted serologically to L.autumnalis. Out of 31 serologically negative pigs 2 were allergologically positive. 5. Out of 21 serologically positive horses 15 exhibited an erythema which was considered positive in the skin test. 4 serologically negative animals also were negative in the intracutaneous test. 6. Out of 6 serologically positive dogs, 4 reacted to leptospirin. 6 that had reacted serologically were all negative in the intracutaneous test. A comparison of the serological and allergological findings judged by the serological standard showed that out of all cases tested, 0.7% had at the same time a serologically negative and allergologically positive reaction and 16.8% had a serologically positive and allergologically negative reaction. In some cases, the administration of leptospirin caused the formation of antibodies which could only be detected in low dilutions and usually disappeared after 6-8 weeks. In humans, pigs, and horses the leptospirin also showed positive reactions which serologically could be attributed only to biflexa leptospires. Serotypes not contained in the leptospirin were accounted for to a varying degree in the individual animal species. These reactions and the results of other studies carried out in pig stocks have been the basis for studies performed at the Institute for Veterinary Medicine. These studies are expected to contribute to an improvement of the sensitivity of the leptospirin.^0
81116515^Leptospirosis in wildlife in Brazil: isolation of serovars canicola, pyrogenes and grippotyphosa.^198006^Int J Zoonoses 1980 Jun;7(1):40-3^^Santa Rosa CA, Sulzer CR, Yanaguita RM, Da Silva AS^The isolation of serovar canicola from the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), shows that it is a reservoir of canicola and is therefore significant from an epidemiological point of view. The isolation of pyrogenes and grippotyphosa from a water rat, Nectomys squamipes is also described.^0
81116516^Human leptospirosis infective serogroups and serotypes in Jamaica.^198006^Int J Zoonoses 1980 Jun;7(1):44-8^^Urquhart AE, Lee MG, King SD, Terry SI^Of a total of 5,021 samples of sera tested in Jamaica between 1960- 1978, 651 (12.9%) were positive in significant to microscopic agglutination for leptospirosis. There were 50 (5.9%) positive isolates of 845 cultures. Six serogroups and 13 serotypes of pathogenic leptospiral strains were identified. The serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae serovar icterohaemorrhagiae accounted for 57% of infections and the serogroup hebdomadis, serovar jules accounting for 31% of cases. Human leptospirosis is grossly under-reported in Jamaica and only systematic surveys and surveillance can define the true incidence of the public health problem of this disease.^0
81116520^Human leptospirosis in Detroit and the role of rats as chronic carriers.^198006^Int J Zoonoses 1980 Jun;7(1):62-72^^Thiermann AB, Frank RR^Human leptospirosis was diagnosed in three patients from Detroit General Hospital. Epidemiological studies of these cases revealed heavy rat infestations in the residences of two of the patients. Leptospires serotype icterohaemorrhagiae were isolated from the rats and one of the patients. Cultural isolation was attempted from numerous blood and urine samples from each patient. Media containing different selective contaminant inhibitor substances was also utilized. Only two samples were culturally positive. It appears that very few viable cells are shed by human patients intermittently. Clinical reports and leptospirosis diagnosis are reported for each of the cases. The agglutinin-absortion test proved to be helpful in elucidating the true etiologic agent in the absence of cultural isolation. A serological survey for leptospirosis was conducted among swine slaughterhouse workers in Detroit. Significant titres to Leptospira pomona were observed.^0
80254211^Q fever in a Queensland meatworks.^198006^Med J Aust 1980 Jun 14;1(12):590-3^^McKelvie P^An epidemiological study of Q fever infection in a Brisbane meatworks was undertaken. A retrospective 10-year study (1968 to 1977) revealed an average annual incidence of 1% for the nine years excluding 1969, while an outbreak with a 7.9% incidence occurred in 1969. No seasonal distribution was found. Results indicated that cattle form the major source of Coxiella burneti (infectious agent of Q fever) in the meatworks and that the highest risk of infection exists on the cattle slaughter floor. The 1969 outbreak showed a departure from the average pattern of infection in that the highest incidences were recorded in small stock (sheep and swine) workers and non-meat handlers rather than in cattle slaughtermen. This suggested the importance of sheep and/or swine forming a source of the infection. Investigations into the factors contributing to the 1969 outbreak in this meatworks failed to reveal an; conclusive data. Inhalation of infectious dust and aerosols proved to be the major channel of transmission of infection rather than direct inoculation. A serological survey of 139 employees revealed 15.8% prevalence of complement-fixing antibodies to C. burneti, 0% to brucellosis, 0.7% to leptospirosis, and 0.7% to Toxoplasma gondii. Of those with positive titres for Q fever, nine of the 22 subjects did not recall any clinical illness.^0
80254212^Q fever epidemic in Victorian general practice.^198006^Med J Aust 1980 Jun 14;1(12):593-5^^Buckley B^In 1979, 110 people associated with a local rural abattoir presented with an acute febrile illness thought to be Q fever. Of these, 70 were shown by serotesting to have had Q fever, and one was shown to have had leptospirosis alone. Four individuals had mixed infections of Q fever with another zoonotic infection, two with leptospirosis, and two with brucellosis. Only 44% of suspected cases of Q fever were shown to have complement-fixing antibodies to Q fever four weeks after the infection, but 74% had anti-bodies 12 weeks after infection. This epidemic of Q fever occurred soon after the abattoir began to slaughter feral goats for the first time; there is reason to believe that the epidemic may have been related to the introduction of this practice.^0
81026682^Comparative studies on two antigens (F4 and TM) extracted from leptospires.^198007^J Clin Microbiol 1980 Jul;12(1):7-9^^Adler B, Faine S, Yanagawa R^F4 and TM antigens extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, and copenhageni were compared by immunodiffusion, by hemagglutination inhibition, and by selective absorption of antisera. These data, together with previous information on the serological specificities of the two antigen preparations, suggest that F4 and TM are different antigens.^0
80255001^Early diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis.^198007^Mil Med 1980 Jul;145(7):495-7^^Cucinell SA^^0
81231612^Serovar determination of Romanian L. icterohaemorrhagiae strains.^198075^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1980 Jul-Sep;39(3):213-9^^Nicolescu M^^0
81009826^Isolation of Leptospira from desert rodents of west Texas.^198007^J Wildl Dis 1980 Jul;16(3):333-7^^Redetzke KA, McCann MJ^Urine, blood and tissue samples from 369 rodents of 13 species were cultured for Leptospira. Four serogroups, including ballum, isterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, and grippotyphosa, were isolated from 70 rodents (19%) of 9 species.^0
81009843^A serologic survey for selected infectious diseases of black bears in Idaho.^198007^J Wildl Dis 1980 Jul;16(3):423-30^^Binninger CE, Beecham JJ, Thomas LA, Winward LD^Two hundred sixty-five black bears (Ursus americanus) from northcentral Idaho were examined serologically over a five-year period for antibodies against selected infectious disease agents. The number of positive serum samples number of sera tested and percent positive for each infectious agent is: tularemia, 65/340 (19); brucellosis, 18/332 (5); toxoplasmosis, 23/303 (8); leptospirosis, 2/196 (1); trichinosis, 16/122 (13); Q-fever, 13/210 (6); St. Louis encephalitis, 3/340 (1); western equine encephalitis, 4/334 (1); Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 6/282 (2). Black bears may serve as an indicator for infection in other wildlife, domestic animals and humans in the area..^0
81026664^Isolation of Leptospira biflexa from commercially prepared deionized water labeled "sterile for tissue culture".^198007^J Clin Microbiol 1980 Jul;12(1):121-3^^Rubin SJ, Perlman S, Ellinghausen HC Jr^Leptospira biflexa were isolated from urine cultures of two patients with clinical and laboratory findings compatible with leptospirosis. Neither patient had detectable leptospiral agglutinins. The source of the L. biflexa was water labeled " "sterile for tissue culture" purchased from M. A. Bioproducts, formerly Microbological Associates. M. A. Bioproducts water is sterilized by filtration through a 0.22-mum- pore size membrane filter. Leptospiral contamination can occur in products sterilized by filtration. Heat sterilization of water eliminates this possibility.^0
81041800^Pathogenesis of experimental Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae infection in the guinea pigs: possible role of endotoxin of intestinal bacteria in the development of lesions.^198007^Can J Comp Med 1980 Jul;44(3):304-8^^Higgins R, Descoteaux JP, Degre R^Germ-free guinea pigs were infected with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae to evaluate the possible role of endotoxin of intestinal bacteria in the development of hemorrhages and hepatic and renal failure. Clinical manifestations, necropsy findings and histological lesions were similar to those seen in control animals. In the second part of the experiment, endotoxin was not detected by the Limulus test in the blood of ten guinea pigs during the five day course of leptospirosis.^0
81052007^Serology in cattle vaccinated with leptospirosis bacterins.^198007^Mod Vet Pract 1980 Jul;61(7):611, 614^^Morter RL^^0
81060535^Growth of hebdomadis group of leptospires in solid medium.^198007^Am J Vet Res 1980 Jul;41(7):1153-4^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Jones FC 3d^Leptospira hardjo, szwajizak, and sejroe produced colonial growth in bovine albumin polysorbate 80 (BAP80) solid medium which had been supplemented either with sodium pyruvate (100 micrograms/ml) or with 5% rabbit serum. Leptospira hardjo produced two morphologic types of colonies in both supplemented media. Growth did not occur with any of the three serovars in the unsupplemented BAP80 medium. These results indicate that addition of either rabbit serum or sodium pyruvate would aid in promoting growth of some fastidious leptospires.^0
81062242^The prevalence of antibodies to members of Leptospira interrogans in cattle.^198007^Aust Vet J 1980 Jul;56(7):327-30^^Milner AR, Wilks CR, Calvert K^A total of 1,355 random samples taken from bovine serums submitted for brucellosis testing in Victoria were submitted to the microscopic agglutination test for the presence of antibody to 12 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. The most common reaction obtained was to serovar hardjo, although the percentage of reactors varied from 24.8% in the metropolitan area to 56.3% in north-eastern Victoria (mean 40.6%). A total of 86.3% of farms from which 3 or more samples were taken had at least one reactor to serovar hardjo. The prevalence of antibody to other serovars was tarassovi (7.8% of reactors), ballum (3.7%), pomona (2.4%), autumnalis (1.8%) and bataviae (1.2%). Reactions to other serovars were observed in serums of less than 1% of cattle tested; serums from 50.8% of cattle did not react to any antigen.^0
81062248^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo from sheep [letter]^198007^Aust Vet J 1980 Jul;56(7):348-9^^Gordon LM^^0
81137436^[Roentgenographic manifestations of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage in leptospirosis (report of 50 cases) (author's transl)]^198008^Chung Hua Fang She Hsueh Tsa Chih 1980 Aug;14(3):188-90^^Xu ZX^^0
81143635^[Studies of application of indirect fluorescent antibody technique for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. 1. Basal experiments with immune rabbit sera (author's transl)]^198008^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1980 Aug;54(8):365-73^^Ishimaru M^^0
81143636^[Studies of application of indirect fluorescent antibody technique for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. 2. Experimental studies on sera from patients and stray dogs (author's transl)]^198008^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1980 Aug;54(8):374-82^^Ishimaru M^^0
81149647^Serological titres resulting from leptospiral vaccine [letter]^198008^N Z Vet J 1980 Aug;28(8):172^^Mackintosh CG, Marshall RB^^0
81149648^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo from sheep in New Zealand [letter]^198008^N Z Vet J 1980 Aug;28(8):1980^^Bahaman AR, Marshall RB, Blackmore DK, Hathaway SW^^0
81035643^Serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by enzyme-linked-immunosorrbent- assay (ELISA).^198008^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1980 Aug;247(3):400-5^^Terpstra WJ, Ligthart GS, Schoone GJ^An enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA) is described for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. Using an antigen prepared from a heated culture of a single leptospira strain (Wijnberg) the ELISA is a genusspecific test. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) served as a reference. ELISA and MAT results agreed in 95% of the sera from 96 leptospirosis patients. One false positive was found in 217 controls. The ELISA is sensitive, specific and relatively easy to perform.^0
81171009^Cross antigenicities of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni Shibaura strain for preparing biological products in Japan.^198008^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1980 Aug;33(4):223-9^^Arimitsu Y, Mori M, Akama K^Cross protective antigenicities of Leptospira were studied with 16 antisera to 13 serovars of Leptospira interrogans and a virulent strains "Shibaura (V)", which is now considered to belong to serovar copenhageni, for challenge. The antisera of the rabbits highly immunized with various serovar live antigens were examined for leptospiricidal activity; cross immunity was recognized only in the same serogroup, Icterohaemorrhagiae. Serovar icterohaemorrhagiae lacks a prt of the antigenic components of copenhageni, but the antiserum to the former showed potent leptospiricidal activity to Shibaura (V). Anti- copenhageni immune serum absorbed with the icterohaemorrhagiae antigen did not show any protective activity to Shibaura (V).^0
81192227^Frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography and the tryptophan color test for rapid diagnosis of tuberculous and other forms of lymphocytic meningitis.^198008^J Clin Microbiol 1980 Aug;12(2):208-15^^Brooks JB, Edman DC, Alley CC, Craven RB, Girgis NI^A total of 260 samples of cerebrospinal fluid received from Egypt, the United States, Canada, and South America were examined by frequency- pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (FPEC-GLC) for tuberculous and other forms of lymphocytic meningitis. Thirty-four of the specimens were culture positive for M. tuberculosis, and four cerebrospinal fluid specimens of herpes meningitis were established by immunological techniques. The compound, 3-(2'-ketohexyl)-indoline, was found in about 60% of the Egyptian tuberculous specimens and none of the culture-positive American specimens. the carboxylic and hydroxy acid FPEC-GLC profiles were used effectively in conjunction with other clinical data to make the diagnosis even in the absence of 3-(2'- ketohexyl)indoline. Herpes meningitis and mixed infections of Myeobacterium tuberculosis-herpes, M. tuberculosis-leptospira, and M. tuberculosis-Haemophilus influenzae produced profiles different from each other and from pure culture cases. The color test for tuberculous meningitis was evaluated, and free tryptophan was eliminated as the source of color reaction. Indications are that 3-(2'- ketohexyl)indoline, in most cases, is not responsible for the positive color reaction. Differences in the clinical and FPEC-GLC data obtained from samples from different geographical regions are discussed.^0
81009512^Haemolysis as a means of distinguishing between Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and hardjo.^198008^J Med Microbiol 1980 Aug;13(3):477-81^^Hathaway SC, Marshall RB^Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica was haemolytic for washed human, cattle, sheep and possum red blood cells (RBC); serovar hardjo was non-haemolytic. A test for haemolysis may prove useful in the preliminary differentiation of balcanica and hardjo isolates. Balcanica was non-haemolytic for unwashed RBC from human and bovine donors whose serum contained Hebdomadis serogroup antibody. Haemolytic activity tended to disappear with repeated subculture of balcanica.^0
81010455^Leptospirosis.^198008^Johns Hopkins Med J 1980 Aug;147(2):65-9^^Seidman CE, Murphy PA^^0
81035642^Isolation of revertants from antigenic variants of leptospiras.^198008^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1980 Aug;247(3):392-9^^Shimono E, Yanagawa R, Barranca GT^The revertants were isolated from the antigenic variants of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni Shibaura by plating the variants on the solid medium containing the homologous immune serum, and by noting the growth of small colonies. The revertants which produced the small colonies were antigenically identical with the parents. The variants which retained their antigenicity for 2 to 3 years produced only a small number of revertants. On the other hand, the variants which phenotypically changed to the parent during the same period of maintenance produced many revertants. The revertant-clones and the variant-clones showed a similar generation time. No revertant was isolated from the variants of hebdomadis Hebdomadis.^0
81084299^Histopathologic evaluation of livers of pregnant hamsters infected with Leptospira canicola.^198008^Am J Vet Res 1980 Aug;41(8):1288-92^^Sapp WJ, Siddique IH, Williams CS, Graham T^Pregnant hamsters were inoculated with Leptospira canicola by an intraperitoneal route. Grossly, the livers were enlarged and pale yellow. On light microscopic examination, disruption of the hepatic cords, as well as granulation of hepatocyte cytoplasm, was evident. On electron microscopic examination, the livers had evidence of severe cellular degradation as early as post-inoculation hour (PIH) 24. At PIH 96, pathologic changes were more pronounced. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was swollen and there was membrane disruption. These changes were not observed in the livers of control animals. In addition, livers of the fetuses at PIH 72 exhibited severe degenerative changes.^0
81043407^Moyamoya disease caused by leptospiral cerebral arteritis.^198009^Chin Med J (Engl) 1980 Sep;93(9):599-604^^Liu XM, Ruan XZ, Cai Z, Yu BR, He SP, Gong YH^^0
81099714^The use of a hardjo-pomona vaccine to prevent leptospiruria in cattle exposed to natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198009^N Z Vet J 1980 Sep;28(9):174-7^^Mackintosh CG, Marshall RB, Broughton ES^^0
81152423^[Leptospirosis in Amazonas State. Serological survey]^198075^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1980 Sep-Oct;22(5):265-8^^Santa-Rosa CA, Lacaz C da S, Machado P de A, Yanaguita RM, Castrillon AL, Ferraroni JJ, Fonseca OJ^^0
81154432^A natural focus of infection with leptospires of the serovar lora in Bulgaria.^198009^Trop Geogr Med 1980 Sep;32(3):256-8^^Manev C, Yaneva V, Yanakieva M, Uzunov G^A natural focus of infection with leptospira serovar lora (Australis serogroup) was discovered in the Tundga River Valley, South Bulgaria. 1 672 micromammals belonging to seven species were investigated. Serologically and bacteriologically a high incidence of infection was established.^0
81047403^Pseudoleptospires in blood culture [letter]^198009^J Clin Pathol 1980 Sep;33(9):905-6^^Frerichs GN, Maley AD^^0
81064246^Isolation of a hamster-lethal strain of Leptospira hardjo [letter]^198009^Can Vet J 1980 Sep;21(9):266^^Kingscote B^^0
81081201^[Zooanthroponoses as occupational diseases]^198009^Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1980 Sep 1;74(17):820-4^^Toppich E, Kruger W^^0
81154827^Mastitis and abortion in dairy cattle associated with Leptospira of the serotype hardjo.^198009^Vet Rec 1980 Sep 27;107(13):307-10^^Higgins RJ, Harbourne JF, Little TW, Stevens AE^Following a sudden drop in milk yield in a large dairy herd, leptospiral mastitis due to serotype hardjo was diagnosed serologically and by isolation of the organism from the milk and urine of affected cows. Two milkers subsequently became ill and developed titres to the Hebdomadis serogroup. During the same period the neighbouring herd experienced poor milking performance and a series of abortions and serological evidence suggested recent hardjo infection. The common source of infection appeared to be infected down calving heifers.^0
81053630^[Severe leptospirosis with cardiac localization (letter)]^198009^Nouv Presse Med 1980 Sep 27;9(35):2579^^Estavoyer JM, Marquelet D, Baufle GH, Becque O, Michel-Briand Y, Pageaut G^^0
81124018^Maturation of humoral immune response determines the susceptibility of guinea-pigs to leptospirosis.^198010^Pathology 1980 Oct;12(4):529-38^^Adler B, Faine S, Muller HK, Green DE^Baby guinea-pigs were susceptible to infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, but rapidly became resistant as they matured. Increased resistance with increasing weight of guinea-pigs was correlated with the development of ability to produce agglutinating antibodies to leptospires and with maturation of B-cell dependent (but not T-cell dependent) areas in lymphoid organs. These observations can explain the basis of species-resistance of adult guinea-pigs to infection with serovar pomona.^0
81182151^Effect of cyclophosphamide treatment on clinical and serologic response of rats to infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae.^198010^Am J Vet Res 1980 Oct;41(10):1655-8^^Thiermann AB^Young albino rats were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide and exposed to virulent and low-virulence Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae 820K. In rats exposed to virulent and low virulence leptospires, microscopic agglutinating antibody responses occurred later, and longer leptospiremic phase and more massive tissue invasion by the organisms were observed in immunosuppressed rats than in immunocompetent controls. Clinical and pathologic signs of illness were more severe in the immunosuppressed animals than in immunocompetent controls. When exposed to low-virulence leptospires, immunosuppressed rats became infected and developed signs of illness and 2 of 16 died. Immunocompetent rats rapidly developed a humoral response and did not develop any signs of illness, and with 1 exception, organisms were not recovered from any tissues.^0
81182152^Canine leptospirosis in Detroit.^198010^Am J Vet Res 1980 Oct;41(10):1659-61^^Thiermann AB^Among 433 stray dogs in Detroit, Michigan, surveyed for leptospiral agglutinins, 164 (37.8%) had significant titers to 1 or more leptospiral serotypes; from 123 suburban stray dogs tested, 23 (18.7%) had significant titers. The use of 2-mercaptoethanol on positive serum samples was helpful in identifying acute from chronic phase titers. Cross-reaction patterns also were clarified by the use of 2- mercaptoethanol. Cultural isolation of leptospires from dog urine was unsuccessful unless the urine had a pH from 6.6 to 8.0. Oral administration of sodium bicarbonate to alkalinize dog's urine resulted in the isolation of leptospires from dogs usually voiding acidic urine. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae was the most common serotype in this dog population by serologic techniques and was the only one isolated in culture.^0
81183783^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo vaccination of pregnant beef cows and subsequent growth rate of progeny.^198010^Aust Vet J 1980 Oct;56(10):481-3^^Holroyd RG^Five experiments with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo vaccine were carried out over a 6-year period in pregnant Brahman-cross and Sahiwal-cross cows in the dry tropics on northern Queensland. The numbers ranged from 127 breeders aged 2 to 5 years in 1972 to 344 breeders aged 2 to 9 years in 1977. Half of the cows were vaccinated twice in mid-pregnancy except for 1977, when they were vaccinated once. In 1975-1977 inclusive, half of the heifers were given an additional dose of vaccine at commencement of mating. Vaccination caused a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction of prenatal loss but not of perinatal or postnatal losses. Growth rates of calves from vaccinated and unvaccinated dams were similar.^0
82055938^Antibody activities of immunoglobulins in anti-leptospiral horse sera.^198010^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1980 Oct;33(5):239-47^^Otani S, Arimitsu Y, Akama K^Antileptospiral sera from hyperimmunized horses were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 or by starch block electrophoresis. The fractions were examined quantitatively for leptospiricidal, agglutinating and complement fixing activities. The leptospiricidal activity was higher in the 78 globulin fraction than in the 19S globulin fraction, while the agglutinating activity was shared by both the fractions being higher in the 19S fraction. Complement fixing activity was found evenly in both the fractions. Leptospiricidal and complement fixing activities were higher in gamma-globulin than in T- globulin, while the agglutinating activity was comparable in the two globulin fractions. That is, the agglutinating activity may not always behave along with the leptospiricidal activity. The results were discussed in connection with the therapeutic antiserum product for human use.^0
81038601^Leptospirosis.^198010^Aust Fam Physician 1980 Oct;9(10):685-6^^Short RC^Leptospirosis is not one specfic disease, as may be thought, but a series of separate diseases, each with distinct clinical features. Although uncommon, it is not a rare disease, and it can occur in pet owners, those in the livestock industry, and agricultural workers.^0
81064235^Serological survey of leptospiral antibodies in swine in Quebec.^198010^Can Vet J 1980 Oct;21(10):278-9^^Higgins R, Desilets A, Rene-Roberge E^^0
81132478^Ascending polyneuropathy in leptospirosis--a case study.^198010^Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1980 Oct;74(5):567-8^^Morgan AG, Cawich F^^0
81125430^[Leptospirosis and environment (author's transl)]^198010^Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1980 Oct 30;28(3):323-9^^Mailloux M^Occupational groups are divided into two groups: 1. Direct contact with animals (14 per cent): veterinary work, hunting, slaughtering, butchers and pork-butchers' work. 2. Contact with natural environment. Transmission is indirect, through water, aquatic environment: stall- keepers, drivers dealing with dumping grounds, scavengers, persons working underground, in cellars, sewers, and particularly agricultural workers, market-gardeners, cattle raisers; bathers and anglers who have direct contact with water. This mode of transmission: rural areas, agriculture, is recorded in 38 per cent of the cases. Contamination through water represents 27 per cent. Leptospiral diseases occur in 4/5 of the cases when Man is in contact with Nature. In most cases, 86 per cent, Leptospirosis is an environmental disease caused by wet ground, aquatic environment.^0
81049587^Detection of leptospiral antibodies in animal sera by means of fractionated antigenic extracts.^198011^J Med Microbiol 1980 Nov;13(4):513-26^^Fathalla NC, Coghlan JD^Sodium dodecyl sulphate extracts of the reference strains Mus 127, Castellon 3 and Arborea of the Ballum agglutinogenic serogroup of Leptospira interrogans (the species of pathogenic leptospira), of strain Patoc 1 of the saprophytic species of L. biflexa, and of strain 3055 of illini serotype, the sole representative of L. illini, were each fractionated by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose density gradient into 10 fractions. The fractions were tested by complement fixation and immunodiffusion against the sera of animals during the process of immunisation and during the course of naturally occurring infections. The fractions could be divided into three main pools of serological activity: pool I (fractions 1, 2 and 3), pool II (fractions 4, 5 and 6), pool III (fractions 7, 8 and 9). Pool I was species/genus specific; fraction 1 tended to be species specific while fraction 2 reacted with antisera to all strains whether pathogenic or saprophytic. Pool II was serogroup specific and reacted only with antisera to members of the same serogroup. Pool III was serotype (serovar) specific and revealed the identity of the infecting strain at an early stage of infection.^0
81123563^The preliminary differentiation with factor sera of Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and balcanica.^198011^N Z Vet J 1980 Nov;28(11):243-4^^Ris DR, Hamel KL^^0
81093759^Some bacterial and mycotic diseases of marine mammals.^198011^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980 Nov 1;177(9):831-4^^Medway W^^0
81179722^Cytotoxic activity of supernatant extracts of virulent and saprophytic leptospires.^198011^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1980 Nov;248(2):260-7^^Cinco M, Banfi E, Furlani A, Scarcia V^Extracts from supernatants, obtained from culture of virulent strain PB- 3 and saprophytic strain Isola Sacra 1, were assayed for cytotoxicity. A cytotoxic factor produced by the pathogenic strain was found to affect specifically the tested cells, at determined concentrations; on the other side a not clear and scarce cytotoxicity was shown for the extract from the saprophytic strain Isola Sacra 1. Cytotoxic factor produced by strain PB-3 was heat resistant and trypsin sensitive, suggesting to be a thermostable protein. An inhibitory doses it induced a typical, cytopathic effect on the treated cells.^0
81211471^[Isolation of pathogenic leptospirae from frog urine and kidneys (author's transl)]^198011^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1980 Nov;14(4):221-2^^Wang DQ^^0
81232162^Diseases of cattle in the Solomon Islands.^198011^Aust Vet J 1980 Nov;56(11):522-5^^de Fredrick DF, Reece RL^Between 1967 and 1977 a study was made of diseases of cattle in the Solomon Islands. Tuberculosis was found in only 3 herds and was eradicated by 1975. Brucellosis serology revealed very few reactors and by 1977 the herds involved were considered free of the disease. Significant serological reactions were found to Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, hardjo, autumnalis and jez-bratislava. There was evidence that infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and mucosal disease were present. Seventeen parasites were identified of which Haematobia irritans exigua, Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Ceylonocotyle streptocoelium were widely distributed. Nutritional stress occurred under some forms of husbandry but environmental stress was minimal. The Solomon Islands are therefore in a most favourable situation with regard to diseases of cattle.^0
81078925^Rocky Mountain spotted fever: diagnostic dilemma of the atypical presentation.^198011^South Med J 1980 Nov;73(11):1527-9^^Tenenbaum MJ, Markowitz SM^Two patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever presented with atypical manifestations which led to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Such clinical manifestations occurring in endemic areas during warm months should not eliminate consideration of the proper diagnosis. If RMSF cannot be ruled out, therapeutic regimens should include appropriate antimicrobial coverage.^0
81086803^Leptospira hebdomadis associated with an outbreak of illness in workers on a farm in North Yorkshire.^198011^Br J Ind Med 1980 Nov;37(4):397-8^^Crawford SM, Miles DW^Four cases of illness attributed to Leptospira hebdomadis occurred on a cattle farm in North Yorkshire. The clinical features were a febrile illness that resembled influenza; in one case there was a lymphocytic meningitis. This infection is probably more common than is recognised at present, and prevention of further cases may be possible if diagnosed promptly.^0
81093787^Hemolytic anemia suggestive of leptospirosis in the black rhinoceros.^198011^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980 Nov 1;177(9):921-3^^Douglass EM, Plue RE^^0
81122610^Leptospirosis: vaccination and titer evaluation.^198011^Mod Vet Pract 1980 Nov;61(11):905-8^^Diesch SL^^0
81128203^[Analysis of diagnostic errors in leptospirosis]^198011^Vrach Delo 1980 Nov;(11):112-6^^Ugriumov BL, Vovk AD, Tat'ianko NV, Iurkovskaia NB, Kudriavtseva NG^^0
81163438^[Case of digestive hemorrhage due to leptospirosis (Weil's disease) treated with cimetidine]^198011^Clin Ter 1980 Nov 30;95(4):459-62^^Parrinello AE, Balestriero C^^0
82036546^Epidemiology of leptospirosis in dairy farm workers in the Manawatu. Part I: A cross-sectional serological survey and associated occupational factors.^198012^N Z Vet J 1980 Dec;28(12):245-50^^Mackintosh CG, Schollum LM, Harris RE, Blackmore DK, Willis AF, Cook NR, Stoke JC^^0
82036548^A trivalent leptospiral vaccine with emphasis on a Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo component to prevent leptospiruria.^198012^N Z Vet J 1980 Dec;28(12):263-6^^Flint SH, Liardet DM^^0
82036551^Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in cattle [letter]^198012^N Z Vet J 1980 Dec;28(12):268^^Mackintosh CG, Marshall RB, Blackmore DK^^0
81238937^The isolation of leptospires from stray dogs in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil.^198012^Int J Zoonoses 1980 Dec;7(2):131-4^^Yasuda PH, Santa Rosa CA, Myers DM, Yanaguita RM^The search of leptospires was conducted in kidneys of 1,415 stray dogs in the city of Sao Paulo--Brazil. From them 35 isolations were got, serovar canicola was the most frequent (32 samples) followed by copenhageni (2 samples) and pomona (1 sample). For the first time serovar pomona was isolated from dog in Latin America. Also, monthly and seasonal variations are discussed in relation to the prevalence of leptospirosis.^0
81238940^Comparative study between microscopic agglutination and complement fixation tests in experimental canine leptospirosis.^198012^Int J Zoonoses 1980 Dec;7(2):150-7^^Hagiwara MK, Santa Rosa CA, Pinto AA^In order to evaluate the antibody response to pathologic leptospira from both serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola, dogs were experimentally inoculated with these leptospiras. Each of the serovar were inoculated in 15 dogs and the antibody response in the acute phase of infected was followed by microscopic agglutination and complement fixation tests. Complement fixing antibodies were detected in both groups at the 4th day post infection and agglutinins appeared in circulation at the 7th day post infection when homologous antigens were used. On the 63rd day post infection with serovar canicola and on 56th day post infection with serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, complement fixing antibodies could no longer be detected but, in both experimental groups, specific agglutinins were presented in significant titers.^0
81238941^Two new leptospiral serovars in the Hebdomadis group isolated from cattle in Brazil.^198012^Int J Zoonoses 1980 Dec;7(2):158-63^^Santa Rosa CA, Sulzer CR, de Castro AF, Yanaguita RM, Giorgi W^Two leptospiral serovars belonging to the Hebdomadis Serogroup are described. These strains are represented by two isolations from apparently healthy zebu cattle. It is proposed that the serovars be designated guaicurus strain Bov. G and goiano strain Bov. 131.^0
81238944^Leptospiroses in Brazilian snakes.^198012^Int J Zoonoses 1980 Dec;7(2):73-7^^Hyakutake S, Biasi PD, Belluomini HE, Santa Rosa CA^^0
81238947^Pathogenic leptospira isolates from the Caribbean Islands of Trinidad, Grenada and St. Vincent.^198012^Int J Zoonoses 1980 Dec;7(2):90-100^^Everard CO, Sulzer CR, Bhagwandin LJ, Fraser-Chanpong GM, James AC^All known isolates of Leptospira interrogans obtained in Trinidad, Grenada and St. Vincent up to the end of 1979 are listed. There were 80 from Trinidad, 20 from Grenada and 2 from St. Vincent, representing at least 20 serotypes from 11 or more serogroups. Six of the serotypes were first reported from Trinidad. The leptospires were isolated from man, domestic animals and wildlife species.^0
81252174^[The synthesis of "methimidol" and its derivatives--a new antileptospirosis drug (author's transl)]^198012^Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1980 Dec;15(12):719-24^^Zhang ZX, Dong RW, Shu GX, Ling ZJ, Sheng XY, Wang LH^^0
81267925^Analyses for neutralizing activities of immunoglobulin fractions in anti-leptospiral horse antiserum.^198012^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1980 Dec;33(6):295-301^^Otani S, Akama K^The 7S and 19S fraction isolated from hyperimmunized antileptospiral horse sera by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and gamma- and T-globulin fractions from the antisera by starch block electrophoresis were studied for neutralizing (leptospiricidal) activities against infection with Leptospira. The activity was determined by the intracutaneous method with virulent Shibaura Strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. No significant difference in regression coefficient was observed between the neutralization line with the 19S globulin fraction and that with the 7S globulin fraction, whereas a significant difference in the regression coefficient was observed when the gamma- and T-globulin fractions were compared; the regression coefficient with T-globulin was consistently larger than that with gamma-globulin.^0
81274521^[Seasonal variation in the prevalence of leptospirosis in stray dogs in Sao Paulo, Brazil]^198012^Rev Saude Publica 1980 Dec;14(4):589-96^^Yasuda PH, Santa Rosa CA, Yanaguita RM^^0
81195650^[Determination of the antibody class in Leptospira infection]^198101^Lab Delo 1981;(3):174-6^^Stoianova NA, Khazenson SL^^0
82087023^Inhibition of Leptospiricidal reaction by the type-specific main antigen of Leptospira.^198101^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1981;250(1-2):147-52^^Torres J, Yanagawa R, Ono E^The serovar-specificity of the leptospiricidal activity test mediated by antiserum and complement was demonstrated by the fact that the leptospiricidal activity of the antiserum against the serovar-specific main (TM) antigen of copenhageni shibaura and the antiserum against the whole cells of the same strain were inhibited by the homologous but not the heterologous TM antigens. The inoculation of TM antigen produced in a rabbit the antibodies which react in the leptospiricidal activity test. These results may also show that the substance which participates in the leptospiricidal activity test may be the TM antigen.^0
81242562^Prevalence of selected pathogenic microbial agents in the red fox (Vulpes fulva) and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) of southwestern Wisconsin.^198101^J Wildl Dis 1981 Jan;17(1):17-22^^Amundson TE, Yuill TM^Free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes fulva) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were trapped in southwestern Wisconsin. Fox sera were tested to determine the prevalence of antibody for five different Leptospira interrogans serovars, canine distemper virus (CDV), infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV), and Franciscella tularensis infections. Grippotyphosa was the most prevalent leptospiral serovar antibody observed. Twenty-five of 53 (47%) red foxes and 11 of 36 (31%) gray foxes had specific antibodies to grippotyphosa. Juvenile foxes had geometric mean antibody titers to grippotyphosa significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than those of the adults of both species. CDV antibody was detected in sera of red foxes only. Six of 57 (11%) red foxes had CDV antibody. ICHV antibody was detected in 2 of 57 (3%) red foxes and 3 of 32 (9%) gray foxes. Antibody to F. tularensis was not detected in any fox sera.^0
81240739^Natural foci of leptospirosis on the territory of the north-eastern part of the east mountain range of Azerbaijan and their characteristic.^198101^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1981;25(2):175-80^^Tagi-Zade TA, Alekperov FP, Agayev IA^Numerous natural foci of leptospirosis infection in which Ap. sylvaticus and M. musculus play the role of the main source, were found on the territory of the north-eastern part of Azerbaijan's east mountain range. The leading place in the aetiological structure of leptospirosis of small mammals is occupied by leptospirae of the serological group Hebdomadis. As a rule, the animals -- Leptospira- carriers -- populate damp biotopes where stable natural foci of disease are formed. Two types of natural foci were established on the given territory, i. e., the marshy-bush type and the mountain-stream type. The foci are characterized by several hosts and several serotypes of Leptospira.^0
81242561^Mammalian wildlife diseases as hazards to man and livestock in an area of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia.^198101^J Wildl Dis 1981 Jan;17(1):153-62^^Wells EA, D'Alessandro A, Morales GA, Angel D^Development of the LLanos Orientales of Colombia, and access to underdeveloped areas in the Llanos, may create disease hazards to man and domestic animals or introduce exotic pathogens, creating reservoirs of infection for domestic animals and acting as limiting factors on the native wild species. A survey of wild animals common to the Llanos revealed a number of parasites indigenous to the area. A total total of 59 mammalian species, representing eight orders were examined. Haematozoa were represented by Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and T. rangeli. Eight species of ticks were found: Amblyomma cajennense, A. auricularium, A. rotundatum, A. maculatum, A. longirostre, A. pacae, Ixodes luciae and Boophilus microplus. Four species of fleas were found: Rhopalopsyllus lugubris lugubris, R. australis tupinus, R. cacicus saevus and Polygenis klagesi samuelis. A species of Echinococcus was commonly found in Cuniculus paca. Serologic titers and/or isolations of pathogenic viral and bacterial agents generally indicated that the wildlife population had not been exposed to the diseases common to the domestic population. A low prevalence of titers to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis was found in Cebus apella and Proechimys sp. Neutralizing antibodies to Group B viruses were found in Proechimys sp., Coendor sp. and Nectomys squamipes. Antibodies to Group C viruses were found in Proechimys sp. Serologic titers to Leptospira sejroe and L. tarassovi were found in Proechimys sp. and Didelphis marsupialis. L. tarassovi was isolated from Proechimys sp. Titers to Brucella were not found in 1964 animals. The significance of these findings are discussed.^0
82087015^Studies on antibody levels to Brucella abortus, Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira serogroups in sera collected in five locations of the North Island of New Zealand.^198101^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1981;249(4):543-56^^Metcalfe RV, Bettelheim KA, Densham EB, Pearce J, Sillars H, Thorn C^^0
81198233^Experimental infection of sheep and cattle with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica.^198175^N Z Vet J 1981 Jan-Feb;29(1-2):15-9^^Mackintosh CG, Marshall RB, Thompson JC^^0
81198234^Alternative strategies for the control of leptospirosis in dairy herds.^198175^N Z Vet J 1981 Jan-Feb;29(1-2):19-20^^Blackmore DK, Marshall RB, MacKintosh CM^^0
82087014^Isolation and classification of fifteen strains of saprophytic leptospires isolated from surface water in France and other countries.^198101^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1981;249(4):538-42^^Cinco M, Banfi E, Mailloux M^^0
81174336^Leptospirosis--here, now [editorial]^198101^Pathology 1981 Jan;13(1):1-5^^Faine S^^0
81183235^[Control of veterinary communicable diseases in swine and fattening cattle stocks by serological testing of slaughtered animal blood samples]^198101^Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1981;35(1):19-30^^Pannwitz S, Riechert D, Wolter F, Franze F^Economy of prophylactic haemoserological control of pig stocks in a district as well as of a sow breeding unit and of cattle stocks on two industrialised fattening farms has been enhanced by including blood samples from routine slaughtering. Preliminary organisational experience is reported in this paper. The samples collected samples collected from normally slaughtered selected sows may contribute to an improvement of veterinary production control.^0
81240734^To the problem of culture-morphological peculiarities of leptospiral colonies on solid nutrient media.^198101^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1981;25(2):144-9^^Kiktenko VS, Volina EG, Sarukhanova LE^^0
81242565^Serologic evidence of leptospirosis in a southern Arizona coyote population.^198101^J Wildl Dis 1981 Jan;17(1):33-7^^Drewek J Jr, Noon TH, Trautman RJ, Bicknell EJ^^0
81242566^The Norway rat as a selective chronic carrier of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.^198101^J Wildl Dis 1981 Jan;17(1):39-43^^Thiermann AB^Laboratory raised wild Norway rat males (Rattus norvegicus) were injected with leptospires of two serovars: icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa. The development of a carrier state was monitored serologically, culturally and histologically. Rats infected with icterohaemorrhagiae developed rapidly into a chronic carrier state and shed leptospires in the urine for the duration of the experiment (220 days). At the time of necropsy, histopathologic studies showed evidence of leptospiral infections in the lumen of proximal convoluted tubules of some kidneys. Rats infected with grippotyphosa shed organisms for 40 days after inoculation; thereafter, they apparently cleared the infection. No organisms were detected histologically nor by culture at the end of the experiment (220 days). There appears to be a specific host-parasite relationship in the Norway rat towards becoming chronic carriers when infected with serotype icterohaemorrhagiae but not with grippotyphosa.^0
82034952^[Epidemiological and clinical observations of leptospiroses over a 33- year period (author's transl)]^198101^Lijec Vjesn 1981 Jan;103(1):1-4^^Falisevac J, Schonwald S, Barsic BU, Makek N^^0
82080188^Isolation of antigenically active components from leptospiral serovar- specific lipopolysaccharide antigen by alkaline treatment.^198101^Microbiol Immunol 1981;25(9):949-57^^Tsuji M, Kawaoka Y, Naiki M, Yanagawa R^The serovar-specific main antigen (TM antigen) of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, which as lipopolysaccharide properties, was treated with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. This treatment degraded the antigen into two major antigenic components, one of high and one of low molecular weight. The component with the lower molecular weight (approximately 4,000 daltons) consisted mainly of carbohydrates, having lost almost all of the fatty acid and protein components of the original antigen. Although the substance lacked immunoprecipitable activity, it continued to show serovar-specific inhibitory potency in a radioimmunoassay system as well as in a microscopic immunoagglutination reaction of the organisms. The antigenic activity of the compound was also reduced by periodate oxidation as was that of the TM antigen. A component with the same chemical and physicochemical properties was also produced by alkaline treatment from a different serotype TM antigen (serovar kremastos Kyoto), but it showed no antigenic activity.^0
82108695^Leptospirosis in Nepal.^198101^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981;75(4):572-3^^Brown GW, Madasamy M, Bernthal P, Groves MG^We present here a case report of a suspected leptospiral infection in a Nepali soldier, and the results of a serological survey of 188 residents of Eastern Nepal that indicate the infection may be common there. This is the first report of leptospirosis in Nepal although it is known to affect man and animals in most of the temperate and tropical regions of the world, and apparently occurs widely in India (Das Gupta, 1938; Khanna & Iyer, 1971).^0
82173293^Experimental biotherapy by leptospiral infection. IX. Quantitative titration of the tumoricidal effect of leptospiral exoproducts by means of 51Cr-labeled target cells of mouse ascites tumors.^198101^Neoplasma 1981;28(6):705-8^^Oravec C, Kmety E^^0
82214577^Observations on kidney damage in hamsters following a non- icterohaemorrhagic form of disease resulting from infection by Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae.^198101^J Comp Pathol 1981 Jan;91(1):153-7^^Cox PJ, Twigg GI^^0
82225407^[Metrifonate-induced congenital tremor in piglets]^198101^Vet Med Nauki 1981;18(7):77-82^^Belchev L, Khristov T, Chifudov D^Congenital tremor was experimentally induced in pigs. Eight sows of the Comborough breed that had farrowed for the first time were used, having a good body condition and a liveweight of 115 to 120 kg. Other 96 sows of the same breed and body weight were used as controls. The test animals were given metrifonate orally in the prescribed therapeutic and prophylactic doses (50 mg/kg) four times during pregnancy. Both test and control sows were fed a standard mixture No 16 during pregnancy, and were vaccinated against swine fever, leptospirosis, Aujeszky's disease, and erysipelas. Congenital tremor was manifested in 42 out of 78 offsprings. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The induced congenital tremor was manifested morphologically by varying hypoplasia of the cerebellum. 2. The use of organic phospohrous compounds for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes should be reduced during pregnancy. 3. The induced congenital tremor in pigs clinically and morphologically similar to the spontaneous congenital tremor in these animals described previously by the same authors.^0
81117679^Surface colonies of Leptospira interrogans.^198101^J Clin Microbiol 1981 Jan;13(1):102-5^^Wood J, Johnson RC, Palin K^Observations of colonial growth of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, BJ, on soft-agar (1% agar) plates revealed the presence of both surface and subsurface colonies. The organisms from both types of colonies appeared to be similar in motility, morphology, antigenic composition, and pathogenicity. Passage in vivo tended to produce a higher incidence of surface colonies, whereas passage in vitro tended to produce a higher incidence of subsurface colonies, suggesting the importance of environmental factors in determining the type of colony produced.^0
81103481^Leptospirosis experience at Groote Schuur Hospital, 1969-1979.^198101^S Afr Med J 1981 Jan 10;59(2):33-6^^Maze SS, Kirsch RE^The diagnosis of leptospirosis requires a high index of suspicion and a knowledge of the wide variety of syndromes with which these patients present. The clinical and laboratory features of 14 patients with leptospirosis seen at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, between 1969 and 1979 are described.^0
81152061^[Liver and kidney disorders in icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. Apropos of 6 cases]^198101^Rev Clin Esp 1981 Jan 31;160(2):103-8^^Ortega Suarez R, Banos Gallardo M, Alonso Alvarez M, Marin Iranzo R, Alvarez Grande J, Faedo Presa I, Rodrigo Saez L, Prendes Pelaez P, Alvarez Fernandez M, Fuentes Martin E^^0
81119778^Identification of Leptospira serovars by restriction-endonuclease analysis.^198102^J Med Microbiol 1981 Feb;14(1):163-6^^Marshall RB, Wilton BE, Robinson AJ^Strains of Leptospira interrogans were examined by restriction- endonuclease analysis. Serovars hardjo and balcanica gave patterns that differed from each other, and from those of other members of the Hebdomadis serogroup and members of other serogroups. The method should be useful for the identification of leptospires and might throw light on problems of their classification.^0
81160356^[Leptospirosis in Iquitos, Department of Loreto, Peru]^198102^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1981 Feb;90(2):152-9^^Liceras de Hidalgo J, Mejia E^^0
81118157^The occurrence and significance to animal health of Leptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortus and Bacillus anthracis in sewage and sewage sludges.^198102^J Hyg (Lond) 1981 Feb;86(1):129-37^^Jones PW, Rennison LM, Matthews PR, Collins P, Brown A^Samples of sewage, sewage sludge and sewage effluent from one or more of four sewage treatment plants were examined for the presence of Leptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortus and Bacillus anthracis. Brucella abortus and Bacillus anthracis were not isolated. Eleven strains of E. coli potentially enteropathogenic for calves or piglets, eight pathogenic strains of Mycobacterium and one patho;genic Leptospira strain were isolated from 101, 189 and 189 samples respectively. Sewage sludge is no;t considered to play a major part in the epidemiology of disease caused by these organisms.^0
81179755^Antigenic variants of leptospiras selected by antiserum-complement mediated-killing.^198102^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1981 Feb;248(4):548-57^^Ueno K, Yanagawa R^The presence of antigenic variants of leptospiras was confirmed by the leptospiricidal reaction mediated by the antiserum plus complement. More than 99% of the organisms of virulent L. copenhageni Shibaura were destroyed microscopically after treatment with the anti-L. copenhageni Shibaura antiserum (1: 2000) plus guinea pig complement (1: 20). The leptospiras which survived treatment with the antiserum plus complement produced colonies on the solid serum medium at a rate of 0.09%. Eighty- seven percent of the survivors were found to be antigenic variants. The antigenicity of these variants reversed to that of the parent after 3-- 5 passages in the liquid normal serum medium.^0
82071878^[Clinical observation of treatment of 281 cases of leptospirosis with methimidol hydrochloride (author's transl)]^198102^Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 1981 Feb;20(2):102-5^^Kao XS^^0
81179753^Urinary excretion of an unidentified treponeme in a case of leptospirosis.^198102^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1981 Feb;248(4):532-40^^Hovind-Hougen K, Hoybe G^Two kinds of spirochetes were observed by dark-field microscopy in the urine of a leptospirosis patient on day 26 after the onset of the disease. The spirochetes were identified as treponemes and leptospires. A classification of the treponemes on basis of their morphology was attempted by means of electron microscopy with no conclusive result. Cultivation of the spirochetes was unsuccessful. Sera obtained prior to, during and after the excretion of spirochetes were tested for antibodies in routine serology tests for leptospirosis and syphilis. The diagnosis leptospirosis was confirmed by a rise and subsequent fall in antibody titres. The sera were nonreactive in syphilis serology tests, but showed a weak fluorescence in a fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test when Treponema calligyrum was used as antigen. It could not be determined whether this reaction was due to antibodies raised in response to antigens of the excreted treponemes.^0
82071889^[A discussion of the early clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis--a clinical analysis of 570 cases (author's transl)]^198102^Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 1981 Feb;20(2):95-8^^Zhong SC^^0
82071890^[Observation of clinical therapeutic effect of ethyl 4(5)- imidazolecarboxylate in 474 cases of leptospirosis (author's transl)]^198102^Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 1981 Feb;20(2):99-101^^^^0
81212591^Catalase activity among leptospires.^198102^Experientia 1981 Feb 15;37(2):147-8^^Banfi E, Cinco M, Dri P^^0
81277986^Unstable antigenic variation of leptospiras.^198103^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1981 Mar;249(1):133-41^^Shimono E, Yanagawa R^The antigenic variants which were found in leptospiras, Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni Shibaura grown in a liquid medium containing a homologous antiserum were found to be unstable. The unstable variants showed decreased agglutinability against the homologous antiserum. The decreased agglutinability of the unstable variants reverted to the parent's level of agglutinability after 1 or 2 passages through the normal serum medium. The unstable variants differed antigenically from the parent in the agglutinin-absorption test; however, the agglutinin-absorption test was found to be inadequate for showing the antigenic difference between the parent and the unstable variants because their difference was diminished when the agglutinin-absorbed antigen was increased. The application of Laurell rocket immunoelectrophoresis (LRI) to the SDS-extracted antigens revealed the distinct difference between the parent and the unstable variants. Other findings presented herein indicated the difference between the antigens of the parent and the unstable variants to be one of quantity. The magnitude of the quantitative difference between the antigens could be modified by the medium containing various concentrations of the homologous antiserum. The clones of the unstable variant showed antigenic characteristics which were similar to the original unstable variant.^0
81246082^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo vaccination against Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica infection [letter]^198103^N Z Vet J 1981 Mar;29(3):38^^Flint SH, Liardet DM^^0
81248479^Chronic interstitial nephritis in the dog: an immunofluorescence and elution study.^198103^Res Vet Sci 1981 Mar;30(2):226-32^^Spencer AJ, Wright NG^^0
81277985^Specificity of leptospiricidal activity test mediated by antiserum and complement.^198103^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1981 Mar;249(1):124-32^^Torres J, Ueno K, Yanagawa R^A leptospiricidal activity test mediated by immune serum plus guinea pig complement using 11 serovars of leptospiras belonging to 3 serogroups, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Mini, indicated that the reaction was generally serogroup-specific. The immune serum from which the homologous or heterologous agglutinin was absorbed was then examined with the result that the anti-L. icterohaemorrhagiae and anti- L. sarmin antisera which absorbed with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. sarmin respectively did not agglutinate, but instead destroyed their homologous leptospiras in conjunction with complement. Many of the antisera which absorbed with the heterologous serovars did not agglutinate, but instead destroyed their respective heterologous strain. These findings indicate that the leptospiricidal activity test is more sensitive and more cross reactive than agglutination.^0
82010380^Leptospirosis-a diagnostic problem and an industrial hazard.^198103^J R Coll Gen Pract 1981 Mar;31(224):165-7^^Wilson D, Wetson R^^0
82029685^Non-brucella abortion in cattle.^198103^In Pract 1981 Mar;3(2):14-9^^Deas W^^0
81091744^Markedly elevated creatinine phosphokinase, cotton wool spots, and pericarditis in a patient with leptospirosis.^198103^Gastroenterology 1981 Mar;80(3):587-9^^Farkas PS, Knapp AB, Lieberman H, Guttman I, Mayan S, Bloom AA^We are reporting a patient with acute leptospirosis whose creatinine phosphokinase was markedly elevated secondary to an associated myositis. In patients presenting with acute hepatitis, an elevated creatinine phosphokinase should suggest the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Our patient's course of illness was made unusual by the appearance of cotton wool spots, previously unreported in leptospirosis as well as by pericarditis in the absence of uremia. This illustrates our ever widening recognition of the clinical manifestations of leptospirosis.^0
81250929^Prevalence and clinical significance of leptospiral antibodies in pigs in England.^198103^Vet Rec 1981 Mar 14;108(11):224-8^^Hathaway SC, Little TW^The results of leptospiral serology conducted on porcine sera at the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge from 1971 to 1978 were collated and analysed. Sera were available from diagnostic submissions (1622) and from pigs intended fro export (5031). A random sample of 792 sera from 34 herds was also examined. The overall prevalence of infection was low. Copenhageni titres were present in 7.9 per cent of diagnostic submissions and a statistical association with jaundice was shown in piglets and adults. The introduction of Australis serogroup antigens in 1978 revealed the serological prevalences to lora and bratislava to be in excess of 20 per cent. However the causative serotype has yet to be identified. Leptospiral infection was not a significant cause of abortion in pigs. The pattern of leptospiral infection in pigs in England is considerably different from that occurring in other countries and it is considered that free-living maintenance host populations constitute the primary sources of infection.^0
81246275^[Antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic Leptospirae]^198103^Orv Hetil 1981 Mar 22;122(12):691-3^^Fuzi M, Csukas Z^^0
81246091^Cross-protection between hardjo and balcanica [letter]^198104^N Z Vet J 1981 Apr;29(4):64^^Mackintosh CG, Marshall RB^^0
81163561^Fatal hemolytic disease in sheep attributed to Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo infection.^198104^Cornell Vet 1981 Apr;71(2):175-82^^Schmitz JA, Coles BM, Shires GM^An outbreak of acute hemolytic disease in a large flock of sheep resulted in a mortality of approximately 5% in lambs. A diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo infection was established on the basis of the presence of leptospires in the urine of one lamb, serologic findings in a guinea pig inoculated with this urine, L. hardjo titers in lambs, and pathologic findings. Prominent necropsy findings included severe icterus, thin watery blood, dark red to black kidneys and severe hemoglobinuria.^0
81207918^Studies on the kidneys of pregnant hamsters infected with Leptospira canicola.^198104^Br J Exp Pathol 1981 Apr;62(2):165-71^^Williams CS, Siddique IH, Sapp WJ^An electron microscopic study on the histopathological changes in the kidneys of pregnant hamsters resulting from infection with Leptospira canicola was undertaken. The experiment revealed damage to the glomeruli as well as the tubules. The severity of these lesions increased with the progress of the disease and examination of kidney sections showed leptospires in the tissue. It is suggested that the stress of pregnancy has some influence on the severity of the lesions seen in this disease.^0
81218569^The prevalence of anti-leptospiral agglutinins in sera of wildlife in southeastern Australia.^198104^J Wildl Dis 1981 Apr;17(2):197-202^^Milner AR, Wilks CR, Spratt DM, Presidente PJ^Anti-leptospiral agglutinins were found in the serum from 18 (7 species) of 419 (25 species) animals sampled from various areas of southeastern Australia. Positive serologic reactions were observed in 5 of 25 (20%) brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), 1 of 26 (3.8%) tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), 2 of 12 (16.7%) swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor), 1 of 3 (33.3%) koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), 3 of 41 (7.3%) common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), 2 of 100 (2%) bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) and 4 of 12 (25%) rusa deer (Cervus timorensis). The majority (55.5%) of serologic reactions were to serovar hardjo. No serologic reactions were observed in samples from echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), swainson's antechinus (Antechinus swaisonsii), long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta), brown bandicoot(Isoodon obesulus), common ringtail (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), greater glider (Schoinobates volans), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster), black rat (Rattus rattus), eastern swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus), broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys fuscus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), hog deer (Axis porcinus) and fallow deer (Dama dama).^0
81258065^[Diagnosis of septic abortion in dairy cows]^198104^Can J Comp Med 1981 Apr;45(2):159-66^^Higgins R, Hoquet F, Marsolais G, Montpetit C, Elazhary Y, Morin M, Bois JM, Ethier R^During a two year period, March 1977 to April 1979, a total of 92 bovine abortions were studied. The cause of abortion was determined in 34.8% of the cases examined. Opportunistic bacteria, the most commonly diagnosed cause of abortion, accounted for 31.2% of the cases. Leptospirosis was associated with 28.1% of the abortions, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and fungi in respectively 15.7%, bovine viral diarrhea in 6.2%. A congenital abnormality accounted for one case (3.1%). In 23 cases (25%), there was no definitive diagnosis, in spite of evidence of experience with pathogen or suggestive findings of pathology, but insufficient evidence to warrant diagnosis. No findings were recorded in 35.8% of the (possibly noninfectious) cases and in only four cases (4.4%), specimens were unsatisfactory for examination.^0
82023537^[Leptospirosis in Tingo Maria, Department of Huanuco, Peru. I. Study on man and domestic animals]^198105^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1981 May;90(5):430-8^^Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R, Flores M^^0
82006817^Rickettsia-like bacteria.^198175^Infect Control 1981 May-Jun;2(3):254-5^^Tatlock H^^0
81200085^Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona: causes of infections in dairy cows and humans in Florida.^198175^Public Health Rep 1981 May-Jun;96(3):250-4^^White FH, Sutherland GE, Raynor LE, Cottrell CR, Sulzer KR^^0
81201939^Leptospirosis in cattle in Bolivia.^198105^Trop Anim Health Prod 1981 May;13(2):117-8^^Edwards S, Nicholls MJ, Vallenjos F, Ibata G^^0
81231191^Infectious liver diseases in three groups of Copenhagen workers: correlation of hepatitis A infection to sewage exposure.^198175^Arch Environ Health 1981 May-Jun;36(3):139-43^^Skinhoj P, Hollinger FB, Hovind-Hougen K, Lous P^Three groups of Copenhagen municipality male employees-77 sewer workers, 81 gardeners, and 79 clerks-matched for age and duration of employment, were studied for clinical and serological evidence of infection with viral hepatitis types A and B and pathogenic leptospires. "Antibody against hepatitis A virus" (anti-HAV) was found significantly more often among sewer workers (80.5%), than among gardeners (60.5%) or clerks (48.1%). The anti-HAV prevalence rates correlated with age rather than duration of employment. Of all the 11 cases of jaundice reported, only 3 cases (sewer workers) occurred while employed for the city. One case of the 11 resulted from leptospirosis. Anti-HAV was detected in the other 10 subjects and was assumed to be of etiological importance. Hepatitis B serological markers were similar in each group. It is concluded that exposure to metropolitan sewage provides a limited risk of enteric infections, such as hepatitis A, while the hepatitis B virus apparently is not successfully transmitted by this route.^0
82045669^Renal leptospirosis in vaccinated pigs.^198105^Aust Vet J 1981 May;57(5):236-8^^Cargill CF, Davos DE^^0
82072013^[Pathogenic leptospiras isolated from various surface waters (author's transl)]^198105^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1981 May;15(3):171-2^^Lin JR^^0
82041345^Leptospiral infection in horses in England: a serological study.^198105^Vet Rec 1981 May 2;108(18):396-8^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Finch SM, Stevens AE^^0
82081170^The serological and cultural prevalence of leptospirosis in a sample of feral goats.^198106^N Z Vet J 1981 Jun;29(6):104-6^^Schollum LM, Blackmore DK^^0
81259552^Leptospirosis in a traveler from Honduras.^198106^Colo Med 1981 Jun;78(6):210-2^^Pashkow FJ, Calisher CH, Reller LB, Sulzer CR^^0
82006941^Acute renal failure in leptospirosis.^198106^Ir J Med Sci 1981 Jun;150(6):187-9^^Walker JF, Walsh J, Cronin CJ, Donohoe J, Carmody M, O'Dwyer WF^^0
82121671^Studies on the interaction between macrophages and leptospires.^198106^J Gen Microbiol 1981 Jun;124(Pt 2):409-13^^Cinco M, Banfi E, Soranzo MR^Guinea-pig macrophages exerted no bactericidal activity against either a virulent or a saprophytic strain of leptospira during a 120 min period of contact at 37 degrees C. However, the same macrophages exhibited weak phagocytic powers towards these two strains of leptospira over a similar period of time.^0
81233742^Leptospirosis in man, British Isles, 1979-80.^198106^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981 Jun 20;282(6281):2066^^^^0
82063443^Role of cattle in the maintenance of Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo infection in Northern Ireland.^198106^Vet Rec 1981 Jun 27;108(26):555-7^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Cassells J^Kidneys of cattle, mice and badgers were cultured for leptospires in an attempt to evaluate the relative importance of these species in the epidemiology of bovine leptospirosis caused by the Hebdomadis serogroup. Leptospires closely related to serotype hardjo were recovered from 57 (28.5 per cent) of 200 cattle examined but no evidence of infection was found in either badgers or mice, indicating that cattle act as the maintenance host for serotype hardjo. Many cattle were seronegative carriers.^0
82023546^[Leptospirosis in Tingo Maria, Huanuco Department, Peru. II. Study in wild animals]^198107^Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1981 Jul;91(1):47-55^^Liceras de Hidalgo J^^0
82018812^[Bovine leptospirosis in the South Bohemian Region]^198107^Vet Med (Praha) 1981 Jul;26(7):411-8^^Dvorakova L^In the years 1976 to 1979, 10 345 blood samples of clinically healthy cattle and aborting cows were examined; 11% of the samples contained positive antibody titers to L. grippotyphosa (7% in non-aborting cows, 3.2% in non-aborting heifers, 12% in aborting cows, 8% in aborting heifers). The samplings were repeated within the range of three weeks to three months: the antibody titer increased in 11.8% of samples, 10.9% of samples were unchanged and in 77.2% of samples the titers dropped. Out of 9918 blood samples taken after abortion, the titer 1 :800 for L. grippotyphosa occurred 269 times, titer 1 :1600 192 times, 1 :3200 61 times, 1 :6400 22 times, 1 :12800 10 times, 1 : 25 600 occurred twice. Most of the positive titers were recorded in March - 16%, in September, October and November it was about 14% and in the other months the value was still lower. In stables with a greater per cent of the positive titers of antibodies to L. grippotyphosa, mastitis of obscure etiology occurred, along with abortions at the end and beginning of gravidity. During incidental slaughters in slaughter- houses nephritis from parenchymatous to interstitial form was observed in seven cows with the titers higher than 1 :1600; the nephritis was accompanied by granular adipose dystrophies and numerous infarcts in kidneys, the bacteriological picture was negative.^0
82104720^Failure to demonstrate the maintenance of leptospires by free-living carnivores.^198107^N Z Vet J 1981 Jul;29(7):115-6^^Hathaway SC, Blackmore DK^^0
82104721^Experimental infection of the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. I. Characteristics of infection.^198107^N Z Vet J 1981 Jul;29(7):121-5^^Hathaway SC^^0
82104718^Leptospirosis in New Zealand: an ecological view.^198107^N Z Vet J 1981 Jul;29(7):109-12^^Hathaway SC^^0
82020125^[Relation between colony shape and the antigenic, immunogenic and virulent properties of L. interrogans]^198107^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1981 Jul;(7):84-9^^Malakhov IuA, Soboleva GL^Altogether 89 Leptospira strains isolated from humans and various animal species in different regions of the USSR, as well as in other countries, and belonging to 42 serovars and 10 serological groups were studied. The growth time and yield of the cultures on 12 solid culture media were established; these criteria were used to determine the optimum solid culture medium. The dynamic study of the changes in the colonies, connected with their age, and the parameters of the colonies, typical of L. interrogans, were determined. The cloning of Leptospira was carried out, and the biological properties of the clones thus obtained, as well as those of the original culture, were compared. In this study the form of the colonies was found to depend on the antigenic, immunogenic and virulent activity of Leptospira.^0
81277130^[Diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis]^198107^Voen Med Zh 1981 Jul;(7):42-3^^Tarasov VI^^0
81280079^Serum biochemical changes in dogs with experimental Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae infection.^198107^Am J Vet Res 1981 Jul;42(7):1125-9^^Navarro CE, Kociba GJ, Kowalski JJ^Inoculation of 2 groups of dogs with 1 X 10(9) and 4 X 10(9) Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae produced disease varying from transient fever to uremia and death. Clinical signs of disease in the severely affected dogs were fever, dehydration, depression, and icterus. Laboratory changes in serum of infected dogs included increased urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Chloride concentration decreased in the serum of dogs with severe disease. The icterus in the infected dogs did not appear to be related to hemolytic anemia.^0
82096443^[Leptospirosis-associated acute anemic crisis in a patient with HbS- thalassemia (author's transl)]^198108^Haematologica 1981 Aug;66(4):493-7^^Gregoretti S^^0
82006445^Distribution of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities among Treponema pallidum and other spirochetes.^198108^Infect Immun 1981 Aug;33(2):372-9^^Austin FE, Barbieri JT, Corin RE, Grigas KE, Cox CD^Representative members of Spirochaetales were surveyed for their content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and peroxidase activities. Only Leptospira exhibited peroxidase activity. Obligately anaerobic cultivable Treponema and Spirochaeta possessed no SOD or peroxidative capabilities. Upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Spirochaeta aurantia, Borrelia hermsi, and five Leptospira biflexa serovars showed SOD activity associated with one electrophoretic band which was inhibited by H2O2, suggesting that they were iron-containing dismutases. These spirochetes could be distinguished by differences in relative mobilities of their SODs. SOD activity, but not catalase activity, was induced aerobically in S. aurantia. All Leptospira interrogans serovars and two L. biflexa serovars lacked significant SOD activity. These SOD-deficient strains of Leptospira, with one exception, possessed high levels of catalase activity. The Nichols strain of virulent Treponema pallidum possessed SOD and catalase activities, but lacked peroxidase activity. The SOD in T. pallidum exhibited two electrophoretic bands containing copper and zinc, and its relative mobility was identical to that of purified rabbit SOD. Immunization of sheep with purified rabbit SOD resulted in antiserum which inhibited both rabbit SOD and T. pallidum SOD assayed by spectrophotometric analysis or activity staining following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In agarose gel diffusion, precipitin lines of identity were observed between purified rabbit SOD and cell extracts of T. pallidum. These data indicated that the SOD activity detected in T. pallidum was host derived.^0
81278025^Studies on the effect of antibiotic substances on leptospires and their cultivation from material with a high bacterial count.^198108^Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1981 Aug;249(3):400-6^^Schonberg A^Leptospira species are difficult to isolate from sperm specimens because rapid growth of the contaminant flora will kill the pathogen. The resistance of 5 Leptospira strains to 5 different antibiotics was examined with a view to an inhibition of such contaminant growth. Neomycin (10, 20, 30 mg/l), vancomycin (5, 8, 10 mg/l), nalidixic acid (50, 75, 100 mg/l), streptomycin (5, 8, 10 mg/l) and chloramphenicol (5, 10, 20 mg/l) were added separately to Korthof's culture medium containing rabbit serum. The comparative growth rates of the leptospires were evaluated. Against the control medium, all 5 antibiotics were found to have an adverse influence on the multiplication phase. In conformity with literature data, vancomycin (10 mg/l) and nalidixic acid (50 mg/l) were found to have the lowest effect. In the cases of streptomycin and chloramphenicol, there was a high reduction of the leptospiral count and even a complete lack of multiplication. A combination of vancomycin (10 mg2l) and nalidixic acid (50 mg/l) was used for the recovery of leptospires from porcine sperm. To inhibit a growth of Ps. aeruginosa, 5000 U/l polymyxin B were added. The strongly inhibitory action of polymyxin B on leptospiral growth could be eliminated by subculturing in a medium free from inhibitory substances after 2 days.^0
82026351^[Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic considerations of 5 cases of leptospirosis hospitalized in the decade 1970-1979]^198108^Clin Ter 1981 Aug 15;98(3):269-77^^Catania S, Cirelli A, Traditi F, Vittucci P, Mancini R, Chircu LV^^0
81257656^Adult respiratory distress syndrome in Leptospira canicola infection.^198108^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981 Aug 22;283(6290):519-20^^Zaltzman M, Kallenbach JM, Goss GD, Lewis M, Zwi S, Gear JH^A man was admitted to the Johannesburg Hospital with a history of fever, diarrhoea, and dry cough for four days. He began to produce bloodstained sputum and was found to have severe arterial hypoxaemia. Radiography showed widespread opacification over both lung fields, and the clinical and haemodynamic features were consistent with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Serology for Leptospira canicola was positive. Despite antibiotics, supportive therapy, and ventilation the patient died. Necropsy excluded cardiac disease. This case shows that leptospirosis may cause the adult respiratory distress syndrome.^0
82173674^Experimental infection of the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. II. A comparison of laboratory techniques for the detection of leptospiraemia and leptospiruria.^198109^N Z Vet J 1981 Sep;29(9):147-50^^Hathaway SC^^0
82112929^The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a serological test for detecting antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in sheep.^198109^Aust Vet J 1981 Sep;57(9):414-7^^Adler B, Faine S, Gordon LM^The enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared with the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT) as a method for detecting antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in sheep. Peak antibody levels detected by the 2 tests occurred at different times following experimental infection of sheep. In serums from flocks of sheep with naturally acquired infection there was a 95% correlation between MAT and ELISA with respect to the presence or absence of antibody to serovar hardjo, although the levels of correlation of the titres of the 2 tests was low. The 2 tests appeared to measure different antigen-antibody systems. The ELISA would be a useful test for screening large numbers of serums for antibodies to L. interrogans serovar hardjo.^0
82185938^[Preliminary observations on the preservation of Leptospira in sealed ampoules (author's transl)]^198109^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1981 Sep;15(5):299-300^^Yang XZ^^0
82208121^A minireview of the pathogenesis of acute leptospirosis.^198109^Can Vet J 1981 Sep;22(9):277-8^^Higgins R^^0
82064401^Leptospira parva sp.npv.: some morphological and biological characters.^198109^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1981 Sep;250(3):343-54^^Hovind-Hougen K, Ellis WA, Birch-Andersen A^Two lines of a spirochete were isolated as contaminants in a culture of a leptospire and from a bottle of uninoculated medium. Studies on morphological and biological characters led to the conclusion that these lines represent a new species of the genes Leptospira, Leptospira parva sp. nov. The morphology of the cells was rather similar to that of previously examined leptospires, but the cells were shorter and had a shorter wavelength (more tightly wound). Furthermore, the surface layer of cells of L. parva formed numerous small blebs with no apparent substructure when detached during preparation for negative staining, while the surface layer of previously studied leptospires formed cross- striated tubules under similar conditions. L. parva shows biological characteristics of both parasitic and saprophytic leptospires. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of cells of this organism differed from that found in leptospires, as well as from that found in cells of Leptonema illini.^0
82018824^Urban rats as chronic carriers of leptospirosis: an ultrastructural investigation.^198109^Vet Pathol 1981 Sep;18(5):628-37^^Sterling CR, Thiermann AB^Kidneys of six wild-trapped, adult Norway rats with high agglutinating titers to Leptospira icterohaemmorhagiae were examined ultrastructurally. Although many leptospires were seen in the lumen of proximal kidney tubules, few changes in epithelial cells of this region were found. The predominant lesion in chronic rat leptospirosis was diffuse interstitial nephritis. Principal kidney lesions were proximal tubule cell basement membrane thickening with or without the presence of granular particles, and an interstitial response that varied from mixed hypercellular to chiefly plasmacytic. The association of leptospires with membrane-bound protein droplets of the proximal kidney tubules may be important in the maintenance of the chronic carrier state in rat leptospirosis.^0
82064468^[Antagonistic properties of Leptospira interrogans]^198109^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1981 Sep;(9):53-6^^Soboleva GL, Malakhov IuA^^0
82107080^Serological and bacteriological survey of leptospiral infection in pigs in southern England.^198109^Res Vet Sci 1981 Sep;31(2):169-73^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Stevens AE^A total of 597 pigs were examined for serological and bacteriological evidence of leptospiral infection. The sample comprised 189 porkers, 205 baconers and 203 sows. Sera were tested against 17 antigens from 16 serogroups and the overall prevalence of titres was 15.7 per cent. The lowest prevalence of titres was found in porkers (10.0 per cent). The highest prevalence of titres to an individual antigen was recorded with bratislava, a member of the Australis serogroup, with 12.2 per cent of pigs positive. Copenhageni titres were present in 1.8 per cent of the sera and sporadic titres were recorded to various other antigens. Leptospires were isolated from five pigs. Four isolates were identified as belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup and one to the Hebdomadis serogroup. The serological to bacteriological ratio for the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup was 11:4. The virtual absence of titres to pomona and tarassovi, the two serovars most commonly maintained by porcine populations in other countries, confirms the results of earlier serological surveys.^0
82185943^[Studies on the relationship between Leptospira infection and cerebrovascular diseases in adolescents (author's transl)]^198109^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1981 Sep;15(5):313-4^^^^0
82012467^Leptospirosis in trout farmers.^198109^Lancet 1981 Sep 19;2(8247):626-7^^Robertson MH, Clarke IR, Coghlan JD, Gill ON^A worker on a trout farm died from serologically confirmed leptospirosis. Four other workers at the trout farm had recently had an influenza-like illness; one had had jaundice. The man with jaundice had high leptospiral antibody titres, and two others had titres of 1/30. The remaining serum sample was negative. Family members and neighbours not associated with the farm had no detectable leptospiral antibodies. There was evidence of rat infestation around the ponds and in a shed used for storing trout food. Pond water or trout food contaminated with rat urine is believed to have been responsible for the outbreak. Another case occurred in a fish farmer elsewhere and it is thought he was infected through wading in rat polluted water with defective rubber boots. A survey to determine the incidence of leptospirosis in fish farm workers is under way.^0
82052781^Observations on infections associated with South Wales natural waters.^198110^J Appl Bacteriol 1981 Oct;51(2):369-74^^Harvey RW, Price TH^^0
82043344^Hemolytic anemia associated with leptospirosis. Morphologic and lipid studies.^198110^Am J Clin Pathol 1981 Oct;76(4):493-8^^Trowbridge AA, Green JB 3d, Bonnett JD, Shohet SB, Ponnappa BD, McCombs WB 3d^A case of fulminant hemolytic anemia associated with a leptospiral infection is presented with morphologic and erythrocyte lipid studies. Both the frequency and pathogenesis of anemia in human leptospirosis is poorly understood. The anemia frequently observed in Weil's syndrome has been ascribed on clinical impression to blood loss, renal failure, and/or an ill-defined hemolytic process. However, hemolytic anemia associated with leptospirosis in animals is well documented and is due to hemolysins with phospholipase activity. Our patient's erythrocyte morphologic abnormalities on bright light and electron microscopy included particles of cells and cells with a thorny or spiculated surface suggesting that the hemolytic process was due to membrane injury. Measurement of the erythrocyte membrane lipids showed reductions in sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine suggesting that the observed hemolysis and morphologic changes resulted from phospholipases produced by the infecting leptospirae.^0
82063703^[Epidemiology and epizootiology of leptospirosis due to circulation of various serological variants of Leptospira]^198110^Vrach Delo 1981 Oct;(10):118-9^^Chernokozinskii AA^^0
82076194^Diffusion in gel-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-a new serological test for leptospirosis.^198110^J Clin Pathol 1981 Oct;34(10):1128-31^^Cursons RT, Pyke PA^^0
82131530^[Use of the enzyme-labeled antibody technic to diagnose leptospirosis]^198110^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1981 Oct;(10):45-8^^Volina EG, Bychenko BD, Bocharova NG^^0
82170678^Leptospirosis in free-living species in New Zealand.^198110^J Wildl Dis 1981 Oct;17(4):489-96^^Hathaway SC, Blackmore DK, Marshall RB^A total of 1296 free-living mammals and birds of 12 species was examined for serologic and bacteriologic evidence of leptospiral infection. Endemic infection with serovar ballum was found in several introduced species of mammals. Endemic ballum infection is not recognized in the same species in Great Britain, their country of origin. Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were found to have a high prevalence of infection with balcanica, a serovar that has been isolated from possums in Australia and from cattle, pigs and humans in Eastern Europe. Free-living lagomorphs and deer were both serologically and bacteriologically negative. Waterfowl were bacteriologically negative, and only one serological titre was found.^0
82170682^Survey for rabies, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and tularemia in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) from three public use areas in northwestern Arkansas.^198110^J Wildl Dis 1981 Oct;17(4):515-9^^Ferguson DV, Heidt GA^During a skunk eradication program in late August, 1979, 53 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were removed from three public use areas on Beaver Lake, Benton and Carroll counties in northwestern Arkansas. None of the 53 animals were positive for rabies (fluorescent antibody technique) and only one of 45 (2.2%) was positive for rabies antibodies. Twenty-one of 45 animals (46.6%) tested were positive for leptospirosis; 10 of 45 (22.2%) were positive for toxoplasmosis; and none were positive for tularemia. High populations of striped skunks in public use areas could be a potentially important reservoir for several diseases affecting both humans and other animals.^0
82208118^A serological survey of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona in Alberta and Saskatchewan striped skunks and possible transmission between cattle and skunks.^198110^Can Vet J 1981 Oct;22(10):321-3^^Schowalter DB, Chalmers GA, Johnson GR, Gunson JR, Wynnyk WP^^0
82057638^Retrospective diagnosis of Q fever ina  country abattoir by the use of specific IgM globulin estimations.^198110^Med J Aust 1981 Oct 3;2(7):326-7^^Murphy AM, Hunt JG^Twenty-two cases of pyrexial illness which occurred amongst workers in a country abattoir were investigated retrospectively for Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis. In 18, the illness was shown to be Q fever. No diagnoses were established for the other four. The demonstration of circulating Q-fever-specific IgM globulin was instrumental in establishing the diagnosis in many of the cases.^0
82093338^[Problem of nephelometric assessment of Leptospira concentrations in cultures (author's transl)]^198111^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1981 Nov;30(6):315-20^^Rak J^^0
82109599^[Human and animal leptospirosis in irrigated lands]^198111^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1981 Nov;(11):105-8^^Drankin DI, Godlevskaia MV, Abramson LA, Agafonova TK, Babushkina MS^To study the influence of amelioration on the spread of leptospirosis, the survey of humans, agricultural animals and rodent was made on the territory where the irrigation system was under construction and during 2 years after the beginning of irrigation. This survey failed to establish the occurrence of significant changes in the number of rodents and their species composition, as well as in the number of agricultural animals showing the positive reaction to leptospirosis. No cases of leptospirosis were registered, and during the first years after the beginning of irrigation antibodies in low titers were detected only in 4 out of 536 subjects. The results obtained in this survey suggest that during the first years of artificial irrigation the conditions for a wider spread of leptospirosis do not appear, but the final solution of this problem can be made on the basis of observations lasting for many years.^0
82075381^Virological and serological study in children hospitalized for acute hepatitis (detection of HBsAg, HAAg, anti-HAV and specific IgM-anti- HAV).^198111^Helv Paediatr Acta 1981 Nov;36(5):429-35^^Mavromichalis J, Skidmore S, Tsilikouna-Athanassiadou P, Sklavounou-Tsourouktsoglou S, Manios S^Serological methods were used to detect different markers of hepatitis A and B infection in a series of 36 children aged 3.5-13 years with acute viral hepatitis, hospitalized from August 1978 to October 1978. Hepatitis A was verified serologically in 30 patients (83.3%) with the demonstration of specific IgM-anti-HAV. Hepatitis B infection was serologically confirmed in only 2 patients (5.5%). After exclusion of hepatitis A and B as well as of hepatitis due to cytomegalovirus, leptospira and Epstein-Barr virus, 3 patients (8.3) were classified to have post-transfusion non-A non-B hepatitis, and 1 patient (2.5%) showed a sporadic non-A non-B hepatitis. The finding of HBsAg in 5 of 30 patients with hepatitis A suggests that the presence of HBsAg during the acute icteric phase of viral hepatitis is not sufficient for a diagnosis of HB. The presence of HAAg in one of 30 patients with HA confirms previous studies that faecal shedding of HAV stops with the appearance of jaundice. Finally, the above results establish the value of the new radioimmunoassay technique for detection of specific IgM- anti-HAV, which appears to be the best diagnostic test for hepatitis A.^0
82082609^Movement of antibody-coated latex beads attached to the spirochete Leptospira interrogans.^198111^Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981 Nov;78(11):7166-70^^Charon NW, Lawrence CW, O'Brien S^Antibody-coated latex beads (Ab-beads) were attached to Leptospira interrogans serovars illini 3055 and icterohaemorrhagiae SC1157. The movement of the Ab-beads relative to the motion of the cells was observed by direct darkfield microscopy or was recorded on videotape. When the Ab-beads were attached to the front end of motile cells, the Ab-beads were displaced towards the back end of the cells. When the cells reversed direction, the Ab-beads also reversed direction. A number of hypotheses were proposed and tested to account for this Ab- bead displacement. The one best supported by the evidence states that the Ab-beads are attached to antigens of the outer membrane sheath. These antigens are dragged laterally through the sheath due to the forward motion of the cells and the retarding forces of the medium acting on the beads. The results obtained provide information on the nature of the outer membrane sheath of L. interrogans, the basis for certain movements of spirochetes, and insight on how spirochetes attach to eukaryotic cells and tissues. In addition, the results indicate that antigens can move laterally through membranes as rapidly as 11 micrometers/sec.^0
82205833^Clinical and serological observations on horses with suspected leptospirosis [letter]^198111^Aust Vet J 1981 Nov;57(11):528-9^^Swan RA, Williams ES, Taylor EG^^0
82198976^Inapparent infection of sheep in Britain by leptospires of the Australis serogroup.^198111^Res Vet Sci 1981 Nov;31(3):386-7^^Little TW, Parker BN, Stevens AE, Hathaway SC, Markson LM^^0
82069583^The chest radiograph in leptospirosis in Jamaica.^198111^Br J Radiol 1981 Nov;54(647):939-43^^Lee RE, Terry SI, Walker TM, Urquhart AE^A consecutive series of 44 patients with proven leptospirosis was studied to document the radiographic pulmonary abnormalities, assess their prevalence, correlate them with the clinical signs and symptoms and determine their prognostic significance. Abnormalities were found in ten patients (23%), this prevalence being less than previously noted. The abnormalities shown were non-segmental opacification (consolidation-eight cases), basal linear opacities (collapse-five cases) and pleural effusions (four cases). The first radiographic demonstration of a large pleural effusion in leptospirosis is recorded. Non-jaundiced patients had a higher prevalence (43%) of these abnormalities than jaundiced (13%). No other correlation with clinical signs or symptoms was found. The presence of these abnormalities had no prognostic significance. It is concluded that the presence of radiographic pulmonary abnormality in in-patients with leptospirosis is common. These abnormalities are non-specific and can mimic other diseases leading to diagnostic difficulty. Such abnormalities may be extensive in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms.^0
82080473^[Simultaneous bilateral rupture of the quadriceps (author's transl)]^198111^MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1981 Nov 13;123(46):1750-2^^Penschuck C, Denich D, Lutje HC^Simultaneous bilateral rupture of the quadriceps has several causative pathogenetic factors. On the one hand there is diabetes with macro- and microangiopathy, on the other hand acute and chronic inflammatory processes such as spotted fever and leptospirosis, dysentery and hepatitis are worth mentioning. It is also interesting that the history contains statements on an Osgood-Schlatter disease in the left knee and a suspected meniscus lesion during the war years. The daily bending of the knee by this relatively old patient must be seen as a chronic lesion of over-strain.^0
82079558^Cerebrovascular accident as a complication of leptospirosis [letter]^198111^Lancet 1981 Nov 14;2(8255):1113^^Lessa I, Cortes E^^0
82079569^Plasma exchange in severe leptospirosis [letter]^198111^Lancet 1981 Nov 14;2(8255):1119-20^^Landini S, Coli U, Lucatello S, Bazzato G^^0
82178457^Correlation of virulence, susceptibility to leptospiricidal activity test mediated by antiserum plus complement and colonial morphology of five lines of a strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.^198112^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1981 Dec;251(2):230-6^^Plascencio WY, Yanagawa R, Ueno K^Correlation of virulence, susceptibility to leptospiricidal activity test mediated by antiserum plus complement (LAT) and colonial morphology was investigated using five lines of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni Shibaura. Line No. 2, a moderately virulent strain, passaged in guinea pigs for 24 successive times caused occasional death of guinea pigs. Leptospiras recovered from deceased animals were characterized by decreased susceptibility to LAT and predominance of hazy colonies upon culture. Leptospiras recovered from surviving guinea pigs were of increased susceptibility to LAT and grew predominantly in non-hazy colonies. Virulent line No. 1 subjected to passage through liquid medium for 20 successive times resulted in a slight decrease in virulence and slight increase in susceptibility to LAT, but the predominance of hazy colonies upon culture was invariable. The other three lines, Nos. 3, 4 and 5 which have been maintained for more than 10 years by passage through different media respectively, were avirulent, susceptible to LAT and produced only non-hazy colonies.^0
82076562^Ecological aspects of the epidemiology of infection with leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in New Zealand.^198112^J Hyg (Lond) 1981 Dec;87(3):427-36^^Hathaway SC, Blackmore DK^Epidemiological aspects of infection with leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in black rats (Rattus rattus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are described. Rats inhabiting a variety of habitats were investigated and isolates identifed as belonging to the Ballum serogroup were obtained from 21 of 61 black rats (34%) and 63 of 243 brown rats (26%). The high level of endemic ballum serogroup infection in these species reported here has not been described in other countries. A statistical relationship was shown between the prevalence of infection in brown rat populations and population density but this was not evident for black rats. Epidemiological data indicates that the black rat is a maintenance host for leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in New Zealand. The brown rat does not appear to be an efficient maintenance host for these leptospires, however endemic infection can be maintained in high-density populations inhabiting synanthropic foci. An hypothesis of 'competitive exclusion' (preferential maintenance of a particular serovar by a host species) is introduced with regard to leptospiral infection in brown rats. It is concluded that the establishment and maintenance of an endemic focus of leptospirosis is dependant on: introduction of a particular serovar; a suitable host; and a suitable host habitat. Within a maintenance population direct transmission appears to be more important than indirect transmission via the environment.^0
82119743^Seroepidemiology of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in Colorado antelope and cattle.^198112^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981 Dec 1;179(11):1136-9^^Collins MT, Gallegos TA, Reif JS, Adrian WT^A seroepidemiologic study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in Colorado cattle and antelope. Sera were tested by the microscopic agglutination test, using a standard battery of 12 antigens as well as 4 additional serovars of the Hebdomadis serogroup: hardjo, szwajizak, sejroe, and balcanica. Sera from 1,856 cattle and 544 antelope were tested. In both populations, the predominant serovar detected was hardjo; hardjo titers greater than or equal to 1:400 were found in 3.2% of the cattle and 3.6% of antelope. A positive correlation was found to exist between serologic evidence of infection in cattle and the presence of antelope. In counties with presumably infected antelope, 5.6% of cattle sera reacted to hardjo; in counties with uninfected antelope, 2.6% of cattle tested were seropositive for hardjo; where no antelope existed, titers of greater than or equal to 1:400 were not detected.^0
82180246^Use of solid medium for isolation of leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup from bovine milk and urine.^198112^Am J Vet Res 1981 Dec;42(12):2143-5^^Thiermann AB^Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and szwajizak were isolated from the milk of experimentally infected cows only when using bovine albumin polysorbate-80 solid medium. Semisolid media, with and without the addition of 5-fluorouracil, and hamster inoculations were also used in the isolation attempts. These cultural isolation methods were also compared using cows' urine. Semisolid medium with 5-fluorouracil proved to be the most successful. However, the other methods were satisfactory, with solid medium having the lowest percentage of cultural isolations.^0
82200488^A new leptospiral serovar from India in the Javanica serogroup.^198112^Trop Geogr Med 1981 Dec;33(4):339-41^^Dikken H, Adinarayanan N, Timmer VE^A new serovar in the Javanica serogroup is described after parallel investigation by the 'classical' comparative cross-agglutinin absorption test method and by a method derived from factor analysis. The strain was isolated from a bandicoot (Bandicota bengalensis) trapped in Mannuthy, Trichur, India. The serovar name menoni with reference strain Kerala, is proposed.^0
82200489^Three new leptospiral serovars from Kenya.^198112^Trop Geogr Med 1981 Dec;33(4):343-6^^Dikken H, Timmer VE, Njenga R^Three new serovars isolated from rodents in Kenya are described. The strains were investigated by the 'classical' comparative cross- agglutinin absorption test method. In the Tarassovi serogroup the new serovar kanana with reference strain Kwale is proposed and in the Autumnalis group the new serovar lambwe with reference strain Lambwe. The new serovar kenya with reference strain Njenga seems to have a position in between the Ballum and Ranarum serogroup.^0
82146908^[Leptospira culture on solid nutrient media using the agar layer method]^198201^Lab Delo 1982;(1):50-2 ]^^Kiktenko VS, Volina EG, Sarukhanova LE^^0
82146909^[Change in the dynamics of Leptospira colony formation on media containing tween-80]^198201^Lab Delo 1982;(1):52-4^^Volina EG, Sarukhanova LE, Sheliastina NN^^0
82243526^[Use of rubber stoppers for test tubes containing culture media growing Leptospira]^198201^Lab Delo 1982;(5):313^^Peklo GN^^0
83075563^[Nucleotide composition, genome size and homologies in the DNA of Leptospira of the Armenica serogroup]^198201^Biol Nauki 1982;(10):19-21^^Artiushin SK, Kiktenko VS, Ezhov GI, Lysenko AM^^0
83069183^Experiments with a homologous, inactivated canine parvovirus vaccine in vaccination programmers for dogs.^198201^Vet Q 1982;4(3):108-16^^Wilson JH, Hermann-Dekkers WM^The significance of canine parvovirus (CPV) infections as a permanent threat susceptible dogs, in particular pups, made the authors develop three liquid homologous inactivated adjuvant CPV vaccines that were compatible with existing canine vaccines and could be incorporated in current vaccination programmes. On vaccine (Kavak Parvo) contained only the CPV component, the second product (Kavak i-LP) also contained two inactivated leptospiral antigens, and the third vaccine (Kavak i-HLP) contained in addition an inactivated canine hepatitis virus. This paper reports on the studies conducted to test the safety and efficacy of the three products. They were used as such and as diluents for freeze dried vaccines containing live attenuated measles, distemper, and hepatitis viruses. The study was performed in a breeding kennel where all dogs were free from CPV antibodies and the nonvaccinated sentinels remained so for the course of the study. All vaccines proved to be safe in dogs of all ages, including pregnant bitches. The efficacy of the CPV component was studied both by monitoring antibody titres for more than a year and by challenge exposure of some dogs to virulent CPV. The results obtained from these studies prove that the CPV component used in the three vaccines can be incorporated as indicated in the recommended canine vaccination programmes. The observations that the inactivated CPV and hepatitis components do induce an active immunity in pups that are still protected by low levels of maternally derived antibodies against these viruses, make those vaccines very suitable in breeding kennels. Additional studies on a comparative basis are being continued in edemically CPV infected breeding kennels to quantify the significance of these observations in these special conditions.^0
83036231^Hemolytic activity of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola cultured in protein-free medium.^198201^Microbiol Immunol 1982;26(7):547-56^^Yanagihara Y, Kojima T, Mifuchi I^Hemolytic activity of the culture supernatant of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton grown in protein-free medium was demonstrated. The activity began to appear in the late logarithmic phase of growth of the organism and reached a plateau after 2 weeks of cultivation. It was inactivated by the addition of dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, but was effectively restored by Mg2+. Hemolysis by the culture supernatant was stimulated by "hot-cold" incubation. Sleep erythrocytes treated with the culture supernatant of the organism were transformed into spherocytes, in which invagination was observed. A hemolysis inhibitor in rabbit serum was found to be in the chloroform-methanol soluble fraction of the serum. The hemolysin of Leptospira may be phospholipase C.^0
83078048^Antibody levels to Brucella abortus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Leptospira serogroups, in sera collected from healthy people in Fiji.^198201^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1982;5(4):397-403^^Ram P, Mataika JU, Metcalfe RV, Bettelheim KA^^0
83224833^A survey of leptospirosis in febrile patients mainly from hospitals and clinics in Trinidad.^198201^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982;76(4):487-92^^Everard CO, Fraser-Chanpong GM, Hayes R, Bhagwandin LJ, Butcher LV^Acute and convalescent sera were obtained from 202 febrile patients, most of whom were admitted to or attended hospitals or clinics in northern Trinidad during the 12 months from mid-February 1977 to mid- February 1978. Laboratory tests confirmed that 10 of the patients were suffering from current leptospirosis while another 54 had serological evidence of previous leptospiral infections. Antibodies to strains of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup were most commonly found, followed by those to the Hebdomadis and Autumnalis serogroups. Isolates were obtained from the blood of two and the urine of three of the 10 current cases. Four of these strains were identified as belonging to copenhageni serovar of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup and one to serovar brasiliensis of the Bataviae serogroup. Seven of the patients suffering from leptospirosis were males, all rural dwellers, and all except one under 20 years of age. Two of the three female patients were over 60 years old and were urban dwellers. It was not possible to identify the sources of infection with certainty, although dogs may have been responsible for three of the Icterohaemorrhagiae and one of the Canicola infections. Of the 192 patients who were not currently infected, serological evidence of previous infection was obtained in 31 (40%) males and 23 (21%) females and was most common among farmers and rural workers.^0
82251171^Human leptospirosis in Somalia: a serological survey.^198201^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982;76(2):178-82^^Cacciapuoti B, Nuti M, Pinto A, Sabrie AM^Sera from Somalis of both sexes between the ages of 16 and 60 were examined for leptospiral agglutinins. 37% of 105 apparently healthy individuals living in the arid Mogadishu area were positive, as were 64% of 107 schistosomiasis patients living in two villages on the Shabeele River (50.5% over-all). Pools of sera from similar subjects, as well as leprosy patients living on the Juba River and patients in Mogadishu hospitals with suspected viral hepatitis showed a similar prevalence rate of 56%. These figures are higher than prevelance rates for leptospiral antibodies generally found in other parts of the world, and in part may be related to the nomadic, cattle-driving existence common in Somalia. The titres of 11.2% of the positive sera examined singly indicated recent infection. Approximately twice as many subjects from the river villages as from the Mogadishu area were positive for more than one serovar, and a greater number of serovars were recorded from the villages. Antibodies to bratislava serovar, not previously recorded in Africa, were found in 57% of positive subjects, showing the highest prevalence rate among the investigated serovars. Co-antibodies to saprophytic Leptospira biflexa serovars were found in many of the sera.^0
82119661^Children, pets, and disease.^198201^J Am Osteopath Assoc 1982 Jan;81(5):334-40^^Altamura RF^^0
82175765^Clarification of the cause of Fort Bragg fever (pretibial fever) - January 1982.^198275^Rev Infect Dis 1982 Jan-Feb;4(1):157-8^^Tatlock H^^0
82263066^Small terrestrial mammals as reservoirs of leptospires in the Sava Valley (Croatia).^198201^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1982;29(2):177-82^^Borcic B, Kovacic H, Sebek Z, Aleraj B, Tvrtkovic N^Small mammals trapped in seven sites along the river Sava in Croatia were examined for leptospiral infection by renoculture and serological methods. Of the 1749 animals caught 702 were examined by renoculture method and 626 were tested by microagglutination-lysis. The dominant animals species caught were Microtus arvalis (672 animals) and Apodemus agrarius (552 animals). Of the 115 strains of leptospires isolated the dominant serotypes were L. grippotyphosa (40) and L. pomona (35). Five strains of L. sejroe, 9 strains of L. australis, 1 strain of L. bataviae and 25 undetermined strains were isolated, the infection rate ranging from 3 to 32%. Serologic evidence of infection was demonstrated in 91 animals, the prevalence ranging from 0 to 43% of animals depending on the trapping site. Specific agglutinins most frequently encountered were those against L. pomona (50) and L. grippotyphosa (26), though agglutinins against L. jalna (5), L. bataviae (4), L. bratislava (3) etc., were also found. A high degree if association between L. grippotyphosa and the common vole as well as between L. pomona and the field mouse was found indicating that as far as these two types of leptospires are concerned the Sava valley may be considered as their vast natural focus. It was also concluded that wild small mammals in this region of Croatia may be a source of leptospiral infection for the local population as well as for outdoor-reared domestic animals (swine, bovine).^0
82130882^[Clinical x-ray changes in the lungs in leptospirosis]^198201^Voen Med Zh 1982 Jan;(1):60-2^^Viazitskii PO, Kozlov GK, Shinkariuk SS^^0
82213330^Zoonoses in modern medical practice.^198201^Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1982;30(1):4-6^^Madhavan T^^0
82213331^Zoonoses at Henry Ford Hospital: clinical, epidemiologic, and therapeutic aspects.^198201^Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1982;30(1):7-10^^McIntosh N, Madhavan T^^0
82227124^Leptospires macrophage interactions.^198201^Adv Exp Med Biol 1982;141:167-74^^Cinco M, Banfi E, Soranzo MR^^0
82283224^The serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in domestic animals by the macroscopic agglutination test with Patoc antigen.^198275^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1982 Jan-Mar;41(1):11-3^^Nicolescu M, Andreescu N, Lupan E, Pop A^^0
82283230^The macroscopic agglutination reaction with Leptospira biflexa antigens used as a screening test for the human leptospirosis.^198275^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1982 Jan-Mar;41(1):5-10^^Nicolescu M, Pop A, Andreescu N, Marinca F^^0
83161573^[Ultrastructural study on the cellular injury in various organs induced by experimental leptospirosis]^198201^Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi 1982;49(6):824-32^^Yamagishi A^^0
83251572^Guidelines for the control of leptospirosis.^198201^WHO Offset Publ 1982;(67):1-171^^^^0
84017084^New leptospiral serotypes (serovars) from the Western Hemisphere isolated during 1964 through 1970.^198275^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1982 Jan-Mar;24(1):15-7^^Sulzer K, Pope V, Rogers F^^0
84058829^In vitro effect of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae on human mononuclear leukocytes: comparison of virulent with non virulent strain.^198275^G Batteriol Virol Immunol 1982 Jan-Jun;75(1-6):3-8^^Miragliotta G, Barone G, Ricci G, Dimonte D, Marcuccio C, Fumarola D^The in vitro effect of a virulent and a non virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae on human peripheral mononuclear cells was investigated. After addition of bacteria to citrated whole blood the production of mononuclear cell procoagulant activity (tissue factor) was observed. Indeed mononuclear cells isolated from whole blood-bacteria mixtures after prolonged incubation shortened the recalcification time of normal plasma. The virulent strain induced a significantly higher procoagulant activity than non virulent and this effect was dependent on the number of bacteria. The production of tissue factor, a potent trigger of blood clotting, by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae could help to understand the mechanism(s) responsible for the activation of intravascular coagulation sometimes associated with leptospirosis.^0
82147285^[Leptospirosis caused by L. grippotyphosa accompanied by acute renal failure (author's transl)]^198201^Med Clin (Barc) 1982 Jan 10;78(1):28-31^^San Segundo D, Landinez R, Bustamante J, de Alvaro F, Perez Diaz V, Suliman N, Briso Montiano JM, Palencia A^^0
82141898^Canine parvovirus infection potentiates canine distemper encephalitis attributable to modified live-virus vaccine.^198201^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982 Jan 15;180(2):137-9^^Krakowka S, Olsen RG, Axthelm MK, Rice J, Winters K^Twelve gnotobiotic dogs from 2 litters were allotted to 3 groups. Group A dogs received a modified-live polyvalent (canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, and parainfluenza virus and Leptospira -canicola- icterohemorrhagiae bacterin) vaccine 3 days prior to oral inoculation with canine parvovirus (CPV). Group B dogs received CPV alone. Group C dogs received 1 dose of vaccine only. In none of the 9 CPV-inoculated dogs did clinical signs of CPV infection develop, although high serum antibody titers for CPV developed in all of them. However, in 2 of the 5 CPV-inoculated vaccinates, canine distemper virus encephalomyelitis subsequently developed. The results suggested that CPV exerts an immunomodulating effect on canine immune responses and may be responsible for vaccination failures in dogs.^0
82149311^The serological diagnosis of leptospirosis.^198201^N Z Med J 1982 Jan 27;95(700):36-7^^Cursons RT, Pyke PA, Penniket J^^0
84019137^Serological survey of leptospiral antibodies in sheep from England and Wales.^198201^Vet Rec 1982 Jan 30;110(5):99-101^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Stevens AE^A total of 3722 sera was obtained from 188 flocks widely distributed throughout England and Wales; three sera were randomly selected from each flock and tested in the microscopic agglutination test for leptospiral antibodies. Infection with leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup was found to the widespread and it is probable that the infecting serovar is hardjo. The prevalence of hardjo titres in the random survey was 6.4 per cent and within-herd prevalences ranged up to 94.4 per cent. Titres to autumnalis antigen were found in 7.3 per cent of sera and evidence is presented that suggests a proportion of these titres are cross-reactions with agglutinins stimulated by infection with leptospires from other serogroups. Titres to bratislava antigen (Australis serogroup) were found in 3.4 per cent of sera. Within-herd prevalences of autumnalis and bratislava titres did not range above 16.7 per cent and 26.3 per cent respectively.^0
82122019^Melioidosis.^198202^J Pediatr 1982 Feb;100(2):175-82^^Patamasucon P, Schaad UB, Nelson JD^^0
82155088^[Group leptospirosis infection in stock breeders]^198202^Vrach Delo 1982 Feb;(2):114-6^^Fedorov EI, Trubetskaia IA, Naglov VA, Kachanova MK^^0
82162010^[Morphological study of kidneys of mice with experimental leptospirosis (author's transl)]^198202^Bratisl Lek Listy 1982 Feb;77(2):146-58^^Polak S, Brozman M, Jakubovsky J, Bakoss P^^0
82166749^Leptospirosis in Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus in Israel.^198202^Isr J Med Sci 1982 Feb;18(2):271-5^^Lindenbaum I, Eylan E^Leptospires were isolated from 21.2% of Rattus norvegicus (the brown rat) and 9.9% of Rattus rattus trapped in a survey of urban and rural areas in Israel. Microagglutination antibodies were found in sera of 9.4 and 8.1% of these rats, respectively. The 191 strains isolated belonged to six serogroups: Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (169), L. bataviae (3), L. semeranga (1), L andamana (1) and L. ballum (1) from R. norvegicus and L. ballum (13) and L. hebdomadis (3) from R. rattus. No significant differences were found between the infection rate of mature male and female brown rats, but all six strains isolated from young animals were obtained from male rats. Two factors influence the rat of Leptospira infection among urban brown rats: the age of the animals and the area in which they are trapped. Adult brown rats trapped in a newly infected area showed a considerably higher level of contamination (61.8%) than those trapped in areas where the infection had persisted for many years (22.8%). Young rats showed a low degree of contamination in both the old foci (5.7%) and the new foci (2.2%). New and highly infected areas were found during this survey in Tel Aviv (Carmel market) and its neighboring cities of Holon, Ramat Gan and Givatayim.^0
82199108^[Leptospirosis]^198202^Rev Med Liege 1982 Feb 1;37(3):77-81^^Hadjoudj H, El Allaf D, Siquet J, Despas JM, Marcelle R, Van Cauwenberge H^^0
82221958^Leptospiral infection due to serotype castellonis of the ballum serogroup. A case report.^198202^Practitioner 1982 Feb;226(1364):337-41^^Gibson PJ, Ahmed SA, Coghlan JD^^0
82154664^Serological survey of wild fallow deer (Dama dama) in New South Wales, Australia.^198202^Vet Rec 1982 Feb 13;110(7):153-4^^English AW^^0
82154662^Bovine leptospirosis: microbiological and serological findings in aborted fetuses.^198202^Vet Rec 1982 Feb 13;110(7):147-50^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Neill SD, Ferguson HW, Hanna J^Leptospiral infection was diagnosed in 41.6 per cent of 245 randomly selected aborted bovine fetuses and 68.9 per cent of 103 aborted fetuses from farms with abortion problems. Diagnosis was based on combined leptospiral isolates from fetal kidney and eye, and fetal serology and immunofluorescence. Fifty-six of the 58 strains of leptospira isolated belonged to the Hebdomadis serogroup and were similar to serovar hardjo while one of the remaining two strains belonged to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup and the other to the Canicola serogroup. These findings indicate that serovar hardjo infection is a major factor in the aetiology of bovine abortion and that it is possible to isolate this organism from fetal kidney by the careful application of dilution culture technique.^0
82141927^Infections with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Leptospira interrogans, serovars grippotyphosa and ballum, in a kennel of foxhounds.^198202^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982 Feb 15;180(4):435-7^^Cole JR Jr, Sangster LT, Sulzer CR, Pursell AR, Ellinghausen HC^Leptospira interrogans serovars grippotyphosa and ballum were isolated from kidney and urine of an American Foxhound pup. The pup was from a litter of 12, all of which were unthrifty. Titers for serovar grippotyphosa in pups from the litter ranged from 200 to 6,400 and 23 of 36 adult dogs in the kennel had titers to that serovar. None of the sera was tested for antibodies to serovar ballum. Leptospires were not isolated from or observed in 2 littermates and 1 penmate, but gram- positive organisms morphologically compatible with Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected in their brains and kidneys.^0
82177618^Bovine leptospirosis: serological findings in aborting cows.^198202^Vet Rec 1982 Feb 20;110(8):178-80^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Neill SD, Hanna J^The antibody titres of 149 cows aborting leptospire infected fetuses and 156 cows aborting fetuses not apparently infected with leptospires were determined by the microscopic agglutination (MA) test. There were differences in the distribution patterns of MA titres between the two groups of cows but these differences would only be of very limited value in the diagnosis of leptospiral abortion. Although 81.2 per cent of aborting cows which had a titre of 1:1000 or greater had leptospire infected fetuses, they represented 46.3 per cent of cows aborting leptospire infected fetuses. Among cows which aborted infected fetuses, 22.8 per cent had no detectable antibodies. The complement fixation and plate agglutination tests were of less value than the MA test.^0
82177621^Bovine leptospirosis: microbiological and serological findings in normal fetuses removed from the uteri after slaughter.^198202^Vet Rec 1982 Feb 27;110(9):192-4^^Ellis WA, Neill SD, O'Brien JJ, Cassells JA, Hanna J^Leptospires were demonstrated by a combination of the direct fluorescent antibody technique and culture in six (4.6 per cent) of 130 fetuses from apparently normal uteri collected at an abattoir. Fetal ages ranged from the fifth to the seventh months. In addition, leptospires were isolated from the oviducts of two uteri whose fetuses were not infected. All the strains isolated were similar antigenically to serovar hardjo. Leptospiral antibodies were not detected in any of the fetuses.^0
82200503^Bacteriological survey of leptospirosis in Zaria, Nigeria.^198203^Trop Geogr Med 1982 Mar;34(1):29-34^^Diallo AA, Dennis SM^A total of 252 rodents were trapped in the environs of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, over a two-year period, of which 221 were brown field rats (Arvicanthus niloticus). Only these were found positive (4.5%). Titers were detected against Leptospira interrogans, serovars australis, icterohaemorrhagiae, tarassovi and hardjo. All positive sera except one reacted against a single serovar. Eight isolates were obtained from field rats: five were serovar australis, one ballum and two unidentified. Five isolates were recovered from 74 bovine kidneys examined: one was serovar pyrogenes and four unidentified. One unidentified isolate failed to react with any of the 16 screening leptospira antisera and another was tentatively considered to be serovar ballum. Two isolates, one ballum and one unidentified, were recovered from the Kubani stream waters. No leptospira was isolated from piggery sewage effluents collected at Kano and Kaduna. It is suggested that serovar ballum be included in any screening battery for leptospirosis in man and animals in Nigeria.^0
82201873^[Analysis of the forrmation and dynamics of the "outside the body" portion of a population of the causative agent in a natural focus of leptospirosis]^198203^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1982 Mar;(3):32-5^^Litvin VIu, Golubev MV^Field experiments with the use of radioisotope models have shown that urine containing leptospirae is regularly excreted in the same "infected spots" of the territory under study. For this reason, it is an increase in the frequency of Leptospira excretion in each "infected spot", rather than an increase in the number of such spots, which occurs in the course of the epizootic. To detect the "infected spots" on the experimental ground with the use of radioisotope models, the registration of such spots for 5-7 days is sufficient. The excretion of urine by animals in the "infected spots" has been shown to decrease the acidity of the soil, thus creating conditions favorable for the survival of leptospirae in the soil.^0
82261146^[Outbreak of leptospirosis due to migration of field rodents (author's transl)]^198203^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1982 Mar;16(2):96-7^^Ouyang YM^^0
82154163^A review of cerebrovascular surgery in the People's Republic of China.^198275^Stroke 1982 Mar-Apr;13(2):249-55^^Cheng MK^Cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) is very common in the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 8 of 12 large cities in the PRC, CBVD ranked first in frequency as a cause of death. The ratio fo aneurysms to arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) was 0.84-2:1, much lower than in the United States (6.5:1). Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HIH) is the commonest cause of mortality in patients with CBVD; patients with ischemic stroke have been submitted to the extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) arterial anastomosis since 1976. Moyamoya syndrome is not uncommon in the PRC; leptospiral arteritis was one of the major causes in the series that have been reported.^0
82157176^Leptospirosis in man, Israel, 1970-1979.^198203^Am J Epidemiol 1982 Mar;115(3):352-8^^Shenberg E, Gerichter CB, Lindenbaum I^In 1970-1979, the incidence of human leptospirosis in Israel was 0.7 per 100,000 population. The majority of the cases (62%) occurred in northeastern Israel (Upper Galilee). Prior to 1973 the main infecting serotypes were grippotyphosa (41%) and Hebdomadis szwajizak (31%). Following the first outbreak of Hebdomadis hardjo infection in 1973, a change occurred in the epidemiologic pattern of human leptospirosis, with hardjo becoming the most common serotype (59%). Hardjo infection outbreaks were sporadic and localized to dairy farms. The peak of incidence was during the summer months, June-September. All the patients with hardjo were dairy workers. The illness was relatively mild and mostly unicteric. Cattle seemed to be the principal source of hardjo infection for man.^0
82283725^Evaluation of a hardjo-pomona vaccine to prevent leptospiruria in cattle exposed to a natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198203^Aust Vet J 1982 Mar;58(3):93-6^^Allen JD, Meney CL, Wilks CR^The efficacy of a vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was evaluated in a group of dairy heifers that were serologically negative at the time of vaccination and later subjected to natural challenge with L. interogans serovar hardjo. Thirty-nine heifers were vaccinated twice, at a one- month interval, with a commercially prepared bivalent vaccine, while 43 unvaccinated heifers were used as controls. After vaccination, microscopic agglutination (MA) titres of serums to L. interrogans serovar hardjo ranged from 32 to 512, and those to L. interrogans serovar pomona ranged from 32 to 2048. Titres resulting from vaccination were short-lived and after the first vaccination the serums of 95% of vaccinated heifers did not react in the MA test by 24 weeks. The first indication of infection in the heifers was noted at week 6, and by week 16, elevated MA titres (greater than or equal to 128) to L. interrogans serovar hardjo had occurred in 62% of unvaccinated heifers and had increased to 85% by week 24. At week 18, 18% of the vaccinated heifers and 56% of the unvaccinated heifers had leptospiruria (p less than 0.01); after 22 weeks, 13% of the vaccinated heifers and 58% of the unvaccinated heifers showed evidence of leptospiruria (p less than 0.01).^0
83013914^Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona associated with abortion in cattle: isolation methods and laboratory animal histopathology.^198203^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1982 Mar;49(1):57-62^^Herr S, Riley AE, Neser JA, Roux D, De Lange JF^Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was successfully isolated from cattle urine in the western Transvaal after an abortion storm had occurred. Direct inoculation of EMJH medium proved the most successful method. The selective agent, 5-fluorouracil, was most effective in controlling contamination when used at the 0,4 mg/ml level. The strain isolated was pathogenic in hamsters, but specific lesions and the leptospirae were seen only where overwhelming infection occurred.^0
82188441^Kawasaki syndrome: an update.^198203^Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed) 1982 Mar;17(3):99-106^^Melish ME, Hicks RV, Reddy V^^0
82174235^[Shock during leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica. Four cases (author's transl)]^198203^Nouv Presse Med 1982 Mar 6;11(11):837-9^^Guivarch G, Le Gall JR, Regnier B, Jardin F^Four patients with leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica (LH) were admitted to an intensive care unit in a state of shock. Haemodynamic studies showed that the shock was due to three different mechanisms which were often associated or successive in the same patient: (1) septic shock with fall of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and no widening of arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVDO2); (2) cardiogenic shock, probably due in part to specific myocarditis, with reduced left ventricular work and normal or high pulmonary wedge pressure; and (3) hypovolaemic shock with the increased SVR and widened AVDO2. These data suggest that haemodynamic studies are required in patients with LIH associated with shock in order to determine its mechanism and provide guidelines for its treatment.^0
83285206^[Detection of blood leptospirae by indirect fluorescent antibody staining technic]^198204^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1982 Apr;3(2):106-8^^Wen RZ^^0
82201922^[Nature of the antibodies in persons inoculated with a leptospirosis vaccine]^198204^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1982 Apr;(4):93-5^^Stoianova NA, Popova EM, Sergeiko LM, Potachev AF^The results obtained in the study of the intensity and character of immunity in persons immunized with commercial leptospirosis vaccine are presented. These results indicate that antibody formation occurs only in 12.5% of the vaccinees; antibodies are not formed to all Leptospira strains contained in the vaccine, and in 6 months all antibodies completely disappear. In persons immunized with a single vaccine dose the agglutinating activity of blood sera was linked only with IgM. In persons subjected to multiple immunizations for a number of years IgG could also be detected. Cases of leptospirosis among vaccinees have been registered.^0
83009000^The role of antibodies and serum complement in the interaction between macrophages and leptospires.^198204^J Gen Microbiol 1982 Apr;128 (Pt 4):813-6^^Banfi E, Cinco M, Bellini M, Soranzo MR^Guinea-pig macrophages exerted bactericidal activity against both a virulent and a saprophytic strain of leptospira in the presence of the homologous IgG. Serum complement alone rendered the saprophytic strain susceptible to phagocytosis by the same macrophages.^0
83022069^The possible role of the common field mouse (Mus musculus) in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in pigs [letter]^198204^Aust Vet J 1982 Apr;58(4):169^^Whyte PB, Ratcliff RM^^0
83073861^Human Icterohaemorrhagiae leptospirosis after bathing in rivers (1977- 1981).^198275^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1982 Apr-Jun;41(2):133-6^^Nicolescu M, Andreescu N^^0
83073862^A new preparation of Patoc antigen for the serological diagnosis by the CFT of human leptospirosis.^198275^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1982 Apr-Jun;41(2):137-9^^Nicolescu M, Andreescu N^^0
83285211^[A brief account on the study at an international course on zoonoses at Moscow, 1981]^198204^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1982 Apr;3(2):124-8^^Shang DQ^^0
83012405^[Natural-focus zoonoses in Afghanistan (a review of the literature)]^198275^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1982 May-Jun;51(3):54-9^^Arsen'eva LP^^0
83095519^The hemorrhagic fevers of Southern Africa with special reference to studies in the South African Institute for Medical Research.^198275^Yale J Biol Med 1982 May-Aug;55(3-4):207-12^^Gear JH^In this review of studies on the hemorrhagic fevers of Southern Africa carried out in the South African Institute for Medical Research, attention has been called to occurrence of meningococcal septicemia in recruits to the mining industry and South African Army, to cases of staphylococcal and streptococcal septicemia with hemorrhagic manifestations, and to the occurrence of plague which, in its septicemic form, may cause a hemorrhagic state. "Onyalai," a bleeding disease in tropical Africa, often fatal, was related to profound thrombocytopenia possibly following administration of toxic witch doctor medicine. Spirochetal diseases, and rickettsial diseases in their severe forms, are often manifested with hemorrhagic complications. Of enterovirus infections, Coxsackie B viruses occasionally caused severe hepatitis associated with bleeding, especially in newborn babies. Cases of hemorrhagic fever presenting in February-March, 1975 are described. The first outbreak was due to Marburg virus disease and the second, which included seven fatal cases, was caused by Rift Valley fever virus. In recent cases of hemorrhagic fever a variety of infective organisms have been incriminated including bacterial infections, rickettsial diseases, and virus diseases, including Herpesvirus hominis; in one patient, the hemorrhagic state was related to rubella. A boy who died in a hemorrhagic state was found to have Congo fever; another patient who died of severe bleeding from the lungs was infected with Leptospira canicola, and two patients who developed a hemorrhagic state after a safari trip in Northern Botswana were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. An illness manifested by high fever and melena developed in a young man after a visit to Zimbabwe; the patient was found to have both malaria and Marburg virus disease.^0
82228918^Experimental leptospiral infections in pregnant cattle with organisms of the Hebdomadis serogroup.^198205^Am J Vet Res 1982 May;43(5):780-4^^Thiermann AB^The clinical and pathologic implications of leptospirosis caused by organisms of the Hebdomadis serogroup were tested on 8 pregnant cows. The animals were inoculated after their 5th month of pregnancy, 2 with serovar szwajizak and 6 with serovar hardjo. During the acute phase of the infection, the cows had mild signs of clinical illness; however, mastitis was observed in all cows that calved. One cow aborted, and 2 delivered premature and weak calves. By bacteriologic cultural examination, a short leptospiremic phase was observed. Leptospires were isolated from milk of 5 cows during early phases of mastitis; these isolations were obtained only when using solid media. Leptospiruria was determined by culture and direct examination. Only hardjo-inoculated cows had detectable urinary shedding which was observed to extend past 450 days in 1 cow. Leptospires were isolated from tissues of all cows and from 2 calves at necropsy. Interstitial nephritis was observed in all cows necropsied. Histologically, leptospires were demonstrated in silver-stained sections of kidney, liver, and lung of most calves. Leptospires were also observed in sections of kidney of all cows necropsied and in the cotyledons, placenta, and liver of some. Agglutinating titers were detected in the serum of cows as early as 4 days after inoculation and reached maximum titer (81,920) after 20 days. Significant serum titers persisted for the duration of the experiment only in hardjo-inoculated cows. At birth, all calves had no detectable agglutinins, but seroconverted within 24 hours; the serum titers were similar to those found in the dam's milk.^0
82228929^Leptospiral vaccines in dogs: immunogenicity of whole cell and outer envelope vaccines prepared in protein-free medium.^198205^Am J Vet Res 1982 May;43(5):831-4^^Bey RF, Johnson RC^The immunogenicity of leptospires cultivated in modified bovine albumin- polysorbate 80 medium and those cultivated in protein-free medium were quantitatively evaluated in the dog. Vaccine preparations, whole cell or outer envelope, prevented leptospiremia; however, kidney culture data revealed that 1 of 4 dogs vaccinated with 0.1 to 1 mg of whole cell prepared from leptospires cultivated in the modified bovine albumin-polysorbate 80 medium was positive for Leptospira, whereas dogs vaccinated with whole cells prepared in protein-free medium were not. Dogs vaccinated with greater than or equal to 0.5 mg of outer envelope were refractory to infection after challenge exposure.^0
82228946^Hemostatic changes in dogs with experimental Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae infection.^198205^Am J Vet Res 1982 May;43(5):904-6^^Navarro CE, Kociba GJ^^0
82239747^Development of a simple serological method for diagnosing leptospirosis: a microcapsule agglutination test.^198205^J Clin Microbiol 1982 May;15(5):835-41^^Arimitsu Y, Kobayashi S, Akama K, Matuhasi T^A passive microcapsule agglutination test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis was developed by utilizing chemically stable microcapsules instead of sheep erythrocytes. In the test, sonically disrupted antigens of leptospira were sensitized to microcapsules treated with glutaraldehyde. Compared with the microscopic agglutination test, the passive microcapsule agglutination test showed a relatively genus-specific tendency and a 4- to 32-fold-higher sensitivity. The sensitized microcapsule antigens were stable for at least 1 year. The microcapsules coupled with mixed antigens can be used as a serodiagnostic screening test for diseases caused by various types of leptospira. The test, which is very simple and reproducible and requiring no specific training, can be employed easily as a routine test in diagnostic laboratories.^0
82249173^Failure to demonstrate the maintenance of leptospires by house mice (Mus musculus) in the south east of England.^198205^Res Vet Sci 1982 May;32(3):387-8^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Stevens AE^A total of 272 house mice (Mus musculus) were trapped in farm buildings at four widely separated locations of south east England and examined for serological and bacteriological evidence of leptospiral infection. Only two low titres to autumnalis antigen (1:20 and 1:40) were recorded and all mice were bacteriologically negative. The absence of leptospiral infection in the house mouse in south east England is an interesting ecological finding, as this species is a maintenance host for ballum in many countries and also a common carrier of several other serovars. The source of ballum infections in domestic stock in England remains unknown.^0
83018469^[Detection of bacteria and fungi in blood samples. German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology. Commission for guidelines for microbiological diagnosis]^198205^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1982 May;252(1):1-8^^^^0
83026664^[Animal reservoir of leptospirosis in Hainan Island]^198205^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1982 May;16(3):160-2^^Pan ZA^^0
83059603^Evidence that leptospiral lipopolysaccharide is not an important protective antigen.^198205^J Med Microbiol 1982 May;15(2):259-62^^Adler B, Faine S^CBA/N mice, which could not produce antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from either Escherichia coli or Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, produced levels of agglutinating antibodies against leptospires similar to those produced by immunologically normal CBA mice. CBA/N mice were thus resistant to acute leptospiral infection and CBA/N immune serum passively protected immunosuppressed mice from infection. The results suggest that antibodies against LPS are not important in protection against experimental leptospiral infection in mice.^0
82228930^Immunogenicity and humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to leptospiral whole cell, outer envelope, and protoplasmic cylinder vaccines in hamsters and dogs.^198205^Am J Vet Res 1982 May;43(5):835-40^^Bey RF, Johnson RC^The immunogenicity of 2 leptospiral cell structural components, the outer envelope (OE) and protoplasmic cylinder (PC), as well as the leptospire whole cell (WC), was compared in hamsters and dogs. The 50% protective dose for hamsters against death (PD50D) and kidney infection (PD50k) was evaluated for Leptospira interrogans serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, and grippotyphosa. All 3 immunogens had similar PD50D values. However, the PD50K values for OE and WC vaccines ranged from 0.05 to 0.80 micrograms (dry weight), whereas the PC vaccines ranged from 7.0 to 14.0 micrograms. Cellular and humoral responses of dogs to serovar canicola WC, OE, and PC vaccines were monitored for 21 weeks. Little difference was observed among the canine humoral responses to the different preparations. Protoplasmic cylinder vaccines sensitized the greater population of lymphoid cells followed by OE and WC. Cross-reactivity was greater in the blastogenic response of lymphoid cell populations than in the humoral response.^0
82246172^Leptospirosis of pig farmers: the results of a serological survey.^198205^N Z Med J 1982 May 12;95(707):299-301^^Schollum LM, Blackmore DK^Serum samples were examined from 70 people working or resident on 41 pig farms within a 50 km radius of Palmerston North. Of the 65 people with occupational pig contact, 20 (31 percent) had microscopic agglutination titres of 1:24 or greater to one or more serovars of Leptospira interrogans, the majority of which were to pomona, the pid adapted serovar. There were significant positive associations between those people with a titre and those with a history of previous diagnosis of leptospirosis by a medical practitioner and the number of breeding sows and fattening pigs on the property. Pig farmers are at similar risk to contracting leptospirosis as dairy farmers, but the major serovars involved are different, and the total population at risk is less. Further evidence is provided that titres to leptospiral agglutinins can persist in humans for longer than ten years.^0
82220657^[Epidemiologic and clinical studies of 6 cases of leptospirosis from the province of Turin]^198205^Minerva Med 1982 May 26;73(22):1563-6^^Bosio G, Bramato C, Salassa B, Andreoni G^Six cases of leptospirosis from the outer suburbs of province of Turin are presented. Some epidemiological aspects are considered, and reference is made to the need for early diagnosis, along with prompt antibiotic management to ensure successful resolution. Mention is also made of the need for careful control of renal function, since its impairment is the most serious complication associated with leptospirosis.^0
83034520^Isolation of the antigen-active components from leptospiral serovar- specific lipopolysaccharide antigen by mild acid hydrolysis.^198206^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1982 Jun;44(3):473-8^^Kawaoka Y, Naiki M, Yanagawa R^^0
82254787^Frequency of bluetongue and bovine parvovirus infection in cattle in South Carolina dairy herds.^198206^Am J Vet Res 1982 Jun;43(6):1078-80^^Barnes MA, Wright RE, Bodine AB, Alberty CF^A survey of South Carolina diary cattle in 12 commercial herds was conducted, using serologic testing to determine the frequency and impact on reproduction of bluetongue (BT) and bovine parvovirus (BFV) infections. Results of the study of serum antibodies titers and dairy cattle health records indicated that the majority of the cattle surveyed was adequately protected against the major reproductive tract diseases through vaccination programs. The frequency of reproductive dysfunction was common in vaccinated herds, however. Six of the 12 herds in the survey had cattle which were BT serotest reactors, although total numbers of these reactor cattle were relatively small. Further, reproductive performance of reactor cows indicated that BT was of little consequence and was not associated with reproductive problems. All herds contained BPV serotest reactors and the latter comprised 59.7% of the total number of cows surveyed. The BPV seroreactor cows were commonly associated with the group of reproductive problem cows which experienced higher rates of embryonic mortality and more services per conception than did nonreactor cattle. The results of the survey emphasize the need for continued investigation and efforts to control BT, and especially BPV infection, in dairy cattle.^0
82229087^The causative organism in Fort Bragg fever [letter]^198206^Ann Intern Med 1982 Jun;96(6 Pt 1):789-90^^Tatlock H^^0
82264718^Leptospirosis in Israel: epidemiological features and laboratory findings in 13 human cases due to Leptospira ballum.^198206^Isr J Med Sci 1982 Jun;18(6):659-65^^Lindenbaum I^Thirteen sporadic cases of human leptospirosis due to Leptospira ballum were laboratory confirmed during a period of 11 yr. In four cases the diagnosis was proved retrospectively. All but three were residents of the Sharon plain region, living 10 to 15 km apart. All were engaged in some form of agriculture, especially in irrigated fields or groves, or in chicken farming. It was suspected that wet soil contaminated with the urine of rodents, carriers of L. ballum, was the main source of infection. Two types of immunological response were observed: 1) high microscopic agglutination (MA) titers with L. ballum serovar only (nine cases); and 2) considerable coagglutination titers with heterologous serovars as well (four cases). The serological follow-up of these cases for several years revealed that in some, a relatively high MA titer (1:200 to 1:400) against L. ballum serovars persisted for 4 to 9 yr. Sera from 10 patients were tested for IgM and IgG anti-bodies by the MA test. In eight cases the IgM responded to a higher titer and persisted for many years, regardless of whether or not any IgG agglutinins were detected. The importance of blood cultures is emphasized and the possibility of misinterpretation of MA results is discussed.^0
83018002^[Effect of penicillin on the behavior of the agglutination reaction in the treatment of field fever]^198206^Wiad Lek 1982 Jun 1;35(6):405-10^^Jezyna C, Holowaty A, Korczynska A^^0
83043197^Leptospirosis: a review of the Jamaican experience compared with other Caribbean territories.^198206^West Indian Med J 1982 Jun;31(2):54-60^^Segree W, Fitz-Henly M, Rawlins J, Bowen-Wright C^^0
83081861^Canine leptospirosis in Puerto Rico.^198206^Int J Zoonoses 1982 Jun;9(1):45-50^^Farrington NP, Sulzer KR^Among 116 stray dogs in Puerto Rico surveyed for leptospiral agglutinins, 73 (62.9%) has significant titers to one or more leptospiral serotypes. The most common serogroup identified serologically was icterohaemorrhagiae accounting for 53 (72.6%) of the infections. Although the infection rates were comparable for male and female dogs the older were found to be more frequently infected. The significance of the canine in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Puerto Rico is probably of paramount importance due to the extensive direct and indirect contact dogs have with rats and the human population.^0
83081862^The curve of immunoglobulins in human leptospirosis.^198206^Int J Zoonoses 1982 Jun;9(1):51-6^^Edelweiss EL, Mailloux M^^0
82254300^Thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis.^198207^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982 Jul;31(4):827-9^^Edwards CN, Nicholson GD, Everard CO^In a retrospective study undertaken to document the frequency of thrombocytopenia in cases of leptospirosis, 18 of 32 patients (56.3%) had a platelet count of 100 x 10(3)/mm3 or less. Renal failure occurred in 72.2% of thrombocytopenic patients and in 21.4% of patients with normal platelet counts. The association of thrombocytopenia and renal failure was significant (P less than 0.02). The common occurrence of thrombocytopenia and its association with acute renal failure in patients with leptospirosis has not previously been reported.^0
82254822^Isolations of Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, balcanica, and pomona from cattle at slaughter.^198207^Am J Vet Res 1982 Jul;43(7):1172-3^^White FH, Sulzer KR, Engel RW^Kidneys were cultured for leptospires and blood was collected for leptospiral serologic examination from 306 cattle slaughtered in Florida during June, July, and August 1980. Leptospires were found in 82(36%) of 226 otherwise bacterial-free cultures. Forty-five isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, 3 as serovar balcanica, and 3 as serovar pomona. Leptospiral antibodies were found in 218 (71%) of the cattle. Serum titers to hardjo were found in 162 cattle (53%) and to pomona in 28 (9%). Low titers to tarassovi were found in 14 cattle (4.5%).^0
83043890^The sensitivities of different immunoassays for detecting leptospiral antigen.^198207^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1982 Jul;252(3):405-13^^Adler B, Chappel RJ, Faine S^The detection of leptospiral antigen in biological fluids is important for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in animals and man. However the sensitivity of dark field microscopy, the usual detection method, is often inadequate. A comparison was made between the sensitivities of several immunological techniques for detecting Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. By staphylococcal coagglutination 10(8) leptospires per ml could be detected and by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis 10(7) per ml. The best sensitivity obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 10(5) leptospires per ml, and by radioimmunoassay 10(4) to 10(5) per ml. Radioimmunoassay offers the prospect of improved diagnosis of leptospirosis through the detection of leptospiral antigen.^0
83043891^Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to lipopolysaccharide antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos and canicola.^198207^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1982 Jul;252(3):414-24^^Ono E, Naiki M, Yanagawa R^Monoclonal antibodies to Leptospira interrogans were provided by cell fusions between a myeloma cell line, P3/X63-Ag8.653, and spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with two different leptospiral lipopolysaccharide antigens. One antigen was prepared from Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain Kyoto and the other from serovar canicola strain Hond Utrecht IV. Eighteen hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies to the former organisms and five hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies to the latter organisms were established during 6 month cultivation. On the basis of their microscopic agglutination reactivities, 18 anti-kremastos Kyoto monoclonal antibodies were classified into 10 distinct groups, and 5 anti-canicola monoclonal antibodies into 3 distinct groups.^0
83066573^[Leptospirosis: epidemiological and clinico-therapeutic observations]^198207^Recenti Prog Med 1982 Jul;73(1):18-32^^Perraro F, Moro A, Aldorati M, Paniek M, Lestuzzi A, Marino B^^0
83074330^The prevalence of antibodies to serovars of Leptospira interrogans in horses.^198207^Aust Vet J 1982 Jul;59(1):25-7^^Swart KS, Calvert K, Meney C^^0
83090691^Leptospirosis: a zoonosis of protean manifestations.^198275^Pediatr Infect Dis 1982 Jul-Aug;1(4):282-8^^Peter G^^0
83095551^[Leptospirosis--a case report]^198207^Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1982 Jul 15;76(14):641-4^^Fischer J, Markus R, Baumgarten R, Fengler JD, Bartke D^^0
83017794^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo from aborted bovine fetuses in England.^198207^Vet Rec 1982 Jul 17;111(3):58^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Stevens AE^^0
82273277^The occupational hazards of leptospirosis in the meat industry.^198207^N Z Med J 1982 Jul 28;95(712):494-7^^Blackmore DK, Schollum L^The sera from 1215 meat inspectors and 1248 meat workers were examined for the presence of agglutinating titres of 1:24 or greater to the serovars of Leptospira interrogans known to be endemic in New Zealand. Although 10 percent of meat inspectors and 6.2 percent of meat workers were seropositive, only 9.5 percent of meat inspectors and 4.1 percent of meat workers had titres compatible with occupational exposure to domestic stock. The subgroup of meat workers with the highest prevalence of agglutinins (10.4 percent) were those working on the slaughter floor, and the inspection and processing of pigs were shown to be the most important risk factors. More than 50 percent of those with a history of medically confirmed leptospirosis in the past ten years still had detectable titres. Although the results of this survey demonstrate that leptospirosis is a definite occupational hazard in the meat industry, the risk is threefold less than for dairy farm workers and pig farmers.^0
83017799^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar muenchen from a sow with a history of abortion.^198207^Vet Rec 1982 Jul 31;111(5):100-2^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Stevens AE^The isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar muenchen from a sow which aborted in the first third of pregnancy is described. Isolation was achieved only in media containing a rabbit serum additive and identification was determined by cross-agglutination absorption. A high degree of cross-reactivity was found with reference antisera of the Australis serogroup. Serovar muenchen has not previously been reported in animals and may be responsible for a proportion of the titres to antigens of the Australis serogroup that have recently been reported in pigs in England.^0
83010181^Differentiation of subtypes within Leptospira interrogans serovars Hardjo, Balcanica and Tarassovi, by bacterial restriction-endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA).^198208^J Med Microbiol 1982 Aug;15(3):331-8^^Robinson AJ, Ramadass P, Lee A, Marshall RB^Various strains of Leptospira interrogans were compared by bacterial restriction-endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA). Field strains of serovar hardjo isolated from domestic animals in New Zealand, Australia and Northern Ireland were indistinguishable from one another but differed strikingly from the hardjo reference strain Hardjoprajitno. Similarly, field isolates of balcanica and tarassovi differed from their serovar reference strains, probably owing to a difference in epidemiological niche. Subdivision of these serovars into distinct subtypes as defined by BRENDA is therefore useful and justified. In contrast, analysis of serovars pomona, ballum and copenhageni shows that field and reference strains were identical, or differed only by a single band. It is suggested that BRENDA will overcome many of the problems associated with serological methods of identifying serovars and allow more precise definition of epidemiological relationships between strains and their hosts.^0
83048045^Renal lesions in leptospirosis.^198208^Aust N Z J Med 1982 Aug;12(4):276-9^^Lai KN, Aarons I, Woodroffe AJ, Clarkson AR^Renal function studies and kidney biopsies were performed in four patients presenting with renal insufficiency and acute Leptospira pomona infection. The renal lesion in all patients revealed acute interstitial nephritis. There was no evidence of immunologically mediated disease in three patients who were biopsied seven, eight and eight days respectively following the onset of symptoms. The fourth, in whom there was no evidence of prior renal disease, and whose biopsy was performed 16 days after symptoms began, showed glomerular Clq, and C3 immunofluorescence and mesangial, subepithelial and intramembranous dense deposits by electron microscopy. In addition, circulating immune complexes were demonstrated in this patient. These findings suggest that in this instance at least, the renal lesions of Leptospira pomona infections can be immunologically mediated. Because this may well be a transient phase, the timing of investigations could be crucial to its detection.^0
83074338^Protection of pregnant swine by vaccination against Leptospira infection.^198208^Aust Vet J 1982 Aug;59(2):41-5^^Whyte PB, Ratcliff RM, Cargill C, Dobson KJ^The protection conferred on pregnant gilts by 2 commercially available leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and tarassovi bacterins was evaluated. Gilts vaccinated either 3, 6 or 12 months prior to natural challenge with L. interrogans serovar pomona had significantly lower abortion rates (2% vs 69%) and foetal mortality rates (14% vs 57%) than unvaccinated controls. One vaccine was significantly superior to the other and contained approximately twice the number of L. interrogans serovar pomona organisms per vaccine dose. Neither vaccine protected against renal colonisation but vaccination reduced urinary excretion of leptospires. Both vaccines reduced agglutinating antibody response to infection, as measured by the microscopic agglutination (MA) test. This may prevent the detection of a carrier animal by serology. Foetal pigs did not develop specific MA titres. Cultural methods were not reliable in making a diagnosis of foetal infection. Histopathology of foetal liver and kidneys helped in making a diagnosis of foetal infection.^0
83077372^[Epidemiological aspects and diagnosis of 60 cases of leptospiroses in French Polynesia]^198275^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1982 Aug-Oct;75(4):367-74^^Jeandel P, Raoult D, Bauduceau B, Rougier Y, Mailloux M, Auger C^60 cases of leptospiroses were diagnosed in Polynesia by blood culture and immunological test. Fever and pains are prevailing signs. Among 3 patients, presence of leptospires is revealed on the 43th, 54th and 90th days. The following serogroups are found: Icterohaemorrhagiae 69.7%, Canicola 13%, Pomona 4%, Australis 2%. 85% of the patients come from Tahiti and 15% from "Sousle-Vent" Islands and Tuamotou. Walking bare foot on wet ground in areas where numerous rodents are found is a source of contamination. The procedure of blood cultures plays a prominent part.^0
83064925^Leptospirosis.^198209^Practitioner 1982 Sep;226(1371):1552-7^^Robertson MH^^0
83051068^[Acute pancreatitis in leptospirosis]^198209^Cesk Gastroenterol Vyz 1982 Sep;36(6):333-8^^Kral L, Dite P, Vitek J^^0
83051685^Acute renal failure from leptospirosis: new trends of treatment [letter]^198209^Clin Nephrol 1982 Sep;18(3):164^^Pecchini F, Borghi M, Bodini U, Copercini B, Grutta d'Auria C, Romanini GL, Romano C^^0
83126329^Prevalence of leptospiral titres in normal horses.^198209^Aust Vet J 1982 Sep;59(3):84-6^^Slatter DH, Hawkins CD^Serum samples were collected from 479 clinically normal horses from 11 different locations in Queensland. Using a microscopic agglutination test, 157 serums (33%) reacted to one or more serovars of Leptospira interrogans at a minimum serum dilution of 1/30. The prevalences of reactors among all horses to the serovars tested were pomona 30.5% icterohaemorrhagiae 23.9%, tarassovi 18.8%, hardjo 12.2%, canicola 8.6%, grippotyphosa 3.6%, and australis 2%. There was a significantly higher prevalence of reactors in tropical areas than in sub-tropical areas, but no difference in prevalence between coastal and non-coastal areas.^0
83171005^[Leptospira meningitis: cases reported in the city of Sao Paulo, during an epidemic outbreak of meningococcal disease]^198275^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1982 Sep-Oct;24(5):322-5^^Amato Neto V, de Avila CA, Kawarabayashi M^^0
83095955^Presence of Vi antigen in a virulent strain of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and relation of Vi antigens of leptospiras to resistance to leptospiricidal activity mediated by antiserum plus complement.^198209^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1982 Sep;252(4):557-65^^Ueno K, Yanagawa R, Kida H^Vi antigen was found in a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. The presence of Vi antigen was shown by the agglutinin- absorption and precipitin-absorption tests. Each strain of pomona and copenhageni which possessed Vi antigen and was resistant to the leptospiricidal activity mediated by the antiserum plus complement lost Vi antigen and became susceptible to the leptospiricidal activity when cultured in the presence of 8-azaguanine. The strains thus treated with 8-azaguanine recovered the resistance and Vi antigen when cultured in medium without 8-azaguanine.^0
83037817^Risks of contracting leptospirosis on the dairy farm.^198209^N Z Med J 1982 Sep 22;95(716):649-52^^Blackmore DK, Schollum LM^The sera of 460 people associated with farming were examined for evidence of leptospiral agglutinins. Of these, 308 were dairy farm workers, 62 percent of whom were from the Waikato. Forty-four percent of dairy farm workers, 8 percent of sheep and beef farmers and 25 percent of pig farmers ware seropositive. Of the 137 seropositive dairy farm workers, 65 percent had titres to serovar hardjo and 53 percent to pomona. There were no significant differences between the serological prevalences of workers in different geographical regions. Analysis of factors significantly associated with seropositive workers included; being male, a previous history of medically confirmed leptospirosis in the worker, a clinical history of leptospirosis in the cattle, the size of the milking herd, the type of milking shed, and vaccination of the herd against leptospirosis. These findings indicate that the incidence of leptospirosis in dairy farm workers can only be effectively controlled by reducing the prevalence of infection in dairy cattle.^0
83116509^The role of macrophages in the protection of mice against leptospirosis: in vitro and in vivo studies.^198210^Pathology 1982 Oct;14(4):463-8^^Tu V, Adler B, Faine S^Balb/c mice are naturally resistant to infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni, but leptospires were not phagocytosed by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro without added specific antibody. Similar results were obtained irrespective of whether leptospires were viable or killed, virulent or avirulent, or whether macrophages were obtained from normal mice, immunized mice or mice previously infected with BCG. Suppression or stimulation of macrophage function in vivo did not affect the outcome of infection of immunosuppressed mice with leptospires; specific antibody was essential for protection from infection.^0
83148575^[Procedures for decontamination of Leptospira cultures]^198210^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1982 Oct;29(9):708-14^^Riedemann S, Korts C, Zamora J^^0
83032822^Morpho-functional patterns of kidney injury in the experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig (L. icterohaemorrhagiae).^198210^J Pathol 1982 Oct;138(2):145-61^^Davila de Arriaga AJ, Rocha AS, Yasuda PH, De Brito T^Thirty-seven guinea-pigs experimentally infected with a virulent strain of L. icterohaemorrhagiae, were submitted to a renal function study as evaluated through the maximal urinary concentration (MUC) test, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and afterwards had their kidneys examined by light and electron microscopy. Vascular changes were also studied after the administration of colloidal carbon as a marker. Through the MUC test and BUN determination, two groups of tubulo-interstitial lesions can be visualised, one in animals without renal sufficiency, manifested chiefly by cell edema with RE dilation and another, in animals with renal insufficiency, characterised not only by marked cell edema and mitochondrial changes, but also by proximal tubule regenerative aspects without overt tubular necrosis. Interstitial edema and focal nephritis was prominent in both groups, a finding which minimises their role in the pathogenesis of renal failure in experimental leptospirosis. Vascular injury, affecting the vessels of the renal microcirculation chiefly at the cortico-medular junction, was observed in both groups. Its severity and extension ran parallel to the intensity of the tubular injury. This suggests a simultaneous action of a noxious agent liberated by the leptospires over both structures, tubular damage being accentuated by the local circulatory changes.^0
83148574^[Epidemiologic aspects of human leptospirosis in rural areas]^198210^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1982 Oct;29(9):702-7^^Riedemann S, Zamora J^^0
83095608^[Leptospiroses with acute renal failure--report on 6 dialyzed patients]^198210^Z Gesamte Inn Med 1982 Oct 1;37(19):644-9^^Thieler H, Schmidt U, Jung N, Anger G, Budde E, Giertler R, Kummritz H^From 1968 to 1981 6 patients with severe leptospiroses were treated: one with leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagiae (Weil's disease), two with leptospirosis copenhageni and three with leptospirosis grippotyphosa. The diagnosis must at first clinically be made from exposition anamnesis and symptoms. In three patients the agglutination lysis reaction had a negative result still between the 10th and 19th day after the beginning of the disease. In all 6 cases a hypercatabolic acute renal failure with azothaemia of high degree was present. The polyuric phase developed 10 to 18 days after the beginning of the disease, the serum creatinine values normalized 20 to 35 days after the beginning of the disease. The parenteral nutrition and the dialysis therapy were particular points in the complex therapy of the patients. 4 patients were haemodialysed - 3 of them after primary peritoneal dialysis - 2 patients were only peritoneally dialysed. On account of the hypercatabolism and the intestinal paralysis the haemodialysis is to be preferred, as a rule, to the peritoneal dialysis. Also in the haemodialysis of patients with leptospirosis modern developments should be taken into consideration: bicarbonate-containing dialytic solution and in haemorrhagic diathesis the heparin-free dialysis. All 6 own patients survived. When connecting these data with other reports from Central and South Europe the lethality of dialysed cases with leptospirosis is about 42% (25 of the 59 patients died). In 4 of 5 of our patients with leptospirosis a clear hyperamylasaemia was present, apparently the expression of the involvement of the pancreas.^0
83096006^[Nucleotide composition and homology of the DNA of parasitic Leptospira]^198210^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1982 Oct;(10):47-8^^Ezhov GI, Artiushin SK, Lysenko AM^The study of DNA in parasitic leptospirae of different serovariants by the method of molecular hybridization has revealed two groups differing in their homology level. The homology of nucleic acids has been found to correlate with serological properties. The serovariants ensuring cross immunity are characterized by the high level of homology of their DNA.^0
83100172^Observations on equine leptospirosis.^198210^Aust Vet J 1982 Oct;59(4):124^^Kirkman DB, Campbell RS, Miller RI^^0
83092352^[Icteric leptospirosis. Clinico-pathologic study]^198210^Rev Clin Esp 1982 Oct 31;167(2):85-8^^Chahud Isee A, Pichilingue Prieto O, Zegarra Ames C, Diaz Calderon A, Luna Alva T, Liceras de Hidalgo J^^0
83275137^[Acute renal insufficiency due to leptospirosis]^198275^Rev Med Interna Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir Dermatovenerol Med Intern 1982 Nov-Dec;34(6):545-52^^Nicolcioiu M, Romosan I, Manescu N, Golea O, Georgescu L, Zosin C^^0
83148498^Antigenic variants of leptospiras detected in peritoneal cavity in early stage of infection in immunized guinea pigs.^198211^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1982 Nov;253(2):247-52^^Ueno K, Yanagawa R, Yepez-Plascencio W^Antigenic variants were detected firstly 7 h following intraperitoneal challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni Shibaura in the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs which had been previously immunized with the homologous strain. The variants appeared at a rate of 63% of the leptospiras which survived in the peritoneal cavity, and the survivors' rate was 0.00005% of the inoculated organisms. The antigenicity of these variants reversed to that of the parent after 3-5 passages in liquid normal serum medium.^0
83098602^Leptospiral and brucellar titers in frozen bovine sera after 20 years of storage.^198211^Am J Vet Res 1982 Nov;43(11):2031-4^^Moorhouse PD, Hugh-Jones ME, Barta O, Swann AI^Generally good agreement was obtained between the rankings of sera titers when originally tested (T1), and those of the same sera 20 years later (T2). At the later time, the majority of samples (88%) were in, or within 1 dilution factor of their classification at T1. Test results for Brucella abortus and Leptospira interrogans var pomona antibodies demonstrated that original titers, in the upper-lower limits of 20 to 50, had decreased over a wide range (20% to 90%), and the later tests show that the greater the original titer, the greater the proportional decrease. Thus, titers of 20,000 at T1 had decreased by 49% to 99% and those of 200,000, by 95% to 99.8%. Variations in T2 test results were noted between some samples which had given identical results at T1. A decrease in titer over time has been demonstrated. An estimate of the expected half-lives of sera of differing initial Leptospira antibody titers is that for each unit increase in log10 of the initial titer, the half-life is reduced by about 50%. The heterogeneity of the immune response is postulated as the reason for this variation.^0
83056473^Development of a modified live, canine origin parvovirus vaccine.^198211^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982 Nov 1;181(9):909-13^^Bass EP, Gill MA, Beckenhauer WH^A modified live, canine origin parvovirus vaccine was tested for safety, efficacy, and clinical performance. The vaccine protected dogs from challenge of immunity with canine parvovirus (CPV) that caused clinical illness in all nonvaccinated dogs. Vaccinates all developed CPV serum neutralization antibody titers, with a mean value of 1,664. Challenge virus was not isolated from vaccinates, but feces from nonvaccinated dogs were CPV-positive for up to 4 days following challenge. In a pathogenicity test, dogs inoculated orally with 10 times the label dose remained clinically normal. In a reversion-to- virulence test, the vaccine strain remained nonpathogenic through 6 passages in seronegative test dogs. An immunologic interference test demonstrated that test dogs developed antibodies for all antigens in a combined canine distemper virus-adenovirus 2-parainfluenza virus- parvovirus vaccine and a Leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae bacterin. A total of 1,796 doses of the multivalent preparation was administered in a field study, with veterinary practitioners reporting 36 local and 5 generalized reactions.^0
83072301^A case of Weil's disease requiring steroid therapy for thrombocytopenia and bleeding.^198211^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982 Nov;31(6):1213-5^^Kahn JB^A young New Hampshire man was recently treated for severe Weil's disease caused by serologically diagnosed Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. In addition to severe renal failure and hepatic disease, his case featured marked thrombocytopenia with multiple evidences of bleeding. A course of steroid therapy was associated with improved platelet counts and amelioration of his hemorrhagic diathesis.^0
83108060^Leptospirosis and renal failure--clinical experience over a one year period.^198211^Ir J Med Sci 1982 Nov;151(11):339-42^^O'Neill PG, Christie M, Cahill J, Duffy B^^0
83155927^[Leptospiroses in New Caledonia. Reports of 32 cases diagnosed between 1973 and 1980]^198211^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1982 Nov;75(5):461-5^^Joseph-Louisia J, Mailloux M, Daguet GL^This first study about human leptospiroses in New Caledonia reports 32 cases diagnosed between 1973 and 1980. They are typical forms with hepatonephritis in 90 % of cases. Serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae is predominating (75 %), followed by Canicola and Australis. The disease is spread throughout the whole territory with two foci in the suburbs of the main town where there are irrigated market gardens. Contamination is indirect by contact with water infected by rodents.^0
83085718^Immunogenicity of leptospiral vaccines grown in protein-free medium.^198211^J Med Microbiol 1982 Nov;15(4):493-501^^Christopher WL, Adler B, Faine S^Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo were adapted to grow in a chemically-defined, protein-free (PF) medium. Formolised monovalent vaccines of serovars pomona and hardjo and a bivalent mixture of the two were prepared from PF cultures. Live PF cultures and the vaccine preparations retained their agglutinating antigens and their immunogenicity when tested in rabbits and guinea-pigs. The vaccines were not pyrogenic and dermal reactions were slight.^0
83233922^[Transient ischemic attacks in adolescence and childhood caused by cerebral leptospirotic arteritis--report of 8 cases]^198211^Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1982 Nov;15(4):225-7^^Wu CB^^0
83063452^[Protracted intrahepatic cholestasis with thrombocytosis in leptospirosis]^198211^Minerva Med 1982 Nov 10;73(43):3053-8^^Biglino A, Caramello P, Pischedda P^^0
83082312^Theory and practice of immunoprophylaxis in swine.^198211^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982 Nov 15;181(10):1154-7^^Schoneweis DA, Henry SC^^0
83122091^Urban leptospirosis in Milwaukee.^198212^Wis Med J 1982 Dec;81(12):23-4^^Lettau LA^^0
83147984^[Clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of leptospirosis in the Odessa region]^198212^Vrach Delo 1982 Dec;(12):95-7^^Sharapova OK, Savchenko BI, Zubko VI, Tkachuk VV^^0
83148563^[Leptospirosis in small rodents in rural areas of Valdivia]^198212^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1982 Dec;29(10):764-8^^Riedemann S, Zamora J^^0
83173540^Experimental infection with a Leptospira hardjo strain isolated from cattle of the eastern plains of Colombia.^198212^Vet Microbiol 1982 Dec;7(6):545-50^^Aycardi E, Rivera B, Torres B, De Bohorquez V^The infectivity and pathogenicity of a strain of Leptospira hardjo isolated from the eastern plains of Colombia were evaluated. Ten pregnant heifers were artifically inoculated and monitored during 10 months. During the trial, isolation of leptospires was attempted and antibodies were detected by the microscopic agglutination test. Leptospires were recovered from the urine of six of the inoculated animals up to 6 months after infection. Eight of ten calves born from the inoculated heifers were born weak, and one of them died 12 h after parturition. Three of the weak calves had generalized jaundice of the internal surfaces. Half of the cows developed metritis and had a retained placenta. Serological reactions were seen against serotypes other than L. hardjo. A chronic infection was apparently established in the inoculated heifers with leptospiruria resulting in reinfection of the animals and a secondary rise in antibody levels.^0
83173542^Bovine IgM and IgG response to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo as measured by enzyme immunoassay.^198212^Vet Microbiol 1982 Dec;7(6):577-85^^Adler B, Cousins DV, Faine S, Robertson GM^The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect specific IgG and IgG antibodies in the sera of cattle infected or immunized with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. IgM appeared first but was quickly followed by IgG which persisted longer than IgM. The levels of antibody detectable by ELISA and by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) did not correlate, suggesting that the two techniques measured different antigen--antibody systems. The transient nature of the IgM response as measured by ELISA indicates potential usefulness as a serodiagnostic test for detecting current leptospiral infections.^0
83185068^Pathogenic Leptospira isolates from the Caribbean Island of Barbados.^198212^Int J Zoonoses 1982 Dec;9(2):138-46^^Jones CJ, Taylor KD, Myers DM, Turner LH, Everard CO^^0
83185070^Immunoglobulins in experimental leptospirosis in rabbits, and their relations with the results of the agglutination test.^198212^Int J Zoonoses 1982 Dec;9(2):79-86^^Edelweiss EL, Mailloux M^^0
83082345^Serologic survey for certain zoonotic diseases in black bears in California.^198212^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982 Dec 1;181(11):1288-91^^Ruppanner R, Jessup DA, Ohishi I, Behymer DE, Franti CE^Black bears (Ursus americanus) from 3 geographic areas of California were tested for antibodies against agents of 6 zoonotic diseases: toxoplasmosis (indirect hemagglutination), Q fever (microagglutination), trichinosis (latex particle agglutination), botulism (passive hemagglutination), leptospirosis (plate agglutination), and plague (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Of 149 sera tested, 40 (27%) were positive for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and 25 (17%) had antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Of 141 bears tested for Trichinella spiralis, 18 (13%) were seropositive, and 19 (15%) of 125 tested had antibodies against the plague organism, Yersinia pestis. Only 2% (2 of 123 tested) had antibodies against Clostridium botulinum. Sera from 129 bears were tested against 4 pools of Leptospira interrogans representing 12 serovars, and 16% of the sera reacted with the pool containing the serovars australis, hyos, and mini georgia.^0
83061519^Spondweni virus infection in a foreign resident of Upper Volta.^198212^Lancet 1982 Dec 11;2(8311):1306-8^^Wolfe MS, Calisher CH, McGuire K^Spondweni virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus previously reported to cause human disease in Southern and West Africa. A serologically confirmed case of Spondweni virus infection in a U.S. citizen residing in Upper Volta is reported. Symptoms included fever, chills, headache, myalgia, nausea, and rash. A greyish mucoid lining was present on the posterior pharynx. The differential diagnosis included rickettsial infection, leptospirosis, typhoid fever, and numerous viral illnesses including Lassa fever. Evidence of Spondweni virus infection was also found in two other U.S. citizens residing in Gabon and Cameroon. Spondweni virus might be a cause of acute febrile illness throughout West Africa, and its presence should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile illness and in antibody surveys in that region.^0
83135279^Leptospirosis in domestic animals: the public health perspective.^198212^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982 Dec 15;181(12):1505-9^^Hanson LE^^0
83142821^[In vitro bacteriostatic effect of current antibiotics on pathogenic Leptospirae]^198212^Orv Hetil 1982 Dec 19;123(51):3131-2^^Fuzi M^^0
84147853^[Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and leptospirosis in the territory of Vladimir Province (preliminary report)]^198301^Tr Inst Pastera 1983;60:28-30^^Boruta VV, Usova VS, Tkachenko VI, Miasnikov IuA, Tkachenko EA^^0
84157692^About the presence of a thermolabile (TL) antigenic fraction in Leptospira interrogans.^198301^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1983;6(4):339-43^^Mazzonelli J, Dorta de Mazzonelli GT, Mailloux M^Antisera prepared with living serovars of Leptospira interrogans have a fraction anti-TL able to neutralize TL antigen of Leptospira strains. After neutralization, any leptospiral serovar is able to adsorb heterologous antisera prepared with living strains.^0
84189767^[Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase in the differential diagnosis of leptospirosis]^198301^Lab Delo 1983;(12):54-5^^Shubich MG, Primachenko NB, Lebedev VV^^0
84147842^[Leptospira infection in Leningrad]^198301^Tr Inst Pastera 1983;60:105-11^^Stoianova NA, Popova EM, Semenovich VN, Sergeiko LM, Udalova GV^^0
84147843^[Leptospirosis in Vologda Province]^198301^Tr Inst Pastera 1983;60:111-7^^Skritskii VS, Kuznetsov GG^^0
84147844^[Leptospirosis in Arkhangelsk]^198301^Tr Inst Pastera 1983;60:117-9^^Selezneva DA, Sosnitskii VI, Neverova NV, Snegirev VI, Ponomareva NA^^0
84147857^[Zooanthroponotic infections in the Northwest (I. Leptospirosis, Q rickettsiosis, pseudotuberculosis and tularemia)]^198301^Tr Inst Pastera 1983;60:4-14^^Tokarevich KN, Daiter AB^^0
83130410^Enzyme-linked immunoassay in the diagnosis of leptospirosis in domestic animals using peroxidase-conjugated protein-A.^198301^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1983;6(1):57-65^^Biancifiori F, Cardaras P^The ELISA test for detection of antibodies to Leptospirosis in domestic animals was performed using Staphylococcal protein-A coupled to peroxidase in place of antisera to IgG. Genus- and type-specific antigens were extracted with SDS technique from four pathogenic serotypes and two non-pathogenic ones, and they were identified with the aid of ELISA using specific rabbit antisera. Micro-agglutination (MA) and ELISA were compared using a total of 48 positive swine sera and a 100% agreement was obtained, since with sera from 16 dogs clinically suspected of Leptospirosis the ELISA resulted highly more sensitive and precocious than MA in detecting specific antibodies.^0
83169233^Zoonoses.^198375^Pediatr Infect Dis 1983 Jan-Feb;2(1):69-81^^Goscienski PJ^Animal-transmitted diseases are remarkable not because they occur frequently but because they are almost always unsuspected and unrecognized. The physician who attends an ill veterinarian or zookeeper will immediately suspect an exotic disease. The pediatrician who attends the child who recently received a puppy for his birthday will not. Our public attitude toward animals as carriers of disease is utterly thoughtless. If a human were to urinate and defecate in the street or park he would be incarcerated without delay. Yet we tolerate and even encourage the same activity in dogs, which are known to carry scores of diseases to humans. Animals as pets are here to stay. Children are their frequent companions. It would serve all those who deal with the medical problems of children to know as much as possible about the diseases carried by animals, for their consequences are quite significant.^0
90135397^[Electron microscopy study of Leptospira previously treated with antibodies in a microscopy agglutination test]^198301^Med Arh 1983;37(3):119-23^^Nadazdin M, Seric K, Lucic N^^0
84013017^Bacterial infections of the liver and biliary tract: laboratory studies to determine etiology.^198301^Lab Res Methods Biol Med 1983;7:119-28^^Vainrub B^^0
83301218^[Brucellosis and other zoonoses - 1981. Human brucellosis]^198301^Przegl Epidemiol 1983;37(1):157-68^^Anusz Z^^0
84030245^Experimental infection with the virulent, Central-European, murine Leptospira pomona strain in the pig.^198301^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1983;30(3):269-75^^Sebek Z, Treml F, Valova M^The virulent, murine Leptospira pomona strain isolated from Apodemus agrarius was used in an experimental infection of six pigs aged 4--5 months. The clinical course of the infection was inapparent, both the blood picture and the uptake of food were normal. All infected pigs produced antibodies against L. pomona at titres from 1:3 200 to 1:50 000. The reisolation of leptospires from the blood of the infected pigs was successful in one case only, and that on day two p.i. Throughout the course of our experiment, no microscopic evidence was obtained of the presence of leptospires in the blood of the infected animals. Of the six guinea pigs injected repeatedly with the urine of the infected pigs, antibodies against L. pomona were detected in two of these at titres 1:3 200 and 1:6 400. However, no direct proof was obtained of leptospires in their kidneys. Leptospires were isolated from the kidneys of two of the infected pigs, at days 10 and 21 p.i. respectively. As suggested by our results, the Central European, murine Leptospira pomona strain should be regarded as an independent biovar incapable of causing a long-term leptospiruria and, hence, apparently unable to result in an epizooty in intensive pig husbandry. According to experimental evidence, Mus musculus can be a potential reservoir of the murine L. pomona biovar in Central Europe.^0
84040818^Cotton-wool spots as a sign in leptospirosis (Weil's disease).^198301^Ophthalmologica 1983;187(3):133-6^^Gutman I, Walsh JB, Knapp AB^A 44-year-old black male presented with fever, myalgia and weakness. He had elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. During the first 6 days of this undiagnosed illness azotemia increased, a pericardial friction rub occurred, and hematuria was present. On the 7th day bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhages, anterior uveitis, and peripapillary cotton- wool spots were noted. This combination of findings suggested leptospirosis, which was subsequently confirmed by specific antibody titers. Therapeutic response was achieved with high-dose systemic steroids.^0
84046105^Isolation of leptospires and demonstration of antibodies in human leptospirosis in Madras, India.^198301^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77(4):455-8^^Ratnam S, Subramanian S, Madanagopalan N, Sundararaj T, Jayanthi V^Among 25 clinically suspected cases of leptospirosis, organisms could be isolated from blood and urine of only 10 cases but demonstrated in 15 cases. Antibody titres at a low level were observed to one or more leptospiral antigens in all 25 cases. Nine of the repeated samples from 12 cases showed a four-fold rise in titre. The highest antibody titres were seen against autumnalis. The predominant clinical picture was of fever, myalgia, conjunctival suffusion and jaundice with renal involvement.^0
84067526^Identification of 4-O-methylmannose in cell wall polysaccharide of Leptospira.^198301^Microbiol Immunol 1983;27(8):711-5^^Yanagihara Y, Kamisango K, Takeda K, Mifuchi I, Azuma I^^0
84097810^[Current problems with leptospirosis]^198301^Sov Med 1983;(10):108-11^^Ugriumov BL, Frolov AF, Bernasovskaia EP^^0
84109718^Small mammals as reservoirs and transmitters of leptospires in livestock-breeding farms and their surroundings.^198301^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1983;30(4):363-71^^Sebek Z, Vlcek M, Sterba J^From 1976 to 1978, we examined 1723 wild small mammals, representing 15 species, from three animal production farms and their surroundings in the Trebon basin, south Bohemia, in order to detect antibodies against leptospirosis. Antibodies were found against the serovars grippotyphosa, sorex-jalna, sejroe and/or istrica. The serological positivity was higher in wet grassland stands and fields bordering fishponds. The dominant serovar was grippotyphosa against which antibodies were detected in 8 species of exoanthropic and synanthropic mammals. Owing to the wide ecological valence of the main natural reservoir of L. grippotyphosa--Microtus arvalis, this serovar was present even within the confines of the farms. M. arvalis, together with Apodemus sylvaticus, entering the farm buildings in the cold winter months, can introduce the serovar to the stables housing the farm animals.^0
84147845^[Prospects of using the immunoadhesive hemagglutination reaction for leptospirosis diagnosis]^198301^Tr Inst Pastera 1983;60:119-23^^Zhogolev KD, Stoianova NA^^0
84153359^[Pathomorphology of toxico-infectious shock in influenza and leptospirosis]^198301^Arkh Patol 1983;45(12):44-51^^Frolov AF, Barshtein IuA, Anisimova IuN^Examinations of the section material of fatal cases due to leptospirosis and influenza, as well as examinations of organs in experimental toxic influenza by light and electron microscopy with determinations of the infectious and immune complexes showed leptospira and influenza virus to be capable of causing toxico-infectious shock (TIS) with typical changes in the microcirculatory bed and organ parenchyma. TIS should be considered to be a special form of the course of an infectious process in which different organs may be "shock organs" depending on the tropic properties of the causative agent: in leptospirosis - the kidneys and liver, in influenza - the lungs and brain.^0
83224889^Serological evidence of leptospirosis in a human population following an outbreak of the disease in cattle.^198301^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77(1):94-8^^Ratnam S, Sundararaj T, Subramanian S^A serological study of leptospirosis in a human population, mainly children of a village near Madras City in Tamilnadu State, India, was undertaken following an outbreak of the disease in cattle as evidenced by clinical symptoms and serology. 27 (68%) of the 40 animal sera tested were positive for leptospiral antibodies. Though cross reactions were present, higher titres and a greater number of positive reactions were seen against autumnalis antigen. 35 (47%) of the 75 human sera gave positive antibody titres and, of these, 22 showed the presence of antibodies to autumnalis antigen.^0
83124879^Pathologic features of leptospirosis in hamsters caused by Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and szwajizak.^198301^Am J Vet Res 1983 Jan;44(1):91-9^^Badiola J, Thiermann AB, Cheville NF^^0
83154921^In vitro effect of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae on human mononuclear leukocytes procoagulant activity: comparison of virulent with nonvirulent strain.^198301^Can J Comp Med 1983 Jan;47(1):70-2^^Miragliotta G, Fumarola D^The in vitro effect of a virulent and a nonvirulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae on human peripheral mononuclear cells was investigated. After addition of bacteria to citrated whole blood the production of mononuclear cell procoagulant activity (tissue factor) was observed. Indeed mononuclear cells isolated from whole blood bacteria mixtures after prolonged incubation shortened the recalcification time of normal plasma. The virulent strain induced a significantly higher procoagulant activity than nonvirulent and this effect was dependent on the number of bacteria. The production of tissue factor, a potent trigger of blood coagulation, by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae could help to understand the mechanism(s) responsible for the activation of intravascular coagulation associated with leptospirosis.^0
83170867^Leptospirosis and the maintenance host: a laboratory mouse model.^198301^Res Vet Sci 1983 Jan;34(1):82-9^^Hathaway SC, Blackmore DK, Marshall RB^A laboratory mouse model was used to investigate the criteria that have been suggested as differentiating between a maintenance host and an accidental host for a particular leptospiral serovar. The comparative studies were conducted with serovars ballum, pomona, balcanica and hardjo. The relative pathological response, ratio of serological to bacteriological prevalence, level of serological response, age- susceptibility to infection and demonstration of artificial intraspecies transmission were found to be inadequate criteria with which to differentiate maintenance and accidental hosts for a particular serovar. The demonstration of natural intraspecies transmission was considered to be the definitive criterion for differentiating such hosts. In the light of the results obtained from the laboratory mouse model and the results obtained from field studies, a maintenance host may be defined as an animal which is capable of acting as a natural source of leptospiral infection for its own species. A maintenance population may be defined as a population of a species of animal which acts as a continuous reservoir of a serovar in a specific ecosystem.^0
83229444^Bacterial infections of the skin. II: cutaneous clues to systemic infections.^198301^Ann Acad Med Singapore 1983 Jan;12(1):98-102^^Chan HL^Systemic bacterial infections often produce skin signs which are of help in the elucidation and evaluation of these diseases. This paper reviews some of such cutaneous clues, their occurrence, recognition and value. The following conditions are discussed: bacterial endocarditis, pseudomonas septicaemia, disseminated gonococcal infection, meningococcemia, clostridia infections, leptospirosis and typhoid fever. Bacterial causes of erythema nodosum are also considered.^0
83250920^[Diagnosis of sporadic leptospirosis in adults]^198301^Vrach Delo 1983 Jan;(1):116-8^^Tarasov VI, Gaidai AM, Panarin IuD^^0
83271752^[Fluorescence method of evaluation of the lysosomes of the lymphoid cells of the cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis and meningism]^198375^Neurol Neurochir Pol 1983 Jan-Feb;17(1):25-31^^Kucharska-Demczuk K^The fluorescence method of Blume et al. was found to be useful for identification and morphological evaluation of lysosomes in cerebrospinal fluid cells. The investigations were carried out in 49 patients with viral and bacterial meningitis or meningismus. It was demonstrated that the CSF cells in most patients with purulent meningitis contained no fluorescent granules in an early stage of the disease before introduction of antibacterial therapy. These granules were found in CSF cells in cases of leptospirosis, viral meningitis and meningismus of various aetiology in acute stage of the disease and even in convalescence, and in purulent meningitis in convalescence. In bacterial meningitis large lysosomal granules were observed, and in viral meningitis these granules were small. The method visualizes easily bacteria (meningococci and pneumococci) in the cerebrospinal fluid.^0
83277492^[Intrauterine bacterial and mycotic infections in cows]^198301^Vet Med Nauki 1983;20(2):33-40^^Kolev V, Venev S, Markarian M, Dabev I^Bacteriologic, mycologic, and serologic investigations of cows and calves and three experiments with rabbits were carried out to shed light on the bacteriology and mycology of the intrauterine infections in cows. The following organisms were isolated from the investigated cows that exhibited disturbances in their reproduction, and had abortions, or gave birth to calves that were affected with diseases or died: Escherichia coli (17.84%), association of bacteria (7.64%); Vibrio genitalis (3.86%); Streptococcus sp. (2.78%); moulds (2.54%); Staphylococcus aureus (2.20%); Proteus sp. (1.62%); Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.39%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.39%); Pasteurella multocida (0.11%). The serologic investigation of a total of 231 blood samples from cows that miscarried, gave birth to dead calves, or failed to conceive revealed that in 15.58 per cent there was vibriosis, and in 6.06 per cent--leptospirosis. Demonstrated was the etiologic link between cows with reproductive disturbances and diseased calves with regard to vibriosis and leptospirosis. The tests with rabbits were indicative of bacterial carriers (with special reference to the genitalia) up to the 60th day following infection. There were abortions, sterility, and death cases and the birth of unviable bunnies in the case of reproduced coital infections with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.^0
83282183^[Clinico-morphological characteristics of leptospirosis]^198301^Arkh Patol 1983;45(5):48-54^^Polotskii IuE, Semenovich VN, Komarova DV, Stoianova NA, Udalova GV^Observations in 5 patients dying with leptospirosis (at 6-30 days after the onset) caused by leptospira of the Hebdomadis serogroup are described. Bright jaundice developed due to severe serous liver centrilobular edema with pronounced dissociation of the liver cell bands, cholestasis, and cloudy swelling of hepatocytes. Albuminuria, oliguria, and uraemia were caused by acute tubular and interstitial nephritis. Hemorrhagic diathesis with small bleedings in the skin, mucous and serous membranes was associated with the impairment of permeability of microcirculatory vessels. Focal necroses of skeletal muscles, myocardiodystrophy, and focal myocarditis, serous leptomeningitis were also seen. Few leptospirae could be detected extracellularly (often attached to the outer host cell membranes) by Warthin-Starry's method of silver impregnation of paraffin sections and by indirect immunofluorescence, much more rarely could they be demonstrated by Levaditi's method of silver impregnation of pieces of the viscera. Most leptospirae were present in the liver in the case of death on the 6th day when no antibodies were yet present in the blood. Since the 9th day when the antibodies did appear, leptospirae gradually disappeared from the liver and were found in the kidneys. It is suggested that some leptospiral cytotoxic products play a role in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.^0
83135299^Can antibody responses in cattle vaccinated with a multivalent leptospiral bacterin interfere with serologic diagnosis of disease?^198301^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983 Jan 15;182(2):165-7^^Stringfellow DA, Brown RR, Hanson LE, Schnurrenberger PR, Johnson J^A commercially available leptospiral bacterin containing 5 serovars (canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, pomona) was used per label directions to vaccinate 45 steers and bulls. In animals in which the prevaccination sera were negative for microscopic agglutinating antibody, the increase and decrease of titers were similar among all serovars. A serologic response was stimulated by a single dose and enhanced by the 2nd dose. Most titers peaked at 2 weeks and then fell rapidly by 15 weeks after the 2nd dose. Thirty-four animals with prevaccinal titers to serovar hardjo responded with high microscopic agglutinating titers for a sustained period. Of these cattle, 31 still had titers between 200 and 400 by 29 weeks after the 2nd dose. These results were interpreted as representing an anamnestic response initiated by the bacterin to a sensitization that had followed natural exposure.^0
83174357^[Pathogenic properties of Leptospira in relation to the pathology of leptospirosis]^198302^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Feb;(2):13-7^^Semenovich VN, Polotskii IuE^^0
83174376^[Preparation and use of solid culture medium for Leptospira isolation]^198302^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Feb;(2):80-4^^Soboleva GL^Recommendations on the preparation and use of a solid culture medium are given; age changes in the colonies of leptospires belonging to different serovars and serogroups have been studied in their dynamics; the absence of relationship between the form of the colonies, the serovar and serogroup of the cultures, their virulence, as well as the region, time and source of their isolation has been established, which makes it impossible to use these parameters for the differentiation of Leptospira strains belonging to different serovars on solid culture media.^0
83301359^[Leptospirosis: serological report on the transient Haitian population in Cuba]^198375^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1983 Feb-Apr;35(1):112-8^^Cabrera Pupo L, Cornide Gonzalez RI, Romero Reyno J, Poutou Sanchez E^^0
83188120^Aminopeptidase activity of Leptospira strains.^198302^J Gen Microbiol 1983 Feb;129 (Pt 2):395-400^^Neill SD, Reid LR, Ellis WA^A total of 15 cultures of Leptospira were examined for aminopeptidase activity using 22 aminoacyl-beta-naphthylamde substrates. Activity was demonstrated in each of the cultures. Extracts from serovars of Leptospira interrogans preferentially hydrolysed the same range of substrates. The level of hydrolysis of the preferred substrates for the seven strains of L. interrogans was distinctively higher than that demonstrated for the six Leptospira biflexa strains. Extracts from cultures of Leptospira illini and Leptospira parva sp. nov. exhibited profiles different to those demonstrated for the other 13 leptospiral cultures examined.^0
83190365^[Clinical variants of leptospirosis]^198302^Klin Med (Mosk) 1983 Feb;61(2):89-93^^Ugriumov BL, Pletnev VM, Vovk AD, Tat'ianko NV, Gorodetskii MM^^0
83285279^[Method of detection of incomplete antibody against Leptospira and its application]^198302^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1983 Feb;4(1):15-7^^Zhang RZ^^0
83172432^[The occurrence of antibodies to various Leptospira serotypes in swine in The Netherlands in the period 1975-1980]^198302^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1983 Feb 15;108(4):133-8^^Bercovich Z, Spek CW, Comvalius-Adriaan I^A total number of 18.675 sera of pigs were examined for the presence of antibodies to various serotypes of Leptospira in the Netherlands during the period from 1975 to 1980. The study showed an average of 21 per cent of positive serological findings. The distribution of these findings amongst the various serotypes of Leptospira was as follows: L. bratislava 39%; L tarassovi 22%; L. ballum 15% and L. icterohaemorrhagiae 12%. The combined other serotypes scored approximately 12%. The percentage of serologically positive animals having a history of abortion was approximately 23%. 23% up to 1978. In 1979, it fell to 11%, and it increased again to 32% in 1980. The common serotypes of Leptospira in sows which aborted were L. bratislava, L. tarassovi, L. ballum and L. icterohaemorrhagiae. L. pomona, L. australis, L. canicola and L. hardjo were rare but were identified in a few cases. It is recommended that measures should be adopted to prevent the introduction of these serotypes.^0
83180500^[Problems of standardizing the density of antigens for the Leptospira microagglutination test]^198303^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1983 Mar;32(2):63-7^^Rak J^^0
83176507^Immunoglobulin E antibodies to pollens augmented in dogs by virus vaccines.^198303^Am J Vet Res 1983 Mar;44(3):440-5^^Frick OL, Brooks DL^An inbred "atopic dog colony" was established to study the effect of viruses on immunoregulation of immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies. Dogs were selected for high skin reactivity to grass and weed pollens. Their offspring were inoculated with pollen extracts in alum immediately after routine vaccinations (attenuated live-virus vaccines for canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis, and a killed bacterin for Leptospira). Heat labile antipollen IgE antibodies were measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Pups vaccinated for canine distemper before being given pollen extracts had many more IgE antibodies than did their control littermates who were not vaccinated until after the last pollen extract injection. This may be a natural example of the "allergic break-through phenomenon."^0
84198653^Identification of a reservoir of leptospira interrogans serovar muenchen in voles (Microtus agrestis and Clethrionomys glareolus) in England.^198303^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1983 Mar;254(1):123-8^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Stevens AE^Infection with leptospires of the Australis serogroup is widespread in voles in Southern England and the serovar identification of five randomly-selected isolates was determined by cross agglutination absorption. Two isolates from short-tailed voles (Microtus agrestis) and three isolates from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) were all identified as serovar muenchen. The only previous isolation of this serovar is that from a human in Germany.^0
83303349^Survey of rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Kuwait for the presence of Leptospira.^198303^Trop Geogr Med 1983 Mar;35(1):33-6^^Bezjak V, Thorburn H^A survey of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) was made in Kuwait in 1979 for the presence of Leptospira organisms. Kidney tissue from 49 rats, trapped mostly from various Kuwait City districts, were cultured on E.M.J.H. and Stuart media. Eight leptospira strains were isolated; all strains were identical and belonged to Leptospira interrogans Canicola serogroup; they were later identified as a new serovar kuwait. The frequency of L. interrogans group Canicola carriers among the local rats in Kuwait was 16.3%, which is higher than reported so far. A summary of published data on the isolation of Leptospira other than L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae from rats, particularly the brown rat, is presented with emphasis on the Middle East.^0
84017166^[Leptospirosis]^198375^Rev Paul Med 1983 Mar-Apr;101(2):74-6^^Camargo MC, Figueiredo GM, Veneziani P, Oki S^^0
83162874^Leptospirosis.^198303^J Med Assoc State Ala 1983 Mar;52(9):16-9^^Harris LF, Frierson WB^^0
83179761^Experimental infection in sheep with Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo.^198375^Br Vet J 1983 Mar-Apr;139(2):165-70^^Andreani E, Tolari F, Farina R^^0
83243988^[Leptospiroses in New Caledonia]^198375^Med Trop (Mars) 1983 Mar-Apr;43(2):137-43^^Guelain J, Le Gonidec G, Bouchard E, Peghini M^^0
83251058^Serological study of the distribution of Leptospira interrogans (serotype jules) and five other leptospires in Jamaica.^198303^West Indian Med J 1983 Mar;32(1):32-7^^Agba MI, King SD, Urquhart AE^^0
83253993^[Hemosorptive treatment of the terminal stage of hepatorenal insufficiency caused by leptospirosis]^198375^Anesteziol Reanimatol 1983 Mar-Apr;(2):35-9^^Krivulis DB, Groshev AN, Burushkina TN, Aleinikov VG, Tsimermane GI^^0
83199120^Possible involvement of leptospires in abortion, stillbirths and neonatal deaths in sheep.^198303^Vet Rec 1983 Mar 26;112(13):291-3^^Ellis WA, Bryson DG, Neill SD, McParland PJ, Malone FE^Using culture, immunofluorescence and fetal serology, leptospiral infection was demonstrated in aborted, stillborn and weak lambs from nine out of 42 flocks investigated during the 1980 and 1981 lambing seasons. Three serogroups of leptospira, namely the Hebdomadis, Australis and Pomona serogroups, were implicated.^0
83187683^Etiologic studies of epidemic hemorrhagic fever (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome).^198304^J Infect Dis 1983 Apr;147(4):654-9^^Song G, Hang CS, Qui XZ, Ni DS, Liao HX, Gao GZ, Du YL, Xu JK, Wu YS, Zhao JN, Kong BX, Wang ZS, Zhang ZQ, Shen HK, Zhou N^Two strains of epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) virus were isolated from the lung tissues of Apodemus agrarius mice that were captured in an area where EHF is endemic. The strains were isolated by passages in A. agrarius mice from a nonendemic area. Identification of the isolates by usual procedures was confirmed by repeated blind tests with coded sera. Contamination with certain known viruses such as reovirus, adenovirus (types 3 and 7), and other pathogens, such as murine typhus rickettsiae and Leptospira, which may be naturally present in wild rodents, appeared to have been ruled out. The antigen slides made from these isolates are in use in the specific diagnosis and seroepidemiologic studies of EHF. The first successful application is the serodiagnosis of a mild type of hemorrhagic fever that occurs with characteristic epidemiologic features in certain provinces of China.^0
84046165^Clinical profile of leptospirosis.^198375^Trop Gastroenterol 1983 Apr-Jun;4(2):100-3^^Jayanthi V, Ratnam S, Madanagopalan N, Ramachandran MS, Subramanian S^^0
84198673^Activation of complement by leptospires and its bactericidal activity.^198304^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1983 Apr;254(2):261-5^^Cinco M, Banfi E^Bactericidal activity of complement was found to be effective on saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strains and not on Leptospira interrogans strains, by means of viable counting; the killing effect on saprophytic strains was probably due to a direct activation of the complement system via the alternative pathway. On the contrary the pathogenic strains seemed to activate the complement at a lower extent and were, in any case, resistant to the lytic action of the activated complement.^0
83244192^Evaluation of usefulness of 2-mercapto-ethanol treatment in serodiagnosis of swine leptospirosis.^198304^Microbiologica 1983 Apr;6(2):133-43^^Awad-Masalmeh A, Willinger H^Serum samples of piglets infected artificially or naturally, respectively, with Leptospira pomona were treated with 2-mercapto- ethanol (ME) and tested in the microscopic agglutination test in comparison with untreated sera. Serum-treatment with ME showed two beneficial effects, one being the total elimination of heterotypic reactions, the other the reduction or elimination, respectively, of early antibodies, presumably belonging to the IgM class. Accordingly, two practical implications can be derived from our results. The ratio of ME-sensitive and ME-resistant antibody titers allows the recognition of early leptospira infections. The total suppression by ME of heterotypic agglutination eliminates the danger of determining the wrong leptospira type as causative agent, a crucial problem encountered not infrequently with agglutination testing of untreated sera. Recognition of early cases of swine leptospirosis by ME-treatment of sera is particularly useful, as the complement fixative reaction, successfully used in other species for the same purpose, is inappropriate in swine sera owing to their autolytic properties. Furthermore by elimination of all heterotypic reactions the ME-method gives better chances for the determination of the causative agent and hence for correct interpretation of serological results. ME-treatment is considered as a useful help in serodiagnosis of field samples, in which determination of duration of infection is essential or in which heterotypic agglutination is obscuring the etiological leptospira type.^0
83264296^Serological evidence of leptospirosis in jaundice and pyrexia of unknown origin.^198304^Indian J Med Res 1983 Apr;77:427-30^^Ratnam S, Sundararaj T, Thyagarajan SP, Rao RS, Madanagopalan N, Subramanian S^^0
83264886^Leptospirosis in South West Ireland.^198304^Ir J Med Sci 1983 Apr;152(4):145-8^^English J, Molloy W, Murnaghan D, Whelton M^^0
83294839^Hematologic, serum chemistry and serologic values of Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) in Alaska.^198304^J Wildl Dis 1983 Apr;19(2):136-9^^Foreyt WJ, Smith TC, Evermann JF, Heimer WE^In June 1979, 73 Dall's sheep were captured near Tok, Alaska to determine selected hematologic and serum metabolite parameters and to determine the presence of antibodies to selected pathogens. Hematology and serum metabolite values were compared with values for domestic sheep and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Antibodies were detected against Brucella sp. (4%), Campylobacter feti (30%), contagious ecthyma virus (23%) and bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (1%). Antibodies were not detected against Anaplasma sp., Leptospira sp., bovine virus diarrhea virus, bluetongue virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, ovine progressive pneumonia, and Toxoplasma sp.^0
83250596^Isolation of a hamster lethal strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo.^198304^Vet Rec 1983 Apr 30;112(18):437-8^^Woods SB, Maley AD, Frerichs GN, Bailey J^^0
84195342^[Endemic strains of pathogenic Leptospirae isolated in Latin America and the Caribbean]^198375^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1983 May-Aug;35(2):186-92^^Macedo SL, Cornide RI, Caceres I^^0
83186039^Multiple pathways for isoleucine biosynthesis in the spirochete Leptospira.^198305^J Bacteriol 1983 May;154(2):846-53^^Westfall HN, Charon NW, Peterson DE^Spirochetes of the genus Leptospira have previously been shown to use an unusual pathway to synthesize isoleucine. For reasons of convenience, we assume that only one unusual pathway is found in the genus, and we refer to it as the pyruvate pathway. We determined the distribution of this pyruvate pathway in representatives of the seven Leptospira DNA hybridization groups. Our method included labeling the representative strains with radioactive carbon dioxide and other radioactive precursors, fractionating the cells, and determining the specific activities (counts detected per nanomole) of the amino acids found in the protein fractions. On the basis of isoleucine biosynthesis, we found that the genus can be classified as follows: class I primarily, if not exclusively, uses the well-known threonine pathway; class II uses mostly the pyruvate pathway, with a minor amount of isoleucine being synthesized via the threonine pathway; and class III uses the pyruvate pathway exclusively. No relationship appears to exist between the degree of DNA hybridization and the classes of isoleucine biosynthesis. Although the precise intermediates on the pyruvate pathway are unknown, the origin of the carbon skeleton of isoleucine synthesized by this pathway is consistent with a borrowing of the leucine biosynthetic enzymes. However, we found that the pyruvate pathway is not controlled by leucine and that the two isoleucine pathways are independently regulated. Finding major and highly evolved multiple biosynthetic pathways of a specific amino acid within one genus is unique, and, conceivably, represents phylogenetic diversity within Leptospira.^0
84009271^[Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Leptospira causing Weil's disease]^198305^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1983 May;57(5):394-404^^Tamai T^^0
84026883^[Diseases arising from contact with animals in an urban tropical milieu]^198375^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1983 May-Jun;76(3):293-9^^Voelckel J^^0
83254135^Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona in cattle.^198305^Am J Vet Res 1983 May;44(5):884-7^^Thiermann AB, Garrett LA^An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which used the phenol phase of a hot phenol-water extraction as antigen, and the microscopic agglutination test were compared for the detection of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona in cattle. Among serum samples from vaccinated cattle, the ELISA (using antiglobulin) was positive to 64% with hardjo antigen and to 78% with pomona antigen, whereas the microscopic agglutination test was positive to only 18% with hardjo and 23% with pomona. There were no ELISA reactions observed among known negative-control samples. The ELISA, using antiglobulin conjugate, was overall a more sensitive technique for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in cattle.^0
84271315^[Current clinical aspects of leptospirosis]^198305^Minerva Med 1983 May 12;74(20):1179-86^^Suter F, Minoli L, Parisi A, Filice C, Maserati R, Farina CF^Leptospirosis is still endemic in the Po valley. It has an extremely protean clinical picture. In a series of 79 cases diagnosed at Pavia in the period 1970-79 hepatonephritic forms were the most common (29.1%), followed by febrile or pseudo-influenza forms (25.3%), hepatitis (20.2%), nephritis (17.8%), and meningitis (7.6%). Febrile hepatonephritis was always accompanied by the most severe pictures. Timely antibiotic management with penicillin or ampicillin, and above all the early use of peritoneal dialysis (carried in 10 subjects) enable a final cure to be obtained even in these cases. The only death in that series did not appear to be ascribable to the disease itself.^0
84271316^[Possibilities and current technics of dialysis in leptospirosis with severe renal damage]^198305^Minerva Med 1983 May 12;74(20):1187-90^^Fiori GP, Tafuri A, Iberti M^Three patients with severe liver and renal failure admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department of the Alessandria for suspected leptospirosis in the second half of 1979 are presented. In one case, the agent responsible was Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae AB Wjnberg strain, in another Gram-negative sepsis, and in the third acute pancreatitis associated with serious Escherichia coli infection. An account is given of the peritoneal dialysis technique that led to successful resolution of the serious liver and renal failure.^0
84271317^[Therapy and prevention of leptospirosis]^198305^Minerva Med 1983 May 12;74(20):1191-8^^Calonghi G, Cadeo GP, Nadalini A^After a brief description of the experimental and clinical data on antibiotic treatment of leptospirosis, personal experience of 47 patients is reported. The administration of antibiotics to these patients with Weil's disease, lymphocytic meningitis or grippe-like syndrome began well after the onset of the infection and appeared to have little therapeutic effect. The symptomatic therapy of leptospirosis, especially in the form of Weil's disease with serious renal insufficiency is then referred to and the early use of peritoneal dialysis is recommended. General specific and immunizing (vaccination) prophylaxis procedures are then described.^0
83191767^Is leptospirosis a "rare" disease? [editorial]^198305^Med J Aust 1983 May 14;1(10):445-6^^Faine S^^0
83191776^Human leptospirosis in Victoria.^198305^Med J Aust 1983 May 14;1(10):460-3^^Swart KS, Wilks CR, Jackson KB, Hayman JA^Between May, 1979, and May, 1981, leptospirosis was diagnosed, on the basis of serological and culture findings, in specimens from 208 of 2516 patients with symptoms which suggested leptospirosis or other zoonoses. The most common serological reactions were with serovars hardjo (69%), pomona (29%) and tarassovi (2%). There was a clear association between infection and occupation in 101 farmers, 44 meat workers and 11 meat inspectors. It would seem prudent to consider leptospirosis in the differential diagnosis of pyrexia in patients who have occupational contact with animals, and to institute appropriate serological and culture examinations.^0
83304588^[Antigenic structure of leptospires of the Canicola serogroup isolated in the north-western regions of the RSFSR]^198306^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Jun;(6):37-41^^Stoianova NA, Popova EM, Iachmenev NI, Sil'ianova VI, Semenovich VN^The comparative study of 16 Leptospira cultures, serogroup Canicola, isolated from humans and animals in different years in the North-West of the RSFSR and 2 reference strains of the Canicola serovar, Hond Utrecht IV and Kashirsky, was carried out in the agglutinin cross- adsorption tests. The absence of the antigenic homogeneity of the cultures under test was established: 9 of them proved to be identical to strain Kashirsky and 7, to strain Hond Utrecht IV.^0
83304583^[Etiological structure of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis in gray rats (Rattus norvegicus)]^198306^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Jun;(6):24-6^^Chernukha IuG, Anan'ina IuV^In 93 Leptospira strains isolated from Norwegian rats serovar determination was made. As a result, leptospires circulating among Norwegian rats were found to belong mainly to serovar copenhageni, group Icterohaemorrhagiae, while leptospires of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, even if occurring, were found only in the animals inhabiting pigsties. Leptospirosis epizooty among rats, caused by L. icterohaemorrhagiae, took its course independently of leptospirosis epizooty among mice, caused by L. hebdomadis, and simultaneously with it.^0
83304587^[Bactericidal activity of normal sera from various animal species against pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires]^198306^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Jun;(6):33-7^^Anan'ina IuV, Chernukha IuG^The leptospirocidal activity of 5 animal species against L. interrogans, L. biflexa and L. kazachstanica I and II, belonging to different serogroups and serovars, was studied. Cattle and sheep sera had no lytic effect on 36.9-40.1% of pathogenic Leptospira strains, but other pathogenic strains, as well as saprophytes, were lyzed by these sera. L. pomona and L. grippotyphosa exhibited high resistance to cattle serum, the latter being also resistant to sheep serum.^0
83304596^[Population ecology of leptospires. 1. An experience with evaluation of leptospira count in a carrier and the intensity of elimination in the urine]^198306^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Jun;(6):60-3^^Golubev MV, Litvin VIu^The number of L. hebdomadis and L. grippotyphosa in the body of tundra voles (Microtus oeconomicus) has been shown to be approximately 500-800 million; about 100 million of them are daily eliminated from the body of a vole with urine. About 70% of the total volume and separate portions of urine contain leptospires, a single portion of urine containing about 2 million microbial cells. These data have proved to be the same for both L. hebdomadis and L. grippotyphosa.^0
84010593^Leptospirosis--an occupational disease of soldiers.^198306^J R Army Med Corps 1983 Jun;129(2):111-4^^Johnston JH, Lloyd J, McDonald J, Waitkins S^Two cases of leptospirosis are described in soldiers who fell into a river together. One developed Weil's disease due to icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup and the other "Mud-Fever" due to grippotyphosa serogroup. The organisms were initially cultured in standard blood culture media. There were six cases of leptospirosis in BAOR in the 10 years to 1980 giving an incidence 10 times greater than in the civil population of UK and West Germany. Leptospirosis is an occupational disease of soldiers in BAOR and the health risks of fresh water immersion should be publicised.^0
84026419^[Preliminary report on isolation of pathogenic Leptospira in Ningxia Hui autonomous region]^198306^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1983 Jun;4(3):146-7^^Li ZG^^0
84036059^The first isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona from cattle in Botswana.^198306^J S Afr Vet Assoc 1983 Jun;54(2):83-4^^Herr S, Winnen GM^Serological evidence for the occurrence of L. pomona associated with abortions in cattle was supported by the successful isolation of the organism from the urine of a cow. Leptospirosis should be considered as a possible cause of abortion even in relatively dry regions.^0
83214801^Leptospirosis with bacteriologic diagnosis.^198306^J Infect Dis 1983 Jun;147(6):1107^^Deodhar L, Krishnan K, Chaphekar AG^^0
83254169^Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antileptospiral antibodies in swine sera.^198306^Am J Vet Res 1983 Jun;44(6):1120-2^^Waltman WD 2d, Dawe DL^A genus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to the detection of antileptospiral antibodies in swine sera. Results of the ELISA directly correlated with the results of the microscopic agglutination test. The ELISA had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 86.4%, and predictive accuracy of 91.3%. Because the ELISA is a simple and extremely accurate test, it lends itself as a diagnostic screening test for large numbers of samples.^0
83273382^[Late positive blood culture in leptospirosis (letter)]^198306^Presse Med 1983 Jun 25;12(27):1726-7^^Raoult D, Jeandel P, Rougier Y, Auger C, Mailloux M^^0
84002327^[A focus of leptospirosis in a deep mine]^198307^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1983 Jul;32(4):218-23^^Klimes A, Cerny J, Kadlec V^^0
84019961^[Leptospira population ecology. II. An attempt to assess the number in the soil and the epizootic potential of infected spots]^198307^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Jul;(7):106-9^^Golubev MV, Litvin VIu^Leptospires released with a carrier's urine were found to inhabit the upper layer of the soil 1 cm deep at a radius of 1-2 cm from the place of their penetration into the soil. A sharp drop in the number of leptospires in the "infected spot" was shown to occur; in 6-12 hours their concentration became no different from that in the intact soil. Most of such spots retained their infective capacity for 6 hours (up to 2 days), though the presence of leptospires at low concentration was registered for 10 days (the term of observation). The infective capacity was probably maintained by the regular addition of leptospires with carriers' urine.^0
84198704^Immunoperoxidase staining of leptospires in blood and urine.^198307^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1983 Jul;254(4):534-9^^Terpstra WJ, Jabboury-Postema J, Korver H^Immunoperoxidase staining of leptospires is a relatively simple method giving satisfactory results. Leptospires can be identified by the specificity of the serological reaction and by their characteristic morphology. The method could contribute to a rapid diagnosis by the direct demonstration of leptospires in clinical specimens.^0
84069436^A pomona serogroup-specific, agglutinating antigen in Leptospira, identified by monoclonal antibodies.^198307^Pathology 1983 Jul;15(3):247-50^^Adler B, Faine S^Monoclonal antibodies were produced by hybridoma cell lines derived by fusion of mouse NS-1 myeloma cells with splenocytes from mice immunized with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. One hybridoma (A3) produced an IgG2a antibody which agglutinated all leptospires of the Pomona serogroup but not leptospires representative of serovars of any other serogroup. The antibody precipitated in immunodiffusions with either alkali- or phenol-extracted lipopolysaccharide and also with the TM antigen of Yanagawa et al., indicating a common determinant on both antigens. A3 antibody opsonized viable leptospires for phagocytosis by mouse macrophages in vitro.^0
84017026^Serovar identification of leptospires of the Australis serogroup isolated from free-living and domestic species in the United Kingdom.^198307^Res Vet Sci 1983 Jul;35(1):64-8^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Stevens AE, Ellis WA, Morgan J^Eighteen isolates from the Australis serogroup from free-living and domestic animals were identified using the cross agglutination absorption test. Serovar muenchen was found only in England and Wales in wood mice, short tailed and bank voles, a grey squirrel and a pig. Serovar bratislava was found in hedgehogs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and also in a brown rat from Northern Ireland. Serovar bratislava was isolated from sheep in both England and Northern Ireland and from horses in Northern Ireland. The distribution of these serovars in relation to possible maintenance hosts is discussed.^0
84052280^Bovine abortion associated with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection.^198307^Aust Vet J 1983 Jul;60(7):204-6^^Slee KJ, McOrist S, Skilbeck NW^During 1981, 265 bovine abortions were investigated by serological and histological methods for evidence of leptospiral infection. Leptospires were demonstrated in the tissues of 10 foetuses by a Levaditi silver impregnation technique. Serological testing of maternal sera indicated that Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was associated with 5 of the abortions while the remaining 5 were due to L. interrogans serovar pomona infection. In cases of abortion associated with L. interrogans serovar hardjo leptospires were readily demonstrated in foetal liver, kidney, intestine and heart. They were demonstrated less often in lung and placenta and could not be found in foetal brain. Autolysis did not appear to interfere with the demonstration of leptospires by silver impregnation. No lesions attributable to leptospiral infection were seen in placentas but mild interstitial nephritis was found in some of the foetuses. Fourteen other cows had serological evidence of recent leptospiral infection but leptospires were not detected in foetal tissues. Histological examination of silver impregnated foetal tissues in combination with the microscopic agglutination test was shown to be an effective method for diagnosing abortion associated with L. interrogans serovar hardjo in cattle.^0
84052294^The significance of Leptospira isolated from the kidneys of slaughtered pigs.^198307^Aust Vet J 1983 Jul;60(7):226-7^^Peet RL, Mercy A, Hustas L, Speed C^^0
84057011^[Observations on the effect of common methods of cooking and freezing on the kidney contaminated by Leptospira]^198307^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1983 Jul;17(4):214-5^^Li YJ^^0
84065023^Leptospires in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada.^198307^J Wildl Dis 1983 Jul;19(3):192-9^^Everard CO, Fraser-Chanpong GM, Bhagwandin LJ, Race MW, James AC^Serum samples from 894 wild animals (representing 31 species) from Trinidad and Grenada were examined by the microscopic agglutination test for leptospiral antibodies; 198 were positive. These included 39 bats, 88 mongooses, six opossums, 10 peridomestic rodents, 15 forest rodents, 10 lizards, and 30 toads. Thirteen pathogenic serogroups were involved. Thirty-nine Leptospira isolates were reported from mongooses, opossums, rodents and toads.^0
84198705^Growth of 10 Leptospira interrogans serovars using polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)-treated Tween in protein-free medium.^198307^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1983 Jul;254(4):540-4^^Schonberg A^Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-treated Tween was used to prepare a protein- free medium for cultivation of leptospires. 6 out of 25 media were selected for culturing 10 serovars of leptospires. The best results were achieved in a medium containing Tween treated with PVP 25000. In several subcultures 8 out of 10 serovars reached a concentration of 10(8) leptospires/ml or more, when cultured in tubes without aeration.l Only in the case of 2 serovars (Leptospira interrogans serovars grippotyphosa and tarassovi) growth was not satisfactory. The results have shown that it is possible to detoxify Tween with the aid of polyvinylpyrrolidone. In the meantime the 40th subculture of 8 strains has been prepared.^0
85097197^The spectrum of toxic shock syndrome.^198307^Am J Emerg Med 1983 Jul;1(1):30-4^^Thek J, Braun BJ, Skiendzielewski JJ^The toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a newly-recognized entity caused by a Staphylococcal exotoxin and associated with the use of tampons for menstrual protection. Two cases are presented which demonstrate the spectrum of severity of the disease. The common nature of its early symptoms necessitates a high index of suspicion to preclude a progression to the later stages of the disease, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality.^0
83265334^Efficacy of Leptospira vaccine [letter]^198307^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983 Jul 1;183(1):12, 34^^Marshall V^^0
83286611^Growth, cultural characteristics, and antibacterial sensitivity of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198307^Cornell Vet 1983 Jul;73(3):225-39^^Ellinghausen HC Jr^Nutrient requirements of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were investigated using a 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) medium, supplemented separately with polysorbates (Tweens) 80, 60, 40, 20, NH4Cl, and vitamins thiamine and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). L. hardjo was tested in vitro against 30 antibacterial compounds incorporated into semisolid medium (0.2% agar) at 3 compound concentrations. Growth was superior in polysorbate 80 (oleic acid rich) and polysorbate 40 (palmitic rich) media. A linear growth response to vitamin B12 could be shown. Hamster isolates all required thiamine and vitamin B12 for growth. The antibacterial compounds could be classed as: 100% bacteriocidal, bacteriocidal at the 2 highest concentrations, bacteriocidal at only 1 concentration, and completely noninhibitory. The tetracyclines were strongly bacteriocidal. The comparative growth rates of hamster isolates were much reduced when compared to the type strain hardjoprajitno. These studies were performed acknowledging that the polysorbates were mixtures of fatty acids. Nephelometry was used as an accepted method to monitor the synthesis of leptospiral cell mass.^0
83303698^Abattoir survey of bovine kidney disease.^198307^Vet Rec 1983 Jul 16;113(3):55-7^^Monaghan ML, Hannan J^A survey of the prevalence and type of renal disease was carried out at a Dublin abattoir in 1979-80. Of 4166 cattle surveyed, 173 (4.2 per cent) had kidneys rejected for gross abnormalities. The rejection rate was 7.7, 1.7, 2.2 and 28 per cent for cows, bullocks, heifers and bulls, respectively. The most common reason for rejection was focal interstitial nephritis (60.1 per cent of rejected kidneys). Other lesions included cysts (26.0 per cent), pigmentation (6.4 per cent), pyelonephritis (3.5 per cent), amyloidosis (2.9 per cent), glomerulonephritis (0.6 per cent), renal atrophy (0.6 per cent) and agonal haemorrhage.^0
83245697^Leptospirosis and mental illness [letter]^198307^N Z Med J 1983 Jul 27;96(736):589^^Avery TL^^0
84047900^[Comparative study of the phospholipase activity of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira cultured on a serum-lecithin agar]^198308^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Aug;(8):27-31^^Levina LF, Volina EG, Soboleva GL, Arutiunova GA^The phospholipase activity of leptospires cultivated on serum-lecithin agar has been studied. Two zones of changes in the medium have been found to appear around the colonies of saprophytic Leptospira strains: transparent (5.25 +/- 2.09 mm wide) and turbid (6.90 +/- +/- 1.46 mm wide), which is linked with the production of phospholipases A and C. Only a single clear zone is formed around the colonies of pathogenic strains due to the production of phospholipase A. At the same time virulent Leptospira strains show greater phospholipase activity (the zones are 6.0 +/- 1.2 mm wide) than avirulent strains (the zones are 1.6 +/- +/- 0.04 mm wide).^0
84047911^[Prerequisites for the ecological prognosis of tularemia and leptospirosis foci in human activities in the national economy]^198308^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Aug;(8):62-6^^Siniak KM, Kas'ianenko AM, Kas'ianenko TI^^0
83275588^Analysis of Leptospira antigens by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.^198308^Scand J Immunol 1983 Aug;18(2):113-21^^Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ^Serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, and arboreae of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans and serovar patoc of saprophytic L. biflexa were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A close antigenic relationship was found between the interrogans serovars, particularly between icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola. To a much lesser extent cross- reactions were found between interrogans serovars and patoc. Comparison of three different antigenic preparations of icterohaemorrhagiae by tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis and by absorption experiments with the patoc reference system showed the presence of several common broadly reactive antigens. Antigen 1 of the reference system, a genus- specific heat-stable protein antigen, was found in all antigenic preparations. It is a diagnostically important antigen.^0
84019167^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in pigs: a new host-parasite relationship in the United Kingdom.^198308^Vet Rec 1983 Aug 13;113(7):153-4^^Hathaway SC, Ellis WA, Little TW, Stevens AE, Ferguson HW^The first isolations of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo from pigs are recorded. Evidence that hardjo may be a sporadic cause of porcine reproductive disease is presented.^0
84019178^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo from a viable premature calf.^198308^Vet Rec 1983 Aug 20;113(8):174-6^^Giles N, Hathaway SC, Stevens AE^A severe outbreak of agalactia in a dairy herd of 80 cows was followed by six premature calvings and an abortion. Serological and bacteriological studies identified Leptospira hardjo as the probable cause. A leptospire isolated from the kidney of a premature calf killed seven weeks post partum was identified as hardjo and it is probable that this infection was acquired in utero. The maintenance of such an infection for a considerable period after birth has not been previously described and may play a role in the transmission of hardjo to susceptible in-contact animals.^0
84075887^Species- and genus-specific antigens in Leptospira, revealed by monoclonal antibodies and enzyme immunoassay.^198309^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1983 Sep;255(2-3):317-22^^Adler B, Faine S^Mouse antisera to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona or L. biflexa serovar patoc agglutinated homologous leptospires but not leptospires of serovars from any heterologous serogroup tested. When tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), pomona and patoc antisera reacted with all serovars tested from L. interrogans, L. biflexa or L. illini species. A non-agglutinating hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibody reacted by EIA only with serovars of the pathogenic L. interrogans species but not with L. biflexa nor L. illini. The results demonstrated the presence of both genus and species specific non-agglutinating leptospiral antigens which could be detected only by EIA.^0
84022046^Serologic survey for leptospirosis in Arizona beef cattle in 1981.^198309^Am J Vet Res 1983 Sep;44(9):1763-4^^Songer JG, Chilelli CJ, Marshall MM, Noon TH, Meyer R^Sera from 1,215 beef cattle in Arizona were evaluated by leptospiral microscopic agglutination test in 1981. Over 25% had agglutinins to greater than or equal to 1 of 5 serovars of Leptospira interrogans used as antigens (canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona) at a titer of greater than or equal to 1:100, and 8.2% had titers of greater than or equal to 1:400 to greater than or equal to 1 serovars. The most common serovar to which reactions were detected was hardjo; agglutinins were detected at titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 in 14.3% and of greater than or equal to 1:400 in 5.5%. Cross reactions were rare at serum dilutions greater than or equal to 1:100 (2%) and extremely rare at greater than or equal to 1:400 (0.7%). Because vaccination with leptospiral bacterins is seldom practiced in Arizona beef cattle, a titer of greater than or equal to 1:100 may be useful in estimating incidence and prevalence of the disease and as an aid to diagnosis of leptospirosis.^0
84025505^Experimental infection of pregnant gilts with leptospires isolated from British wildlife. I. Serological response to infection.^198375^Br Vet J 1983 Sep-Oct;139(5):393-403^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Wrathall AE^^0
84025506^Experimental infection of pregnant gilts with leptospires isolated from British wildlife. II. Clinical, bacteriological and pathological aspects of infection.^198375^Br Vet J 1983 Sep-Oct;139(5):404-14^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Wrathall AE^^0
84060792^Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma precipitated by leptospira hebdomadis infection.^198309^Ir J Med Sci 1983 Sep;152(9):360-1^^Collins BJ, Nelson JK^^0
84075888^Morphological changes upon subculturing of freshly isolated strains of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198309^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1983 Sep;255(2-3):323-35^^Ellis WA, Hovind-Hougen K, Moller S, Birch-Andresen A^The morphology of freshly isolated strains of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was studied by electron microscopy and was compared to that of established laboratory strains of the same serovar and to some other serovars within the Hebdomadis serogroup. Changes in the morphology of freshly isolated strains of serovar hardjo were observed when the isolates were subcultured in the laboratory. Cells of strains subcultured more than 20 times were longer and had longer wavelengths, and electron lucent inclusions were observed less frequently than in cells of strains subcultured less than 10 times. Upon hamster passage, cells subcultured 40 and 50 times became more similar to cells of low passage number than to those of the inoculate. The results are discussed and the importance of environmental factors for the growth of leptospires is emphasized.^0
84207251^[Isolation of a new serotype of Leptospira from Bombina orientalis (Boulenger)]^198309^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1983 Sep;17(5):283-4^^^^0
84046554^Infection of free-living carnivores with leptospires of the Australis serogroup.^198309^Vet Rec 1983 Sep 10;113(11):233-5^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Headlam SA, Stevens AE^Leptospires belonging to the Australis serogroup were isolated from badgers (Meles meles), mink (Lutreola lutreola) and a fox (Vulpes vulpes). Most isolates were identified by cross-agglutination absorption as serovar muenchen but one isolate from a fox from Surrey and one isolate from a badger from Northern Ireland were identified as serovar bratislava. Maintenance of serovar muenchen by a wide range of free-living species is an ecological condition unique to Great Britain.^0
83298552^Leptospirosis and mental illness [letter]^198309^N Z Med J 1983 Sep 14;96(739):701^^Avery TL^^0
84065051^Serologic survey for selected microbial pathogens in Alaskan wildlife.^198310^J Wildl Dis 1983 Oct;19(4):324-9^^Zarnke RL^Antibodies to Brucella spp. were detected in sera of seven of 67 (10%) caribou (Rangifer tarandus), one of 39 (3%) moose (Alces alces), and six of 122 (5%) grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). Antibodies to Leptospira spp. were found in sera of one of 61 (2%) caribou, one of 37 (3%) moose, six of 122 (5%) grizzly bears, and one of 28 (4%) black bears (Ursus americanus). Antibodies to contagious ecthyma virus were detected in sera of seven of 17 (41%) Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) and five of 53 (10%) caribou. Antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus were found in sera of eight of 17 (47%) Dall sheep and two of 39 (6%) moose. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus antibodies were detected in sera of six of 67 (9%) caribou. Bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies were found in sera of two of 67 (3%) caribou. Parainfluenza 3 virus antibodies were detected in sera of 14 of 21 (67%) bison (Bison bison). Antibodies to Q fever rickettsia were found in sera of 12 of 15 (80%) Dall sheep. No evidence of prior exposure to bluetongue virus was found in Dall sheep, caribou, moose, or bison sera.^0
84057655^Leptospiral infection in aborted equine foetuses.^198310^Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):321-4^^Ellis WA, Bryson DG, O'Brien JJ, Neill SD^During an investigation of equine abortion, leptospiral infection was demonstrated in nine out of 22 foetuses examined by immunofluorescence and culture. Strains belonging to four serogroups (Australis, Pomona, Hebdomadis and Icterohaemorrhagiae) were isolated. The age of leptospira infected foetuses ranged from six months to term.^0
84100286^[Mechanism of the maintenance of the infective capacity of soil in a natural focus of leptospirosis]^198310^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1983 Oct;(10):43-6^^Golubev MV, Litvin VIu^The radioisotope modeling of the processes of the release of leptospires into the soil and the daily measurements of the radiation doses revealed that leptospires were regularly added by individual carriers, as well as by a group of carriers, into common infected spots on the territory of the infection focus. The frequency with which leptospires were added by a carrier into different infected spots varied: during 7 days leptospires were added 7 times and more into 16% of the spots, up to 5 times into 49% of the spots; into 35% of the spots no leptospires were added. The microscopic and bacteriological methods of investigation demonstrated that the regular release of leptospires into the infected spots resulted in maintaining the concentration of leptospires at such spots and their infective capacity. The number and distribution of these spots determined the stability of the epizootic potential of the territory.^0
84137155^[Identification of Leptospira responsible for Weil's disease by monoclonal antibody]^198310^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1983 Oct;57(10):846-52^^Kobayashi Y, Tamai T, Oyama T, Hasegawa H, Shiroguchi T, Sada E, Kusaba T, Hamaji M^^0
84050480^Leptospirosis in rodents from an arid environment.^198310^Am J Vet Res 1983 Oct;44(10):1973-6^^Songer JG, Chilelli CJ, Reed RE, Trautman RJ^Rodents (n = 358) were trapped from 6 locations in Arizona, including 2 dairies, 2 swine raising operations, and 2 areas where domestic animal access was limited. Isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum were obtained from 3 house mice (Mus musculus) trapped in dairies. Leptospira were seen in silver-stained kidney sections of 10.4% of the rodents. The usefulness of serologic data in detecting leptospiral infection in these rodents was uncertain because so few animals yielded isolates that valid comparisons of culture positives to serologic positives were not possible. Titers greater than or equal to 1:160 were obtained to serovars autumnalis, ballum, bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona. Nearly 60% of the rodents had microscopic lesions in kidneys, including 20 of 34 (59%) of those in which leptospira were seen.^0
84057654^Leptospiral infection in horses in Northern Ireland: serological and microbiological findings.^198310^Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):317-20^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Cassells JA, Montgomery J^Thirteen strains of pathogenic leptospires were isolated from 12 of 91 horses; seven strains belonged to the Australis serogroup (serotype bratislava) with three, two and one strains belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis (serotype hardjo) and Autumnalis serogroups respectively. Using leptospires isolated from horses and others representing the known parasitic Leptospira serogroups, a sample of 650 mares' sera was tested for agglutinating antibodies. Antibodies were found in 89.1 per cent of sera. The predominant reaction was to serotype bratislava, strain S/1334/79, isolated in this study, antibodies to which were detected in 81.8 per cent of sera. It is suggested that serotype bratislava may be adapted to, and maintained by, the horse population in Northern Ireland.^0
84279393^Attempts for determining the infecting serogroup by means of agglutinin absorption from the leptospirosis patients' sera.^198375^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1983 Oct-Dec;42(4):249-54^^Nicolescu M, Andreescu N^^0
84031973^Leptospirosis immunization [letter]^198310^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983 Oct 15;183(8):838-9^^Thiermann AB^^0
84096740^[Leptospirosis in our environment. Study of 17 cases]^198310^Rev Clin Esp 1983 Oct 31;171(2):125-9^^Morales Sandino M, Lopez Cortes L, Garces Mera M, Sanchez Roman J^^0
84062228^Use of avidin-biotinylated horseradish peroxidase complex for visualization of spirochetes.^198311^J Clin Microbiol 1983 Nov;18(5):1250-1^^Jennings BR, Mincer H, Turner J, Baselski V, Kelly RT^The use of avidin-biotinylated peroxidase as a simple technique for light microscopic visualization of spirochetes is described. The three major genera of spirochetes--Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira--were stained with the avidin complex.^0
84077494^Thrombocytopenia and renal failure in leptospirosis.^198311^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983 Nov;32(6):1464^^Raoult D, Jeandel P, Mailloux M, Rougier Y^In a retrospective study of 60 cases of leptospirosis, the association of thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure as previously reported was confirmed. However, increased mortality, in our experience, was not associated with either thrombocytopenia or acute renal failure.^0
84207273^[Distribution of serotypes of Leptospira in the southeast region of Guizhou Province]^198311^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1983 Nov;17(6):349-51^^Yang XZ^^0
84054095^Leptospirosis in man, British Isles, 1982.^198311^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Nov 5;287(6402):1365-6^^^^0
84165704^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in cows of Hokkaido, Japan--serological evidence.^198312^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1983 Dec;45(6):811-4^^Tsuchimoto M, Kida H, Yanagawa R, Inui S^^0
84061351^Serologic survey of California wild hogs for antibodies against selected zoonotic disease agents.^198312^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983 Dec 1;183(11):1248-51^^Clark RK, Jessup DA, Hird DW, Ruppanner R, Meyer ME^Blood samples were collected from trapped or hunter-killed wild hogs (Sus scrofa) in 4 areas of California. Sera were tested for antibodies against 7 zoonotic disease agents. Antibodies against Brucella sp were detected in 21 (15%) of 136 samples. Antibodies against Coxiella burnetii were found in 50% of the collected samples (67 of 135 tested). Of the 135 wild hogs screened for pseudorabies virus, 4 (3%) were seropositive. Leptospira interrogans antibodies were discovered in 118 (87%) of the 136 samples tested. Of the 130 samples screened for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium complex, 111 (85%) were seropositive. Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were detected in 17 (13%) of 135 wild hogs. Antibodies against Yersinia pestis were found in 9 (15%) of 59 sera tested.^0
84127774^Detection of leptospires in tissue using an immunoperoxidase staining procedure.^198312^Aust Vet J 1983 Dec;60(12):364-7^^Ellis TM, Robertson GM, Hustas L, Kirby M^An immunoperoxidase technique for the localisation of leptospires in sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded kidney tissue is described. The procedure utilises a two-layered antibody sandwich with rabbit anti-leptospiral immunoglobin. Using antiserum to specific leptospiral serovars the presence and distribution of specific serovar in the tissue could be determined. The technique was also used to detect leptospires of given serovars in smears made from infected tissues and fluids. There was good correlation between culture results and results of the immunoperoxidase staining method on kidneys infected with leptospires. The diagnostic possibilities of the technique on formalin fixed tissue specimens are discussed.^0
84211418^Leptospirosis in poikilothermic vertebrates. A review.^198312^Int J Zoonoses 1983 Dec;10(2):111-21^^Minette HP^Autochthanous leptospirosis does occur in the poikilothermic vertebrates, as evidenced by positive serological reactions and by the isolation of pathogenic leptospiral serovars. These findings in aquatic members of this group are of special importance in view of the increased worldwide interest in aquaculture farming. Since 1975, 24 of the 101 (23.7%) reported human cases of leptospirosis in Hawaii have been associated with aquaculture industries (taro farms, prawn farms and watercress farms). Antibody synthesis and persistence in these animals is variable, and seems to depend to some extent on environmental temperatures. Some members of the group apparently lack the capacity for immunological memory, experience a considerable delay (lag-phase) in antibody formation, demonstrate the "paradoxical reaction" found in other animals, and can maintain living pathogenic leptospirae in their organs in the absence of detectable antibody utilizing our present serologic methods. For these reasons, serological studies as the sole source of evidence for leptospiral infection cannot be recommended. The immunologic mechanism of lower vertebrates is not known, some studies suggesting that there may be more than one antibody system active in these animals, especially the turtles, and further investigation at the cellular and subcellular levels is indicated. The growth temperatures and nutritional requirements of leptospirae isolated from other than warm-blooded animals is also poorly understood. Some knowledge has been contributed by various investigators in recent years, but much more work needs to be done in studying the nutritional and metabolic requirements of leptospirae isolated from all sources, including the various fauna resident in and around the fresh water streams and ponds.^0
84063481^Exposure to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in inner-city and suburban children: a serologic comparison.^198312^J Fam Pract 1983 Dec;17(6):1007-11^^Demers RY, Thiermann A, Demers P, Frank R^This study explores the exposure of urban children to the spirochete Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. This organism is carried by 90 percent of the rats in Detroit. It is felt that these rats are a potential vehicle for childhood exposure to this organism. Strain-specific tests were performed comparing antibody levels in sera of inner-city (exposed) and suburban (unexposed) children. Study and control groups, numbering 124 and 113, respectively, showed significant serologic differences, with urban children having higher antibody titers. The findings are indicative of differential exposure rates and suggest that actual cases of leptospirosis may be present, yet undiagnosed.^0
84102552^Bovine leptospirosis: bacteriologic versus serologic diagnosis of cows at slaughter.^198312^Am J Vet Res 1983 Dec;44(12):2244-5^^Thiermann AB^Blood for serologic examination and kidneys for bacteriologic cultural examination were collected from 204 cows slaughtered in an Iowa packing plant during August to October 1981. By the microscopic agglutination test on the 200 serum samples which were collected, 29 (14.5%) were positive--22 samples (10.8%) had agglutinin titers to hardjo, 4 (2%) to pomona, and 5 (2.5%) to other serovars. With the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 79 samples (39.5%) were positive--53 (26.5%) to hardjo and 36 (18%) to pomona. Leptospires were isolated from 13 (6.4%) of the kidneys (n = 204) examined. Characterization indicated that 7 isolates were hardjo; 3, grippotyphosa; and 2, pomona (1 isolate was lost during first subculture). Three of the hardjo isolates and 1 of the grippotyphosa isolates were obtained from cows that were seronegative by the microscopic agglutination test.^0
84102563^Leptospiral vaccines: immunogenicity of protein-free medium cultivated whole cell bacterins in swine.^198312^Am J Vet Res 1983 Dec;44(12):2299-301^^Bey RF, Johnson RC^Swine serologically negative for anti-Leptospira antibodies were given 2 doses of a pentavalent vaccine (3 weeks between doses) prepared from Leptospira serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo, pomona, and grip-potyphosa (0.2 mg/serovar/dose). Leptospires used for vaccinal production were cultivated in a protein-free medium or in a bovine albumin-containing medium. All vaccinated swine had demonstrable antibody titers within 1 week of the initial vaccination. Peak microscopic agglutination titers were between 256 and 1,024 after the 2nd vaccinal dose was given. After challenge exposure with serovar canicola, control swine had titers of at least 13,653 and the vaccinated swine had titers of 3,403 to 8,192, depending on the vaccine. Leptospiremia and kidney infections were not detected in any canicola Moulton immunized swine, but did appear in control swine. The Al(OH)3 adjuvant had no obvious influence of any of the vaccinal titers.^0
84103138^In vitro susceptibilities of five Leptospira strains to 16 antimicrobial agents.^198312^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983 Dec;24(6):905-8^^Oie S, Hironaga K, Koshiro A, Konishi H, Yoshii Z^The in vitro activities of 16 antibiotics against five serovar strains of the genus Leptospira were determined. Five of the antibiotics (ampicillin, cefmetazole, moxalactam, ceftizoxime, and cefotaxime) exhibited a lower minimal inhibitory concentration than did penicillin G. In tests for minimal bactericidal concentration, ceftizoxime and cefotaxime were found to be more effective than penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, and cefmetazole.^0
84148623^[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis]^198312^Vrach Delo 1983 Dec;(12):100-3^^Zeigermakher GA, Chernokozinskii AA^^0
84156825^[Leptospirosis on the Island of Reunion. I. Human leptospiroses]^198312^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1983 Dec;76(5 Pt 2):729-35^^Mailloux M, Debarbat F, Mollaret HH^Human leptospiroses in the island of Reunion have a common point: they are severe diseases. Approximately 50 to 60 cases are biologically diagnosed every year. The number of cases is correlated with rainfall. The predominating serogroup is Icterohaemorrhagiae, followed by Canicola, Grippotyphosa and Australis.^0
84156826^[Leptospirosis on the Island of Reunion. II. Animal leptospiroses]^198312^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1983 Dec;76(5 Pt 2):736-43^^Debarbat F, Mollaret HH, Mailloux M^Bovine leptospirosis is a typical form in the island of Reunion. It appears during the second part of the rain season. The clinical picture of equine leptospirosis is acute hepatonephritis. About 10 serogroups are found in bovines, with greater frequency for Sejroe and Hebdomadis. In horses, the prevailing serogroups are Autumnalis, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Grippotyphosa.^0
84156827^[Leptospirosis on the Island of Reunion. III. Epidemiologic study]^198312^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1983 Dec;76(5 Pt 2):744-9^^Mollaret HH, Mailloux M, Debarbat F^In the island of Reunion, rodents and wild dogs can be carriers of leptospires. Aquatic environmental plays an important part. Human contamination is associated with water and sugar cane. Animals are infected by numerous serogroups.^0
84156828^[Current status of leptospirosis in Morocco (1979-1981)]^198312^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1983 Dec;76(5 Pt 2):750-4^^Rioche M, Mailloux M^Leptospiroses in Morocco have been studied from 1979 to 1981. In man, L. icterohaemorrhagiae is the most frequently diagnosed serotype. The highest incidence of positive diagnoses is found in Fes-Meknes area. Leptospirosis is a severe disease: 1 out of 3 patients is hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit. Rat is an essential carrier of germs in Casablanca.^0
84172410^Leptospirosis in man and rodents in North and Northeast Thailand.^198312^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1983 Dec;14(4):481-7^^Bunnag T, Potha U, Thirachandra S, Impand P^A seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis in man and rodents in the North and Northeast Thailand revealed that 0.27% of the rural people from three different ecologic areas were positive. The positivity rate has dropped dramatically when compared to a previous survey (28%). Of 1,135 wild rodents studied, 42 of 365 (11.5%) B. indica and 50 of 676 (7.4%) R. rattus were serologically positive. Others were negative. Only two of 157 R. rattus had positive cultures in which L. javanica and L. autumnalis were isolated. The study shows that wild rats are naturally implicated in human disease as a common reservoir and that the yearly rat eradication campaigns attributed as one of the effective factors in a major reduction of disease to a level of non significant public health hazard.^0
84260874^[Cerebral arteritis due to leptospirosis]^198312^Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1983 Dec;16(6):356-8^^Cai Z^^0
85059218^[Activity of dehydrogenases and their isoenzymes in the blood of patients with leptospirosis and viral hepatitis]^198401^Lab Delo 1984;(10):589-93^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS, Nisnevich EB^^0
84130280^[Study of the ecology of Leptospira in old natural foci in eastern Slovakia]^198401^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1984 Jan;33(1):9-15^^Prokopcakova H^^0
85089246^Acute renal failure due to leptospirosis: clinical features and outcome in six cases.^198475^Q J Med 1984 Autumn;53(212):487-95^^Winearls CG, Chan L, Coghlan JD, Ledingham JG, Oliver DO^Six cases of severe leptospiral infection with renal failure are described. Five of the six patients had acute oliguric renal failure requiring dialysis. Renal function recovered over three weeks and by two months all patients had plasma creatinine levels less than 200 mumol/litre. The initial diagnosis of leptospirosis depended on clinical and epidemiological features because serological confirmation was not possible during the first week of the illness. All the patients had either high risk occupations or a history of exposure to external sources of infection. All had fever, myalgia, jaundice and muscle tenderness. Although bilirubin levels were high (greater than 350 mumol/litre in five) the elevations of aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels, and prolongations of prothrombin times were relatively slight. Thrombocytopenia occurred in five of the six cases. Leptospira complement fixation tests were weakly positive or negative on admission in five cases but rose to significant levels subsequently. Penicillin treatment resulted in Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions in three cases. The important complications were: upper gastro-intestinal haemorrhage (five cases), thrombocytopenia less than 30 000 platelets/mm3 (four cases), atrial fibrillation (three cases), drowsiness with asterixis (four cases). All six patients were seriously ill and required intensive supportive therapy. All survived.^0
85045417^Ecology of spirochetes.^198401^Annu Rev Microbiol 1984;38:161-92^^Harwood CS, Canale-Parola E^^0
85045421^The acidophilic thiobacilli and other acidophilic bacteria that share their habitat.^198401^Annu Rev Microbiol 1984;38:265-92^^Harrison AP Jr^^0
85060726^Determination of the heat labile point of leptospiral antigens.^198401^Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1984;173(3):141-3^^Mazzonelli J, Dorta de Mazzonelli GT, Mailloux M^Pyrogenes Salinem antigen, prepared at different temperatures, is used to adsorb heterologous anti-Chiffon and anti-Pomona sera, and the lability point of the antigen is determined by the macroagglutination test. Results show that the effect of this thermolabile antigen starts to be destroyed after 10 min at 60 degrees C with anti-Pomona serum and at 65 degrees C with anti-Chiffon serum. The method of measurement is not sensitive enough and the lability point would probably be lower than that obtained in these tests. The authors consider a more accurate method to be the combined use of the adsorption and microagglutination tests, with comparative titration of an heterologous antiserum.^0
90173419^[Distribution of leptospirosis infection in patients clinically suspect for leptospirosis]^198401^Med Arh 1984;38(4):147-51^^Seric K, Cengic F, Zvizdic S^^0
84248890^[Occurrence of Listeria , Bedsonia, Leptospira and Brucella antibodies in workers on animal husbandry farms in Wielkopolska]^198401^Przegl Epidemiol 1984;38(1):11-8^^Juszczyk J, Lewkowicz H, Adamek J, Furmaniuk J, Klemczak K, Szkaradkiewicz A, Kiczka W^^0
85244210^[Plasma exchange in infectious pathology]^198401^Riv Emoter Immunoematol 1984;31(2):124-9^^Corridori S, Fornasari PM, Trespi G^^0
84275471^Late positive blood cultures in leptospiroses (report of four cases).^198401^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984;78(2):143-5^^Jeandel P, Raoult D, Rougier Y, Auger C, Mailloux M^Leptospirosis in Tahiti was studied during 1981. 42 cases were detected by positive blood cultures grown in Stuart's medium. The present paper describes the isolation of leptospira from the blood of four cases 30 days after the date of onset.^0
84294937^Sugar synthesis in Leptospira. II. Presence of glyoxylate cycle enzymes.^198401^Microbiol Immunol 1984;28(5):529-34^^Yanagihara Y, Kobayashi S, Mifuchi I^The presence and some properties of the key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, isocitrate lyase (threo-Ds-isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (L-malate glyoxylate-lyase (CoA- acetylating) EC 4.1.3.2), were investigated in Leptospira biflexa. Isocitrate lyase activity was found for the first time in the organism. The enzyme was induced by ethanol but not by acetate. The optimum pH was 6.8. The activity was inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate, a specific inhibitor of isocitrate lyase. The optimum pH of malate synthase of L. biflexa was about 8.5. The Km value for glyoxylate was 3.0 X 10(-3) M and the activity was inhibited by glycolate, the inhibitor. The results strongly suggested the presence of a glyoxylate cycle in Leptospira. The possibility that the glyoxylate cycle plays an essential role in the synthesis of sugars, amino acids and other cellular components as an anaplerotic pathway of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Leptospira was discussed.^0
84294938^Chemical compositions of cell walls and polysaccharide fractions of spirochetes.^198401^Microbiol Immunol 1984;28(5):535-44^^Yanagihara Y, Kamisango K, Yasuda S, Kobayashi S, Mifuchi I, Azuma I, Yamamura Y, Johnson RC^Cellular polysaccharide fractions of various representative members of genera of the family Spirochaetaceae were obtained by the ammonium hydroxide extraction method. The sugar composition of the polysaccharide preparations was complex and many kinds of sugars such as rhamnose, fucose, ribose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose were detected in all of the spirochetes tested. Of particular interest was the presence of 4-O-methylmannose as a constituent polysaccharide in members of the genus Leptospira. This sugar was not detected in the polysaccharides of Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema. The chemical compositions of cell wall fractions were also examined. 4-O- Methylmannose was detected in the cell wall polysaccharides of the genus Leptospira but not in cell walls prepared from the Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema. The diaminopimelic acid present in cell wall peptidoglycans of the genus Leptospira was meso-diaminopimelic acid (A2pm). The molar ratios of alanine, glutamic acid, A2pm, glycine, muramic acid, and glucosamine in leptospiral cell walls were found to be approximately 2:1:1:1:1:1. In contrast to the Leptospira, the peptidoglycans of genera Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema contained ornithine (Orn) but not A2pm. Since 4-O-methylmannose and A2pm were found in the cell wall fractions of genus Leptospira but not in Spirochaeta, Borrelia, or Treponema, it was suggested that the chemical compositions of the cell wall might become an important criterion for the chemotaxonomy of Spirochaetales.^0
85017803^Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to leptospires in different human cases.^198401^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984;78(4):539-42^^Ratnam S, Sundararaj T, Subramanian S, Madanagopalan N, Jayanthi V^Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) to leptospirosis were studied in different groups of human patients. These included clinically suspected cases of leptospirosis, patients with jaundice (HBsAg negative), cases of pyrexia of unknown origin (PUC) (Widal and blood culture negative for typhoid) and healthy blood donors. Humoral immune response was evaluated with nine live strains representing different serogroups of leptospires and CMI with lysates of four strains. The study showed that the CMI appeared earlier than the humoral response which might be useful in the early detection of the disease. As in the humoral immune response, cross reactions to different leptospires were also seen in CMI response.^0
85035894^Phospholipases of Leptospira. I. Presence of phospholipase A1 and lysophospholipase in Leptospira biflexa.^198401^Microbiol Immunol 1984;28(7):747-56^^Yanagihara Y, Taniyama T, Misaki H, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto M, Mifuchi I^The hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and trioleoylglycerol by Leptospira biflexa strain Urawa was studied in vitro. Phospholipase A1 was identified by the formation of 32P- and 14C-labeled lysoderivatives from 32P- phosphatidylcholine, 32P-phosphatidylethanolamine, or 1-acyl-2-[1- 14C]oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. Phospholipase A1 activity was independent of lipase in the microorganism since 14C-labeled trioleoylglycerol was scarcely attacked under the same conditions in which the phospholipids were hydrolyzed. Lysophospholipase activity was also demonstrated using 32P- and non-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine. The activity of phospholipase A1 was found in a broad range of pH but no optimal pH was determined. The pH optimum of lysophospholipase was 8.0. Both enzymes were labile to heat. Phospholipase C activity, however, could not be detected because no radioactive di- and monoacylglycerol was found in the experiment with 1-acyl-2-[1-14C]- oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine as the substrate. It was inferred that phosphatidylethanolamine, which was the major component of phospholipids in leptospirae, was hydrolyzed serially by phospholipase A (A1 and/or A2?) and lysophospholipase to glycerophosphorylethanolamine via 2-acyl-type-lyso-derivative as one metabolic pathway of the substrate.^0
85060573^Detoxification of tween for the cultivation of Leptospira.^198401^Microbiol Immunol 1984;28(8):949-54^^Kojima T, Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^^0
85064652^[Brucellosis and other zoonoses 1982. Human brucellosis]^198401^Przegl Epidemiol 1984;38(2):205-11^^Anusz Z^^0
85066759^The prevalence of severe leptospirosis among humans on Barbados.^198401^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984;78(5):596-603^^Everard CO, Edwards CN, Webb GB, White HS, Nicholson GD^Leptospirosis was confirmed by the Leptospira Laboratory in 138 hospital patients on Barbados between early November 1979 and the end of 1982 (annual average 43.6 cases). These were the great majority of severe cases occurring on the island during that time. The crude incidence rate ranged between 15 and 23 per 100,000 population per year (average 17.6). 26 of the patients died (15 males, 11 females), giving an over-all case fatality rate of 18.8%, and an average of 8.2 deaths per year. 68% of all cases were in males. The highest percentages of cases were in males aged 20 to 24 and females aged 55 to 59, but the incidence of the disease in both sexes increased with age up to 60 years. Previous figures recorded on the island by the Ministry of Health for 1975-79 were considerably lower, with a mean of 23.6 cases per year and a crude annual incidence of 9.5 per 100,000. 15 of the patients died (13 males, 2 females), giving an over-all case fatality rate of 12.7% and an average of 3 deaths per year. 74% of all cases were in males. The highest percentages of cases were in the 20 to 29 and 50 to 59 year age groups for males and females, respectively, i.e., similar to those in the present series. In both sexes the incidence of leptospirosis increased with age up to 60 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
85163224^[2 case reports of hepatorenal syndrome caused by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae]^198401^Med Pregl 1984;37(9-10):419-21^^Madle-Samardzija N, Mikic B, Zecevic M^^0
84132609^[Leptospirosis]^198401^Feldsher Akush 1984 Jan;49(1):12-4^^Grigor'ev VE^^0
84143315^Leptospiral cerebral arteritis: report of 4 autopsy cases.^198401^Acta Acad Med Wuhan 1984;4(1):44-9^^Gong YH^^0
84149421^[Effect storage temperature on the biological properties of Leptospira]^198401^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1984 Jan;(1):38-42^^Soboleva GL, Malakhov IuA, Belousov VI, Shmarikova TV^No essential changes occurred in the morphology, viability and agglutinability of 212 Leptospira strains belonging to 20 serological groups during 2-year storage in ampoules at temperatures of -60 to -70 degrees C, and 18 to 24 degrees C. After storage lasting 3 and 4 years viability was retained, respectively, by 95.75 and 78.5% of the strains stored at a temperature of -60 to -70 degrees C and by 90.9 and 70% of the strains stored at room temperature. During 4 years of storage at room temperature the agglutinability of the strains decreased 2-8 times. Most of the strains retained their virulence unchanged for 2 years at a temperature of -60 to -70 degrees C.^0
84157795^Diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from 265 bovine abortions.^198401^Cornell Vet 1984 Jan;74(1):8-20^^Jerrett IV, McOrist S, Waddington J, Browning JW, Malecki JC, McCausland IP^During 1981, the fetus, placenta and maternal serum were received from each of 265 bovine abortions. These specimens were examined using histopathological, histochemical, bacteriological, mycological, endocrinological, immunological, serological and virological techniques. The cause of abortion was identified in 98 (37%) cases. Of these diagnosed abortions 27 (28%) were due to infection with fungi, 17 (17%) to Salmonella spp, 11 (11%) to Campylobacter fetus and 10 (10%) to Corynebacterium pyogenes infection. Of the remaining 33 (34%) diagnosed abortions 8 were due to Leptospira sp, 5 due to protozoan (probably Sarcocystis) encephalitis and 20 due to miscellaneous bacterial infections (including Brucella abortus) and fetal deformities. Bovine virus diarrhoea virus was isolated in 5 (2%) abortions, however the significance of the isolations was not known. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and chlamydia were not identified as causal agents in any abortion. In 18 (7%) abortions no definite etiologic agent was identified despite pathological findings suggestive of infection. Fetal heart blood serology and immunoglobulin values were not reliable indicators of infectious abortion. Of the remaining 149 (56%) abortions, 17% had high maternal serum cortisol levels and twin fetuses occurred in 9%.^0
84173305^Isolation of Leptospira from wild forest animals in Amazonian Brazil.^198401^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984;78(1):124-6^^Lins ZC, Lopes ML^The role of wild, forest animals as reservoirs of Leptospira was investigated in Para State, north Brazil. 696 animals were examined by culture of kidney tissue; isolates of serovar ballum were made from the rodent Proechimys sp. and the opossum Didelphis marsupialis; leptospires of the serogroups hebdomadis, grippotyphosa and cynopteri were isolated from the armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus, and as yet untyped leptospires were isolated from Proechimys and the procyonid carnivore Nasua nasua. Antibodies to serovars bataviae, butembo, canicola, castellonis, celledoni, grippotyphosa, panama, icterohaemorrhagiae and wolffi were demonstrated among 222 other animals examined by serological methods.^0
84218938^Sugar synthesis in Leptospira. I. Presence of glucosephosphate isomerase.^198401^Microbiol Immunol 1984;28(2):189-96^^Yanagihara Y, Kobayashi S, Mifuchi I^The presence of glucosephosphate isomerase, one of the key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, was confirmed for the first time in the cell- free extract of Leptospira biflexa. The glucosephosphate isomerase of L. biflexa was heat-labile and its optimum pH was about 8.5. The enzyme showed an optimal temperature of about 45 C but was more stable at 30 C. Km value of the enzyme was 5.6 X 10(-3)M. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by the inhibitor, 6-phosphogluconate. From this study, the presence of a metabolic pathway, the phosphogluconate pathway, other than non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway presented by Baseman and Cox was suggested.^0
84245088^[Immunologic survey on leptospirosis in the Marquesas Islands]^198475^Med Trop (Mars) 1984 Jan-Mar;44(1):23-5^^Rougier Y, Mailloux M, Bourget D, Davy R^Marquesas Islands, within the French Polynesian territory, are situated in the south hemisphere, near the Equator. They are volcanic islands, with a humid and hot climate, and high hygrometry . These islands are relatively isolated. Our sera were collected at the occasion of a blood test campaign: in Taiohae , 104 people, and Atuona , 149 people; they were between 17 and 57 years old. The results show that 45 people have antibodies against L. biflexa Patoc (17,8%). Among them, 24 have antibodies against icterohaemorrhagiae (9,5%). This is the evidence of the presence of leptospires in these islands.^0
84245208^Characterization of inhibitor to leptospiral hemolysin present in bovine serum.^198401^Microbiol Immunol 1984;28(3):291-302^^Kojima T, Yanagihara Y, Mifuchi I^Hemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin was strongly inhibited by bovine serum. The inhibitory activity was observed in the chloroform-methanol- soluble fraction of bovine serum. The inhibitor was eluted in a complex lipid fraction and was separated into two fractions (Fr. I and II) by silicic acid column chromatography. Fractions I and II inhibited approximately 75% and 95%, respectively, of hemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin. Fraction I was identified as phosphatidylethanolamine (PdE) by silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Two kinds of phospholipids (PLs) were detected in Fr. II by TLC. One was resistant to alkaline treatment and was identified as sphingomyelin (Spm), and the other was sensitive to such treatment and was identified as phosphatidylcholine (PdC). PLs, such as Spm, PdC, phosphatidylglycerol, PdE, phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin, inhibited hemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin, but phosphatidylinositol did not show any inhibitory activity. PLs lacking the amino group in the polar backbone of the molecules were more effective. From experiments using erythrocytes of various kinds of animals, it was revealed that the hemolytic sensitivity of mammalian erythrocytes to leptospiral hemolysin depended on the Spm content in the erythrocyte membrane. On the other hand, phospholipase C (PLase C) activity with Spm and PdC as substrates was detected in the culture supernatant of Leptospira. Therefore, leptospiral hemolysin was presumed to be PLase C, perhaps sphingomyelinase. The inhibitors of leptospiral hemolysin present in bovine serum were identified as PLs. PLs in bovine serum were suggested to function as inhibitors of the interaction between leptospiral hemolysin and the surface of the erythrocyte membrane.^0
84245214^Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against etiological agents of Weil's disease.^198401^Microbiol Immunol 1984;28(3):359-70^^Kobayashi Y, Tamai T, Oyama T, Hasegawa H, Sada E, Kusaba T, Hamaji M^Monoclonal antibodies against etiological agents of Weil's disease were produced by cell fusion technology. Twenty hybridomas were produced through the fusion of P3X63Ag8 .653 cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized against Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae RGA strain and serovar copenhageni Shiromizu and M20 strains. Reactivities of the antibodies produced by the hybridomas were determined by the microscopic agglutination test. Among the five hybridoma antibodies to the RGA strain, two reacted specifically to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, two reacted to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae at a high titer and serovar copenhageni at a low titer, and one reacted to serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, pyrogens, and canicola. Of the ten hybridoma antibodies to the Shiromizu strain, one reacted specifically to serovar copenhageni, seven reacted to both serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae at almost the same titer, and two exhibited intermediate properties. Of the five hybridoma antibodies to the M20 strain, three reacted to both serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae at almost the same titer, one reacted to serovar copenhageni at a low titer and serovar icterohaemorrhagiae at a high titer, and one reacted to serovars copenhageni, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pyrogens. The results revealed that each serovar has its own antigen(s) and their common antigens. In addition, 20 strains of leptospires were recently isolated and tested with three monoclonal antibodies characterized by different reactivities. Twenty strains were clearly identified by their antibodies, i.e., 16 strains were identified as serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and three strains were identified as serovar copenhageni. The remaining strain, which was not agglutinated by three antibodies, was identified as serovar autumnalis by an agglutination test with immune rabbit sera.^0
84152391^Leptospirosis and uveitis.^198402^Ann Ophthalmol 1984 Feb;16(2):164-8^^Barkay S, Garzozi H^In 1976 we presented seven patients with anterior uveitis due to leptospirosis with positive serological tests. During the years 1975 to 1977 we had the opportunity to observe a further 16 cases. In most of these cases the serological tests were positive for more than one leptospira serotype--in one case even five. In all the follow-up cases during a period of two to seven months, there was complete recovery. We suggest that leptospirosis is a possibility which should not be overlooked in the diagnosis of anterior uveitis, especially bilateral, in young males working in field irrigation and dairy workers in known endemic areas.^0
84155735^[Study of selected zoonoses in eastern Slovakia in recent times]^198402^Bratisl Lek Listy 1984 Feb;81(2):201-8^^Prokopcakova H, Cislakova L^^0
84161114^Leptospirosis in Israel: a report of 14 cases caused by icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (1968-82).^198402^Isr J Med Sci 1984 Feb;20(2):123-9^^Lindenbaum I, Eylan E, Shenberg E^Fourteen cases of leptospirosis due to the Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae (Weil's disease) were serologically confirmed in the last 15 years. In two cases, Icterohaemorrhagiae was also isolated from the patients' blood. Both positive cultures were obtained in Korthof's medium by indirect passage through brain-heart infusion medium. One of the isolates was identified as serovar budapest, which has never been reported in Israel. In most of the cases, paradoxical cross-reactions with serovars of the Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and Canicola serogroups were observed in the early stages of the illness. In all cases, we suspected that the source of the infection was serovars of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup shed in the urine of Rattus norvegicus rats. Thirteen of the affected persons were working and living in the Tel Aviv area, all in places not known to be Icterohaemorrhagiae endemic before 1968. One patient was working and living in the Hadera region. All patients were jaundiced, and one died. The illness was usually accompanied by pronounced and long-lasting elevation of blood bilirubin and urea levels.^0
84231079^The long term efficacy of a hardjo-pomona vaccine in preventing leptospiruria in cattle exposed to natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198402^Aust Vet J 1984 Feb;61(2):54-6^^Hancock GA, Wilks CR, Kotiw M, Allen JD^The long term efficacy of a commercially prepared bivalent vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and L. interrogans serovar pomona was evaluated in a group of 82 dairy heifers exposed to natural challenge with L. interrogans serovar hardjo for up to 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination. Nineteen heifers were vaccinated twice with a one-month interval, at calfhood (9 to 10 months). A further 18 heifers received a similar calfhood vaccination regimen plus a third injection at adulthood (22 to 23 months), while 19 heifers were vaccinated twice at adulthood only and finally 22 heifers were used as unvaccinated controls. At 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination and prior to adulthood vaccination, only 2.7% of the vaccinated heifers were found to have leptospiruria compared with 58.5% of the unvaccinated heifers (p less than 0.0001). Microscopic agglutination (MA) titres at the same time in the unvaccinated heifers ranged from 32 to 4096 while those vaccinated at calfhood ranged from 32 to 64. Adult vaccination of infected animals did not significantly reduce leptospiruria . Prior to adulthood vaccination, 9 of 19 heifers had leptospiruria , in comparison to 4 of 15 after adulthood vaccination. At the same sampling periods 15 of 22 controls had leptospiruria in comparison to 4 of 9 subsequently tested.^0
84143081^The magnitude and duration of titres of leptospiral agglutinins in human sera.^198402^N Z Med J 1984 Feb 8;97(749):83-6^^Blackmore DK, Schollum LM, Moriarty KM^Sixty-nine meat inspectors with titres of leptospiral agglutinins ranging from 1:768 to 1:24, were re-bled and reexamined periodically over a period of 53 months. Some individuals maintained titres of 1:384 and 1:192 for at least 30 months and others with initial titres of 1:48 and 1:24 maintained such titres for 53 months. Only six, of 63 initially seronegative (less than 1:24) meat inspectors, seroconverted during the period of study. The magnitudes of titres at a single sampling from each of 162 people, with previous histories of medically confirmed leptospirosis, were analysed in relation to time elapsed since initial diagnosis. Some individuals had titres of 1:192 seven years after infection, while others had lower titres after more than 20 years. Conversely, 12% of the population was seronegative two years after infection. These results indicate that it is not possible, from the results of a leptospiral agglutination test, to estimate retrospectively the time at which infection may have occurred. In a small proportion of individuals recently affected by leptospirosis, it will not be possible to demonstrate a change in agglutinating titre.^0
84105678^Lung abscess and reactive arthritis: rare complications of leptospirosis.^198402^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Feb 11;288(6415):448-9^^Winter RJ, Richardson A, Lehner MJ, Hoffbrand BI^^0
84117398^An efficacy trial of doxycycline chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis.^198402^N Engl J Med 1984 Feb 23;310(8):497-500^^Takafuji ET, Kirkpatrick JW, Miller RN, Karwacki JJ, Kelley PW, Gray MR, McNeill KM, Timboe HL, Kane RE, Sanchez JL^Because leptospirosis has been an important cause of morbidity in U.S. soldiers training in the Republic of Panama, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial during the fall of 1982 to determine whether doxycycline was an effective chemoprophylactic agent against this infection. Doxycycline (200 mg) or placebo was administered orally on a weekly basis and at the completion of training to 940 volunteers from two U.S. Army units deployed in Panama for approximately three weeks of jungle training. Twenty cases of leptospirosis occurred in the placebo group (an attack rate of 4.2 per cent), as compared with only one case in the doxycycline group (attack rate, 0.2 per cent, P less than 0.001), yielding an efficacy of 95.0 per cent. This study demonstrated the value of doxycycline as a prophylactic drug against leptospirosis.^0
84117404^Leptospirosis--time for a booster [editorial]^198402^N Engl J Med 1984 Feb 23;310(8):524-5^^Sanford JP^^0
84181449^[Therapy of ictero-hemorrhagic leptospirosis]^198402^Clin Ter 1984 Feb 29;108(4):345-9^^Fanelli V^^0
84219047^[Current epidemiology of natural focus infections in the RSFSR]^198475^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1984 Mar-Apr;(2):17-21^^Ivanova LM^^0
84226739^[Natural focus of leptospirosis in the rice paddies of Krasmodar Territory and the means for its eradication]^198403^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1984 Mar;(3):58-62^^Karaseva EV, Chernukha IuG, Strikhanova EV^OFFthe rice fields of the Krasnodar Territory the intensive epizootic of leptospirosis icterohemorrhagica can be observed in the population of Norway rats (995 animals have been examined and 102 cultures obtained) the whole year round. The highest intensity of the epizootic process is known to fall on the end of summer and the beginning of autumn (45-50% of Leptospira carriers). The natural focus of leptospirosis on the rice-growing complex is epidemiologically dangerous. The epizootic process can be suppressed by reducing the population of rats by means of poisoned baits. The alternate use of different poisons ( rotindan , brodifacum ) given in the form of paraffined briquettes has proved to be most expedient.^0
84226742^[Zoonotic infections in persons working in plants producing meat and bone meal]^198403^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1984 Mar;(3):71-3^^Savchenko IL, Vasil'chenko AA, Krolevetskaia NM, Blagodatnyi VN, Serebriakova TL^The present study has revealed that persons working at offal and bone processing plants show no specific pathology, peculiar to such plants, in the state of their health and severe mass diseases among these persons are absent. Nevertheless, rather frequent occurrence of erysipeloid should be noted. The survey of workers employed at different stages of the production process has revealed the presence of ornithosis, listeriosis and leptospirosis infections. No clinically manifest cases of these diseases have been detected. The infection of individual workers occurs in the process of production as the result of contacts with infected raw materials of animal origin. For preventing the possible spread of infection great attention should be paid to sanitary, hygienic and epidemiological measures.^0
84146816^[Leptospirosis with isolated cardiac manifestations]^198403^Sem Hop 1984 Mar 1;60(10):701-2^^Douvier JJ, Ledain L, Besse P^A case of leptospirosis with isolated myocardial involvement is reported. Diagnostic problems set by this uncommon clinical picture are considered. The cause of the increase in CPK and MBCPK concentrations, reflecting myolysis, is discussed.^0
84176341^Febrile illness in Malaysia--an analysis of 1,629 hospitalized patients.^198403^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 Mar;33(2):311-5^^Brown GW, Shirai A, Jegathesan M, Burke DS, Twartz JC, Saunders JP, Huxsoll DL^We studied 1,629 febrile patients from a rural area of Malaysia, and made a laboratory diagnosis in 1,025 (62.9%) cases. Scrub typhus was the most frequent diagnosis (19.3% of all illnesses) followed by typhoid and paratyphoid (7.4%); flavivirus infection (7.0%); leptospirosis (6.8%); and malaria (6.2%). The hospital mortality was very low (0.5% of all febrile patients). The high prevalence of scrub typhus in oil palm laborers (46.8% of all febrile illnesses in that group) was confirmed. In rural Malaysia, therapy with chloramphenicol or a tetracycline would be appropriate for undiagnosed patients in whom malaria has been excluded. Failure to respond to tetracycline within 48 hours would usually suggest a diagnosis of typhoid, and indicate the need for a change in therapy.^0
84266317^[Chemotherapy of leptospirosis--effects of tobramycin, dibekacin and amikacin on the Leptospira]^198403^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1984 Mar;58(3):197-202^^Kobayashi Y, Oyama T, Ninomiya T^^0
84141469^Leptospirosis hardjo in pregnancy [letter]^198403^Med J Aust 1984 Mar 3;140(5):311-2^^Faine S, Valentine R^^0
84211993^Leptospirosis: current developments and trends.^198403^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984 Mar 15;184(6):722-5^^Thiermann AB^^0
84205107^Enhancement of Leptospira hardjo agglutination titers in sheep and goat serum by heat inactivation.^198404^Can J Comp Med 1984 Apr;48(2):208-10^^Malkin K^Heat inactivation of sheep serum samples resulted in the detection of an additional 9% reactors to Leptospira hardjo that were negative on the initial test of fresh samples. Treatment with EDTA gave results generally similar to heat inactivation suggesting that complement was responsible for the inhibition of agglutination. Tests on heat inactivated serum from experimentally infected sheep and goats revealed enhanced titers or reactions which were not detected in fresh serum.^0
84243049^Serologic studies on brucellosis, leptospirosis and tularemia in moose (Alces alces) in Quebec.^198404^J Wildl Dis 1984 Apr;20(2):95-9^^Bourque M, Higgins R^Blood samples were obtained from 208 moose in La Verendrye and Matane Reserves and in Laurentides Park, Quebec, Canada. Sera were tested for antibodies to Brucella abortus, Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona, and Francisella tularensis. Fifteen sera contained evidence of prior exposure to F. tularensis. Only one animal was a seroreactor to L. interrogans serovar grippotyphosa and none of them had antibodies to B. abortus.^0
84251906^[Clinico-epidemiological analysis of leptospirosis in various regions]^198404^Vrach Delo 1984 Apr;(4):114-6^^Bogachik LI, Vasil'eva NA, Sokol AN, Bogachik NA, Ishchuk IS^^0
84252432^The immunoglobulin response of swine following experimental infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^198404^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Apr;256(4):510-7^^Ballard SA, Adler B, Millar BD, Chappel RJ, Jones RT, Faine S^The antibody response of pigs following experimental infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was examined using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Leptospires elicited the production of both IgM and IgG classes of antibody, with IgG levels persisting for much longer than IgM. A comparison of MAT and EIA indicated that the detection of specific IgM by EIA was potentially useful in distinguishing between past and recent infection in pigs. Agglutinins were also detected in the urine of infected animals but these antibodies could not be detected by EIA.^0
84252469^[Results of serological surveys for leptospirosis in animals and people in the environs of 2 water reservoirs in eastern Slovakia]^198404^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1984 Apr;(4):56-8^^Prokopcakova G, Pospisil R^The authors present the results of serological surveys for leptospirosis in rodents, cattle and humans, carried out in the vicinity of two large water reservoirs in Eastern Slovakia. Of the total number of 243 rodents covered by the surveys, 8.2% yielded positive reactions with leptospiral antigens. In most cases the sera reacted with L. grippotyphosa and L. sejroe . Of 168 samples of cattle serum, 13 serum samples, i.e. 7.7.%, yielded positive reactions, also with L. sejroe and L. grippotyphosa. In the group of serum samples obtained from humans, 28 out of 876 samples studied in the surveys, i. e. 3.1%, were positive. Among humans 6 serotypes were established; of these, L. sejroe occurred most frequently among humans, and also among domestic animals and rodents, then followed L. bratislava and L. grippotyphosa. The positive results obtained in humans, cattle and rodents with the prevalence of the same serotypes indicate the existence of close contacts of humans with animals, as well as the possibility of acquiring water-borne infection in recreation zones.^0
84225683^Some population parameters of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in sheep.^198404^Vet Rec 1984 Apr 28;114(17):428-9^^Hathaway SC, Wilesmith JW, Little TW^^0
84214325^Antibody response in Lyme disease: evaluation of diagnostic tests.^198405^J Infect Dis 1984 May;149(5):789-95^^Craft JE, Grodzicki RL, Steere AC^The antibody response to the Ixodes dammini spirochete was determined in 41 serial serum samples from 12 patients with Lyme disease. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 11 of the 12 patients had higher titers of specific IgM antibody (greater than 1:200) during early disease than did 40 control subjects. Specific IgM antibody titers, which correlated with total amounts of IgM antibody (P less than .001), sometimes remained elevated throughout the illness. During neuritis, nine of 10 patients had higher specific IgG antibody titers (greater than 1:200) than did controls, and when arthritis was present, all had such titers, which remained elevated after months of remission. In the ELISA, antibody responses determined by single or serial dilutions were similar, but the ELISA was more sensitive and specific than was immunofluorescence. Adsorption of sera with Borrelia hermsii generally resulted in a fourfold decrease in titers of cross-reactive antibodies, but the titers of sera from patients with Lyme disease were also reduced. Currently, the ELISA, without adsorption, is the best diagnostic test for Lyme disease.^0
84237566^Cloning of a gene required for tryptophan biosynthesis from Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc into Escherichia coli.^198405^Gene 1984 May;28(2):147-52^^Yelton DB, Charon NW^A clone bank, consisting of approx. 8100 colonies, has been created for the spirochete Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc in Escherichia coli using pBR322 as the vector. One of these clones contains the genetic information needed to complement a defect in the trpE gene of E. coli. The information resides on a 20.5-kb plasmid designated pYC1, which carries a 16-kb insert consisting of three HindIII fragments. It does not complement defects in other genes needed for the biosynthesis of tryptophan in E. coli.^0
84276524^[A type strain or a neotype strain of Leptospira]^198405^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 May;257(1):73-82^^Mochmann H, Kmety E^A deep review of the scientific literature concerning the history of the two oldest icterohaemorrhagiae strains is given in order to promote a decision about the legitimate neotype strain on the genus Leptospira. The strain RGA was found to meet completely the requirements for a Neotype culture given by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Its origin from a patient with Weil's disease through guinea pig passages in 1915 is well documented and its culture is unequivocally described by Ungermann in 1916. The strain was maintained in pure culture. Since more than 60 years the strain is used for comparative investigations in classification studies in all laboratories performing such tests. At contrary the history of strain Ictero I is very incomplete. The strain was claimed by Yamamoto to be one of the strain isolated by Inada and Ido in 1915 originally designated as Yamasaki. However, the statement the maintenance of these strains because of loss of virulence was discontinued, is repeatedly mentioned in some old publications of the authors. Moreover it is reported that the strain Ictero I because of contamination with a fungus was recultivated after a passage through a splenectomized mouse, i.e. the strain was not maintained in a pure culture. Beside this it is hardly understandable why has the strain not been submitted to other laboratories before 1965. The strain Ictero I was found to contain an additional thermolabile antigen not present in RGA. At present it is impossible to decide whether this property was already present in the original culture or developed only later, eventually after its mouse passage. Summarizing all these facts, it must be stated that the strain Ictero I cannot be considered to meet all the necessary requirements of its recognition as neotype culture of the Genus Leptospira.^0
85098787^[The biological diagnosis of leptospirosis today]^198475^Bull Acad Natl Med 1984 May-Jun;168(5-6):621-5^^Mailloux M, Mazzonelli J, Dorta de Mazzonelli G, Dufresne Y^^0
84300515^[Leptospirosis in the Yucatan. Serological study in humans and animals]^198475^Salud Publica Mex 1984 May-Jun;26(3):254-9^^Zavala Velazquez J, Pinzon Cantarell J, Flores Castillo M, Damian Centeno AG^^0
84176881^Doxycycline therapy for leptospirosis.^198405^Ann Intern Med 1984 May;100(5):696-8^^McClain JB, Ballou WR, Harrison SM, Steinweg DL^To study antibiotic efficacy, 29 patients with leptospirosis were treated in a randomized, double-blinded fashion with doxycycline, 100 mg orally twice a day, or placebo. Therapy was given for 7 days in a hospital, and patients were followed for 3 weeks afterwards. Duration of illness before therapy and severity of illness were the same in both groups. Doxycycline reduced the duration of illness by 2 days and favorably affected fever, malaise, headache, and myalgias. Treatment prevented leptospiruria and had no adverse effects. Doxycycline is effective in therapy for patients with leptospirosis.^0
84184714^Interaction of leptospires with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.^198405^Infect Immun 1984 May;44(2):459-64^^Wang B, Sullivan J, Sullivan GW, Mandell GL^The role of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in defense against leptospires has not been adequately studied, in part, because of difficulty in quantitating pathogenic leptospires. By using pour plates to quantitate nonpathogenic leptospires and the most-probable-number procedure to quantitate the pathogenic leptospires, we examined the interactions of nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa and pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohemorrhagiae with human neutrophils. Phase-contrast, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopic observations were made. Leptospires were incubated with PMN at 37 degrees C and tumbled together. There was no ingestion or killing of nonpathogenic leptospires (with no serum) or of pathogenic organisms (with 10% normal serum). However, when leptospires were incubated with PMN (without serum) in a pellet and then resuspended, 91 +/- 6% of nonpathogenic leptospires were removed from the supernatant, and 93 +/- 4% of these organisms were killed. The pathogenic leptospires became cell associated in a pellet, but were not killed by PMN even in the presence of 10% normal serum. Observations of morphological interactions indicated that PMN phagocytized the nonpathogenic leptospires in the absence of serum and that the pathogenic leptospires attached to but were not ingested by neutrophils in the presence of 10% normal serum. PMN do not seem to be an efficient defense factor for pathogenic leptospires in nonimmune hosts. The virulence of leptospires appears to be related to their ability to resist killing by serum and to resist ingestion and killing by neutrophils.^0
84255924^Adhesion of Leptospira at a solid-liquid interface: a model.^198405^Arch Microbiol 1984 May;138(1):84-8^^Kefford B, Marshall KC^Two strains of the saprophytic Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc display reversible and irreversible adhesion at a solid-liquid interface. Both forms of adhesion are enhanced in the presence of 20 microM carbonyl cyanide meta-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), an uncoupler which inhibits motility of the bacteria. Microscopic observations also indicated that motility may have a role in adhesion as only actively motile organisms were seen to detach from the substratum. A dynamic model is proposed for adhesion of these organisms at a solid-liquid interface. It is suggested that the level of reversible adhesion is determined by the comparative rates of attachment (ON phase) and detachment (OFF phase). As reversible adhesion is mediated by weak forces of attraction, bacterial motility or gentle washing could promote the OFF phase. When motility is inhibited, the OFF phase is reduced and the ON phase continues (as motility is not required for the ON phase) causing the level of reversible adhesion to increase. Since reversible adhesion is a prerequisite for irreversible adhesion, then increased reversible adhesion leads directly to increased irreversible adhesion. Reversible adhesion appears to be mediated by the weak attractive forces of the "secondary minimum" whereas the mechanism facilitating irreversible adhesion of leptospires is not known.^0
84268888^[Characteristics of the pathogenesis of the hemorrhagic syndrome in viral hepatitis and the icteric form of leptospirosis]^198405^Klin Med (Mosk) 1984 May;62(5):93-6^^Shuvalova EP, Rakhmanova AG, Antonova TV^^0
84289862^Six new leptospiral serovars isolated from wild animals in Peru.^198406^J Clin Microbiol 1984 Jun;19(6):944-5^^Liceras de Hidalgo JL, Sulzer KR^Six new serovars of Leptospira interrogans were isolated from opossums (Didelphis marsupialis and Philander opossum) trapped in the Peruvian jungle. The proposed names, type strain designation, and serogroup of the serovars, respectively, were: huallaga, strain M-7, Djasiman serogroup; luis, strain M-6, Tarassovi serogroup; machiguenga, strain MMD-3, Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup; rioja, strain MR-12, Bataviae serogroup; rupa rupa, strain M-3, Sejroe serogroup; and tingomaria, strain M-13, Cynopteri serogroup.^0
84289863^Bim, a new serovar of Leptospira interrogans isolated from a dog in Barbados.^198406^J Clin Microbiol 1984 Jun;19(6):946^^Jones CJ, Sulzer KR, Everard CO, Vaughn AW, Innis VA^A new serovar of Leptospira interrogans was isolated from a dog in Barbados. The proposed name of the new serovar is bim, and the designated type strain is 1051. The serogroup of the new serovar is the Autumnalis serogroup. The new serovar was subsequently isolated from six patients with leptospirosis in Barbados.^0
85008684^Isolation of an antigenic oligosaccharide fraction from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola with a monoclonal antibody.^198406^J Gen Microbiol 1984 Jun;130 ( Pt 6):1429-35^^Ono E, Naiki M, Yanagawa R^An oligosaccharide fraction containing the antigenic determinant of lipopolysaccharide antigen (TM antigen) from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, recognized by a monoclonal antibody (CT3) which agglutinates serovars canicola and broomi, was isolated by formic acid and successive sulphuric acid hydrolyses. Separation of the antigenic compounds was done by Bio-Gel P-2 and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, and high-performance liquid chromatography with two different columns. The fraction finally obtained was a mixture of two oligosaccharides, both of which migrated as a single spot having a slightly higher mobility than an authentic tetrasaccharide (stachyose) on thin layer chromatography. The fraction contained rhamnose, arabinose and two major and two minor unknown sugars which were shown to be N- or O- acetylated and/or O-methylated sugars by nuclear magnetic resonance. The fraction inhibited the binding of CT3 antibody with TM antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and microscopic agglutination of serovar canicola with the antibody. The inhibitory activity was destroyed by periodate oxidation or mild alkaline treatment, but was resistant to sodium borohydride reduction.^0
84239268^Treatment of human leptospirosis [letter]^198406^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984 Jun 1;184(11):1318^^Hanson LE^^0
84245484^Dairy herd health management.^198406^Mod Vet Pract 1984 Jun;65(6):467-9^^Snider EL^Estrual cows are more likely to be recognized if penned with other open cows. Cycling cows fresh less than 100 days, without signs of heat or a follicle but with good uterine tone and signs of ovarian activity, are closely observed for heat 15-20 days after examination. Those fresh at least 150 days are given prostaglandin. Lugol's iodine solution is infused into the uterus of cows without signs of ovarian activity but with normal uterine tone. Cows with retained fetal membranes are given an intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline with the membranes being removed only if it will not damage the uterus. Oxytetracycline or chlorhexidine solution is infused into the uterus of cows with a purulent vulvar discharge 2 or more weeks postpartum. Prostaglandins may benefit cows not showing signs of heat by 21 days postpartum. Procaine penicillin G solution is infused if the uterus is abnormal at 60 days postpartum. Heifers are vaccinated against brucellosis, blackleg, leptospirosis, IBR-PI3 and BVD at 4-11 months of age, with an optional Vibrio vaccination if a bull is used in the herd. Cows are given IBR-PI3, BVD and Leptospira vaccines a few days post-partum, with a Leptospira booster at pregnancy examination. Cows with Streptococcus mastitis in late lactation may best be treated by drying off. Control of coliform mastitis necessitates a clean barn and milking parlor environment. Staphylococcus mastitis may require segregation of affected cows and installation of a low-line milker to prevent spread.^0
84245936^[Milkers' fever, the leptospirosis of cattlemen]^198406^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1984 Jun 2;128(22):1040-4^^Terpstra WJ, Bercovich Z^^0
84261119^[A case of acute leptospirosis of a dog and a man in an experimental animal unit]^198406^DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1984 Jun 8;91(6):227-30^^Weihe WH^^0
84223917^Leptospirosis in laboratory mice [letter]^198406^Science 1984 Jun 15;224(4654):1158^^Alexander AD^^0
84233099^An outbreak of leptospirosis in cattle and man.^198406^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Jun 30;288(6435):1983-4^^Hart RJ, Gallagher J, Waitkins S^^0
84233100^Leptospirosis in man, British Isles, 1983.^198406^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Jun 30;288(6435):1984-5^^^^0
85092782^Taxonomy of the Lyme disease spirochetes.^198475^Yale J Biol Med 1984 Jul-Aug;57(4):529-37^^Johnson RC, Hyde FW, Rumpel CM^Morphology, physiology, and DNA nucleotide composition of Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia, Treponema, and Leptospira were compared. Morphologically, Lyme disease spirochetes resemble Borrelia. They lack cytoplasmic tubules present in Treponema, and have more than one periplasmic flagellum per cell end and lack the tight coiling which are characteristic of Leptospira. Lyme disease spirochetes are also similar to Borrelia in being microaerophilic, catalase-negative bacteria. They utilize carbohydrates such as glucose as their major carbon and energy sources and produce lactic acid. Long-chain fatty acids are not degraded but are incorporated unaltered into cellular lipids. The diamino amino acid present in the peptidoglycan is ornithine. The mole % guanine plus cytosine values for Lyme disease spirochete DNA were 27.3-30.5 percent. These values are similar to the 28.0-30.5 percent for the Borrelia but differed from the values of 35.3-53 percent for Treponema and Leptospira. DNA reannealing studies demonstrated that Lyme disease spirochetes represent a new species of Borrelia, exhibiting a 31-59 percent DNA homology with the three species of North American borreliae. In addition, these studies showed that the three Lyme disease spirochetes comprise a single species with DNA homologies ranging from 76-100 percent. The three North American borreliae also constitute a single species, displaying DNA homologies of 75-95 percent. Lyme disease spirochetes and Borrelia exhibited little or no DNA homology (0-2 percent) with the Treponema or Leptospira. Plasmids were present in the three Lyme disease spirochetes and the three North American borreliae.^0
84301946^[Clinico-epidemiological aspects of leptospiral jaundice in Khabarovsk Territory]^198407^Voen Med Zh 1984 Jul;(7):36-7^^Lev MI, Tatarnikov VM, Shishko VP, Trop IE, Kleshnev MV^^0
85087494^Phagocytosis of virulent and avirulent leptospires by guinea-pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro.^198407^Pathology 1984 Jul;16(3):243-9^^McGrath H, Adler B, Vinh T, Faine S^Chemiluminescence (CL) and electron microscopy were used to study the phagocytosis of both virulent and avirulent strains of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni by guinea-pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). A significant CL response was observed when guinea-pig PMN were incubated with virulent leptospires in the presence but not in the absence of specific immune serum. This response was markedly enhanced by the addition of guinea-pig complement. Phagocytosis was confirmed by the observation of intracellular leptospires in guinea-pig PMN by electron microscopy. The phagocytosis of avirulent leptospires by guinea-pig PMN and of both virulent and avirulent leptospires by human PMN required the presence of both specific immune serum and complement. Thus the ability of leptospires to resist phagocytosis by PMN in the absence of immune serum does not appear to be a major determinant of virulence.^0
85092783^DNA characterization of Lyme disease spirochetes.^198475^Yale J Biol Med 1984 Jul-Aug;57(4):539-42^^Schmid GP, Steigerwalt AG, Johnson S, Barbour AG, Steere AC, Robinson IM, Brenner DJ^Lyme disease spirochetes (LDS) have phenotypic characteristics of both treponemes and borreliae. To ascertain whether one or more species of LDS exist, as well as their taxonomic status, we determined the DNA base (G + C) content for three strains of LDS, the DNA relatedness of ten strains isolated in the United States or Europe, and the DNA relatedness of LDS to other spirochetes. The G + C content of the three LDS strains was 28.1-29.0 mol%, most similar to those of Borellia hermsii (30.6 mol %) and Treponema hyodysenteriae (25.6 mol %) among the other spirochetes tested. DNA hybridization studies of nine LDS strains to a reference strain isolated from human blood revealed divergence (unpaired bases) within related nucleotide sequences of only 0.0-1.0 percent, indicating the strains were one species. Similarly, relatedness values of seven strains to the reference strain were high: 58-98 percent (mean, 71 percent) in 50 degrees C reactions and 50-93 percent (mean, 69 percent) in 65 degrees C reactions. Labeled DNA from B. hermsii was 30-40 percent related to three Lyme disease spirochete strains in 50 degrees C reactions and 8-10 percent related in 65 degrees C reactions. In contrast, DNA from the reference LDS strain showed relatedness of only 1 percent to DNAs of two leptospires and only 16 percent to DNA from T. hyodysenteriae. We conclude that LDS are a single species, genetically unlike treponemes or leptospires, which belong in the genus Borrelia.^0
84219648^Prophylaxis against leptospirosis with doxycycline [letter]^198407^N Engl J Med 1984 Jul 5;311(1):54^^Krick WK^^0
84245709^More on leptospirosis [letter]^198407^N Engl J Med 1984 Jul 26;311(4):261-2^^Shaunak S, Brettle RP, Inglis JM, Holmes L^^0
85072592^[Introduction to the Round Table on Leptospirosis]^198407^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1984 Jul 31;63(3):231-2^^Rigoli E^The renewed interest in leptospirosis derives from the expansion of this infection which, broken out from its historical strictly professional role, now interests wider categories of the population, represented by frequenters of zones with water or swamp for sport or week-ends. A greater knowledge therefore is needed on the diffusion of leptospirosis and its epidemiology which is notoriously non-homogeneous and variable. The necessity for the meeting arose from this new reality, not sufficiently known, of this infection, and from the necessity to cover the national territory with reference centres coordinated by the Istituto Superiore di Sanita and in the more general epidemiological picture promoted by the WHO.^0
85072593^[Biological diagnosis of the leptospiroses: technics and interpretations]^198407^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1984 Jul 31;63(3):233-6^^Mailloux M, Mazzonelli J, Dorta de Mazzonelli GT, Dufresne Y^According to the chronological data of Physio-Pathology of leptospiroses, diagnosis is: Direct: isolation of the germ in the beginning of the acute phase of the disease: blood culture, culture of cerebrospinal fluid, animal inoculation. Identification is the work of a specialized laboratory. Indirect: demonstration of antibodies. Immunological tests are divided into two groups: Screening tests, available for all laboratories: they give an indication of Leptospirosis. They are carried out during the acute phase: slide macroscopic agglutination test, hemagglutination test, complement fixation test. Confirmatory tests, performed only by specialized laboratories. Interpretation is dependent on the case history of the patient.^0
85072594^[The diagnosis of leptospirosis in the hospital microbiology laboratory]^198407^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1984 Jul 31;63(3):237-43^^Cacciapuoti B^Confirmatory diagnosis of clinical leptospirosis may be achieved by each hospital laboratory performing all-purpose bacteriological methods. Direct microscopic examination of blood may frequently demonstrate circulating leptospiras in the first few days of pyrexia. Leptospiras may be tentatively cultured from blood in the same initial period of illness, in fluid semisynthetic commercial media according to the original Ellinghausen medium. Sero-conversion for leptospira antibodies is constantly observed on two serum samples taken in the first few days of illness and ten days thereafter respectively, in each case of current leptospirosis.^0
85072595^[Identification of proposed laboratories for leptospirosis surveillance at the regional and multiregional levels]^198407^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1984 Jul 31;63(3):243-8^^Castelletto M, Rigoli E^A geographic emplacement of reference Centres for the epidemiological control is proposed here according to recommendation by the Istituto Superiore di Sanita and the instructions of the WHO. While the ordinary laboratories make serodiagnosis for clinical use only, the reference Centres must carry out the epidemiological control by typing of leptospires strains in order to establish the prevalence of the serotypes in the different territories. For these more complex epidemiological techniques, closer relations between the Centres and the Istituto Superiore di Sanita are necessary. The national map proposed, object of discussion at the meeting, refers to reference Centres (location and person) that have made themselves available for this duty.^0
85072596^[Diagnosis and surveillance of leptospirosis in the Venetia Region]^198407^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1984 Jul 31;63(3):249-53^^Stella D, Bonomi U, Fraizzoli G, Tonolli E^The Microbiological Laboratory of Verona Hospital is the leptospirosis reference Centre since 1980. It uses routinely the lysis/agglutination test with leptospires strains in order to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to define the typing of strains. Although this Centre is not yet officially recognized, it is in fact, at the service of the Veneto region and greater part of the Trentino Alto Adige. It examines 600 samples a year (about 3000 determinations) from these two regions, therefore it can construct a biregional epidemiology although the data is neither referred to superior Committees nor, perhaps, utilized in the requesting territory. The aspects of this service to be improved are the incompleteness of data with samples and their not perfect condition on arrival for testing. The most interesting point is that the epidemiology in the Veneto region has not changed since 1980: the prevailing leptospira is the icterohaemorrhagiae and then the canicola and pomona.^0
85072597^[Diagnostic research on leptospirosis in the Milanese territory]^198407^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1984 Jul 31;63(3):254-61^^Gelosa L, Manera A^168 serum specimens have been tested for Leptospirosis in the years from 1980 to 1983. The identification procedure was a macroscopic plate agglutination screening test with formalin fied antigens and a confirmatory microscopic agglutination-lysis test of live antigens of actively growing cultures of different pathogenic serotypes propagated in a fluid medium. 34 serum specimens (23.8%) relevant to 18 cases were positive. L. icterohaemorrhagiae was positive in 12 cases (63.1%), L. pomona in 2 cases (10.5%), L. canicola in 1 case (5.3%), 1 case was positive for both L. grippotyphosa and L. bataviae and 1 case was positive for L. poi and L. sejroe. During the summer-fall of 1981 40 specimens of surface water from 4 pre-alpin lakes of the Provincia of Como were tested for Leptospiras with the cultural and biological examinations, following the detection of several leptospirosis cases on the relevant area. All water specimens gave negative results.^0
85072598^[The Pavia Center for the study and diagnosis of leptospirosis]^198407^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1984 Jul 31;63(3):262-6^^Bianchi L^According to his deep experience in this field, the Author greatly appreciates the program agreed during this congress. He thinks that Leptospirosis is a still widely diffused zoonosis, for which accurate diagnostic work-up is requested, coupled to an adequate epidemiologic study. Among his own contributions to this argument, the A. remarks the studies on the experimental infection of the guineapig with L. icterohaemorrhagiae, providing evidence that jaundice and lethal course of the illness are due to the Leptospira and not, as it was currently supposed, to an overcoming Staphylococcal septicemia. Furthermore the A. observed a striking epidemic by L. pomona affecting 90 out of 120 rice-workers in the neighbourhood of Pavia. This Leptospira, previously unreported in Europe, was found to be carried by Norvegian rats captured in that country. These data were in contrast with the more frequent incidence, in this work environment, of L. bataviae, carried by Micromis minutus sorcinus. Following the amount of observations and researches in this field "Center for study and diagnosis of Leptospirosis" was founded in 1954, and is still working in Pavia. The necessity of isolation of the infective agent, in addition to the simple serologic study, was claimed by the observation of five cases of meningitis in young pigherds, in which L. canicola (instead of the more common L. pomona) was demonstrated and ielded from the CSF of a patient. In the field of veterinary medicine, the A. demonstrated the L. australis A as responsible of some cases of miscarriages in openair breeded cattle. In those cases the hedgehog (Erinaceus europeus) was the natural carrier.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
85072599^[Activity in the field of leptospirosis at the University of Trieste]^198407^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1984 Jul 31;63(3):267-8^^Cinco M^The activity of Leptospira Laboratory in our Institute is briefly explained. The laboratory acts as International Reference for Leptospira typing, for microbiological diagnosis of leptospirosis and for basic research on pathogenesis and new trends in the serodiagnosis.^0
85203639^Infectious diseases of travelers and immigrants.^198408^Emerg Med Clin North Am 1984 Aug;2(3):587-622^^Gove S, Slutkin G^Many tropical and other unusual infections can occur in travelers or among foreign-born persons who have emigrated to the United States. The approach to the differential diagnosis includes considering the patient's geographic history, dates of travel, and clinical presentation, along with the geographic distribution and possible incubation periods of suspected pathogens. Important considerations include malaria, typhoid fever, rickettsial disease, dengue, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and leptospirosis. Traveler's diarrhea and dysentery are also common.^0
84267774^Adhesion of leptospires to mouse fibroblasts (L929) and its enhancement by specific antibody.^198408^J Med Microbiol 1984 Aug;18(1):73-85^^Vinh T, Faine S, Adler B^The adhesion of leptospires (Leptospira interrogans serovar. copenhageni L45) to mouse L-cells was studied by microscopic observations. Within 3 h of infection of monolayers many leptospires adhered to 95-100% of the cells, and intracellular leptospires were demonstrated by electron microscopy. No specific site of attachment on the cells or the leptospires was observed. Avirulent or dead leptospires adhered poorly but attachment of the saprophytic leptospire L. biflexa serovar. patoc occurred on cell and glass surfaces. After adhesion, microvilli on the cell surfaces disappeared within 6 h of infection and cell damage was observed after 12 h. The adhesion was greatly enhanced by the presence of specific antiserum at a subagglutinating concentration. No direct penetration by leptospires of the host cells was observed with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It appears that (1) adhesion of leptospires to L-cells precedes cell damage, and (2) leptospires may enter cells either through damaged membranes, or by a phagocytosis-like mechanism.^0
85002662^The deleterious effects of dogs on human health: 2. Canine zoonoses.^198408^Community Med 1984 Aug;6(3):185-97^^Baxter DN, Leck I^^0
84279578^Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis.^198408^Arch Ophthalmol 1984 Aug;102(8):1140-5^^Dreyer RF, Hopen G, Gass JD, Smith JL^Twenty-nine eyes of 27 patients demonstrated the typical features of neuroretinitis with a mascular star. Historical and fluorescein angiographic features of this condition implicate a bloodborne infectious agent. It is likely that multiple agents can produce this condition, including the agent of cat-scratch fever and leptospirosis. A small subgroup may exist in whom this condition resembles anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and has a less favorable clinical course than is usual. There is evidence that this condition is not related to demyelinating disease. It is emphasized that this condition is not a maculopathy since vascular leakage in the optic nerve causes the star. Therefore, we suggest that this condition be renamed Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis.^0
85006225^An unrecognised zoonosis?: Leptospirosis hardjo in man in the Republic of Ireland.^198408^Ir Med J 1984 Aug;77(8):238-40^^Colgan M, Eivers B Jr, Egan J^^0
85018216^Serodiagnosis of canine leptospirosis by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.^198408^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1984 Aug;7(1):33-42^^Hartman EG, van Houten M, van der Donk JA, Frik JF^An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola in dogs was developed and evaluated. Comparison of the ELISA with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) showed that, during the first two weeks after an experimental infection with serotype canicola, the ELISA detected antibody at higher dilutions than the MAT. After the second week post- infection both tests detected antibody at almost equal titres (r = 0.89). The outer envelope (OE) antigen of serotypes icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni and canicola was fairly serotype- specific, whereas the pellet (P) antigen showed more cross-reactivity. Both OE and P antigen of Leptospira biflexa strain Patoc I could be used as cross-reacting antigen in the ELISA. Compared to the MAT, the ELISA has some technical advantages. It is suggested that the ELISA would be useful as a screening test.^0
85018217^Determination of specific anti-leptospiral immunoglobulins M and G in sera of experimentally infected dogs by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.^198408^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1984 Aug;7(1):43-51^^Hartman EG, van Houten M, van der Donk JA, Frik JF^The development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect specific anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG in sera of dogs experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola are reported. In all dogs specific anti-leptospiral IgM was detected from the second half of the first week after infection, the maximum being attained during the second week. Subsequently the IgM titre gradually decreased. Specific anti-leptospiral IgG was detected later and increased gradually to reach almost the same level as the IgM titre after two to three months. During the initial stage of the infection, when the microscopic agglutination titre was still negative or very low, a high IgM titre was accompanied by a negative or very low IgG titre in every case. After the initial stage a substantial IgG titre was also detectable. It is suggested that the test is suitable for serodiagnostic purposes, particularly for the diagnosis of a current infection in an individual.^0
85019021^[Experimental leptospiral vaccines. Serological findings in rabbits]^198408^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1984 Aug;31(7):487-92^^Riedemann S, Zamora J, Dumont C^^0
85030823^Genetic relationship of lyme disease spirochetes to Borrelia, Treponema, and Leptospira spp.^198408^J Clin Microbiol 1984 Aug;20(2):151-4^^Hyde FW, Johnson RC^Genetic studies were performed on the following spirochetes: three Lyme disease spirochetes isolated from Ixodes ticks and from human spinal fluid; three species of North American borreliae; four species of Treponema; and two species of Leptospira. The mol% G+C values for Lyme disease spirochetes were 27.3 to 30.5%, similar to values of 28.0 to 30.5% for Borrelia species but different from the values of Leptospira or Treponema species which ranged from 35.3 to 53%. Lyme disease spirochetes represent a new species of Borrelia, with DNA homologies of 31 to 59% with the three North American strains of Borrelia studied. These studies also showed that Lyme disease spirochetes from three sources constituted a single species, with DNA homologies ranging from 76 to 100%. A high degree of relatedness was also seen between the three North American borreliae, with homology varying from 77 to 95%, indicating that these spirochetes represent a single species. Lyme disease spirochetes and Borrelia species exhibited almost no homology with Leptospira and Treponema species (0 to 2%). Plasmids were detected in the three Lyme disease spirochetes and in the three North American borreliae.^0
85074423^[The effect of leptospiral outer envelope vaccine. IV. A study among a small population]^198408^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1984 Aug;5(4):212-5^^Bao XH^^0
85192010^[Weil's syndrome due to Leptospira interrogans of the ballum serotype]^198408^Rev Med Chil 1984 Aug;112(8):806-8^^Thompson L, Chesta J, Yenes A, Gonzalez P^^0
85192011^[Human leptospirosis due to the copenhageni serotype]^198408^Rev Med Chil 1984 Aug;112(8):809-11^^Riedemann S, Kother L, Zamora J^^0
84281587^Leptospirosis in cattle and man [letter]^198408^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Aug 11;289(6441):380-1^^^^0
85068197^Survival of leptospires in commercial blood culture systems.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):480-7^^Palmer M, Waitkins SA, Zochowski W^Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis depends on the serological findings and, if possible, the isolation of the organisms. During the period 1981-1982 there were 40 blood cultures submitted from serologically positive patients and a successful isolation rate of only 12% was attained. Correct media, method of collection of suspect blood and laboratory technique all contribute to the successful isolation of the organism. Because of the low isolation rate an investigation was undertaken of various blood culturing systems used in Great Britain. Results obtained showed that certain blood culture media were able to maintain the organism better and therefore increase the isolation rates of leptospira. Factors affecting the isolation rate are presented.^0
85068203^Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira strains.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):517-20^^Bazovska S, Kmety E, Rak J^Comparative studies of 249 pathogenic and 80 saprophytic leptospira strains, including 2 strains of the illini type, using the 8-azaguanine test, growth at 13 degrees C and growth on trypticase soy broth revealed their good differentiating potency if the recommended conditions were carefully observed. The same results were obtained by a simple hemolytic test using sheep and rat blood cells, having the advantage of providing results within 24 h. This test is suggested to replace the 8-azaguanine and the growth test at 13 degrees C. In these investigations, the first European strain of the illini type was recognized.^0
85068196^The history of leptospirosis: 100 years.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):473-8^^Gsell O^^0
85068204^Immunohistochemical investigations of leptospira-infected golden hamsters in potency tests.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):521-5^^Hein B, Freudenstein H^Golden hamsters taken from routine potency testing of leptospirosis vaccines were investigated for leptospirae after a challenge infection. Kidneys, livers, and spleens were examined immunohistochemically by the unlabelled antibody enzyme (PAP) method, and samples of these organs were additionally cultured for the evidence of living leptospirae. In non-vaccinated animals the recultivation method indicated leptospirae during the bacteraemic phase, beginning immediately after infection. Both methods resulted in positive reactions after organ manifestations. Intravascular evidence of leptospirae in the kidneys could be seen first on day 3 after infection. On day 7, there was intracellular and intratubular evidence as well, combined with tubulo-interstitial alterations. In vaccinated animals the bacteraemia after infection was reduced. Organ manifestations were seen rarely; there were less severe or no pathohistological alterations.^0
85078619^Serological diagnosis of erythema migrans disease and related disorders.^198475^Infection 1984 Sep-Oct;12(5):331-7^^Wilske B, Schierz G, Preac-Mursic V, Weber K, Pfister HW, Einhaupl K^An indirect immunofluorescence technique for the determination of antibodies against ixodid tick spirochetes is described. Differences in the reactivity between Ixodes ricinus spirochete and Ixodes dammini spirochete antigens were not observed. Cross-reacting antibodies against Treponema pallidum and Treponema phagedenis can be eliminated by quantitative absorption with T. phagedenis. Cross-reactions with leptospira were not observed by immunofluorescence. In the IgM test, false negative reactions caused by high-titered specific IgG antibodies or false positive reactions caused by rheumatoid factor occur. This can be avoided by testing the IgM fraction (19S-IgM-test) or using sera previously treated with anti-IgG serum. Significantly elevated antibody titers against ixodid tick spirochetes were observed in 45% of 44 cases with erythema migrans disease, in 72% of 29 cases of lymphocytic meningoradiculitis, in all of nine patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and in all of four investigated patients with lymphocytoma (lymphadenosis benigna cutis).^0
90014343^[Leptospira hemosensitins obtained using a ballistic disintegration method]^198475^Mikrobiol Zh 1984 Sep-Oct;46(5):80-5^^Matsiuk VM, Nazarova OG^^0
85067279^[Territorial dissemination of antibodies against leptospirae at individual farms throughout a district, detected on the basis of serological testing of slaughter cattle and pigs]^198409^Vet Med (Praha) 1984 Sep;29(9):531-7^^Treml F, Sebek Z, Hejlicek K^The serological reaction of microagglutination-lysis (RMAL) was performed to examine 4995 head of slaughter cattle and 8211 slaughter pigs for the presence of antibodies to leptospirae. The animals came from 33 farms of the Strakonice district. Antibodies to leptospirae were found in slaughter cattle from 25 (75.75%) farms and in slaughter pigs from 24 (72.72%) farms. As suggested by the examination, the antibodies to leptospirae occur in animals throughout the territory of the district, irrespective of the nature of the landscape. The occurrence of the above-mentioned antibodies on farms occurred within the range from 0.52% to 8.33% in slaughter cattle and from 0.32% to 8.10% in slaughter pigs; only rarely did it exceed 9.0%. The most frequent reactions were those with the leptospirae of the L. grippotyphosa serovar.^0
84278652^Adult respiratory failure with leptospirosis [letter]^198409^Ann Intern Med 1984 Sep;101(3):402^^Berendsen HH, Rommes JH, Hylkema BS, Meinesz AF, Sluiter HJ^^0
85068198^Use of formaldehyde-PBS for serum dilution in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for leptospirosis.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):493-7^^Schonberg A, Staak C, Kampe U^Altogether, 431 sera (381 positive and 50 negative sera) were tested against different Leptospira serovars in the microscopic agglutination test (CMAT) using PBS with and without formaldehyde for comparative purposes. For the preparation of serum dilutions with formaldehyde-PBS, formaldehyde was added to PBS at a final concentration of 0.4%. When retested after storage, 234 from the 381 formerly positive sera gave positive, 68 doubtful and 79 negative results in the MAT. Out of the 234 sera with positive reaction in MAT, 212 (90.6%) showed positive reactions in the MAT with formaldehyde as well, 19 (8.1%) doubtful reactions and 3 (1.3%) became negative. All sera with negative reaction in the routine MAT were found to be negative in the MAT with formaldehyde as well.^0
85068199^Evaluation of the slide agglutination test for detection of leptospiral antibodies in serum samples of slaughter pigs.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):498-500^^Weber A, Weber G, Krauss H^Serum samples of 259 randomly selected slaughter pigs were studied comparatively in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the slide agglutination test (SAT) for the presence of leptospiral antibodies. 12 of 13 serum samples with MAT titres of 1:400+ + and higher were positive in the SAT. 27 of 46 sera with MAT titres in the borderline range (1:100+ + to 1:400+) showed a positive reaction in the SAT. 31 of 200 serum samples with MAT titres of 1:100+ and less reacted also positively in the SAT. Statistical evaluation of the results showed that the SAT is accurate if results are positive but less so if the results are negative (sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 76.4%).^0
85068200^New trends in the rapid serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):503-7^^Banfi E, Cinco M, Delia S, Castagnari L, Vullo V, Mastroianni CM, Contini C^TR/Patoc slide test, ELISA and TIA (Thin-Layer Immunoassay) were evaluated for their use in a rapid serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. The results obtained indicated that the TR/Patoc slide test is very sensitive and able to detect within a few minutes early antibodies against whichever serovar of leptospires, like the antigens of the Galton test. The value of the ELISA test in detecting antibodies at a low level is confirmed. The TIA assay, employed here for the first time for the diagnosis of leptospirosis, though sensitive seemed too long to perform and consequently it is not a test of choice for a rapid screening of sera.^0
85068201^An IgM- and IgG-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-leptospiral immunoglobulins in dogs.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):508-10^^Hartman EG^^0
85068202^Application of an immuno-enzyme technique to titration of antibodies in leptospirosis: ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):511-3^^Mailloux M, Mazzonelli JG, Dufresne Y^^0
85068205^May human leptospirosis develop as a chronic infection?^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):531-4^^Nicolescu M, Andreescu N^In connection with some rather uncommon cases, the authors asked themselves whether leptospirosis may also develop as a chronic infection. To answer this question, we took into consideration four of the most representative investigated cases encountered during the last 22 years. In conclusion, it appears that in some circumstances, human leptospirosis could present itself as a chronic disease.^0
85068206^Leptospiroses in 1982 in France and French overseas departments.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):535-8^^Mailloux M, Mazzonelli JG, Raoult R^^0
85068207^Leptospirosis in New Caledonia (Melanesia).^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):540-1^^Mailloux M^^0
85068208^Leptospiral abortions of sows: new data.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):544-7^^Kemenes F^In an immunization experiment, 460 sows at 7-60 days of gestation were inoculated with a rodent-adapted live strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar tarassovi at a large swine farm previously affected by this serovar. The inoculum consisted of a haemoculture prepared from the 52nd guinea-pig passage and the dose was 2 X 10(7) leptospires per sow. Over the period from the 48th to the 73rd day after inoculation 54 out of 283 sows having been inoculated at 32-60 days of gestation, aborted or delivered weak piglets. At the same time, 177 sows inoculated at days 7-32 of gestation farrowed normal litters. Altogether 18 underdeveloped piglets 2-5 weeks old derived from naturally infected litters were killed, but leptospires were not demonstrated or cultivated from their swollen and pale kidneys. It seems that L. interrogans serovar tarassovi is able to cause foetal damage in susceptible sows at one-two months of pregnancy and that previous adaptation of this serovar to rodents does not reduce its pathogenicity for porcine foetuses.^0
85096653^Kidney disease of sheep, associated with infection by leptospires of the Sejroe serogroup.^198409^Aust Vet J 1984 Sep;61(9):304-6^^Ellis TM, Hustas L, Robertson GM, Mayberry C^^0
85068209^Fatal congenital human leptospirosis.^198409^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Sep;257(4):548^^Faine S, Adler B, Christopher W, Valentine R^^0
85041878^Infection by leptospires of the Pomona serogroup in cattle and pigs in south west England.^198409^Vet Rec 1984 Sep 8;115(10):246-8^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Jones TW, Stevens H, Butland RW^Leptospires belonging to the Pomona serogroup were isolated from calves involved in two outbreaks of acute haemolytic disease which were characterised by jaundice, haemoglobinuria and high death rates. Retrospective case studies in which serological evidence of Pomona serogroup infection was found are also presented. Serovar pomona is the leptospire of the Pomona serogroup most commonly incriminated in clinical disease in domestic species, but the organisms isolated in this study were antigenically different to pomona and may represent a new serovar. The limited information available on the epidemiology of sporadic infection with leptospires of the Pomona serogroup in domestic species in the south west of England supports the contention that a serovar other than pomona is involved.^0
85092516^[Phenomenon of transient HBs antigenemia in leptospirosis patients]^198410^Vrach Delo 1984 Oct;(10):116-9^^Markov IS, Tat'ianko NV, Vovk AD, Lenartovich LS, Vinogradova GN^^0
85030976^Restriction endonuclease DNA analysis of Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and hebdomadis.^198410^J Clin Microbiol 1984 Oct;20(4):808-10^^Marshall RB, Winter PJ, Yanagawa R^Antigenic variants of Leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni and hebdomadis were examined by bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis with EcoRI, XhoI, SalI, BstEII, and HindIII as the digesting enzymes. The antigenic variants were stable cloned strains which had been cultivated in media containing homologous immune serum. One of the strains examined has been reported elsewhere (R. Yanagawa and J. Takashima, Infect. Immun. 10:1439-1442) as having an antigenic makeup which more closely resembles serovar kremastos than the serovar hebdomadis parent. The closely antigenically related but naturally occurring serovars icterhaemorrhagiae strain RGA and copenhageni strain M20 were examined in parallel. No differences could be shown between the hebdomadis parent and any of its mutants. Serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae produced patterns which differed in the high- molecular-weight bands only. The Shibaura parent strain did not differ from copenhageni M20, but the Shibaura M1 strain differed from the other mutants and from icterohaemorrhagiae RGA in its high-molecular- weight bands.^0
85124837^[Studies on endotoxin of Leptospira: I. Extraction of lipopolysaccharides from Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai and analysis of their chemical and biological properties]^198410^Chung Kuo I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1984 Oct;6(5):321-5^^Nie DK, Wu SH, Shi MH, Lu ML, Jiang SX, Zhu GF, Wang HQ, Liu YM^^0
85061099^Isolation of leptospires in diagnosis of leptospirosis.^198410^Mod Vet Pract 1984 Oct;65(10):758-9^^Thiermann AB^Though the microscopic agglutination test is commonly used as an aid to diagnosis of leptospirosis, it lacks sensitivity, cannot differentiate vaccinal titers from those of infection, and cannot identify shedders. The ELISA is sensitive but also cannot differentiate titers of vaccination and infection. Leptospire isolation is essential for a final diagnosis. Tissue or fluid samples should be aseptically collected, if possible, and quickly shipped to the diagnostic laboratory in transport medium or on ice, but should not be frozen. Samples to be collected may include urine, milk, kidney, aqueous humor, and fallopian tube or uterine mucosa.^0
85067344^Humoral immune response of dogs after vaccination against leptospirosis measured by an IgM- and IgG-specific ELISA.^198410^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1984 Oct;7(3-4):245-54^^Hartman EG, van Houten M, Frik JF, van der Donk JA^An IgM- and IgG-specific ELISA was used to measure the antibody response stimulated in dogs by vaccination with a leptospiral bacterin containing chemically inactivated Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and serotype canicola leptospires. All dogs produced anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG. The IgM production was of the primary response type after each vaccination (primary vaccination, booster vaccination and annual revaccination). A substantial anti- leptospiral IgG response could be demonstrated only after the first booster vaccination and the annual revaccination. Annual revaccination resulted in a higher and much longer persisting IgG response than did the first booster vaccination. A revision of the vaccination scheme is suggested.^0
85089930^[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^198410^Rev Med Suisse Romande 1984 Oct;104(10):841-5^^Jacques MC^^0
85117741^Evaluation of the leptospiral protein-free medium.^198410^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Oct;258(1):27-31^^Mazzonelli J, Dorta de Mazzonelli G, Mailloux M^Bey and Johnson's leptospiral protein-free medium is evaluated and some modifications to it are introduced. Different serovars have shown good growth in this medium, but generally it is necessary to adapt it before obtaining success. When adapted, the serovars, subcultured serially, have a long term survival, with a good bacterial density. Some serovars, such as tarassovi and grippotyphosa exhibited irregular results.^0
85117790^[Sensitivity of different morphological variants of Leptospira to the leptospirocidal activity of normal animal sera]^198410^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1984 Oct;(10):72-3^^Anan'ina IuV, Chernukha IuG^The leptospirocidal activity of normal animal sera with respect to 23 Leptospira strains was experimentally studied in vitro. 91.3% of the strains under study proved to be sensitive to the lytic action of cattle serum and 86.9%, to sheep serum. The uncinate variants of the pathogenic strains showed resistance to the action of the above sera, and their nonuncinate analogs were subject to agglutination with subsequent lysis, similarly to saprophytes.^0
85254803^[Serological response to leptospiral vaccine injected using different schedules]^198410^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1984 Oct;5(5):287-90^^Liang CX^^0
85116612^Levels of some reproductive diseases in the dairy cattle of Colombia.^198411^Trop Anim Health Prod 1984 Nov;16(4):219-23^^Griffiths IB, Gallego MI, De Leon LS^Of 4,144 serum samples collected from cows on 113 farms from eight areas of Colombia 3.3% had positive and 8.8% inconclusive titres to Brucella abortus, 21.7, 6.3, 1.6, 0.6 and 0.7% of cows had positive titres to Leptospira serovars hardjo, pomona, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa respectively. Questionnaires completed on 110 farms revealed that 6, 2.5 and 4.6% of cows had had metritis, aborted or retained their placentas respectively in the previous 12 months. Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus were isolated from 13.7% and 15% of the bulls sampled on 103 farms. Six and two bulls had inconclusive and positive titres to Brucella abortus. Eight and 23 bulls had positive titres to pomona and hardjo. The results were discussed and remedies for control suggested.^0
85035998^EIA test for leptospirosis [letter]^198411^Med J Aust 1984 Nov 10;141(10):685-6^^Adler B, Ballard S, Faine S^^0
85105434^Serological interrelationship of Leptospira serovar and genus-specific antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.^198412^J Clin Microbiol 1984 Dec;20(6):1089-93^^Fairbrother JM^The serological interrelationship of a sonicated antigen (POM-S) and an alkali-extracted "fraction 4" antigen (POM-F4) from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, and an ethanol-precipitated (PAT-E) and a formolized, sonicated antigen (PAT-F) from Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc were investigated. The serological responses of rabbits immunized with these antigens were examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the microscopic agglutination test, and the 2- mercaptoethanol microscopic agglutination test. Antisera from these rabbits absorbed by the homologous or heterologous antigens were examined by the ELISA. The PAT-E and PAT-F antigens were genus specific and were serologically closely related but not identical. Similarly, the POM-F4 and POM-S antigens showed some serological relatedness. By the use of absorbed antisera, the serovar pomona-derived antigens were shown to be serologically related to the PAT-F but not to the PAT-E antigen in the ELISA. It is suggested that the use of several such antigens in the ELISA may reveal differences in the kinetics of the antibody response in animals infected by different leptospiral serovars.^0
85194960^[Diagnosis of leptospirosis]^198412^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Dec;258(4):480-91^^^^0
85116855^[Incidence of antibodies against leptospira in the blood of breeding sows]^198412^Vet Med (Praha) 1984 Dec;29(12):713-8^^Treml F, Hejlicek K, Soukup M^Within a year, 4438 blood sera of sows coming from 25 farms of the Strakonice district were subjected to serological examination by the reaction of microagglutination lysis (RMAL) with 12 strains of Leptospira. The reaction was positive in 3.22% of all the blood sera. Separate significant titres were demonstrated in the reaction with the Leptospira organisms of four serological groups, including Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis and Australis. The reactions with the Leptospira of the Canicola serological group were observed only individually as coagglutination with a simultaneous occurrence of antibodies to Leptospira of the Grippotyphosa serological group. The highest number of reactions 119 (75.8%) was demonstrated in titre 400.^0
85053504^Role of specific antibody in interaction of leptospires with human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages.^198412^Infect Immun 1984 Dec;46(3):809-13^^Wang B, Sullivan JA, Sullivan GW, Mandell GL^It has previously been shown that human neutrophils ingest and kill nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa in the absence of serum but that pathogenic Leptospira interrogans is not ingested by neutrophils even in the presence of normal serum. We extended this study by examining the interactions of human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages with pathogenic L. interrogans (serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) and evaluating the opsonizing effect of serotype-specific immune serum on the phagocytosis of pathogenic leptospires by monocytes and neutrophils. Leptospires were incubated with monocytes in pellets at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2. No ingestion or killing of pathogenic leptospires occurred when 10% normal serum was used. However, when the pathogenic leptospires were pretreated with serotype-specific immune serum, monocytes or neutrophils in pellets ingested 96% of the organisms and killed 94% of those ingested. Microscopic observations of the interaction confirmed that phagocytosis of the opsonized pathogenic leptospires by monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and neutrophils had occurred. The opsonizing effect of specific antibody may play an important role in the mechanism of host defense against leptospirosis.^0
85054619^Microcinematographic analysis of tethered Leptospira illini.^198412^J Bacteriol 1984 Dec;160(3):1067-73^^Charon NW, Daughtry GR, McCuskey RS, Franz GN^A model of Leptospira motility was recently proposed. One element of the model states that in translating cells the anterior spiral-shaped end gyrates counterclockwise and the posterior hook-shaped end gyrates clockwise. We tested these predictions by analyzing cells tethered to a glass surface. Leptospira illini was incubated with antibody-coated latex beads (Ab-beads). These beads adhered to the cells, and subsequently some cells became attached to either the slide or the cover glass via the Ab-beads. As previously reported, these cells rapidly moved back and forth across the surface of the beads. In addition, a general trend was observed: cells tethered to the cover glass rotated clockwise around the Ab-bead; cells tethered to the slide rotated counterclockwise around the Ab-bead. A computer-aided microcinematographic analysis of tethered cells indicated that the direction of rotation of cells around the Ab-bead was a function of both the surface of attachment and the shape of the cell ends. The results can best be explained by assuming that the gyrating ends interact with the glass surface to cause rotation around the Ab-beads. The analysis obtained indicates that the hook- and spiral-shaped ends rotate in the directions predicted by the model. In addition, the tethered cell assay permitted detection of rapid, coordinated reversals of the cell ends, e.g., cells rapidly switched from a hook-spiral configuration to a spiral-hook configuration. These results suggest the existance of a mechanism which coordinates the shape of the cell ends of L. illini.^0
85056483^Serum lipids in patients with leptospirosis [letter]^198412^J Infect Dis 1984 Dec;150(6):963-4^^Estavoyer JM, Stimmesse B, Ottignon Y, Cardot N, Boillot A, Dupont MJ^^0
85079668^Leptospirosis and coccidial infection in a guanaco.^198412^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984 Dec 1;185(11):1442-4^^Hodgin C, Schillhorn van Veen TW, Fayer R, Richter N^^0
85170711^Leptospiral attachment to cultured cells.^198412^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Dec;258(2-3):268-74^^Tsuchimoto M, Niikura M, Ono E, Kida H, Yanagawa R^Each virulent strain of copenhageni, canicola and pomona of Leptospira interrogans attached effectively to MDCK cells and primary dog kidney cells, while the avirulent or less virulent line of the same strain and avirulent strains belonging to the same serovars and the avirulent reference strains of other serovars did not. Inhibition of the attachment of the virulent copenhageni to MDCK cells was found in the presence of the homologous immunoglobulin G Fab fragment. Strains of L. biflexa attached to the animal cells, but they differed from those of virulent L. interrogans in their capability to attach to glass.^0
85170720^Epidemiological aspects of canine leptospirosis in the Netherlands.^198412^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984 Dec;258(2-3):350-9^^Hartman EG^The epidemiology of canine leptospirosis has been examined in a limited study in the Netherlands from 1969 through 1982. Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola were found to be the only serotypes causing clinical leptospirosis. However, positive agglutination titres to the serotypes grippotyphosa, bratislava, poi and ballum have also been detected. The incidence of infection caused by serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was highest during summer and autumn. Infections with serotype canicola were more evenly distributed over the year with only a slight increase during summer and autumn. Infections caused by serotype canicola were significantly more prevalent in male dogs, whereas infections with serotype icterohaemorrhagiae were found both in males and females in almost equal numbers. The incidence of infections with serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was highest in immature dogs. Infections with serotype canicola were detected in young as well as older animals. In contrast to the situation in the past, infections with serotype icterohaemorrhagiae are now more common than those caused by serotype canicola, which have become rare. The highest incidence of infection was found in the western part of the country. The majority of infections was demonstrated in guard-dogs and sporting-dogs. Dogs proved to be of minor importance as a source of human infection in the Netherlands.^0
85206712^Prevalence of feline leptospirosis: serologic survey and attempts of isolation and demonstration of the agent.^198412^Int J Zoonoses 1984 Dec;11(2):161-9^^Larsson CE, Santa Rosa CA, Hagiwara MK, Paim GV, Guerra JL^The occurrence of leptospiral infection in cats was determined through the detection of specific antibodies based on the results of microscopic agglutination test and the attempts of isolation and histological demonstration of leptospires from the kidneys of these animals. Of 172 serum samples examined by microscopic agglutination test, 22 (12.8%) were positive with titers greater than or equal to 100. The most frequent serovar was pomona. In relation to the sex, significant differences were not seen; however the age distribution showed that feline leptospirosis is more frequent in adult cats. The attempts for isolation and demonstration of L. interrogans from renal parenchyma by culture or Warthin Starry technics were unsuccessful.^0
85206714^Environmental and biological determinants for the prevalence of leptospirosis among wild small mammal hosts, island of Hawaii.^198412^Int J Zoonoses 1984 Dec;11(2):173-88^^Shimizu MM^From October 1969 to January 31, 1973, an island-wide small mammal survey was conducted by the Hawaii State Department of Health in Hilo, Hawaii. A total of 2,982 rodents and mongooses from East and West Hawaii were cage-trapped and were examined by serological and cultural methods for evidence of leptospirosis. Of the 2,957 animals tested, 899 (30.4%) were culturally or serologically positive and 2058 (69.6%) were negative for evidence of leptospiral infection. Three leptospiral serotypes were isolated (L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. ballum, and L. sejroe). The incidence among animal species was compared with earlier studies on this island.^0
85073497^Leptospirosis complicated by fatal intracerebral haemorrhage.^198412^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Dec 8;289(6458):1583^^Forwell MA, Redding PJ, Brodie MJ, Gentleman DD^^0
85116895^Possible role of leptospires of the Pomona serogroup in sporadic bovine abortion in the south west of England.^198412^Vet Rec 1984 Dec 15;115(24):623-6^^Hathaway SC, Todd JN, Headlam SA, Jeffrey M^An investigation of a small outbreak of abortion in mixed-age cows in a dairy herd in Somerset produced circumstantial evidence that a leptospire belonging to the Pomona serogroup was the causative agent. Although the initial epidemic involved more than 30 per cent of the herd, agglutination titres did not persist in the majority of animals and bacteriological monitoring produced no evidence that this leptospire could establish endemic infection in dairy cattle. An isolate recovered from the kidney of a cow which aborted was found to be similar to mozdok, a serovar maintained by free-living species in continental Europe, and it is probable that free-living species also maintain the Pomona serogroup organisms that have been isolated in England. Clinical disease caused by infection of domestic stock with Pomona serogroup organisms other than pomona has not been recognised in other countries but this may be because of the presence of endemic infection with pomona, a serovar that causes a very similar clinical and serological response.^0
85112102^[Malignant leptospirosis with fatal outcome]^198412^Orv Hetil 1984 Dec 30;125(53):3243-5^^Szalka A, Telegdy L, Khoor A^^0
86174411^Serological analysis of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae using monoclonal antibodies.^198501^Microbiol Immunol 1985;29(12):1229-35^^Kobayashi Y, Tamai T, Sada E^Eighteen serovars (19 strains) of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae were serologically analyzed using 18 monoclonal antibodies against serovar copenhageni Shiromizu, M20 and serovar icterohaemorrhagiae RGA strains. The reaction patterns of the serovars against these monoclonal antibodies were different. According to these results, we divided the serovars, except for serovar tonkini, into the following three subgroups: Subgroup 1 reacted to many monoclonal antibodies including serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, hualien, monymusk, mankarso, and budapest. Subgroup 2 fell between subgroups 1 and 3 including serovars dakota, naam, bogvere, birkini, smithi, ndambari, gem, ndahambukuje and mwogolo. Subgroup 3 reacted to only a few monoclonal antibodies: serovars weaveri and sarmin. Serovar tonkini did not react to any of the monoclonal antibodies used. There is a possibility that serovar tonkini does not belong to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. Further studies on the serological reactions of each strain revealed that it was impossible to distinguish the RGA strain from the serovar hualien LT11-31 strain, indicating that they may be identical. It was also observed that serovar copenhageni and monymusk seemed to be closely related. Serovars birkini and smithi, and serovars ndambari and gem were alike in their serological reactivities. Among the 18 monoclonal antibodies, RGAMA-1 was a unique antibody which reacted only to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and serovar hualien, indicating that it must be the serovar icterohaemorrhagiae specific antibody. On the other hand, SHIRMA-2, 5, 6 reacted to all the serovars except for serovars weaveri, sarmin, and tonkini. These antibodies exhibited a broad reaction spectrum.^0
86180937^Serological studies on leptospirosis in livestock and chickens from Grenada and Trinidad.^198501^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985;79(6):859-64^^Everard CO, Fraser-Chanpong GM, James AC, Butcher LV^Sera from 1,206 livestock animals and chickens on Grenada and Trinidad were tested for leptospiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. 376 of the sera were positive (25% of those tested on Grenada and 44% on Trinidad). The positive sera were obtained from 25% of 324 cattle, 35% of 130 pigs, 35% of 146 sheep, 25% of 44 goats and 11% of 175 chickens on Grenada; and 92% of 26 cattle, 53% of 122 pigs, 76% of 87 horses and donkeys and 11% of 144 chickens on Trinidad. Eight sera from ducks and geese on Trinidad were tested and found to be negative. The serogroups most commonly found to react with the sera of the Grenadian animals were Autumnalis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis and the related serogroups Sejroe and Mini, and Pyrogenes; in the Trinidadian animals they were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and its related serogroups, and Panama. Strains of serogroup Pomona do not appear to have become established as livestock pathogens on the islands.^0
86213480^[Course on leptospirosis]^198501^Ann Ist Super Sanita 1985;21(3):363-75^^Mailloux M^^0
88069281^[Anti-leptospira and anti-brucella agglutinins in hares (Lepus europaeus) from Rio Cuarto Department, Province of Cordoba]^198501^Rev Argent Microbiol 1985;17(4):221-3^Departamento de Patologia Animal, Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Argentina.^Giraudo JA, Dauria PG, de la Cruz JP, Bagnat E^Seventy-seven anti-brucella and 42 anti-leptospira agglutinin serum levels of hares in Rio Cuarto district of Cordoba Province were studied. For brucella, only one sample showed incomplete reaction at a 1:25 dilution. The isolation of brucella from liver, spleen and gastro- hepatic lymph node in this animal was negative. In the 42 serum samples examined for L. pomona, L. wolffi, L. ballum, L. hardjo, L. pyrogenes and L. grippotiphosa, 6 reacted at a dilution of 1:100 with L. ballum serovar and 1 reacted up to 1:200 dilution with L. wolffi serovar. These results indicate that the hare does not play any important role as reservoir of pathogenic brucella in this area. Meanwhile, it could act as potential reservoir for pathogenic leptospira.^0
85056324^Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Treponema pallidum.^198501^J Immunol 1985 Jan;134(1):585-92^^Lukehart SA, Tam MR, Hom J, Baker-Zander SA, Holmes KK, Nowinski RC^Thirteen hybrid cell lines which produce mouse monoclonal antibodies to Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, have been established. All of the monoclonal antibodies react with T. pallidum, Nichols strain, in ELISA and in immunofluorescence assays, but do not react with normal rabbit testicular tissue in the ELISA. Two of these antibodies were demonstrated to react with the nonpathogenic treponemes T. phagedenis, biotype Reiter, T. refringens (Noguchi strain), T. vincentii, and T. denticola (strains 11 and W), as well as with Borrelia recurrentis, Leptospira interrogans, serogroup Canicola, and the swine pathogen T. hyodysenteriae. The remaining 11 antibodies react with four recently isolated strains of T. pallidum, but with none of the related nonpathogens nor with Borrelia or Leptospira. Thus, our results to date indicate that these monoclonal antibodies may identify antigenic determinants that are specific either for T. pallidum alone or for those treponemes which are pathogenic for humans. The molecular specificities of six of the 13 antibodies were determined by Western blotting. We anticipate potential usefulness of these antibodies in the investigation of the antigenic structure of T. pallidum, the taxonomic study of the pathogenic and nonpathogenic treponemes, and in the diagnosis of syphilis.^0
85170731^[A landmark in science (on the 90th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Terskikh)]^198501^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1985 Jan;(1):102-4^^Verovenko OV^^0
85177211^[Identification of the first human Leptospira strain in the island of La Reunion]^198501^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1985;78(1):28-30^^Mailloux M^The first Leptospira strain of the island of La Reunion isolated from a patient hospitalized at Saint-Pierre, is identified L. Icterohaemorrhagiae icterohaemorrhagiae. The importance and severity of leptospiroses in the island of La Reunion are to be emphasized.^0
85183907^Influence of the mechanism of transmission of the infective agent on the aetiological structure of leptospiral foci.^198501^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1985;29(1):77-82^^Kiktenko VS^It has been demonstrated that the differences observed in the aetiological structure of the individual foci of leptospirosis can be explained not only by the affinity of leptospiral serogroups to certain animal species, but also by different mechanisms of transmission of the causative agent of leptospiral infection which can be transferred both by sexual and alimentary routes (in water). It has been demonstrated that mostly one serotype of leptospires predominates in natural foci of leptospirosis, but several in anthropurgic ones. In the author's opinion, leptospiral infection in natural foci is mainly spread by the sexual route through the background species of animals--carriers of leptospirosis, and by the alimentary route in the anthropurgic foci. It is presumed that leptospires of the serogroups Javanica, Australis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, transmitted by the shrew-mice, hedgehogs and rats by the sexual route, are by their origin "ancient" serogroups of leptospires while the serogroups of leptospires isolated from domestic animals, showing predominantly the alimentary route of transmission of infection in the focus, are representatives of the "younger" forms of the evolutional development of leptospires.^0
86071024^[Tubulointerstitial nephropathies]^198501^Ter Arkh 1985;57(6):20-5^^Tareeva IE, Lazovskis IR^The term tubulointerstitial nephropathy (TIN) means a renal disease, during which the tubules and interstice form a substrate of the primary injury or a substrate whose involvement is dominating in the disease clinical picture. The incidence of TIN is fairly high, with different etiology and pathogenesis. Drug, virus, bacterial and immune patterns are among the most common types of acute TIN. It is shown that the incidence of chronic drug TIN ranges from 0.2% among urban population to 0.6% among rural population. The incidence and gravity of renal injuries in hyperuricemia depend on the blood uric acid content. Study of the incidence and character of TIN in hypercalcemia in patients with sarcoidosis, hyperparathyrosis and multiple myeloma demonstrates the character of tubulointerstitial lesions to depend on the structure of paraprotein. In systemic lupus erythematosus, tubulointerstitial lesions are detected in 50% of cases. Such a comprehensive treatment of TIN opens up new vistas in the prophylaxis and therapy of this illness.^0
86178782^[Surveillance of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis in France (1974-1983)]^198501^Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1985;33(6):425-31^^Mailloux M, Raoult D, Chaudet H^In France, between 1974 and 1983, 1 194 diagnoses of L. icterohaemorrhagiae leptospirosis were confirmed serologically at Pasteur Institute (Paris), WHO Reference Center. The number of cases diagnosed each year rose from 74 in 1974 to 277 in 1983. The annual incidence in 1983 was 0.55 per 100 000. The temporal distribution shows that 25% of cases were in August and 63% between July and October. Two areas have a greater incidence: the South West and the East. The departments near the sea of the South East, the North and the West have the lowest incidence.^0
86260980^[A leptospirosis outbreak in the provinces of Camaguey and Las Tunas: serologic diagnosis, clinical characteristics and isolation of the microorganism]^198575^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1985 Jan-Apr;37(1):105-12^^Atienzar Cabrera E, Espino Llerena R, Lopez Acosta C, Sed Fernandez O, Alonso Bravo L^^0
86234620^[Predominant pulmonary manifestations in leptospirosis icterohemorrhagica]^198501^Rev Mal Respir 1985;2(6):343-9^^Carre P, Arvin-Berod C, Duval G, Michault A^14 cases of leptospirosis ictero-haemorrhagica observed on Reunion island with predominant or isolated pulmonary symptoms are described. Hospitalisation was motivated in every case by haemoptysis, at times profuse, which occurred in patients with fever and myalgia. The chest radiographs revealed an alveolar and/or a bilateral alveolar pattern of variable severity. In spite of the importance of chest radiography port raying an extensive and serious pneumonia in one case out of every two, the outcome was favourable with a mean time lag of one week. In three cases, an adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was seen requiring assisted ventilation and one death occurred. The diagnosis of leptospirosis may be considered, even in countries of low endemicity, in a case pneumonia with extensive haemoptysis or an adult respiratory distress syndrome whose cause is not established by the usual tests.^0
85193241^[Vaccination of rabbits and fur animals]^198501^Tierarztl Prax 1985;13(1):107-12^^Matthes S^Short survey of vaccination programmes for rabbits and fur animals and of vaccines, available in Western Germany. Rabbits: myxomatosis, pasteurella infection, dysenteria; mustelides (mink, polecat a.o.): distemper, virus enteritis, botulism, pseudomonas infection; fox: leptospirosis, distemper, fox encephalitis; ocelot: panleukopenia; chinchilla: pseudomonas infection, coli infection, yersinia infection.^0
85193528^A serosurvey for leptospirosis in Trinidad among urban and rural dwellers and persons occupationally at risk.^198501^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985;79(1):96-105^^Everard CO, Hayes RJ, Fraser-Chanpong GM^A survey for leptospiral antibodies was made of 1,375 persons in northern Trinidad between mid-1977 and mid-1978. The subjects were employees in seven occupational categories thought to entail a high risk of exposure to leptospires, and members of the general population of three rural and two urban communities. They were questioned inter alia about their leisure and occupational activities, household water supply and effluent, and contact with animals. Leptospiral infection was found to be widespread in the general population but not primarily associated with employment. Among the occupational groups the highest prevalence of antibodies was found in sugar-cane workers (45% infected), while among the communities prevalence was highest in the rural village of Cacandee (37%) and lowest in Woodbrook (Port-of-Spain) (5%). Keeping cattle, hunting and walking barefoot in the countryside were significantly associated with leptospiral serology. Over-all, serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Autumnalis each accounted for about 25% of the seropositives in the general population. Among the occupational groups Autumnalis was the most commonly found (36%). It accounted for 42% of the seropositive sugar-cane workers and 57% of the seropositive rice farmers.^0
85214121^Hemolytic uremic syndrome in leptospirosis bataviae.^198501^Nephron 1985;40(2):230-1^^Hanvanich M, Moollaor P, Suwangool P, Sitprija V^Hemolytic uremic syndrome was observed in a 46-year-old man who had leptospirosis. Renal failure was severe with a prolonged clinical course. Despite clinical recovery there was residual renal damage indicated by mildly elevated serum creatinine. This is the first report of hemolytic uremic syndrome in leptospirosis.^0
86017758^[Brucellosis and other zoonoses--1983]^198501^Przegl Epidemiol 1985;39(1):157-65^^Anusz Z^^0
86047924^Acute renal failure complicating viral hepatitis in the absence of severe hepatic insufficiency.^198501^Am J Nephrol 1985;5(5):372-4^^Montoliu J, Coca A, Martinez-Orozco F, Darnell A, Subias R, Revert L^Four patients (2 were HBsAg positive) with acute icteric viral hepatitis (VH) developed acute renal failure (ARF) in the course of their illness and in the absence of other complications. Their peak serum creatinine values (4.7-10, mean 7 mg/dl) were reached either before or simultaneously with their maximum serum aminotransferase values (1,390-2730, mean 2,032 mU/ml). Apart from VH no other factors responsible for precipitating ARF could be identified. In the HBsAg- negative patients, serological investigations for infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infection, and leptospirosis were negative. In 2 patients liver biopsy showed changes consistent with VH. Proteinuria was absent in all cases, making glomerulonephritis unlikely. The urinary sodium excretion was uniformly high (57-104, mean 78 mmol/l in random samples). Two patients required short courses of dialysis. All cases recovered completely with return of serum creatinine to normal values after a mean duration of 25 days. After a normal serum creatinine level had been achieved, 1 case was lost to follow-up, and the other 3 cases maintain normal renal and liver function tests 9 months (mean) after the initial episode. Otherwise uncomplicated VH is a potential cause of ARF, even in the absence of severe hepatic insufficiency. The mechanism of ARF in VH is unknown, but vasoconstriction phenomena induced by endotoxemia might contribute.^0
86060363^Adult respiratory distress syndrome in leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae infection.^198501^Intensive Care Med 1985;11(5):254-6^^Chee HD, Ossenkoppele GJ, Bronsveld W, Thijs LG^A 55-year-old man was admitted to our Intensive Care Unit with symptoms and signs of Weil's disease. Respiratory failure developed. Radiological and haemodynamic features were consistent with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The patient recovered after mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure. This case confirms that the adult respiratory distress syndrome may occur in leptospirosis.^0
86079824^[Seroepidemiologic study on leptospirosis in the Camargue region]^198501^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1985;78(4):439-45^^Raoult D, Mailloux M, De Chanville F, Chaudet H^The damp environment and density of animal population in Camargue are good arguments for the study of leptospirosis. A serological and epidemiological survey on 642 blood samples revealed 36 (5.6%) with significant antibody titers. Icterohaemorrhagiae is followed by Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Australis and Ballum... The most endemic area is not Camargue but the area situated at the northeast (Basse-Durance). Women are twice more affected than men. These two results are not consistent with our initial hypothesis. It is always advisable to seek the etiology of fevers of unknown origin.^0
86106494^[Meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Leptospira. Apropos of 5 cases seen in Marseille during 1984]^198501^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1985;78(5):563-73^^Soulayrol L, Raoult D, Harle JR, Mailloux M, Gallais H, Casanova P^The authors report 5 cases of leptospirosis with neurological symptoms. One case of polyradiculoneuritis, one case of meningoencephalitis, two of meningitis and a case a meningeal syndrome were observed. Three of these cases were contracted near Marseille, one in Singapour and one in Comores. The diagnosis was done by serology and the evolution was good.^0
85169686^Eradication of some infectious pig diseases by perinatal tiamulin treatment and early weaning.^198501^Vet Rec 1985 Jan 5;116(1):8-12^^Meszaros J, Stipkovits L, Antal T, Szabo I, Veszely P^From 10 days before the expected date of farrowing onwards, 97 sows infected by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Treponema hyodysenteriae were given tiamulin daily at a dosage of 20 mg/kg bodyweight via the feed. Three days before farrowing the sows were washed with a disinfectant and transferred to an isolated farrowing house. The sucking piglets remained with their dams for five days, during which time the sows continued to receive the tiamulin-containing feed. The sucking piglets also received tiamulin daily at a dosage of 30 mg/kg bodyweight. At six days old the weaker piglets of the litter were returned to the original herd, together with their dams. A total of 574 piglets of about 1.5 kg bodyweight each were transferred to an isolated and previously disinfected pig farm and reared there. A total of 13.8 per cent of these pigs died by 50 days old. On the isolated farm, 10.9 per cent of the 829 second generation piglets born to the 101 first generation sows, died up to the age of 50 days. On the isolated farm about 2000 pigs were subjected to repeated clinical, pathological and laboratory examinations for M hyopneumoniae, T hyodysenteriae, Aujeszky's disease virus and Leptospira species during the three year period of study. No evidence of infection with any of these agents was found in the 2000 pigs of the isolation herd, although the original sow herd had been latently infected by these pathogens. No maternally derived antibodies against these pathogens were detectable in sera of three-day-old sucking piglets of the second and third generations.^0
85140101^[Acute respiratory distress syndrome disclosing icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. 2 cases (letter)]^198501^Presse Med 1985 Jan 26;14(3):167^^Duval G, Michault A, Corbin JC, Arvin-Berod C, Carre P, Genin R^^0
85194923^[Vaccination of animals and human health]^198502^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [B] 1985 Feb;180(2-3):175-89^^Mayr A^Prophylactic immunization of animals against obligat and nonobligat pathogenic zoonoses benefit human health in many ways both directly and indirectly. Typical examples of a direct protective effect are the vaccinations of dogs, cats and foxes against rabies as well as the vaccinations against respiratory diseases in cows, horses, dogs and cats to which the most varied species of pathogens of noncompulsory zoonoses contribute. A considerable contribution to the protection of human health is made by the vaccination against salmonellosis and leptospirosis, against vesicular stomatitis, American equine encephalitis and against other zoonoses spread by arthropods, against ecthyma and stomatitis papulosa as well as against brucellosis, anthrax, Q-fever, Newcastle disease and foot-and-mouth disease. The indirect effects of prophylactic vaccination of animals on human health are very complex and still need investigation. An example of this are the vaccinations of animals against human and animal influenza A viruses which can inhibit hybridisation and recombination between human and animal influenza viruses in an ecological system. Occasionally prophylactic vaccinations of animals can do harm to human health. This is invariably a rare incidence in immuno-suppressed persons caused by live vaccines i.e. prophylactic vaccination against Newcastle disease in fowl or against orthopox in animals by the use of the common vaccinia strains, after compulsory vaccination for humans had been cancelled. Prophylactic vaccinations of animals must be constantly followed up and their action on human health must be checked. In the case of positive results prophylactic vaccinations must be carried out selectively and in a wide range.^0
85195012^[Differences in the susceptibility of field mice from the Altai Territory and Moscow Province to Leptospira of serovar mozdok and serogroup Pomona]^198502^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1985 Feb;(2):45-9^^Chernukha IuG, Evdokimova OA, Anan'ina IuV, Chekhovich AV^Adult striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius) caught in the Altai region proved to be insusceptible to experimental infection when inoculated with Leptospira of serovar mozdok, serogroup Pomona. In pregnant females, though infected with this organism, no leptospiruria was observed. At the same time nonpubescent animals became Leptospira carriers, females becoming carriers 4.5 times more frequently than males. The formation of antibodies to Leptospira in the test rodents was poorly pronounced and did not depend on their sex, age, physiological state and the presence of renal leptospirosis. But all adult striped field mice belonging to the population of the Moscow region became Leptospira carriers in such experiments.^0
85131664^Effects of products of autolysis of tissue and urine on the viability, morphology, and antigenicity of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^198502^J Clin Microbiol 1985 Feb;21(2):189-94^^Fairbrother JM^The effect of the products of autolysis on Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was investigated in bovine kidney tissues and urine inoculated with this organism. No viable leptospires were found at 24 h or subsequently after inoculation of kidney tissues or urine. Leptospires and their soluble antigens were rapidly destroyed in tissues stored at 20 degrees C and could not be detected by the fluorescent-antibody test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. On the other hand, leptospires were detectable by dark-field microscopy and fluorescent-antibody test 38 days after addition to urine. The rate of destruction proceeded less rapidly in tissues stored at 4 degrees C. Under the conditions of this study, soluble leptospiral antigen levels decreased less rapidly than did the number of detectable leptospires. Similarly, breakdown of leptospires, demonstrated by dark-field microscopy and fluorescent-antibody test, progressed during the first 5 days after inoculation of urine, when levels of soluble leptospiral antigen remained constant. Although the number of intact leptospires was markedly reduced after freezing of tissues at -20 degrees C, soluble leptospiral antigen levels remained unaltered. Neither intact leptospires nor their soluble antigens were detected after preservation of tissues in Formalin. However, formolization of urine delayed the destruction of leptospires and increased the levels of soluble leptospiral antigen during at least the first 5 days after inoculation. These results indicate that assays such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay should be useful for the detection of soluble leptospiral antigens in urine and in autolyzing tissues such as those taken from a bovine fetus aborted as a result of leptospiral infection.^0
85132594^The risk of leptospirosis in United Kingdom fish farm workers. Results from a 1981 serological survey.^198502^J Hyg (Lond) 1985 Feb;94(1):81-6^^Gill ON, Coghlan JD, Calder IM^Less than one per cent of serum samples taken from 257 fish farmers in 1981 had agglutinating antibodies to strains of Leptospira interrogans of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae at a titre of 30 or greater. Compared with the results from other serological surveys, this agglutinating antibody prevalence suggests that fish farming does not have a high occupational risk for leptospirosis. Between 1961 and 1981 the incidence in fish farmers was about 33 per 100000 person years at risk. During the same period the incidence in the general adult male population was 0.137 per 100000 person years at risk, so that fish farming had a moderately increased risk of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup infection (relative risk = 243). No one particular risk factor within fish farming could be reliably identified and therefore recommendations to reduce the risk can only be general.^0
85159530^ELISA for the detection of specific IgM and IgG in human leptospirosis.^198502^J Gen Microbiol 1985 Feb;131 ( Pt 2):377-85^^Terpstra WJ, Ligthart GS, Schoone GJ^ELISA was used to detect specific IgM and IgG in sera from humans with current or past leptospirosis. A serological pattern of a high IgM titre (greater than or equal to 1280), or moderately increased IgM (160- 640) in conjunction with a low IgG titre (less than or equal to 20), with serovar copenhageni antigen was characteristic for approximately two-thirds of the sera from serovar icterohaemorrhagiae patients obtained in the first two months of the disease. The antigen was the supernatant of a heated and centrifuged culture of leptospires. Antigens were prepared from serovars copenhageni, grippotyphosa, hardjo and patoc. Sera from patients with icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa and hardjo infections showed cross-reactivity when different antigens were used. In past infections the IgG titres were clearly higher with the homologous antigen. ELISA for IgM and IgG allows the rapid diagnosis of acute leptospirosis.^0
85194284^[Clinical forms, diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis]^198502^Voen Med Zh 1985 Feb;(2):39-41^^Ivakhnenko AG, Fomenko VS, Foka IN, Dorofeeva TN^^0
85194925^[Infection prevention in animal husbandry. A contribution to the improvement of the sanitary consumer protection]^198502^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [B] 1985 Feb;180(2-3):225-40^^Grossklaus D^The scientific and organizational development of an effective prophylaxis against infections in animal husbandry results from the fact that many zoonoses, like salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, rickettsiosis (Q-Fever) and cysticercosis as well as certain important virus infections with regard to meat hygiene cannot be detected during official ante- and postmortem inspection. The cause of these infections is clinically inapparent and leaves no pathologic-anatomical lesions. Partly responsible for these latent infections is mass production with its specific forms of husbandry, particularly in poultry and pigs. The development of these animal production methods as well as the spread of the aforementioned zoonoses in man and animal is being discussed in this paper. The information on zoonoses is based on cases reported in accordance with the Federal Communicable Diseases Act and/or the regulations on notifiable animal diseases. The potential harmfulness to the consumer's health, especially in view of his food habits, is discussed in the light of the increase of foodborne infections and intoxications caused by Salmonella. Up until now, several regulations exist to keep causative agents of zoonoses away from animal farms. In view of the successful eradication of tuberculosis in cattle and brucellosis, it is recommended on a longterm basis, to eliminate those zoonoses from animal farms, which are of special importance from the meat-hygienic point of view. On a medium-term basis, examination of farm animals should be introduced voluntarily prior to the official ante- and postmortem inspection. It is of vital importance to establish the necessary diagnostic and practical conditions for the herd-tests. A recommendation worked out by the European Community for the examination of broiler-farms is welcomed as an example of prophylactic measures suitable for the improvement of consumer protection.^0
85197068^Experimental infection of calves with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo: conjunctival versus intravenous route of exposure.^198502^Am J Vet Res 1985 Feb;46(2):329-31^^Thiermann AB, Handsaker AL^Eight-month-old calves, housed under maximum isolation, were exposed to pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo by the conjunctival route or IV. One calf served as an unexposed control. Infection was monitored serologically (microscopic agglutination test and enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) and by leptospiral culture isolation from periodic urine samples and from the kidneys, epididymides, and aqueous humor collected at slaughter. Microscopic agglutination test titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 were detected among all IV exposed calves at postinoculation day (PID) 7 and among conjunctival exposed calves at PID 14. By ELISA, all IV exposed calves were positive by PID 3, whereas conjunctival exposed calves were positive at PID 14. The ELISA was more sensitive for the detection of antibodies against leptospires in cattle. Leptospires were isolated from the urine of 4 calves and from the kidney of 3 calves exposed by the conjunctival route, but not from IV exposed calves. The results indicated that the conjunctival route of exposure was a more natural and successful route for experimental infection of cattle with serovar hardjo.^0
85198739^Leptospiral titres in wild platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in New South Wales.^198502^Aust Vet J 1985 Feb;62(2):66-7^^McColl KA, Whittington RJ^^0
85123587^Leptospirosis? [letter]^198502^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 Feb 9;290(6466):468^^Waitkins S^^0
85142958^[Mastitis--Leptospira hardjo--milker's fever]^198502^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1985 Feb 15;110(4):150-1^^Snoep JJ^^0
85172414^Rapid serodiagnosis of leptospirosis using the IgM-specific Dot-ELISA: comparison with the microscopic agglutination test.^198503^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985 Mar;34(2):346-54^^Pappas MG, Ballou WR, Gray MR, Takafuji ET, Miller RN, Hockmeyer WT^The dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) was compared to the microscopic agglutination test (MA test) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis. Of 177 sera from 68 soldiers who trained in the Republic of Panama, 102 sera were positive in the MA test and 93 of these sera were positive in the IgM-specific Dot-ELISA. Incidence of infection was 50 of 68 patients with the MA test and 48 of 68 in the IgM Dot-ELISA. Five MA test-positive sera were reactive only in the IgG-specific Dot- ELISA, suggesting previous exposure. All 21 infecting serovars of Leptospira interrogans, as determined by positive reactions in the MA test or culture of blood and urine specimens, were reactive in the Dot- ELISA. Of 75 sera negative in the MA test, 61 were nonreactive in the Dot-ELISA. However, 9 of these 14 Dot-ELISA-positive/MA test-negative sera were acute samples from patients whose later sera were MA test- positive. Positive reactions in the IgM Dot-ELISA occurred in 2 of 30 control, 4 of 10 Lyme disease, 1 of 11 relapsing fever, and 1 of 8 yaws sera; 10 syphilis patient sera were nonreactive. The IgM-specific Dot- ELISA appears to be sensitive and specific for the serodiagnosis of acute leptospirosis. In addition, this rapid test is inexpensive, simple to perform, utilizes minute volumes of killed leptospiral antigen and is easily adaptable to field use.^0
86001830^[The immunologic diagnosis of leptospirosis: comparison of the ELISA technic with the agglutination-lysis reaction]^198503^Bull Acad Natl Med 1985 Mar;169(3):363-7^^Mailloux M, Dufresne Y^^0
85139910^Human infections derived from dogs.^198503^Postgrad Med 1985 Mar;77(4):169-73, 176-8, 180^^Roth RM, Gleckman RA^Infected dogs, including those that appear healthy, have been implicated in the genesis of certain infectious disorders in humans. Failure to appreciate the epidemiologic features of these infections can result in delayed diagnosis and therapy, with occasional fatal results. Efforts directed toward patient education, frequent veterinarian examinations of household pets, and thorough hand washing after animal contact will reduce the incidence of dog-related infections in humans.^0
85241416^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo associated with bovine abortion in South Africa.^198503^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1985 Mar;52(1):51-2^^Te Brugge LA, Dreyer T^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was isolated from urine from dairy cattle in the Onderstepoort area. This was the first successful isolation of this serovar as sole agent causing an abortion storm in the Republic of South Africa. Abortions occurred as early as at 4 months' gestation.^0
85241417^Addition of rabbit serum to EMJH medium improves isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198503^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1985 Mar;52(1):53-4^^Te Brugge LA, Louw HN^The addition of 2% pooled rabbit serum to semi-solid commercial EMJH medium with EMJH enrichment and 0,5 mg of 5-fluorouracil per ml was found to enhance the growth rate and success of isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo from bovine urine. Cultures made on media without serum had to be kept for more than 130 days before being discarded as negative.^0
85245182^[Selection of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae serovar Lai strain 017]^198503^Ssu Chuan I Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1985 Mar;16(1):11-4^^Wang CX, Ye DN, Wu SR, Yin QZ, Dai BM^^0
85245187^[Relationship between the number of leptospires in blood, livers and lungs of guinea pigs and the pulmonary diffuse hemorrhage of leptospirosis]^198503^Ssu Chuan I Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1985 Mar;16(1):33-6^^Hu QL, Yin QZ, Wu SR, Dai BM, Lei YD^^0
85245188^[Electron microscopy of the freeze-fracture study of pulmonary microvessels of guinea pigs in pulmonary diffuse haemorrhage due to leptospirosis]^198503^Ssu Chuan I Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1985 Mar;16(1):37-40^^Bao L, Dai BM^^0
85263505^Antigenic population changes of Leptospira biflexa strains grown under the selective pressure of factorial antibodies.^198503^J Gen Microbiol 1985 Mar;131 ( Pt 3):521-6^^Cacciapuoti B, Pinto A, Silva I^Serovars jequitaia and tororo of Leptospira biflexa were cultured in the presence of homologous factor serum containing factorial antibodies (FcAbs) to their major antigens. After 39 serial passages they were then re-tested to determine whether their major antigens had remained unchanged. It was found that each parent strain had been replaced by an antigenic variant. The disappearance of each parent strain and its replacement by an antigenic variant was attributed to the selective conditions imposed by FcAbs. The antigenic variants behaved like true mutants. They lacked the major serovar antigens of the parent strains and had acquired some major antigens similar to those of two different serovars, one of which belonged to the same serogroup as the parent strain and the other to a different serogroup. A comparison of the major antigens of the parent strains with those of their antigenic variants indicated that factorial antibodies may be used selectively to obtain antigenic variants with a predefined pattern of major antigens.^0
86032765^Comparative study of four saprophytic leptospira strains as screening antigens in the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).^198503^Int J Zoonoses 1985 Mar;12(1):61-6^^Girio RJ, Yanaguita RM, Mathias LA^The profitability of four saprophytic leptospira strains (Buenos Aires, Patoc 1, Rufino and Sao Paulo) as polyvalent antigen in the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in water buffaloes was studied by the microscopic agglutination test. From 104 examined sera tested against 16 pathogenic leptospira serotypes, 52 were positives and 52 were negatives. The results led to the conclusion that from four studied strains, Buenos Aires strain showed the best results when utilized in screening tests for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in water buffaloes. The other three strains showed a good specificity but their sensibilities were poor and therefore should not be recommended for diagnosing water buffalo leptospirosis.^0
87248308^[Weil's disease with hemorrhagic pneumonitis due to Leptospira grippotyphosa]^198503^Harefuah 1985 Mar 15;108(6):292-4^^Sternfeld M, Eliraz A, Nissim F^^0
85183040^New method for classification of leptospiral isolates belonging to serogroup pomona by restriction endonuclease analysis: serovar kennewicki.^198504^J Clin Microbiol 1985 Apr;21(4):585-7^^Thiermann AB, Handsaker AL, Moseley SL, Kingscote B^The genomes of leptospiral field isolates belonging to serogroup Pomona were analyzed and compared with those of type strains by cleavage with restriction endonucleases. This new classification method shows differences among these organisms not indicated by the conventional serological typing method. No differences were observed among isolates from the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Although all isolates selected for this study had been serologically typed as belonging to serovar pomona, the restriction endonuclease analysis indicates that they belong to serovar kennewicki. kennewicki, a serovar of North American origin, has recently been eliminated from the official serovar list because it was found to be indistinguishable from serovar pomona by the serological method.^0
86162065^[2 cases of bilateral acute necrotizing retinitis: 1 in icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis, the other caused by probable autoimmune involvement (bilateral acute retinal necrosis)]^198504^Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1985 Apr;85(4):501-10^^Karsenti G, Navarre L, Malan P, Mercadier B, Millet P, Esmenjaud E^^0
85220486^Enzymatic radioimmunoassay for detecting Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in the urine of experimentally-infected pigs.^198504^Vet Microbiol 1985 Apr;10(3):279-86^^Chappel RJ, Adler B, Ballard SA, Faine S, Jones RT, Millar BD, Swainger JA^An enzymatic radioimmunoassay (ERIA) has been developed for detecting Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in porcine urine. Four grower pigs were experimentally infected with serovar pomona. A total of 39 urine samples was collected, and ERIA was compared with dark ground microscopy (DGM) and culture for demonstrating leptospiruria. Of 20 samples positive by at least one technique, leptospires were detected by ERIA in 14, by culture in 16 and by DGM in 13. ERIA, unlike the other 2 methods, was suitable for use with urine which had been stored frozen for several months.^0
85254107^Monoclonal antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^198504^Can J Comp Med 1985 Apr;49(2):202-4^^Ainsworth AJ, Lester TL, Capley G^Three monoclonal antibodies produced against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona have been studied for their diagnostic usefulness. All three monoclonals reacted strongly in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test with serovar pomona and did not react with serovars grippotyphosa, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and hardjo.^0
85211144^Parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of fallow deer and white-tailed deer in Kentucky.^198504^J Wildl Dis 1985 Apr;21(2):153-9^^Davidson WR, Crum JM, Blue JL, Sharp DW, Phillips JH^In August 1983, a study on parasites, diseases, and health status was conducted on sympatric populations of fallow deer (Dama dama) and white- tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Land Between The Lakes, Lyon and Trigg counties, Kentucky. Five adult deer of each species were studied. White-tailed deer had antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus and Leptospira interogans serovariety icterohemorrhagiae, and fallow deer had antibodies to bluetongue and EHD viruses. Serologic tests for bovine virus diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza3 virus, and Brucella spp. were negative. One white-tailed deer had an infectious cutaneous fibroma, and one fallow deer had pulmonary mucormycosis. White-tailed deer harbored 16 species of parasites, all of which are considered typical of the parasite fauna of this host in the southeastern United States. Fallow deer harbored nine species of parasites, including eight species known to occur in white-tailed deer on the area and one species (Spiculopteragia assymmetrica) that is not. All fallow deer had inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord and/or brain that were attributed to prior infection with meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis), indicating that P. tenuis infections are not always fatal for this species. The apparent high rate of exposure of Land Between The Lakes fallow deer to P. tenuis without a resultant high rate of clinical cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis is hypothesized to be due to a low prevalence and intensity of P. tenuis, partial innate resistance of fallow deer, and acquired immunity.^0
85247127^[Fatty acid composition of Leptospira lipids as a taxonomic criterion]^198504^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1985 Apr;(4):6-11^^Vasiurenko ZP, Bernasovskaia EP, Kondratenko VN^The fatty-acid composition of microbial cells in 17 pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira strains, comprising 14 serovars and 10 serogroups, has been studied. The strains under investigation have proved to fall into 3 groups differing by this characteristic. The group of saprophytic strains is characterized by a comparatively high level of myristic acid and, consequently, by the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with 14 carbon atoms approaching 1:1; besides, it is also characterized by a lower, in comparison with the pathogenic Leptospira strains belonging to the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Ballum has a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids. The second group of pathogenic Leptospira strains including the serogroups Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Pomona, Tarassovi, Pyrogenes, Australia has been found to occupy an intermediate position between the first group of pathogenic Leptospira strains and the group of saprophytic ones. As the difference in the content of myristic acid in pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira strains is a stable characteristic, it can be used for the differentiation of these strains. The present investigation has revealed that the distribution of the main fatty acids in Leptospira phospholipids is similar to their distribution in Leptospira neutral lipids with the exception of unsaturated fatty acid with 14 carbon atoms, occurring mainly in phospholipids.^0
85254821^[Morbidity of leptospirosis in Meng-lian County in Yunnan Province]^198504^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1985 Apr;6(2):78-81^^Yang WY^^0
85294186^[Hemosorption in the combined treatment of leptospirosis patients in the liver-kidney failure stage]^198504^Klin Med (Mosk) 1985 Apr;63(4):114-7^^Asauliuk IK, Stanislavskii OK, Bubnov AN^^0
85214968^[Leptospirosis with fatal outcome (letter)]^198504^Orv Hetil 1985 Apr 21;126(16):1001^^^^0
85241729^[Natural-focus infections in urbanized landscapes]^198575^Parazitologiia 1985 May-Jun;19(3):169-76^^Daiter AB^The data on natural-nidal diseases typical for cities, urban agglomerations and culture coenoses are summarized in the paper in the light of academician E. N. Pavlovsky's theory. According to the ecological principle all infections with natural nidality are classified into two large groups. Concrete data from the north-western region show the role of leptospirosis, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, tick--borne encephalitis and pseudotuberculosis in urbanized landscapes. Modern epidemiological tendences of these diseases, associated with functioning of their natural and economic nidi, are stressed.^0
85181644^Identification and characterization of the protein antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198505^Infect Immun 1985 May;48(2):492-7^^Nunes-Edwards PL, Thiermann AB, Bassford PJ Jr, Stamm LV^We radiolabeled Leptospira proteins with [35S]methionine. Solubilized extracts of radiolabeled L. interrogans serovar hardjo strain hardjoprajitno were analyzed by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. We compared the protein profile obtained in this manner to the protein profiles of various [35S]methionine-labeled Leptospira spp. The profiles of the pathogenic L. interrogans strains were very similar but not identical and exhibited no obvious relationship to those of the two nonpathogenic species. We used solubilized, radiolabeled hardjoprajitno extracts and a sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation procedure to identify protein antigens recognized by immunoglobulin G antibodies present in various rabbit anti-hardjo sera. Homologous hyperimmune rabbit serum efficiently precipitated a large subset of proteins, the majority of which were between 30,000 and 66,500 daltons. Radioimmunoprecipitations with sera prepared against each of four recent hardjo isolates cultured from infected cattle produced similar results. Immunoprecipitations done with various radiolabeled Leptospira extracts and anti- hardjoprajitno serum demonstrated that the pathogenic leptospires possessed a number of cross-reactive major and minor protein antigens. By cell fractionation procedures, we found that most of the major protein antigens were present in the outer envelope. These proteins were exposed on the leptospiral cell surface because intact radiolabeled leptospires bound antibodies directed against them.^0
85207182^Borreliosis in dogs from southern Connecticut.^198505^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985 May 1;186(9):955-9^^Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Kaufmann AF, Lieberman LL, Whitney GD^Blood samples were obtained from dogs in tick-infested regions of southern Connecticut to assess canine exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease in human beings. An indirect fluorescent antibody test detected immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies at titers of 1:64 to 1:512 in 22 of 84 serum samples previously shown to be positive with a polyvalent rabbit anti-dog total Ig conjugate. Analyses of paired serum samples from 20 seropositive dogs revealed temporal differences in titers; changes occurred during brief (1 month) or extended (greater than 4 years) sampling periods. Clinical records for 52 seropositive dogs indicated a history of intermittent lameness in 19 of these. Limb/joint disorders typically developed in dogs without IgM antibodies, suggesting manifestation during later phases of illness. A microscopic-agglutination test was used to assess cross reactivity between B burgdorferi and 20 serovars of Leptospira interrogans and biflexa. Analyses of 63 dog serum specimens with antibodies to B burgdorferi and a series of reference rabbit sera revealed minor antigenic relatedness. There was geographic clustering of dogs with antibodies to B burgdorferi in areas of south-central and southeastern Connecticut, where human Lyme disease also occurs.^0
85246657^Leptospirosis in Wisconsin: report of a case associated with direct contact with raccoon urine.^198505^Wis Med J 1985 May;84(5):14-5^^Falk VS^^0
85287599^Immune complexes in leptospirosis [letter]^198575^Infection 1985 May-Jun;13(3):156^^Galli M, Esposito R, Crocchiolo P, Chemotti M, Gasparro M, Dall'Aglio PP^^0
85200717^From the PHLS. Update on leptospirosis.^198505^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 May 18;290(6480):1502-3^^Waitkins SA^^0
86291333^[Three new serovars in Leptospira interrogans]^198506^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1985 Jun;25(2):102-7^^Zhang FZ, Wang JJ, Meng PY, Long PR, Hu MZ^^0
85246128^Monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo by immunofluorescence.^198506^Vet Rec 1985 Jun 1;116(22):593-4^^Stevens AE, Headlam SA, Pritchard DG, Thorns CJ, Morris JA^^0
86070475^Doxycycline prophylaxis for experimental leptospira infection in non- human primates and hamsters.^198506^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1985 Jun;16(2):268-73^^Elwell MR, Ward GS, Hansukjariya P, Tingpalapong M^Doxycycline was effective as a chemoprophylactic agent for experimental Leptospira infection in non-human primates and hamsters. Monkeys injected intraperitoneally with Leptospira bataviae, and receiving only diluent as treatment developed a leptospiremia during the first week and later leptospires were cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Monkeys treated daily with oral doxycycline for 10 days beginning one day before infection had a shortened period of detectable leptospiremia, and organisms were never detected in the cerebrospinal fluid or urine. Even an oral dose of doxycycline 2 hours before infection and on day 7 prevented the later infection of the cerebrospinal fluid and urine. In hamsters, doxycycline treatment prevented deaths from acute Leptospira infection and when hamsters were treated daily for 4 or more days, renal infection was prevented. The results of animal studies, the susceptibility of LC0475 and the five other isolates to doxycycline in vitro, and lack of evidence for antibiotic resistance in culture suggests this antibiotic may be useful as a prophylactic drug for high risk groups and an effective treatment for leptospirosis in Thailand.^0
86084796^Laboratory and clinical features of experimental feline leptospirosis.^198506^Int J Zoonoses 1985 Jun;12(2):111-9^^Larsson CE, Santa Rosa CA, Larsson MH, Birgel EH, Fernandes WR, Paim GV^In order to assess the clinical, laboratorial and epidemiological aspects of feline leptospirosis, ten female and male adult cats were experimentally inoculated with pathogenic and autochthonous field isolate of Leptospira interrogans. Five of them were inoculated subcutaneously with serovar icterohaemorrhagiae (R-192) and the others five with serovar canicola. No clinical and laboratorial alterations were found in these animals. Antileptospiral agglutinins were detected in 90% of the infected cats, shortly after the 1st week after inoculation. The leptospiral agglutinins were detected for 8 to 12 weeks and the elimination of leptospires through urine was observed only in animals infected with serovar canicola, beginning 2 to 4 weeks after inoculation and lasting for 2 to 8 weeks. Isolations of leptospires from blood and kidneys were unsuccessful.^0
85241196^Zoonoses.^198506^N Z Med J 1985 Jun 26;98(781):503-4^^^^0
85227288^Further update on leptospirosis: continuing risk in fish farmers [letter]^198506^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 Jun 29;290(6486):1988^^Gill N, Waitkins SA, Calder IM^^0
85277549^Antibody response to genus- and serovar-specific leptospiral antigens in Leptospira-infected cows.^198507^Am J Vet Res 1985 Jul;46(7):1422-6^^Fairbrother JM^In cows inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona or hardjo, the 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive microscopic agglutination test (MAT) antibody to the serovar appeared 3 to 8 days after inoculation and peaked at 10 to 20 days, whereas the 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant MAT antibody was predominant at 35 to 80 days. A persistent antibody response, probably associated with serovar-specific leptospiral antigens, was detected in the cows inoculated with serovar pomona, using a sonicated or an alkaline-extracted antigen derived from serovar pomona in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In contrast, a short-lived antibody response to the same antigens was demonstrated in cows inoculated with serovar hardjo, probably more typical of the response to genus-specific leptospiral antigens. Antigens derived from L biflexa serovar patoc only detected the latter type of antibody response in cows inoculated with serovar pomona or hardjo. Correlative studies revealed that the antigens derived from serovar patoc seem to be genus specific and serologically closely related, but not identical. The antigens derived from serovar pomona were genus specific on the basis of the early antibody response to leptospiral inoculation in the cows, but serovar specific based on the subsequent more persistent response to leptospiral inoculation. These antigens were also serologically closely related, but not identical. Examination of sera from cows that aborted and were MAT-positive for serovar pomona or hardjo revealed a more serovar-specific antibody response, indicating that there may have been a less recent leptospiral antigenic stimulus, thus emphasizing the caution with which results of the ELISA and other serologic assays for the detection of bovine leptospirosis must be interpreted.^0
86021511^Characterization of a partially purified leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen.^198507^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1985 Jul;259(4):507-19^^Sakamoto N, Ono E, Kida H, Yanagawa R^A leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen (GP-Ag) was partially purified from Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain Kyoto and canicola strain Hond Utrecht IV, by treating the organisms with Triton X-100 followed by a purification procedure including fractionation with DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and ethanol precipitation. Genus- specificity of the antigens from kremastos Kyoto and canicola was shown by the immunodiffusion (ID) test. Complement fixation (CF) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto showed the genus specificity of the GP-Ag. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the antigens from kremastos Kyoto and canicola showed a major band with Coomassie blue stain. The band of GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto was also shown by immunoprecipitation using the monoclonal antibody (GP-7) to GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto. The molecular weight of the genus-specific antigen was estimated to be approximately 62 000. The genus specificity of the antigen was reduced by heating at 100 degrees C or treatment with proteolytic enzymes, but not reduced by treatment with sodium metaperiodate.^0
86021516^Production of monoclonal antibodies against leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen and localization of the antigen by immunoelectron microscopy.^198507^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1985 Jul;259(4):557-63^^Sakamoto N, Ono E, Kida H, Yanagawa R^Monoclonal antibodies were first produced against a leptospiral genus- specific protein antigen (GP-Ag) isolated from Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain Kyoto. The representative monoclonal antibody (GP-7) did not agglutinate kremastos Kyoto but reacted with Triton X- 100 treated kreamastos Kyoto, andamana, patoc and Urawa in enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indicating that the monoclonal antibody recognized the genus-specific determinant of GP-Ag. The localization of GP-Ag was investigated by immunoelectron microscopy with the iodinated antibody and peroxidase-labeled antibody. The genus- specific determinant of GP-Ag recognized by GP-7 was located on the subsurface of the leptospiral envelope.^0
86021510^The classification of Sejroe group serovars of Leptospira interrogans with monoclonal antibodies.^198507^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1985 Jul;259(4):498-506^^Terpstra WJ, Korver H, van Leeuwen J, Klatser PR, Kolk AH^Using the hybridoma technique we produced monoclonal antibodies to serovars of Leptospira interrogans. We focussed on serovar hardjo which is an important pathogen for humans and animals, and on other serovars of the Sejroe group. With combinations of monoclonals, characteristic patterns of agglutination were observed according to the specific pattern of antigenic determinants of that serovar. A set of 13 monoclonal antibodies was composed which allowed the classification of almost all serovars of the Sejroe group.^0
86021561^[Cloning and the expression of the hemolysin gene of Leptospira pomona pomona in Escherichia coli]^198507^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1985 Jul;(7):7-10^^Dain AA, Rozinov MN, Gol'tsmaier TA, Gershanovich VN, Chernukha IuG^The library of Leptospira pomona genes was obtained on phage vector AL 47.1. From this library a recombinant phage carrying the hemolysin gene was selected. The DNA fragment (7.7 kb) of this phage containing the hemolysin gene was subcloned on plasmid pUC19. E. coli clones with hybrid plasmid pDR7 were shown to be hemolytic, but the secretion of hemolysin by E. coli into the culture medium was not observed.^0
86037771^[Development and present status of a leptospiral vaccine and the technology of vaccine production in China]^198507^Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 1985 Jul;40(4):755-62^^Chen T^^0
85266941^[Rare clinical manifestations of leptospirosis]^198507^Lijec Vjesn 1985 Jul;107(7):286-9^^Barsic B, Macek P, Petricevic I, Kosutic Z^^0
85277428^Unusual electrocardiographic abnormality in leptospirosis: case reports.^198507^Angiology 1985 Jul;36(7):477-82^^Ram P, Chandra MS^Unusual ECG changes of marked ST segment elevation in leads V1 to V3 are reported in four cases of severe icteric leptospirosis for the first time. These changes normalized rapidly with initiation of therapy and recovery in three patients. One patient died within hours of admission. The causes for the changes are not clear.^0
86021515^Detection of antibodies to leptospiral genus-specific antigen in human and animal sera by indirect hemagglutination test with a partially purified genus-specific protein antigen.^198507^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1985 Jul;259(4):548-56^^Sakamoto N, Yanagawa R, Ono E, Kida H, Mori M, Arimitsu Y, Akama K, Yasuda J, Too K^Antibodies against leptospiral genus-specific antigen were detected in the sera from clinically diagnosed human leptospirosis and suspected animal leptospirosis by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test with a partially purified genus-specific protein antigen (GP-Ag). The reaction was positive in the infected humans and animals irrespective of the leptospiral serovars. No significant correlation was found between IHA titer against GP-Ag and microscopic agglutination (MA) titer. IHA titer did not always develop in parallel with MA titers. Sera obtained from healthy individuals were negative in both IHA and MA tests.^0
86020528^Leptospires in pig urogenital tracts and fetuses.^198507^Vet Rec 1985 Jul 20;117(3):66-7^^Ellis WA, McParland PJ, Bryson DG, McNulty MS^^0
85277614^Airway responsiveness to inhaled antigen, histamine, and methacholine in inbred, ragweed-sensitized dogs.^198508^Am Rev Respir Dis 1985 Aug;132(2):292-8^^Mapp C, Hartiala J, Frick OL, Shields RL, Gold WM^We studied the responses to antigen in animals selected from a colony of inbred dogs sensitized to specific allergens to determine if they had characteristics similar to those of human asthmatics. They were immunized with ragweed and grass pollen extracts (10 micrograms in alum) immediately after routine vaccination with attenuated live virus (distemper and hepatitis) and killed bacteria (Leptospira) at 4, 8, and 12 wk of age. Subsequently, ragweed and grass injections were repeated every 2 months. Immunized dogs made specific IgE-antibodies in serum averaging 3 to 4 times that of control animals (no immunization with pollen or vaccine). They showed positive skin responses to the injection of ragweed pollen extract, whereas control dogs did not respond to ragweed pollen by quantitative skin test or inhalation challenge. In immunized dogs under barbiturate anesthesia, air-flow resistance of the total respiratory system increased from 0.60 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- SEM) before to 12.6 +/- 3.4 cm H2O/lps 5 min after the start of antigen aerosol; respiratory resistance remained increased for 20 min and was associated with 0 hypoxemia and increased arterial plasma histamine. In addition, airway responsiveness to both inhaled histamine and methacholine was greater in immunized dogs than in nonimmunized dogs of comparable age. Airway responses to each agonist were highly reproducible on repeated testing. These results indicate that physiologic responses to antigen by inbred, ragweed-sensitized dogs resemble human asthma closely and that these dogs appear suitable for a variety of experimental studies of asthma with respect to pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.^0
86020593^The use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the IgM and IgG antibody response to Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, pomona and tarassovi in cattle.^198508^Vet Microbiol 1985 Aug;10(5):439-50^^Cousins DV, Robertson GM, Hustas L^Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, hardjo and tarassovi were each used to inoculate 6 cattle. Three-hundred and ninety-nine sera collected from the inoculated animals and from a control group over a 3- month period were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Leptospiruria was monitored by microscopic examination and culture. The ELISA detected specific IgM antibody against the serovars in all infected cattle 1 week after inoculation. This IgM antibody persisted in most of the animals for 3-5 weeks. Specific IgG antibody appeared at the same time or just after IgM, but persisted for much longer. Levels of antibody detected by the ELISA and the MAT did not correlate with each other, nor with the periods of leptospiruria found in the infected cattle.^0
86050230^The significance of leptospiral titres associated with bovine abortion.^198508^Aust Vet J 1985 Aug;62(8):258-62^^Elder JK, Pepper PM, Hill MW, Ward WH^To investigate relationships between serological titres to 2 serovars, pomona (L. pomona) and hardjo (L. hardjo), of Leptospira interrogans and abortions, log linear and logit models were fitted to herd and individual cow data from cattle serologically negative for brucellosis. Serological titres to both serovars were significantly related to abortions in individual cows, with L. pomona having a stronger relationship than L. hardjo. L. hardjo was not significant when herd data were analysed. Differences between dairy and beef cattle in the serological titres found to both L. pomona and L. hardjo were detected when data sets of all cattle or cattle with no history of abortion were analysed. The beef/dairy differences may be due to different management practices and/or to different geographical distributions of both serovars and populations of beef and dairy cattle. If there are no cattle in a herd with a reciprocal titre of 3000 or greater for L. pomona, it is unlikely that L. pomona is associated with the abortion problem. There was no specific L. hardjo titre which separated high and low probabilities that the serum came from a cow or herd with an abortion history.^0
86020540^Bovine leptospirosis: some clinical features of serovar hardjo infection.^198508^Vet Rec 1985 Aug 3;117(5):101-4^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Bryson DG, Mackie DP^During an investigation of natural in utero infection of cattle by Leptospira interrogans strains, infection (almost entirely caused by serovar hardjo) was diagnosed in 57 per cent of 505 calves (472 aborted fetuses, 20 stillborn calves and 13 perinatal deaths) examined over a six-year period. The prevalence of leptospire-infected fetuses showed a seasonal increase in September, October and December and was significantly higher in fetuses aborted by dairy cows than in fetuses aborted by beef cows. The majority of infected fetuses were aborted from the sixth month of gestation onwards. Cows which aborted infected fetuses had not previously exhibited overt signs of agalactia. There was an association between leptospiral infection and retention of fetal membranes.^0
86069407^Differentiation of reference strains of leptospires of the Pomona serogroup by cross-agglutination absorption and restriction endonuclease analysis.^198509^Res Vet Sci 1985 Sep;39(2):145-50^^Hathaway SC, Marshall RB, Little TW, Headlam SA, Winter PJ^The serological classification of all reference strains that have been described as representing separate serovars of Leptospira interrogans within the Pomona serogroup was investigated using cross-agglutination absorption and bacterial restriction endonuclease analysis (BRENDA). Comparative cross-agglutination absorption studies indicated that cornelli CB, monjakov Monjakov and kennewicki LT1026 were homologous with pomona Pomona, and dania K1 and tsaratsova B81/7 were homologous with mozdok 5621. BRENDA confirmed these results, except that pomona Pomona and monjakov Monjakov showed a difference in the high molecular weight region. It is proposed that four serovars be currently recognised within the Pomona serogroup: pomona, mozdok, proechimys and tropica. The relative merits of the use of cross-agglutination absorption and BRENDA with respect to identification of Pomona serogroup isolates are discussed.^0
86069408^Identification by cross-agglutination absorption and restriction endonuclease analysis of leptospires of the Pomona serogroup isolated in the United Kingdom.^198509^Res Vet Sci 1985 Sep;39(2):151-6^^Hathaway SC, Marshall RB, Little TW, Headlam SA, Winter PJ^Five strains of Leptospira interrogans isolated in the United Kingdom and belonging to the Pomona serogroup were subjected to cross- agglutination absorption and bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA) for their identification. British isolates were compared with reference strains representing the known serovars in the Pomona serogroup and also with isolates of the Pomona serogroup obtained from other countries. Three strains isolated from wildlife in England produced equivocal results when the cross-agglutination absorption and BRENDA results were compared. According to the World Health Organisation definition of a serovar the three English strains represented two new serovars, whereas by BRENDA all three had DNA electrophoresis patterns indistinguishable from serovar mozdok. Serovar pomona has not as yet been isolated in Great Britain and the epidemiology of the Pomona serogroup infections that have been detected by serology suggests that a serovar such as mozdok, maintained by wildlife, may be the causal agent. Two strains isolated in Northern Ireland were identified as pomona by the cross-agglutination absorption test. Further studies are needed to investigate the homogeneity of field and reference strains that are designated as pomona using the cross-agglutination absorption test.^0
86289917^[125I-labelled monoclonal antibody in the detection of leptospiral antigens in tissues of guinea pig]^198509^Ssu Chuan I Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1985 Sep;16(3):185-7^^Wang CX, Ye DN, Bao L, Yan RH, Dai BM, Lei YD, Li L^^0
86289926^[A study of the relationship between leptospiral virulence and adherence]^198509^Ssu Chuan I Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1985 Sep;16(3):221-4^^Zhao SM, Dai BM, Wang YP, Tang XJ^^0
86289927^[A study of freeze replica and SEM on the hepatocytic tight junctions and canaliculi in the guinea pig with Leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagiae]^198509^Ssu Chuan I Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1985 Sep;16(3):225-9^^Peng HR, Dai BM^^0
87093309^[Isolation of Leptospira in conventional animals, Mus musculus (albino variety) obtained from a traditional breeding center]^198575^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1985 Sep-Dec;37(3):341-7^^Garcia MJ, Cornide RI, Gonzalez A^^0
85276882^Leptospiral exposure in Detroit rodent control workers.^198509^Am J Public Health 1985 Sep;75(9):1090-1^^Demers RY, Frank R, Demers P, Clay M^Antibody levels to L. icterohemorrhagiae of rodent control workers and two control groups were compared with antibodies against five other leptospiral serotypes carried predominantly by species other than rats. Rodent control workers contact urban rats, 77 per cent of which are carriers of leptospiral organisms. Rodent control workers had higher antibody levels against L. icterohemorrhagiae than control groups (OR 4.37, 99 per cent CI = 3.0, 6.3 and OR 11.08, 99 per cent CI = 5.6, 22). Antibodies against the other five serotypes were almost non- existent in the study group.^0
86076705^Diseases and parasites of cattle in Vanuatu.^198509^Aust Vet J 1985 Sep;62(9):297-300^^Schandevyl P, Deleu D^A study of cattle diseases was carried out in Vanuatu from 1971 to 1981. Tuberculosis was discovered in 4 herds and eradication was completed by 1981. The number of farms with brucellosis reactors increased from 2 in 1976 to 7 in 1978 despite eradication measures. Antibodies to serovars Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, australis, sejroe and canicola were demonstrated by the microscopic agglutination test. Antibodies were demonstrated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and bovine virus diarrhoea/mucosal disease complexes. Of the 18 parasites identified, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemonchus, sp, Oesophagostomum phlebotomum and Neoascaris vitulorum were the most prevalent. As brucelossis is the only serious disease present, Vanuatu is in a favourable situation with regard to cattle diseases.^0
86076866^[Demonstration of Leptospira antibodies in sheep sera using various serological methods]^198509^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1985 Sep 1;98(9):307-11^^Batza HJ, Zettl K^^0
86093633^Serum antibodies to Leptospira bratislava in Swedish pigs and horses.^198575^Nord Vet Med 1985 Sep-Oct;37(5):312-3^^Sandstedt K, Engvall A^Sera from 116 and 89 Swedish pigs and horses respectively were examined for the presence of antibodies to L. bratislava. Antibodies were found in 18.1 and 49.4% respectively of pigs and horses examined. Presence of serum antibodies was not associated with clinical signs of infection.^0
86135057^[A 1:R matched case-control method for the study of cerebroarteritis etiology]^198509^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1985 Sep;19(5):285-7^^Wang RF^^0
86045774^Prevention of renal carriage of leptospirosis in dogs by vaccination.^198509^Vet Rec 1985 Sep 21;117(12):307-11^^Broughton ES, Scarnell J^Dogs vaccinated with a Leptospira interrogans vaccine containing serogroups Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae and prepared from cultures grown in a protein-free medium resisted challenge with heterologous representatives of these serogroups. In contrast, control dogs were pyrexic and leptospires were isolated from the blood for nine days following Canicola challenge and six days after Icterohaemorrhagiae challenge. Leptospires were isolated from the urine of controls throughout the post challenge period and from kidneys at post mortem examination of six out of six and four out of six Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae challenged controls, respectively. There have been no reports of hypersensitivity reactions to this vaccine since its introduction in 1980.^0
86086286^Rapid and simplified protocol for isolation and characterization of leptospiral chromosomal DNA for taxonomy and diagnosis.^198510^J Clin Microbiol 1985 Oct;22(4):606-8^^Le Febvre RB, Foley JW, Thiermann AB^We have developed a rapid method for the isolation of leptospiral chromosomal DNA which yields DNA of a purity suitable for restriction endonuclease analysis. A small volume (15 to 20 ml) of an exponentially growing culture of leptospires yielded 2 to 4 micrograms of chromosomal DNA. In a 1-day protocol, the DNA was isolated, restricted with endonucleases, and fractionated on an agarose gel. Chromosomal DNA from dinger zones (visible subsurface zones of leptospiral growth) of first semisolid subcultures of field isolates was also isolated and characterized, thus greatly speeding up the diagnostic process.^0
86054904^Studies on equine recurrent uveitis. II: The role of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^198510^Curr Eye Res 1985 Oct;4(10):1033-40^^Halliwell RE, Brim TA, Hines MT, Wolf D, White FH^An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin class specific antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in the serum and aqueous humor of horses. Serum antibody was also assayed by microscopic agglutination tests. Although higher levels of antibody were found in sera from horses with signs of uveitis, the association was not statistically significant. Antibodies to pomona were detected in the aqueous of 12 eyes from the 101 horses sampled at a slaughterhouse, and in most instances, a comparison of the aqueous/serum antibody level with that of the total aqueous/serum IgG level indicated intraocular antibody synthesis. Antibodies were also found in 4 aqueous (or vitreous) samples out of 9 obtained from horses with clinically documented uveitis and the above comparison again indicated intraocular antibody synthesis. The data point to an important role for pomona as an etiology of equine recurrent uveitis but also emphasize that the initiating cause for this disease is often obscure in that association with leptospirosis cannot be shown in many instances.^0
86041588^[Demonstration of lipoprotein anomalies in leptospirosis. Prospective study in 10 patients]^198510^Pathol Biol (Paris) 1985 Oct;33(8):819-23^^Estavoyer JM, Ottignon Y, Stimmesse B, Cardot N, Boillot A, Couetdic G^Abnormalities of lipid metabolism have never been shown in human leptospirosis. A prospective study of plasma lipids was performed in 10 consecutive patients with leptospirosis. Significant increase of triglycerides with low levels of the high-density lipoproteins and cholesterol fraction was observed in 8 patients. Electrophoresis of lipoproteins showed a fusion of beta and pre-beta lipoproteins and a marked decrease of alpha lipoproteins. The respective role of bacteria, liver and kidney could be suggested to explain these abnormalities of lipoproteins in leptospirosis.^0
86060801^The coypu as a rodent reservoir of leptospira infection in Great Britain.^198510^J Hyg (Lond) 1985 Oct;95(2):409-17^^Waitkins SA, Wanyangu S, Palmer M^The coypu (Myocastor coypus Molina) is an aquatic rodent that has become a widespread pest in the south-east of England. Since the natural habitat of this animal is aquatic, the possibility of infection with leptospires was investigated. Twenty-nine coypu were trapped and examined by serological, histological and cultural methods. Of these, there was serological evidence of infection in seven coypus and Leptospira interrogans var. Wolffii was isolated from a further animal. This appears to be the first report of the isolation of leptospira from a coypu in Great Britain.^0
86086273^Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining specific immunoglobulin M in infections caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198510^J Clin Microbiol 1985 Oct;22(4):539-42^^Milner AR, Jackson KB, Woodruff K, Smart IJ^An automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting specific immunoglobulin M in infections with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was evaluated on 69 patients. The test was sensitive and simple to perform, requiring a single dilution of test serum, with data expressed as units of antibody activity interpolated from a reference serum pool.^0
86090196^[Pulmonary syndrome in leptospirosis]^198510^Klin Med (Mosk) 1985 Oct;63(10):129-32^^Klishevich BA, Asauliuk IK, Sidorenko SI^^0
86102989^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in a sheep.^198510^Aust Vet J 1985 Oct;62(10):346-7^^Mitchell G, Leonard J^^0
86102991^Failure to eliminate Leptospira pomona from pigs by treatment with long acting oxytetracyline.^198510^Aust Vet J 1985 Oct;62(10):348-9^^Ketterer PJ, Dunster PJ^^0
86150895^[Human leptospirosis in Yucatan. Presentation of 2 new cases and clinical review]^198575^Rev Invest Clin 1985 Oct-Dec;37(4):353-7^^Zavala-Velazquez J, Sosa-Leal J, Barrera Perez MA, Bolio-Cicero A, Laviada-Arrigunaga FA^^0
85300534^Isolation of a spirochete from the soft tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus: a possible agent of epizootic bovine abortion.^198510^Science 1985 Oct 4;230(4721):85-7^^Lane RS, Burgdorfer W, Hayes SF, Barbour AG^A Borrelia-like spirochete was detected in all three parasitic stages of Ornithodoros coriaceus, the soft tick implicated in the epizoology of epizootic bovine abortion. After the spirochete had been isolated, its distinctness from other North American tick-borne borreliae as well as from Spirochaeta aurantia, Treponema pallidum, and Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was established on the basis of its morphology, protein components, and inability to infect mice. The spirochete is passed trans-stadially and via eggs by ticks, and it is also excreted in coxal fluid after ticks have fed and detached. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the spirochete may be causally related to epizootic bovine abortion.^0
86014242^Pet-associated illness.^198510^N Engl J Med 1985 Oct 17;313(16):985-95^^Elliot DL, Tolle SW, Goldberg L, Miller JB^^0
86095808^Dihydrostreptomycin treatment of bovine carriers of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198511^Res Vet Sci 1985 Nov;39(3):292-5^^Ellis WA, Montgomery J, Cassells JA^Ten non-pregnant heifers, experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, were each given an intramuscular injection of dihydrostreptomycin at a dose rate of 25 mg kg-1. In five of these animals this treatment was repeated after 14 days. Treatment failed to remove established genital or renal infection in seven of the 10 heifers, although the number of organisms persisting was apparently reduced in these animals. Serovar hardjo infection persisted for at least 83 days in the oviduct and uterus and these tissues may be as important carrier sites for serovar hardjo as bovine kidney tissue.^0
86085610^Serological study of selected disease antibodies in Arkansas--furbearer trappers, a high risk group.^198511^J Ark Med Soc 1985 Nov;82(6):265-9^^Heidt GA, Harger C, Harger H, McChesney TC^^0
86208453^[Leptospirosis]^198575^Soins Pathol Trop 1985 Nov-Dec;(56):3-8^^Floch JJ, Gras C, Lecamus JL^^0
86118109^[Basis for the possible use of the indirect immunofluorescence reaction for the serological diagnosis of tick-borne borreliosis]^198575^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1985 Nov-Dec;(6):39-43^^Kriuchechnikov VN, Korenberg EI, Shcherbakov SV, Kalinin AA, Amridinov KN^^0
86022796^Toxic shock syndrome. I. Clinical exclusion of other syndromes by strict and screening definitions.^198511^Am J Epidemiol 1985 Nov;122(5):847-56^^Wiesenthal AM, Ressman M, Caston SA, Todd JK^Several clinical definitions of toxic shock syndrome have been proposed and used in extensive epidemiologic and clinical studies. Most of these definitions suggest (but usually do not require) that there be sufficient laboratory studies to exclude other potentially similar syndromes. Simplified definitions which broaden the spectrum of toxic shock syndrome illness have also been proposed but not validated. In this study, clinical findings of consecutive hospitalized patients were compared: nine with toxic shock syndrome (confirmed by a modification of the collaborative strict case definition) and 120 with potentially similar diagnoses (bacteremia with shock, meningococcemia, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, scarlet fever, toxic epidermal necrolysis, acute rheumatic fever, leptospirosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubeola, Kawasaki syndrome, erythema multiforme, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome). None of the 120 controls satisfied the clinical criteria of the modified strict definition of toxic shock syndrome, demonstrating its exclusionary properties even in the absence of additional laboratory data. A "simplified" screening definition was constructed which might be applied early in illness (i.e., at admission) and this definition distinguished all the patients with toxic shock syndrome from all but three (2.5%) of the 117 analyzable patients with other mucocutaneous or potential infectious shock syndromes. Applied prospectively in the state of Colorado passive/active reporting system, the screening definition identified 24 potential toxic shock syndrome cases of which 19 (76%) eventually were confirmed as toxic shock syndrome. Before being adopted and widely used, clinical syndrome definitions should be documented to exclude other potentially overlapping syndromes or should require additional mandatory exclusionary laboratory data.^0
86027550^Leptospirosis in two veterinarians.^198511^Can Med Assoc J 1985 Nov 1;133(9):879-80^^Kingscote BF^^0
86095809^Excretion of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo following calving or abortion.^198511^Res Vet Sci 1985 Nov;39(3):296-8^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Cassells JA, Neill SD, Hanna J^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was demonstrated in the vaginal discharges of 12 experimentally infected heifers for up to eight days after abortion or calving. Organisms were recovered from the oviducts of heifers examined at slaughter eight to 22 days after calving or 32 to 91 days after infection. They were also recovered from the uteri of four heifers eight to 22 days after calving.^0
86098549^Experimental demonstration of an antigenic relationship between Leptospira and equine cornea.^198511^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1985 Nov;10(2-3):215-24^^Parma AE, Santisteban CG, Villalba JS, Bowden RA^Horses inoculated with either equine cornea or killed Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, tarassovi, icterohaemorrhagiae, wolffi and hardjo, developed corneal opacity and produced antibodies which made it possible to demonstrate partial antigenic identity between equine cornea and four of those serovars employed. These antibodies were isolated by means of immunoadsorptions, purified by ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex A-50) and run by immuno-electrophoresis in agar gel. Both antibodies, anti-equine cornea and anti-leptospira, showed that they corresponded to the IgGb subclass. They bound themselves to equine cornea in vivo and in vitro as was proved by immunofluorescence. This antigenic relationship may be in part responsible for pathogenesis of corneal opacity in leptospirosis of horses.^0
86124140^Leptospiral agglutinins among cattle in the Republic of Guyana.^198511^Trop Anim Health Prod 1985 Nov;17(4):239-43^^Myers DM, Ruiz A, Applewhaite L^Cattle sera collected in the Republic of Guyana during 1981 to 1982 were examined for serologic evidence of leptospirosis. Significant leptospiral agglutinins (1:100 or higher) were disclosed in 49.1% of 2,935 apparently normal cattle from 734 farms in the three major cattle- raising regions of the country. Seroreactions principally involved hardjo and wolffi of the Sejroe serogroup, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, tarassovi, canicola and grippotyphosa. A high proportion of reactions to one or more of different leptospiral serovars were observed in each of the three regions. These variations were attributed to differences in environmental conditions and farming practices. The findings provided evidence for the first time of the widespread occurrence of leptospirosis in cattle in Guyana caused by multiple leptospiral serovars.^0
86289941^[Studies on the structural and functional changes in the pulmonary microvessels in pulmonary diffuse hemorrhage in leptospirosis]^198512^Ssu Chuan I Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1985 Dec;16(4):285-8^^Bao L, Dai BM^^0
86085291^Survey of desert bighorn sheep in California for exposure to selected infectious diseases.^198512^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985 Dec 1;187(11):1175-9^^Clark RK, Jessup DA, Kock MD, Weaver RA^From February 1983 to June 1985, 188 desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni, = 161 and Oc cremnobates, = 27) from 18 herds in 17 mountain ranges and one captive herd were caught, marked, and had blood, fecal, and nasal mucus samples collected. Nasal swab specimens were cultured bacteriologically and virologically specifically for parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus. Bacterial flora differed from herd to herd. Pathogenic pneumophilic bacteria (eg, Pasteurella sp) seldom were found. Parainfluenza-3 virus was isolated from 6 bighorn sheep in 3 herds. Fecal specimens were examined for parasite ova and low numbers of lungworm (Protostrongylus sp) larvae were found in feces from 2 herds. Sera were evaluated for antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus, ovine progressive pneumonia, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, PI-3, bovine viral diarrhea, brucellosis, leptospirosis, contagious ecthyma, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease. Blood clots were cultured virologically for bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease. Serologic evidence of bluetongue and/or epizootic hemorrhagic disease was found in 9 herds, and bluetongue virus (serotypes 10,11,13 and 17) was isolated from 3 herds. Antibody titers against PI-3 and respiratory syncytial virus were found in 9 and 13 herds, respectively. Evidence of bovine viral diarrhea infection was found in 6 herds, whereas infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was found in only 1 herd. Antibody titers against contagious ecthyma were found in 9 of 18 herds in California, and active lesions were seen occasionally. Evidence of ovine progressive pneumonia, leptospirosis, or brucellosis was not found.^0
86085284^An epizootic of leptospirosis in California sea lions.^198512^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985 Dec 1;187(11):1145-8^^Dierauf LA, Vandenbroek DJ, Roletto J, Koski M, Amaya L, Gage LJ^Between May and December 1984, an epizootic of leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) occurred along the west coast of the United States from Monterey County, Calif, northward to Seattle, Wash. Clinical signs observed were severe depression, excessive thirst, and tucked-up posturing, with associated leukocytosis and increased globulin, BUN, and creatinine values. Effective antibiotic therapy consisted of tetracycline (22 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours, orally) or potassium penicillin G (44,000 U/kg every 12 hours, orally or IM) for 10 to 14 days. Sixty-six sea lions were treated successfully and released. Necropsies of animals that died indicated marked kidney swelling, darkened reniculi, and poorly differentiated cortices and medullae, thick, black bile in gallbladders, thick, pale yellow pericardial fluid, and friable hemorrhagic mesentery. Primary histologic lesions were tubular nephritis and glomerulonephritis. Darkfield microscopy of kidney macerates and/or urine, and results of the microscopic agglutination test, using Leptospira serovar pomona-killed antigen led to a presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis. Bacteriologic isolation and identification is ongoing. The epizootic primarily affected juvenile or subadult male California sea lions migrating northward from breeding rookeries of southern California's Channel Islands.^0
86101428^Experimental infection of lactating goats with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo.^198512^Am J Vet Res 1985 Dec;46(12):2512-4^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Mansfield ME, Thilsted JP^Pathogenesis of Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo was evaluated in 14 lactating goats. Although mild clinical signs of leptospiral infection characterized by pyrexia and reduction in milk yield appeared in some animals, a consistent clinical pattern was not observed in the inoculated animals. The pomona serovar was isolated from the kidney of 1 of the 4 goats inoculated with serovar pomona. The hardjo serovar (strain UI 750) was isolated in the rabbit serum- supplemented bovine albumin polysorbate-80 liquid medium only from the mammary gland of 1 of 4 goats at 13 days after inoculation with serovar hardjo. The positive culture was detected after an 8-month incubation period.^0
86101429^Experimental infection of pregnant and lactating goats with Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and szwajizak.^198512^Am J Vet Res 1985 Dec;46(12):2515-8^^Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Bedoya M, Mansfield ME^Pathogenesis of 2 Leptospira serovars, hardjo and szwajizak, was studied in pregnant and lactating goats. Although clinical signs of leptospiral infection were minimal, cultural isolations were made from the mammary gland of 2 goats and the kidney of 1 goat inoculated with serovar hardjo (C846). The isolations were made only on solid bovine albumin polysorbate-80 medium supplemented either with rabbit serum or sodium pyruvate. Cultural isolations of serovar szwajizak were made from kidney, liver, brain, urine, and mammary gland samples of 1 goat and the liver and kidney samples of its kids. These isolations were made in only the solid bovine albumin polysorbate-80 medium which had been supplemented with normal goat serum.^0
86101441^Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in New England horses: serologic survey.^198512^Am J Vet Res 1985 Dec;46(12):2570-1^^Marcus LC, Patterson MM, Gilfillan RE, Urband PH^Twelve of 50 randomly selected horses from areas endemic for Borrelia burgdorferi had indirect fluorescent antibody titers of 1:8 to 1:2,048 against B burgdorferi. One of 50 horses from nonendemic areas had a titer of 1:8. This difference in the number of horses seropositive for B burgdorferi (P less than 0.002) and our finding that seropositive horses did not have agglutinating antibodies against potentially cross- reacting Leptospira spp indicated that horses in endemic areas were exposed to B burgdorferi and that the spirochete induced an antibody response in the horses.^0
86101446^Morphometric studies of the bovine uterus: microscopic lesions and retrospective reproductive history.^198512^Am J Vet Res 1985 Dec;46(12):2588-95^^Gonzalez HE, Crowell WA, Caudle AB, Thompson FN^A survey of reproductive tracts from nonpregnant cows at an abattoir was conducted. Reproductive tracts from 98 cows were studied microscopically and evaluated with a grading system to determine the severity of pathologic changes. Inflammatory reaction (type and distribution), fibrosis, gland morphology, and appearance were measured, quantified, and scored (1 to 4). Category 1 endometrium (normal) was found in 18 cows, category 2 in 23, category 3 in 34, and category 4 in 23. The category of endometrium was then compared with the retrospective reproductive status, and it was found that reproductive problems had occurred in 6 cows (33.3%) in category 1, in 13 cows (56.5%) in category 2, in 25 cows (73.5%) in category 3, and in 21 cows (91.3%) in category 4. Cervicitis was found in 43 (43.8%) genital tracts; 16 cows (16.3%) had salpingitis. Ovarian lesions were not observed. Serum samples were tested for certain antibodies. Only 1 was seropositive for brucellosis, but 61 of 81 sera had leptospira titers greater than 1:100 and 1:50 (hardjo). The serovar hardjo was the most prevalent. All sera had neutralizing titers against parainfluenza type 3 virus; 74.2% and 56.7% of the sera had neutralizing antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, respectively.^0
86154514^Presence of zoonotic pathogens (Yersinia spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., and Leptospira spp.) simultaneously in dogs and cats.^198512^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [B] 1985 Dec;181(3-5):430-40^^Fukushima H, Nakamura R, Iitsuka S, Ito Y, Saito K^The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of zoonotic pathogens simultaneously in animals. The isolation of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yp), Campylobacter jejuni (Cj), Salmonella spp. (Sal) and Leptospira spp. (Lep) in 318 cats and 252 dogs were performed in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. A total of 13 isolates of Yp (4 strains) and Sal (9 strains) were recovered from intestine and/or mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of 13 cats (4.1%) but not Ye, and Cj was not examined. A total of 88 isolates of Ye (15 dogs, 15 strains), Yp (16 dogs, 16 strains), Cj (10 dogs, 13 strains) and Sal (39 dogs, 44 strains) were recovered from intestine and/or MLN of 76 dogs (30.2%). Two species of Ye O3, Cj and Sal were recovered from either intestine or MLN of 4 dogs but not from cats. Lep was not detected in dogs and cats kidney. The 101 isolates from dogs and cats belonged to Ye 3B/O3/II (biotype/serotype/phage type) (2 strains), 4/O3/VIII (10 strains) and 2/O5,27 (3 strains), Yp serotypes 1b, 2b (each 3 strains), 2c (2 strains), 4a (2 strains), 4b (4 strains), 5a (5 strains) and 7 (1 strain), Cj serotypes TCK 9, 13, 26 (each 1 strain), 21 (2 strains) and untypable (8 strains) and 24 serotypes of Sal. Ye O3 and Yp were detected frequently in cold months. There was no definite seasonal variation of Ye O5,27 Cj and Sal in internal origin of dogs and cats. Ye O3, Yp and Cj were counted at 10(2) to 10(7) cells per g of the jejunal-to-rectal contents, but Sal at less than 10(2) cells per g of the intestinal contents. Ye O3, Yp and Sal were recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes, but not Ye O5,27 and Cj.^0
86153482^Genotypes of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in cattle in the UK.^198512^Vet Rec 1985 Dec 21-28;117(25-26):669-70^^Marshall RB, Winter PJ, Thiermann AB, Ellis WA^^0
86192769^Experimental leptospirosis (L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) of the guinea pig: leptospiral antigen, gamma globulin and complement C3 detection in the kidney.^198601^Exp Pathol 1986;29(1):35-43^^Yasuda PH, Hoshino-Shimizu S, Yamashiro EH, De Brito T^Morphofunctional and immunofluorescent studies were done in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae to determine the role of leptospiral antigen, gamma- globulin, and complement C3 deposits in the pathogenesis of the renal lesions. A sharp increase in leptospiral antigen deposits was observed in the late phase of the experimental infection. Immunoglobulin and complement C3 were small compared with the heavy leptospiral antigen deposits. Moreover, leptospiral antigen was observed mainly in the interstitium whereas immunoglobulin and complement C3 deposits were seen in glomeruli and small blood vessel walls. In our experimental model bacterial migration and local liberation of factors causing virulence seems more likely to determine the renal damage.^0
86228958^[Use of different methods of determining the hemolytic activity of Leptospira on solid nutrient media]^198601^Lab Delo 1986;(4):201-4^^Volina EG, Sarukhanova LE, Levina LF^^0
86309160^[A method of determining cell viability in Leptospira cultures]^198601^Lab Delo 1986;(6):369-70^^Borozdov NI, Chernukha IuG, Amfiteatrova NF^^0
86234404^[Ocular manifestations of leptospirosis: methods of diagnosis, surveillance and treatment]^198675^Rev Chir Oncol Radiol O R L Oftalmol Stomatol Ser Oftalmol 1986 Jan- Mar;30(1):11-6^^Popa DP, Tacorian D, Andreescu N, Ciurea L^^0
86085701^Analysis of cloned DNA from Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc which complements a deletion of the Escherichia coli trpE gene.^198601^J Bacteriol 1986 Jan;165(1):41-6^^Yelton DB, Cohen RA^To analyze the cloned region of the chromosome of the spirochete Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc which complemented a defect in the trpE gene of Escherichia coli, we performed a series of experiments involving subcloning, transposon mutagenesis, and maxicells. By subcloning into pBR322 we were able to isolate the Leptospira genes on a 9.7-kilobase pair plasmid (pYC6). Transposon mutagenesis with Tn5 identified a 2.8-kilobase pair region of this plasmid as being necessary to complement a trpE deletion mutation in E. coli. Transformation of plasmid pYC6 into E. coli cells deleted for trpE and the proximal end of trpD showed that the Leptospira DNA complemented both defects. A maxicell analysis of various transposon-induced mutations of the plasmid revealed that three proteins (53.5, 23.6, and 22 kilodaltons) were encoded by the 2.8-kilobase pair region of the Leptospira genome. Two different promoters controlled the production of these three proteins.^0
86128510^Reclassification of North American leptospiral isolates belonging to serogroups Mini and Sejroe by restriction endonuclease analysis.^198601^Am J Vet Res 1986 Jan;47(1):61-6^^Thiermann AB, Handsaker AL, Foley JW, White FH, Kingscote BF^The genomes of North American strains of leptospires belonging to serogroups Mini and Sejroe were analyzed and compared with those of reference strains by cleavage with restriction endonucleases. The isolates selected for this study, when typed by the serologic method, were identified as serovars szwajizak, hardjo, and balcanica. However, the results of restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) indicated that a different classification existed. The 2 isolates typed as serovar szwajizak seem to be georgia by REA. Isolates belonging to serovars balcanica and hardjo had REA patterns that differed from both reference strains. Differences were not observed in the REA patterns between balcanica and hardjo isolates. All hardjo and balcanica isolates examined are suggested to be classified into a previously described hardjo, REA subtype hardjobovis. Using the enzyme Hha1, these isolates were subdivided into 3 subgroups. When examining the REA pattern of the 17 reference strains in serogroup Sejroe, 3 identical pairs were observed: wolffi and roumanica; sejroe and polonica; and istrica and nyanza. The REA again indicated that it will be a valuable method for the classification of leptospires.^0
86144173^Occurrence of antibodies to the etiologic agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza 3, leptospirosis, and brucellosis in white-tailed deer in Minnesota.^198601^J Wildl Dis 1986 Jan;22(1):83-6^^Ingebrigtsen DK, Ludwig JR, McClurkin AW^A serologic survey was conducted on 628 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in 1976 and 1979-1980. Tests for antibodies to the etiologic agents of infectious bovine rhinotrancheitis (IBR), parainfluenza 3 (PI3), leptospirosis, and brucellosis produced positive results of 15%, 20%, 3% and 0%, respectively. Adult deer had significantly higher prevalence of antibodies to IBR virus and PI3 virus than fawns. These data provide a basis for monitoring these disease agents in Minnesota's white-tailed deer.^0
90198316^Current status of leptospiral vaccines.^198601^Prog Vet Microbiol Immunol 1986;2:175-97^Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.^Bey RF, Johnson RC^^0
90018655^[Detection of leptospirosis in rats in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, 1983-1985]^198601^Rev Bras Malariol Doencas Trop 1986;38:45-9^^Leal NC, Cavalcanti TI, de Melo ME, Brasil DP, Andrade J^^0
87181857^Diarrheal illness complicated by acute renal failure.^198601^Am J Nephrol 1986;6(6):470, 489^^Norris SH^^0
87264671^Q-fever, OX19, OX2 and leptospirosis antibodies in patients with onyalai and in negroid, bushman and white inhabitants of Kavango, Namibia [letter]^198601^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986;80(5):847-8^^Wessels G, Hesseling PB, Cooper RC^^0
88069297^[Serologic prevalence of human leptospirosis in 2 different groups in the province of Formosa, Argentina]^198601^Rev Argent Microbiol 1986;18(2):75-8^Centro de Diagnostico e Investigaciones Veterinarias, Formosa, Argentina.^Russo de Bordoy AM^Sera from two different human group from the Province of Formosa were checked for 14 leptospira serovars, using Martin & Petti's microagglutination test with live antigens. In the first group, consisting of 605 males from the whole province, sampled during premilitary medical screening, 20 were found positive (3.3%). The predominant serovars were as follows: L. bratislava (50%), L. pomona (25%), L. butembo and L. icterohemorragica (20%), L. canicola (15%) and last L. wolffii (5%). In the second group, the sera were obtained from the local Central Hospital, and were taken from adults of both sexes, from a limited area of the province. With regard to Group I, there was a high number of positive (32.3%) and a variation in the frequency of serovars, the results being as follows: L. butembo (38.8%), L. pomona (33.3%), L. bratislava (31.4%), L. icterohemorragica (12.9%), L. borincana (3.7%) and finally L. canicola, L. pyrogenes, L. wolffii and L. bataviae (1.8%).^0
88069303^[Presence of antileptospira antibodies in ophidia in Argentina]^198601^Rev Argent Microbiol 1986;18(3-4):127-30^Catedra de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina.^Stanchi NO, Grisolia CS, Martino PE, Peluso FO^Sera obtained from 18 Bothrops alternatus and 2 Phylodrias burmeisteri were analyzed for the presence of antileptospiral antibodies using a microscopic agglutination test. Out of 18 Bothrops sera, 13 (72%) gave positive results. Snake serum reacted with patoc, andamana, wolffi, tarassovi, pomona, pyrogenes and shermani serovars. It can be concluded that Leptospiral antibodies are present in snake sera in Argentina, suggesting that the circulating antibodies may have an important role in the epizoothiology of the disease.^0
86226135^Ultrastructure and chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.^198601^J Gen Microbiol 1986 Jan;132 ( Pt 1):103-9^^Vinh T, Adler B, Faine S^Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni was prepared from the aqueous phase of a phenol/water extract. Electron microscopic examination of negatively stained LPS showed a mixture of ribbon-like, round and ring structures. Carbohydrate analysis of the preparations revealed pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, hexosamines, and a 2-keto-3-deoxyonic acid which was chromatographically different from authentic 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO). The major fatty acids of the LPS were hydroxylauric, palmitic and oleic acids. Although the leptospiral LPS preparations did not contain KDO or hydroxymyristic acid, they were otherwise morphologically and chemically similar to the LPS of other Gram- negative bacteria.^0
86226136^Glycolipoprotein cytotoxin from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.^198601^J Gen Microbiol 1986 Jan;132 ( Pt 1):111-23^^Vinh T, Adler B, Faine S^Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), glycolipoprotein (GLP) and lipid extract were prepared from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. GLP, lipid extract or purified fatty acids from lipid extract produced cytotoxic effects seen as cell enzyme leakage followed by cytotoxic death when tested in mouse fibroblast L929 cells in tissue culture. All extracts also agglutinated mouse erythrocytes but purified LPS was not cytotoxic. Neither GLP nor LPS were pyrogenic but both gelled Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Specific anti-GLP IgG neutralized the cytotoxic and haemagglutinating effect of GLP; however, at higher concentrations it enhanced the cytotoxicity of GLP and mediated lysis of the erythrocytes. A high dose of leptospires (i.e. 10(10) organisms) killed weanling mice causing pathological changes similar to those seen in acute leptospirosis. Similar results were obtained with live, dead, pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. The results suggest that toxicity is involved in leptospiral infection and that lipid components either of whole leptospires or of a leptospiral GLP may contribute to the pathogenesis of acute leptospirosis.^0
86252183^Phospholipase activity and virulence of pathogenic leptospirae.^198601^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1986;30(2):163-9^^Volina EG, Levina LF, Soboleva GL^Results of investigation of phospholipase activity and virulence of pathogenic leptospirae on a solid nutrient medium using the method of agar layers with 1% of L-lecithin in the medium of the second layer are presented. It has been demonstrated that only one zone of translucent medium is formed around the colonies of pathological leptospirae, which is obviously due to the release of phospholipase A. The examined virulent strains of pathogenic leptospirae were found to exhibit greater phospholipase activity (width of the translucent zones being 5.0 +/- 0.34 mm) than the avirulent strains (width of the zones being 1.5 +/- 0.11 mm).^0
87043031^[Characteristics of disseminated intravascular coagulation in leptospirosis]^198601^Sov Med 1986;(8):23-6^^Primachenko NB, Komnova ZD, Beliak GM^^0
87104077^Serological studies on leptospiral antibodies in dairy milkers in three regions of the South Island of New Zealand.^198601^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1986;9(4):355-64^^Bettelheim KA, Fogg TR^The antibody levels of leptospiral antigens among dairy herds were determined and correlated with those of the milkers in three areas of the South Island of New Zealand. The milkers filled out an extensive questionnaire giving age and sex of the milker, as well as details of the herd milked and his/her association with it. The serological results are compared with these data and the value of such seroepidemiological studies examined from the point of view of the advantages of vaccinating cattle to protecting the milker from leptospirosis. Antibodies to L. interrogans serovar hardjo were the ones most frequently encountered among the milkers; however, antibodies to other serovars were also noted. Some animals in most herds had antibodies to serovar hardjo. These studies suggest that vaccinating cattle with serovar hardjo would not necessarily reduce the human incidence of leptospirosis in this population.^0
87119048^[Brucellosis and other zoonoses--1984]^198601^Przegl Epidemiol 1986;40(2):205-11^^Anusz Z^^0
87154587^[Acute respiratory distress disclosing leptospirosis]^198601^Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1986;5(6):599-600^^Perdrix C, Clement C, Druart F^The respiratory manifestations of leptospirosis are usually benign. A case is reported of anicteric leptospirosis with serious pulmonary affection. The clinical symptoms, the radiological manifestations and haemodynamic investigation were suggestive of an acute respiratory distress by non-haemodynamic pulmonary oedema. In accordance with other authors, one would be justified in including this acute respiratory failure as part of the acute respiratory distress syndrome of the adult (ARDS).^0
86168322^The enumeration of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona by a bioluminescence ATP assay.^198601^J Biol Stand 1986 Jan;14(1):21-4^^Nervig RM, Sebring RW, Scheevel KF^A rapid method for enumerating viable Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona cells was investigated using a bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay. The ATP was assayed by the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence reaction. Samples of serovar pomona grown in liquid polysorbate 80-bovine albumin (P80-BA) medium for 1-3 days were analysed for ATP content, culture density (nephelometry), direct cell count and most probable number of viable cells (MPNVC) as determined by the dilution tube technique. A linear relationship was found between ATP content and the number of viable cells over the range of 4 X 10(8) to 8 X 10(9) leptospires/ml. Over this range the correlation coefficient for ATP content versus viable cells (0.96) was similar to the coefficient for culture density versus the number of viable cells. The coefficient for direct counts versus the number of viable cells was smaller. The bioluminescence assay of bacterial ATP is a promising method for enumerating viable leptospires in pure culture.^0
86124599^Prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the genital and urinary tracts of non-pregnant cattle.^198601^Vet Rec 1986 Jan 4;118(1):11-3^^Ellis WA, Songer JG, Montgomery J, Cassells JA^In a bacteriological investigation of 60 cows and heifers from an abattoir Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was isolated from 39 (65 per cent) animals. The genital tract (57 per cent) appeared to be as important a site of hardjo localisation as the urinary tract (62 per cent). This is believed to be the first report of genital hardjo infection in naturally infected cattle.^0
86153494^Prevalence of Leptospira infection in aborted pigs in Northern Ireland.^198601^Vet Rec 1986 Jan 18;118(3):63-5^^Ellis WA, McParland PJ, Bryson DG, Cassells JA^During an investigation of pig abortions and stillbirths in Northern Ireland, leptospires were isolated from 55 of the 78 litters examined. Strains belonging to four serogroups (Australis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis and Autumnalis) were recovered but leptospires of the Australis serogroup accounted for 91 per cent of the isolates. Two serovars of the Australis group bratislava and muenchen, were identified.^0
86210729^Phagocytosis as a defense mechanism against infection with leptospiras.^198602^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986 Feb;261(1):65-74^^Isogai E, Kitagawa H, Isogai H, Kurebayashi Y, Ito N^The role of macrophages in host defense was studied in vivo and in vitro. The intravenous administration of silica, an agent reported to selectively inactivate macrophages, increased the sensitivity to leptospiral infection and inhibited bacterial clearance. Active immunization with killed organisms or with leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (L-LPS), and passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody showed powerful protective effects against infection in mice. The effect of immunization decreased in silica-treated mice. These findings were supported by electron microscopic examination and observation of killing by macrophages in vitro.^0
86143738^Interactions of virulent and avirulent leptospires with primary cultures of renal epithelial cells.^198602^J Med Microbiol 1986 Feb;21(1):59-67^^Ballard SA, Williamson M, Adler B, Vinh T, Faine S^A primary culture system for the cells of mouse renal-tubular epithelium was established and used to observe the adhesion of leptospires. Virulent strains of serovars copenhageni and ballum attached themselves to epithelial cells within 3 h of infection whereas an avirulent variant of serovar copenhageni did not adhere to epithelial cells at all within the experimental period of 24 h. The saprophytic Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc became attached non- specifically to inert glass surfaces as well as to the cells. The adhesion of leptospires to epithelial cells was not inhibited by homologous antibody.^0
86186503^Use of enzyme immunoassay in a serological survey of leptospirosis in sheep.^198602^Aust Vet J 1986 Feb;63(2):36-9^^Cousins DV, Robertson GM^A total of 731 serums, all from Merino rams from 20 farms, were tested for antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, pomona and tarassovi using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique was used to test all serums for IgM and IgG antibodies to serovar hardjo. In the MAT, reactions to serovar hardjo were most common with 236 rams (32.3%) reacting at 1/100 or greater. Only 1.9% of serums reacted against serovar tarassovi and 1.1% against serovar pomona. The percentage of sheep with positive MAT reactions to serovar hardjo ranged from 0 0 to 94.9 between farms. When using EIA, 46 (6.2%) of the serums were positive for IgM antibody and 246 (33.6%) were positive for IgG antibody. Correlation of the EIA for detection of IgG antibody with the MAT was good. The EIA detection of IgG antibody was considered to be a good alternative test to the MAT for epidemiological studies in sheep.^0
86210728^Biological activities of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide.^198602^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986 Feb;261(1):53-64^^Isogai E, Isogai H, Kurebayashi Y, Ito N^Lipopolysaccharide extracted with phenol-water from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain Shibaura (L-LPS) showed various biological activities. In lethality for mice, L-LPS was active (LD 50, 3.4 mg/mouse) but about 12 times less potent than Escherichia coli LPS (E-LPS) per weight basis. L-LPS had pyrogenicity for rabbits, and the fever curves showed no evidence of the classical biphasic fever produced by E-LPS. In the bone marrow of mice, L-LPS caused hemorrhages and necrosis but less severe than those caused by E-LPS. Histopathologically, fresh hemorrhages were found in the intestine, spleen, lung and the other organs at 24 h after inoculation of L-LPS. Necrosis was also found in these organs and was particularly severe in mice inoculated with more than 2 mgL-LPS. Liver necrosis was found at 7th day after inoculation of L-LPS but not after inoculation of E-LPS. L-LPS had adjuvant activity just like E-LPS. L-LPS enhanced non- specific resistance to Salmonella infection and activated mouse peritoneal macrophages to kill these organisms. L-LPS was positive in limulus test just like E-LPS. These results demonstrated similarities of L-LPS and E-LPS. Some toxic effects of L-LPS were less than those of E-LPS, but some effects of L-LPS were more than those of E-LPS. L-LPS was antigenically active and the specificity was serogroup-associated. L-LPS was composed of carbohydrate (54%), lipid (12%), protein (5%). Arabinose, xylose and rhamnose were major sugars as detected by gas chromatography. 2-keto-deoxyoctanate (KDO) was not detectable.^0
86196636^Radiometric method for the rapid detection of Leptospira organisms.^198602^J Clin Microbiol 1986 Feb;23(2):401-3^^Manca N, Verardi R, Colombrita D, Ravizzola G, Savoldi E, Turano A^A rapid and sensitive radiometric method for detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni is described. Stuart's medium and Middlebrook TB (12A) medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin, catalase, and casein hydrolysate and labeled with 14C-fatty acids were used. The radioactivity was measured in a BACTEC 460 (Johnston Laboratories). With this system, Leptospira organisms were detected in human blood in 2 to 5 days, a notably shorter time period than that required for the majority of detection techniques.^0
86257035^Spirochetal diseases of the CNS.^198602^Neurol Clin 1986 Feb;4(1):207-22^^Pachner AR^The neurotropism of the spirochete is evident from the above discussions of syphilis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, and relapsing fever. In all of these diseases, the organism very likely enters the CNS very early in the course of the disease. The fate of the organism then depends on the virulence of the spirochete, the host defenses, and any antibiotic treatment administered. Why Treponema pallidum lays dormant in the CNS and then somehow reactivates is a mystery; the same mystery occurs in Lyme disease. Leptospirosis and relapsing fever seem to be infections much more limited in time, and are not reported to cause these long-term sequelae. The treatment of these last two infections seems to be fairly straightforward. However, the appropriate treatment for the various stages of the disease in both syphilis and Lyme disease in order to prevent long-term sequelae is not universally accepted. At this time, it seems that high-dose intravenous penicillin is the treatment of choice for each of these infections shown to be active in the nervous system.^0
86181483^Vaccination against leptospiral abortion and renal carriage [letter]^198602^Vet Rec 1986 Feb 15;118(7):190-1^^Broughton ES, Scarnell J^^0
86132878^Examination of the porcine fetus.^198603^Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1986 Mar;2(1):147-58^^Long GG^The primary purpose of necropsy of the porcine fetus is the collection of tissues to be submitted to the laboratory to assist in identification of the causative agent(s). Proper collection and handling of tissues are critical for optimum identification of infectious agents. Gross examination is an aid in differentiating stillbirth and neonatal death, determining relative time of fetal death, and identifying congenital defects.^0
86230358^[Natural foci of human diseases near the Baikal and Amur railroad mainline (a review of research)]^198675^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1986 Mar-Apr;(2):71-5^^Kovalevskii IuV, Korenberg EI^^0
86291101^Bovine leptospirosis: experimental serovar hardjo infection.^198603^Vet Microbiol 1986 Mar;11(3):293-9^^Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Neill SD, Bryson DG^Almost the full range of clinical signs observed in pregnant cattle naturally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was observed in this experimental study in which 22 heifers were infected by intraplacentome inoculation with serovar hardjo strains. These features included abortion, mummification, stillbirth, premature and term birth of weak calves and full-term birth of live apparently healthy calves. Leptospires were demonstrated in all but three calves by culture and or immunofluorescence.^0
86289691^Leptospirosis in the Philippines.^198603^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1986 Mar;17(1):71-4^^Basaca-Sevilla V, Cross JH, Pastrana E^Leptospirosis was first isolated in the Philippines from one of the human cases of Weil's Disease in 1932 and from then up to 1970 a total of 65 cases were studied sporadically. From 1971 up to 1973 a total of 390 cases were studied out of which 82 (21.02%) were found positive by isolation and serological examination. An outbreak of leptospirosis was followed up from 1976 to 1983 in a penal farm in Sablayan, Mindoro. At the time of the outbreak, 31% of the sera from patients and those with complaints reacted to one or more antigen pools with 40% of these reactors reacting to only one antigen pool. Only one percent of prisoners and residents without complaints reacted to one or more antigen pools, with 80% of these reactors reacting to pool 3 alone. Three and half years later, a first follow-up was done in which 9.07% reacted to one or more pools. Of these, 42% reacted to pool 2 and 82% to pool 3 alone or in combination with other pool. Ninety five percent of those reacting to Pool 2 reacted to L. pyrogenes and 88% of those that reacted to Pool 3 reacted to L. autumnalis. More than three years later after the first follow-up, a second follow up was done. This time 2.29% reacted to one or more pools. Most reacted specifically to L. autumnalis. The residents outside the penal farm were all non-reactive. Sampling from another penal colony and in four agricultural areas revealed no significant reactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
86291100^In vitro studies of haemolysis by Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and ballum.^198603^Vet Microbiol 1986 Mar;11(3):285-92^^Thompson JC, Marshall RB^Washed and unwashed red blood cells (RBC) from young calves, adult cattle, hamsters and humans were incubated with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and ballum. Washed cells suspended in saline were always haemolysed while unwashed cells and those which were washed and resuspended in plasma were never haemolysed, despite the presence of large numbers of organisms within the culture supernatant. Pomona produced greater haemolysis of cattle and human RBC than did ballum, but with hamster RBC ballum produced greater haemolysis than did pomona. A group of 6- to 9-month-old cattle infected with pomona showed no signs of clinical disease and RBC taken from them before infection and during the development of antibodies to pomona were haemolysed by pomona only after the cells were washed. Plasma therefore appears to have a protective function. This in vitro protective function of plasma even extended to plasma from young seronegative calves.^0
86168787^Gellan gum as a substitute for agar in leptospiral media.^198603^J Clin Microbiol 1986 Mar;23(3):500-4^^Rule PL, Alexander AD^An albumin polysorbate semisolid medium (Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris medium) gelled with gellan gum (Gelrite; Kelco Div., Merck & Co., Inc.) compared favorably with conventional agar media for the cultivation of both pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. The gellan gum medium supported the growth of all 18 leptospiral strains studied which included an array of serovars with various fastidious growth characteristics. Gellan gum medium was also used advantageously as a long-term maintenance medium; 9- to 12-month-old cultures still contained viable organisms. The colonial growth in gellan gum plating medium of six representative strains was consistent with previously described colonial growth on agar plating media. In addition, gellan gum medium appeared to be an excellent medium for the recovery of leptospires from the blood, liver, and kidneys of hamsters experimentally infected with a virulent Leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae strain. As few as 1 to 10 organisms in the infective tissue could be recovered in semisolid Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris- gellan gum medium. The antigenicity did not appear to be affected by growth in gellan gum medium. The hamster-virulent strain of L. interrogans serovar bataviae isolated from a moribund hamster maintained its virulence after 10 sequential passages in gellan gum medium. Gellan gum medium can be a valuable adjunct to currently used cultural procedures.^0
87030803^Serosurvey on the presence of leptospiral agglutinins in humans in Northern Italy.^198603^Eur J Epidemiol 1986 Mar;2(1):44-7^^Crevatin D, Banfi E, Crotti D, Ruaro E, Cinco M^The article reports data concerning a serosurvey carried out in the province of Gorizia as a part of a research project sponsored by the National Research Council (CNR) on the epidemiological status of leptospirosis in Northern Italy. Microagglutination tests have been carried out on sera taken from randomly chosen healthy people and from humans exposed to occupational hazards, at a representing sample size for each category. The results have shown 8.29% agglutinin prevalence in healthy people, serovars bratislava, sejroe and canicola being predominant. Prevalence agglutinin rates were higher in meat workers (11.76%), sweepers (16.66%) and breeders (40%); in the latter category antibodies to Leptospira hardjo have been found out; this is the first reported instance of human contamination by L. hardjo in Italy.^0
87107547^[SPA-ELISA in the detection of leptospiral antibodies in the sera of leptospirosis patients]^198603^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1986 Mar;17(1):17-9^^Ye DN, Wang CX, Yan RH, Zhao SM, Dai BM^^0
86156470^Thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis: the absence of evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation.^198603^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 Mar;35(2):352-4^^Edwards CN, Nicholson GD, Hassell TA, Everard CO, Callender J^In a prospective study of human leptospirosis, thrombocytopenia was demonstrated in 54% of 24 cases. The only additional laboratory evidence suggestive of disseminated intravascular coagulation lay in a mild elevation of fibrinogen degradation products, but this occurred with equal frequency in nonthrombocytopenic patients. There is therefore no causal relationship between disseminated intravascular coagulation and the thrombocytopenia of human leptospirosis.^0
86209770^Isolation of leptospires from the genital tract and kidneys of aborted sows.^198603^Vet Rec 1986 Mar 15;118(11):294-5^^Ellis WA, McParland PJ, Bryson DG, Thiermann AB, Montgomery J^Twenty sows were examined as part of an investigation into the relative importance of the genital and urinary tracts as sites of leptospiral persistence in pigs. The sows had previously either aborted leptospire- infected fetuses or aborted on farms where leptospire infection had been demonstrated in other litters. Leptospires belonging to the Australis serogroup were recovered from the upper genital tract of all the sows. In contrast, leptospires were only recovered from 75 per cent of their kidneys. Isolates from 10 of the sows were identified to serovar level: six were serovar muenchen and four were bratislava. Persistence was observed in renal and genital tissues for up to 147 days after abortion.^0
86209792^Genital leptospirosis in bulls.^198603^Vet Rec 1986 Mar 22;118(12):333^^Ellis WA, Cassells JA, Doyle J^^0
87069510^Cryoglobulins and infectious diseases.^198675^Ric Clin Lab 1986 Apr-Jun;16(2):301-13^^Galli M, Invernizzi F, Chemotti M, Monti G, Gasparro MG, Caredda F, Negri C, Moroni M^The relationship between infectious diseases due to various pathogenetic factors and cryoglobulin production mechanisms has been investigated. Cryoglobulins have been evidenced in infections caused by very heterogeneous pathogens, i.e. leptospirosis, psittacosis, Mediterranean tick typhus, brucellosis, gram-negative bacterial septicemias, in which they had never been previously reported. In type A hepatitis a high cryoglobulin prevalence (91%) has been confirmed during the acute phase, with a rapid decrease both in prevalence and concentration in the subsequent stages of the disease. Cryoglobulins were all of type III and were mainly represented by IgM; anti-HAV-IgM antibodies have been evidenced in all but one cryoprecipitates. In non- A, non-B hepatitis a lower cryoglobulin prevalence (44.7%) was shown during the acute phase and the same fast decrease has been noted in the subsequent stages. Cryoglobulins were all of type III and in some cases polyclonal IgG was the only Ig class present in cryoprecipitates. The cryoglobulin prevalence in the acute phase of HBsAg-positive hepatitis amounted to 73.4%; all the cryoprecipitates were of type III. No correlation between the presence of cryoglobulins and HBeAg positivity or between cryoglobulins and delta agent infections was found. In all the cases studied the presence of cryoglobulins was related to the persistence of liver damage. Cryoglobulins were not found in HBsAg chronic carriers, while they have been evidenced, by a preliminary study, in 41.6% of HTLV-III antibody-positive subjects complaining of a persistent generalized lymphadenopathy without clinical or laboratory signs of liver impairment. No HTLV-III antibodies were found by ELISA method in the type III cryoprecipitates.^0
86227862^Spirochetes in ticks and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in white- tailed deer from Connecticut, New York State, and North Carolina.^198604^J Wildl Dis 1986 Apr;22(2):178-88^^Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Apperson CS, Fish D, Johnson RC, Chappell WA^Ticks were screened for spirochetes and serum samples from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were assayed for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi during 1983-1984. Using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit antibodies produced to B. burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, spirochetes were detected in Ixodes dammini (10.5% of 1,193) and Dermacentor albipictus (0.6% of 157) adults from Connecticut, I. dammini nymphs (49.1% of 108) and adults (64.7% of 99) from Armonk, New York, and in I. scapularis (0.4% of 531) and Amblyomma americanum (3.5% of 173) adults from North Carolina. Infected ticks were either seeking hosts or feeding on deer during the summer and fall. Direct fluorescent antibody staining also revealed spirochetes in two larvae of I. scapularis that emerged from eggs deposited by separate females in the laboratory. Using indirect immunofluorescence tests, antibodies to B. burgdorferi were identified in white-tailed deer living in tick-infested areas of all three states. Aside from minor cross-reactivity, there was no serologic evidence of Treponema or Leptospira infections. Ixodes dammini is a primary vector of B. burgdorferi in northeastern United States, but in North Carolina, other ixodid ticks may transmit this spirochete to humans and wildlife.^0
86215966^Pseudo-leptospires in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and blood cell cultures.^198604^Br J Exp Pathol 1986 Apr;67(2):167-70^^Williams WR, Davies BH^Two types of microscopic filaments were observed in mucous and fluid obtained by broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL). Filaments in mucous smears were probably cilia from desquamated ciliated epithelial cells. Those in BAL fluid, resembling leptospira, may originate from platelets as similar filaments were produced in vitro by exposing platelets to thrombin.^0
86237295^[Complex use of methods of sorption detoxication in the treatment of leptospirosis]^198604^Vrach Delo 1986 Apr;(4):102-5^^Frolov AF, Pletnev VM, Lenartovich LS, Nikolaev VG, Butylin VIu^^0
86237296^[Epidemiologic features and clinical characteristics of leptospirosis in miners]^198604^Vrach Delo 1986 Apr;(4):105-8^^Gazhiev VV, Bondarev LS, Anishchenko GA^^0
86237297^[Clinical features of the course and treatment of leptospirosis]^198604^Vrach Delo 1986 Apr;(4):108-10^^Asauliuk IK, Lukavyi AD^^0
86237337^[Leptospirosis in the western regions of the Ukrainian S.S.R.]^198604^Vrach Delo 1986 Apr;(4):99-101^^Lutsik BD, Mostiuk AI, Titov VM, Pastrik NS^^0
86255279^[Rare complication in leptospirosis]^198604^Klin Med (Mosk) 1986 Apr;64(4):129-31^^Primachenko NB, Beliak GM, Biriukov IS^^0
86255280^[Protracted course of polymyositis in leptospirosis in a patient with chronic opisthorchiasis]^198604^Klin Med (Mosk) 1986 Apr;64(4):131-3^^Khaimzon BI, Maksimenko GN^^0
87010538^Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharide banding patterns in Leptospira spp.^198604^J Gen Microbiol 1986 Apr;132 ( Pt 4):1135-8^^Cinco M, Banfi E, Panfili E^Strains of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa, examined by electrophoresis after whole cell lysis and protein digestion, revealed the presence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and an heterogeneous lipopolysaccharide electrophoretic banding pattern, which was characteristic of the species.^0
87099300^Data about human leptospirosis in Romania (1978-1984) obtained in the Cantacuzino Institute.^198675^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1986 Apr-Jun;45(2):109-15^^Nicolescu M, Andreescu N, Sosin A^^0
87119565^[Weil's syndrome caused by Leptospira interrogans serogroup australis serotype bratislava]^198604^Rev Med Chil 1986 Apr;114(4):346-8^^Thompson L, Hassi M, Haenseler I, Awad C^^0
86184931^DNA homology studies of leptospires of serogroups Sejroe and Pomona from cattle and swine.^198604^Am J Vet Res 1986 Apr;47(4):959-63^^Le Febvre RB, Thiermann AB^Hybridization studies of chromosomal DNA from leptospiral strains representing Leptospira interrogans, serogroups Sejroe and Pomona from cattle and swine were performed to determine the degree of homology among their DNA sequences. Chromosomal DNA isolated from leptospires of the Sejroe and Pomona serogroups was radiolabeled and used to probe DNA isolated from other strains in these serogroups. Serovars hardjo (hardjoprajitno), hardjo (hardjo-bovis), balcanica (1627 Burgas), pomona (pomona), and kennewicki (LT-1026) were probed to determine the degree of homology among their chromosomes. Serovars pomona and kennewicki were homologous to each other. They also had a high degree of homology with hardjo (hardjoprajitno) and, to a lesser extent, with hardjo (hardjo-bovis) strains. However, hardjoprajitno and hardjo-bovis had little homology to each other. Serovar balcanica had a high degree of homology with hardjo-bovis isolates, but little homology with hardjoprajitno. Although serologically indistinguishable, the reference strain hardjoprajitno was genetically dissimilar to hardjo-bovis strains isolated from North American cattle.^0
86236978^Leptospira hardjo agalactia in sheep.^198604^Vet Rec 1986 Apr 26;118(17):482^^McKeown JD, Ellis WA^^0
86263216^[Relation between the incidence of antibodies against Leptospira interrogans in working dogs and in free-living small mammals]^198605^Vet Med (Praha) 1986 May;31(5):295-306^^Sebek J^Three localities were chosen in the borderland of the South Bohemian Region to investigate the problems and relations (if there are any) between the incidence of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans (L. i.) in wild ground small mammals and dogs moving in the same environment. In these regions, service dogs work as border guards every day. Blood samples of dogs at these localities were taken at about three-month intervals (from the June 1982 to the October 1984) to investigate the antibodies to L. i. serovars. Parallelly, wild ground small mammals and wild birds were caught at the same localities to be subject to the same examinations. A close relationship between the incidence of L. i. antibodies in ground small mammals and in service dogs was demonstrated at all three localities. At localities no. 1 and 2, the serovar grippotyphosa was found to be dominant in service dogs, which was also found in small rodents. On the other hand, the serovar icterohaemorrhagiae dominated in service dogs at locality no. 3. When changes in the incidence of L. i. antibodies were studied in service dogs and in wild small mammals, the peak of incidence at localities 1 and 2 was in the other half of the year; this relates to the usual maximum incidence in the natural reservoir of the serovar grippotyphosa, i.e. in rodents. On the contrary, at the third locality the peak of incidence of L. i. antibodies was recorded in the winter 1983-1984.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
86194740^A Borrelia-specific monoclonal antibody binds to a flagellar epitope.^198605^Infect Immun 1986 May;52(2):549-54^^Barbour AG, Hayes SF, Heiland RA, Schrumpf ME, Tessier SL^In immunofluorescence assays monoclonal antibody H9724 recognized eight species of the spirochetal genus Borrelia but not representatives of the genera Treponema, Leptospira, and Spirochaeta. We examined the reactivity of H9724 against subcellular components of Borrelia hermsii, an agent of relapsing fever, and B. burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease. H9724 bound to isolated periplasmic flagella of the two borreliae. In Western blots the antibody reacted with the predominant protein in flagellar preparations from B. hermsii and B. burgdorferi; the apparent molecular weights of these flagellins were 39,000 and 41,000, respectively.^0
87148723^An immunohistochemic assay to localize leptospires in tissue specimens.^198675^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1986 May-Jun;28(3):170-3^^Alves VA, Yasuda PH, Yamashiro EH, Santos RT, Yamamoto LU, de Brito T^^0
86290634^Leptospirosis in sheep and goats in Guyana.^198605^Trop Anim Health Prod 1986 May;18(2):113-4^^Motie A, Myers DM^^0
86250286^Cutaneous histiocytosis vs leptospirosis [letter]^198605^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 May 15;188(10):1142-3^^Quimby HH^^0
86217055^Leptospirosis in man, British Isles: 1984.^198605^Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 May 17;292(6531):1324^^Waitkins SA^^0
86263252^Boars as carriers of leptospires of the Australis serogroup on farms with an abortion problem.^198605^Vet Rec 1986 May 17;118(20):563^^Ellis WA, McParland PJ, Bryson DG, Cassells JA^^0
86230249^Leptospirosis--still here [editorial]^198605^Med J Aust 1986 May 26;144(11):561^^Faine S^^0
86230252^A serological survey of leptospirosis in Gippsland dairy farmers.^198605^Med J Aust 1986 May 26;144(11):565-7^^Skilbeck NW, Miller GT^Serological testing for leptospirosis was performed on sera from 1074 persons who were attending the 1983 Gippsland Field Days. The most common serological reactions were against representative serovars from serogroups Hebdomadis (12%), Panama (2%), Tarassovi (2%) and Pomona (1%). The reactions against serogroup Hebdomadis were attributed to exposure to serovar hardjo; the milking of dairy cows was found to be a major risk factor. The high prevalence of seropositive results among clinically normal dairy farmers highlights the need for caution in interpreting the results of laboratory testing for leptospirosis.^0
86230253^Leptospirosis in Western Australia, 1983-1984.^198605^Med J Aust 1986 May 26;144(11):567-9^^Hodgen AN, Stuckey MS^The diagnosis of leptospirosis is often difficult to make because of vague and mild symptoms. Patients who present with a "flu-like" illness and who have had either direct or indirect contact with infected animals should be investigated by serological examination. In Western Australia during 1983 and 1984, the sera of 937 patients were tested for the presence of leptospiral antibodies. Of these, 131 gave positive results; in 45, these were consistent with recently acquired infection. Apart from one veterinary worker, all the cases that were diagnosed serologically occurred in farmers and meatworkers. Farmers were most often infected with serovar hardjo. Meatworkers demonstrated a high degree of cross-reactivity among serovars pomona, hardjo, and to a lesser extent, icterohaemorrhagiae. However, in cases in which the infecting serovar was identifiable serologically, serovar pomona predominated.^0
86230262^Weil's syndrome in a zoologist.^198605^Med J Aust 1986 May 26;144(11):597, 600-1^^Looke DF^Weil's syndrome is an unusual form of leptospirosis in Australia. A case of Weil's syndrome in a zoologist is described and an Australian native animal identified as the probable source of the infection. People who are in close contact with Australian native fauna should take precautions to minimize their exposure to leptospires.^0
87070055^Aetiology of acute hepatitis in Malaysia.^198606^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1986 Jun;17(2):205-8^^Tan DS, Dimitrakakis M, Zaini Rahman M, Fang R, Collett D, Ooi BG, Gust ID^Icteric patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of liver disease, admitted into various hospitals in Malaysia, were investigated to determine the cause of their infection. Of these patients, 11.0% (16/145) were found positive for IgM anti-HAV (EIA), 4.1% (6/145) for IgM anti-HBc (EIA), 1.0% (1/102) for IgM anti-CMV (ELISA), 17.2% (16/64) for rising titres of leptospiral agglutinin, and none for heterophile antibody of EBV. Hepatitis NANB accounted for 67.9% of cases. The mean serum transaminases (ALT and AST) values in patients with hepatitis A and B were higher (more than 500IU) than in patients with leptospirosis or non-A, non-B hepatitis, whereas serum bilirubin levels were higher in patients with hepatitis A and leptospirosis than in patients with hepatitis B.^0
86224551^In vitro evaluation of combined usage of fosfomycin and 5-fluorouracil for selective isolation of Leptospira species.^198606^J Clin Microbiol 1986 Jun;23(6):1084-7^^Oie S, Koshiro A, Konishi H, Yoshii Z^The combined usage of fosfomycin (FOM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as selective agents for the isolation of leptospires from contaminated materials was investigated. Additive or synergistic antibacterial activity was apparent with the combination compared with each agent used separately. Of 54 bacterial strains tested, 52 were inhibited, while all 5 Leptospira strains tested were unaffected by the combined addition of FOM (400 micrograms/ml) and 5-FU (100 micrograms/ml) to Korthof medium. Furthermore, this combination successfully supported the selective growth of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni in experimentally contaminated specimens. This FOM-5-FU combination is surmised to be useful for the selective isolation of leptospires from contaminated clinical, pathological, or environmental materials.^0
87082624^Leptospirosis in Hawaii: shifting trends in exposure, 1907-1984.^198606^Int J Zoonoses 1986 Jun;13(2):76-88^^Anderson BS, Minette HP^Leptospirosis was first recognized as an occupational disease of sugar plantation workers in Hawaii in 1907. Since then, shifts have been noted in the animal transmission cycles, the occupational groups at risk, and an increasing recognition of cases associated with avocational exposure. Surveys of the small mammal populations indicate rats, mice, and mongooses are the most important vectors in Hawaii. Serologic surveys of workers in high-risk occupations show antibody prevalence rates ranging from 12 to 82 percent. The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Hawaii is described, based on 182 cases reported to the Hawaii Department of Health from 1970-1984. The most common infecting serovar was mankarso in the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup; other serovars in the Icterohaemorrhagiae group were also frequently implicated as causing disease. The manifestations of disease noted by physicians in Hawaii are similar to those observed in the continental U.S. Fever, myalgia, and headache were the most common symptoms reported in the majority of cases in Hawaii; jaundice was noted in the records of 24 percent. Recommendations made to interrupt the cycle of transmission and reduce the chances of exposure in occupational settings include the control of rodent populations and vaccination of domestic animals. Personal hygiene among workers is to be encouraged, and the development of prophylactic measures is suggested either by immunization or by chemoprophylaxis.^0
86254278^The detection of leptospires by a chemiluminescent immunoassay.^198606^J Med Microbiol 1986 Jun;21(4):353-6^^Waitkins SA, Hookey JV^Rabbit serum hyperimmune to Leptospira interrogans var icterohaemorrhagiae serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, reference strain RGA was conjugated to the chemiluminescent label ABEI (6-[N-(4-aminobutyl)- N-ethyl amino]-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione) in the presence of the coupling agent, EDC (1-ethyl-3(3-dimethyl amino-propyl)-carbodiimide HCl). The luminescent conjugate was incubated with homologous and heterologous antigens. The results indicate that chemiluminescence may provide an accurate and rapid method of detecting leptospires in biological fluids.^0
86262388^[Leptospira hardjo on a dairy farm]^198606^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1986 Jun 1;111(11):533-6^^Franken P, Hartman EG, de Boer W^The results of a bacteriological and serological study of the presence of L. hardjo on a dairy farm in view of a case of milk fever in a farmer are reviewed. In addition, the epidemiology, prevention and possible treatment of the infection on the dairy farm are discussed.^0
86290612^Leptospirosis in rural Ghana.^198606^Trop Geogr Med 1986 Jun;38(2):162-6^^Hogerzeil HV, Terpstra WJ, De Geus A, Korver H^In a wet forest area of Ghana a serological survey of antibodies against 24 leptospira strains was carried out; 460 sera were obtained, of which 153 (33%) were positive. Bush farmers and cocoa plantation labourers showed 39% positive reactions and can be identified as high- risk groups. A reactivity rate of 14% was found among students, hospital staff and clerical occupations. No difference was observed between males and females, probably because both sexes are equally exposed. Cross-reactivity to different serovars was common.^0
86298363^[Role of macrophages and complement in protecting white mice against Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae infection]^198606^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1986 Jun;7(3):153-6^^Zhang ZF^^0
86318723^[Effect of the viable cell count on the growth parameters of Leptospira cultures]^198606^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1986 Jun;(6):33-5^^Boroznov NI, Chernukha IuG, Amfiteatrova NF^The influence of the amount of live cells on the growth characteristics of 41 Leptospira pathogenic strains belonging to 4 serogroups at different stages of growth has been studied. The study has revealed that under the conditions of batch cultivation the maximum concentration of pathogenic leptospires in the inoculum decreases the duration of the lag phase and determines the highest specific growth rate characterizing the individual features of leptospires in the serogroups under study.^0
87003829^[Ischemic apoplexy in youth: clinical analysis and etiological study of 226 cases]^198606^Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1986 Jun;19(3):146-8^^Li ZH^^0
87044668^The first isolation of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Ballum serovar castellonis in Chile.^198606^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1986 Jun;33(5):393-4^^Riedemann S, Leal H, Zamora J^^0
87081208^[Leptospirosis]^198606^G Clin Med 1986 Jun;67(3):159-64^^Teodori T, Gatti PL, Da Porto A, Bocci C, Amici G^^0
87143959^16 cases of acute renal failure due to leptospirosis.^198606^Med J Malaysia 1986 Jun;41(2):152-5^^Tan DS, Abu Bakar Suleiman, Jeyaindran S^^0
87021685^[Epidemiologic evaluation of a sample of 91 rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured in the sewers of Lyon]^198607^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986 Jul;261(4):539-46^^Seguin B, Boucaud-Maitre Y, Quenin P, Lorgue G^91 rats captured in 1982 in the sewers of Lyon (France) have been examined for the presence of some microorganisms implicated in infections transmissible to man, by direct examination, bacteriological culture or detection of specific antibodies. Bacteriological results have shown a high proportion of carriers of Yersinia enterocolitica and frederiksenii (29%), of Pasteurella pneumotropica (29%), of Staphylococcus aureus (53%), and of Campylobacter jejuni (18%), a low proportion of carriers of Salmonella typhimurium (6%) and Leptospira (7%), and an absence of Listeria. Immunological reactions were often positive with Leptospira (21%), sometimes with Salmonella typhimurium, and always negative with Yersinia and Listeria. This work is a contribution to the knowledge of the health status of sewer rats considered to be an important public health risk as transmitters of anthropozoonoses.^0
87278471^Role of bandicoots in human leptospirosis in Madras City. An epidemiological approach.^198675^Indian J Public Health 1986 Jul-Sep;30(3):167-9^^Ratnam S, Sundararaj T, Subramanian S^^0
87278472^Macroscopic plate agglutination results of serological examination of camels, cattle and goats for leptospirosis.^198675^Indian J Public Health 1986 Jul-Sep;30(3):170-2^^Mathur KN, Khanna VK, Purohit AK^^0
86298666^[Nursing care of patients with disseminated pneumorrhagic leptospirosis]^198607^Chung Hua Hu Li Tsa Chih 1986 Jul;21(4):163-4^^Fu BY^^0
86282033^Comparison of antibodies to Leptospira in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle in Ohio.^198607^J Wildl Dis 1986 Jul;22(3):335-9^^Fournier JS, Gordon JC, Dorn CR^A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in sera from 248 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Ohio. The sera were collected at check stations during the hunting season in 1983. The microscopic agglutination microtiter test was used to determine the presence of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, icterohemorrhagiae, canicola, hardjo, and grippotyphosa. Eighteen of 248 (7.3%) serum samples had antibody titers (greater than or equal to 1:100) to at least one of the five serovars tested, with three of these samples reacting to more than one serovar. Prevalence did not differ significantly between sex or age groups. The serovar antigens reacting most frequently with serum antibodies were grippotyphosa (10 of 22, 45.5%) and pomona (eight of 22, 36.4%). Sera agglutinating with pomona antigen had higher titers (ranging from 1:200 to 1:6,400) than did sera agglutinating with the other serovars. These results were compared to results obtained from cattle tested at the Ohio Department of Agriculture Laboratories during 1983. There was a significant relationship between pomona infections detected in deer and cattle (P less than 0.05), but not with grippotyphosa.^0
86282050^A serologic survey for leptospires in nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus L.) in Florida.^198607^J Wildl Dis 1986 Jul;22(3):423-4^^Motie A, Myers DM, Storrs EE^^0
86293915^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava from sows in Iowa.^198607^Am J Vet Res 1986 Jul;47(7):1458-60^^Ellis WA, Thiermann AB^Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava was recovered from 2 of 10 sows examined from an Iowa slaughterhouse. Isolations were made from the kidney and genital tract of each sow. Serovar bratislava is not included in vaccines because it has not been previously isolated in the United States.^0
86317628^Experimental trials on the use of radioimmunoassay for the detection of leptospiral antigens in urine.^198607^Vet Microbiol 1986 Jul;12(2):161-7^^Bahaman AR, Marshall RB, Moriarty KM^Trials were conducted on the use of the solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) to detect leptospires or their antigens in simulated urine samples. The procedure was relatively simple to perform and appeared to be specific in detecting certain numbers of leptospiral organisms or their antigens in experimentally prepared samples. With this technique, it was possible to examine individual or pooled urine samples for the presence of leptospires within half a day. This technique may be of value for the detection of leptospiruric animals if the sensitivity of the technique could be further increased. Suggestions for the improvement of the procedure are discussed.^0
87021671^The susceptibility of a strain of Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae to amoxycillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline.^198607^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986 Jul;261(4):425-31^^Broughton ES, Flack LE^The failure of prophylactic penicillin to prevent a laboratory acquired case of Icterohaemorrhagiae leptospirosis prompted determination of the MIC and MBC of amoxycillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline for the infecting strain. Amoxycillin followed by erythromycin were the most effective, with MBCs of 0.5 mg/l after 7 days exposure and 0.1 mg/l after 21 days exposure respectively. Leptospires grew in the presence of high concentrations of tetracycline hydrochloride and oxytetracycline after prolonged incubation. This effect was less pronounced with minocycline, with MIC's of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/l after 7, 14 and 21 days exposure respectively. The MIC of lincomycin was 0.25 mg/l at each time interval. These results support the high dose, long duration antibiotic regimens recommended in the literature.^0
87061603^[A case of Leptospirosis (pretibial fever)]^198607^Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi 1986 Jul;96(8):805-9^^Hanada K, Hasimoto I, Katabira Y, Yamaguchi T, Sagara M^^0
87098578^[Acute myocarditis disclosing leptospirosis]^198675^Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 1986 Jul-Sep;35(7):387-9^^Artigou JY, Chauvet JP, Clergue F, Drobinski G, Grosgogeat Y^A 44 year old patient presents with acute myocarditis and cardiogenic shock. The evolution is progressively favorable at the price of a residual involvement of the left ventricular function, evolving to a dilated cardiopathy, within three years. The responsibility of an advanced ictero-hemorrhagic leptospirosis is established. The severity of this myocarditis and the revealing characteristics of the leptospirosis are peculiar to this observation which is discussed in terms of data from the literature.^0
86311425^[Leptospirosis in a poultry slaughterhouse]^198607^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1986 Jul 26;130(30):1367-9^^Jacobs JW, Korver H, Terpstra WJ^^0
86317574^Problems associated with the serological diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in bovine populations.^198607^Vet Rec 1986 Jul 26;119(4):84-6^^Hathaway SC, Little TW, Pritchard DG^Data combining sequential bacteriology and serology from a longitudinal study of a dairy herd were used to demonstrate the limitations of serology as a diagnostic method in cross-sectional sampling of bovine populations. Whole-herd point serological prevalences showed considerable variation over a two-year sampling period (38.8 to 76.2 per cent), and this was mainly due to varying age-specific prevalence. Owing to the rapid decline in titres and the varying persistence of infection, point serological prevalences failed to approximate to cumulative infection rates (either past or present) at different times of the year. A higher estimate of the number of susceptible animals in the herd than is the case results in inaccurate information on true incidence rates and can confuse assessments of the susceptibility of different age groups, especially if only small numbers are sampled. A sampling exercise demonstrated that a 10-cow sample usually provided little useful information other than establishing the presence or absence of hardjo in the herd. Increasing the sample size markedly improved epidemiological information, investigations of clinical disease, assessments of vaccination needs and public health tracebacks. Preferably 10 sera from each of the yearling, first calver, second calver and older age groups should be tested. Serology was an inadequate indicator of infection in individual animals. Group geometric mean titres taken from a mean serological response curve were shown to have limited application in the interpretation of field data, unless infection had occurred in the previous two months.^0
86279595^Serological studies on British leptospiral isolates of the Sejroe serogroup. I. The identification of British isolates of the Sejroe serogroup by the cross agglutinin absorption test.^198608^J Hyg (Lond) 1986 Aug;97(1):123-31^^Little TW, Stevens AE, Hathaway SC^Using the cross agglutinin absorption test 12 British leptospiral isolates of the Sejroe serogroup were identified to serovar level. Six strains isolated from cattle, two from pigs and one from a human were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Two isolates from wildlife were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar saxkoebing. One further strain isolated from wildlife closely resembled serovar saxkoebing, but specific identification was not possible. These are the first reported isolations of serovar saxkoebing in the United Kingdom. The problems associated with the cross agglutinin absorption test, and possible alternative typing procedures are discussed.^0
86281613^Detection of leptospiral DNA by nucleic acid hybridisation with 32P- and biotin-labelled probes.^198608^J Med Microbiol 1986 Aug;22(1):23-8^^Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ, ter Schegget J^Dot hybridisation with 32P- and biotin-labelled probes prepared from leptospiral DNA was performed to develop a sensitive and specific diagnostic method for early infection with leptospires. The smallest amounts of leptospiral DNA that could be detected with 32P- and biotin- labelled probes was 1.5 pg and 5 pg, respectively, corresponding to about 750 and 2500 leptospires. Dot hybridisation with a 32P-labelled probe detected leptospiral DNA in sera from all of 14 experimentally infected golden hamsters. The smallest amount of leptospiral DNA detected in these experiments corresponded to about 2500 leptospires. In the test conditions described in this study, the sensitivity of dot hybridisation with a biotin-labelled probe was lower. Little cross- hybridisation was observed with unrelated DNAs which indicates that dot hybridisation could be a useful diagnostic method.^0
86321303^Isolation of leptospires from the genital tracts of Iowa cows.^198608^Am J Vet Res 1986 Aug;47(8):1694-6^^Ellis WA, Thiermann AB^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was recovered from 5 of 11 nonpregnant cows chosen at random from an Iowa slaughterhouse. Isolations were made from the kidney in each instance, the genital tract of 3 cows: uterus from 1 cow, oviduct of another, and oviduct and uterus of a 3rd cow.^0
87021733^[Morphology of a natural focus of Pomona leptospirosis in a steppe area]^198608^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1986 Aug;(8):32-5^^Fedorov EI, Haglov VA, Chepiga LP, Shvarsalon KN, Shumkova MS^The natural focus of Leptospira pomona infection has been found to include areas of the forest-meadow flood plain where the circulation of leptospires is constantly maintained among small mammals (the nucleus of the focus). A high level of Leptospira carriership (17.7%) among the animals has been registered in the central part of the flood plain and near the terraces, these areas having the most favorable conditions for the development of epizootic leptospirosis.^0
87002697^[A proposal for the standardization of antigen density in the leptospira microagglutination test]^198609^Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1986 Sep;35(5):307-10^^Jarekova J^^0
87070834^Immunofluorescent staining of leptospires in pepsin treated histologic sections.^198609^Stain Technol 1986 Sep;61(5):273-8^^Skilbeck NW^A standard immunofluorescent method was modified for the staining of leptospires in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues. Routine histologic sections were deparaffinized and treated with pepsin prior to staining. Pepsin treatment greatly enhanced subsequent staining of leptospires in naturally infected bovine and porcine tissues as well as in artificially infected tissues. Leptospires in naturally infected bovine tissues were usually undetectable in untreated sections but clearly visible in stained pepsin-treated sections. Naturally infected porcine kidney usually contained high levels of leptospiral antigen which could be stained without prior pepsin treatment. However, pepsin treatment of porcine tissues greatly increased the amount of leptospiral antigen detectable and made individual leptospires more conspicuous. The staining method could employ a single antiserum for the staining of leptospires from 13 serogroups. Also, leptospires could be stained in tissues stored in formalin for more than 14 months and in 26-year-old paraffin embedded tissues.^0
87008964^Newly recognized Leptospira species ("Leptospira inadai" serovar lyme) isolated from human skin.^198609^J Clin Microbiol 1986 Sep;24(3):484-6^^Schmid GP, Steere AC, Kornblatt AN, Kaufmann AF, Moss CW, Johnson RC, Hovind-Hougen K, Brenner DJ^Leptospira strain 10, which represents a new Leptospira species, was isolated from a skin biopsy of a patient with Lyme disease. Although pathogenic for laboratory animals, the organism was not considered to have a significant role in the patient's illness.^0
87009182^Morphological changes in red blood cells of calves caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^198609^J Comp Pathol 1986 Sep;96(5):517-27^^Thompson JC^Haemoglobinaemia is seen in certain hosts infected by certain serovars of Leptospira interrogans, but is absent from other serovar-host associations. Comparisons were made between calves infected with serovar pomona and those receiving a crude "toxin" prepared from the same organism. Red blood cells from "toxin"-injected calves showed discocyte-echinocyte transformation and contained portions of cytoplasm segregated within vacuoles. These animals showed increased sequestration of RBCs within the spleen but no overt haemoglobinaemia. Red blood cells from infected and haemoglobinaemic animals were spherical and pitted. They also showed vacuoles and tracts under the cell membrane in fully haemoglobinized RBCs and dark granular inclusions within the cytoplasm of those which were only partially haemoglobinized. Intracellular leptospires were not seen within the RBCs. Red blood cell sequestration and erythrophagocytosis were very pronounced within the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The changes in the RBCs are not easily explained by the previously proposed theory that RBC destruction is due to a phospholipase-like toxin acting directly upon the RBC membrane. A more appropriate hypothesis is that the RBC lesions are due to the adverse effects of leptospiral "toxin(s)" on the metabolism of the RBC causing the formation of defective portions of cytoplasm. These are then either degraded and expelled, leaving empty vacuoles, or are degraded and left within the cytoplasm as dark granular inclusions.^0
87009183^Pathogenesis and red blood cell destruction in haemoglobinaemic leptospirosis.^198609^J Comp Pathol 1986 Sep;96(5):529-40^^Thompson JC, Manktelow BW^Sequential morphological changes were seen in RBCs, spleen and liver from hamsters during the development of haemoglobinaemia following infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum. Spleens from pre- haemoglobinaemic hamsters showed sequestration of RBCs and erythrophagocytosis but to a lesser degree than was seen in the haemoglobinaemic hamsters. Erythrophagocytosis and RBC sequestration were also seen in the liver, particularly in the haemoglobinaemic animals. None of these changes was seen in the RBCs, spleens and livers from moribund and dead hamsters suffering from non-haemoglobinaemic disease resulting from infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. Intracellular leptospires were readily identifiable within the spleens and livers of hamster infected with both ballum and pomona. It is suggested that leptospiral toxins affect RBC metabolism and eventually RBC morphology. The affected cells are detected and removed by the reticulo-macrophage system, usually before intravascular haemolysis can take place. If the toxins affect a certain enzyme or biochemical pathway, there are sufficient normal metabolic differences in RBCs between animals of different species and, in the same species of animal, between the same and different aged animals, to explain the differing susceptibilities of the RBCs to leptospiral toxins.^0
87072187^What is the correct specific epithet for pathogenic Leptospirae?^198609^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986 Sep;262(3):298-303^^Kmety E, Mochmann H^The underlying documentation of the first descriptions of members of the genus Leptospira is carefully revised. Stimson's publication of? Spirochaeta interrogans (1907) is to be inadequate and not suitable to be recognized as the first valid description of a new genus being only a description of a spirochete-like microorganism without any documentation. The naming of the species of pathogenic leptospira interrogans is therefore not in confirmity with the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature. The first valid description of saprophytic leptospira is given by Wolbach and Binger (1914) and that of pathogenic ones by Inada and Ido (1915). The correct name for the species of pathogenic leptospira is therefore icterohaemorrhagiae and for the saprophytic ones biflexa.^0
87043999^A serological survey of leptospiral infection in horses in the Republic of Ireland.^198609^Vet Rec 1986 Sep 20;119(12):306^^Egan J, Yearsley D^^0
87044007^Serological and bacteriological study of leptospiral infection in a cattle herd in Malaysia.^198609^Vet Rec 1986 Sep 27;119(13):325-6^^Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL^^0
89012310^Antibodies to bovine bacterial and viral pathogens in pronghorns in Alberta, 1983.^198610^J Wildl Dis 1986 Oct;22(4):511-4^Agriculture Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Lethbridge, Alberta.^Kingscote BF, Bohac JG^Sera from 210 pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) ranging in southeastern Alberta were tested for antibodies to disease agents present in indigenous cattle. No antibodies to Brucella abortus, Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, hardjo, or grippotyphosa, or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were found. Antibodies at prevalences of 43.8% and 49.2% were detected to bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) and parainfluenza type 3 (PI-3) viruses, respectively. The much higher prevalence of BVD virus antibodies in cattle than in pronghorns, and the occurrence of clinical bovine PI-3 infection in the study area, suggest that cattle may be a source of infection to the pronghorns.^0
87007109^Copurification of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona hemolysin and sphingomyelinase C.^198610^Infect Immun 1986 Oct;54(1):262-4^^Bernheimer AW, Bey RF^The hemolytic and sphingomyelinase C activities of supernatants of cultures of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona tended to copurify when isoelectric fractionation was carried out. Both activities focused primarily at pH 8.1. Considered in conjunction with other circumstantial evidence, the results led to the conclusion that sphingomyelinase C is responsible for hemolysis.^0
87233390^[Experimental infection of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and its transmission to laboratory mammals]^198675^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1986 Oct-Dec;28(4):381-4^^Caballero A, Martin E, Sanchez RM, Romero J^^0
87122522^[Incidence of leptospiroses caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in East Germany]^198610^Z Gesamte Hyg 1986 Oct;32(10):578-80^^Kohler B, Pfitzner U, Schmidt H^^0
89012303^Leptospirosis in red foxes in Ontario.^198610^J Wildl Dis 1986 Oct;22(4):475-8^Agriculture Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Lethbridge, Alberta.^Kingscote BF^The role of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the epizootiology of leptospirosis in southwestern Ontario was investigated in 1973-1974. Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (kennewicki by DNA analysis) was isolated from the kidneys of three of eight foxes tested. Severe hemorrhagic nephritis and interstitial nephritis were common to these foxes and to five others out of nine foxes examined. Autumnalis antibodies were detected at titers 10(-2) to 10(-5) in 12 of 100 fox sera. Pomona antibodies occurred in 6% of the sera, always accompanied by autumnalis antibodies, and at titers never exceeding the autumnalis titers. Cultural, serological, and pathological findings together indicated that the red fox could have been acting as an amplifier host, but not as a maintenance host, for pomona.^0
87166074^The development of a potency test for Leptospira hardjo vaccines: a comparison of protection in calves and serology in guinea-pigs.^198610^J Biol Stand 1986 Oct;14(4):337-44^^Goddard RD, Hopkins IG, Thornton DH^The protective properties of two commercial Leptospira hardjo vaccines in calves were compared with the serological responses induced in guinea-pigs with a view to establishing a potency test based on serology. Groups of calves were given graded doses of the two vaccines and after eight weeks were challenged with virulent L. hardjo. Infection was monitored by microscopy and culture of urine and, eight weeks after challenge, by culture of the kidneys post mortem. Groups of guinea-pigs also were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). A clear dose response was observed and the response was related to the degree of protection achieved in the calves. The MAT titre in guinea-pigs indicative of an effective vaccine was calculated for the minimum dose of each vaccine that gave full protection in calves. A close correlation was observed. Two further batches of each vaccine were tested in guinea-pigs on two occasions with reproducible results. A potency test based on the MAT response of guinea-pigs is proposed.^0
87036759^A monoclonal antibody reacting with a determinant on leptospiral lipopolysaccharide protects guinea pigs against leptospirosis.^198611^J Med Microbiol 1986 Nov;22(3):269-75^^Jost BH, Adler B, Vinh T, Faine S^An IgA monoclonal antibody (MUM/F1-1/copenhageni) was produced from a mouse immunised with Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. The antibody showed partial serogroup specificity by agglutination and by reaction in enzyme immunoassay, and opsonised homologous leptospires for phagocytosis by cultured mouse macrophages. Immunodiffusion and Western-blotting experiments indicated that MUM/F1-1/copenhageni reacted with a carbohydrate determinant in the leptospiral lipopolysaccharide. Daily administration of purified MUM/F1- 1/copenhageni IgA before and after challenge with 2 X 10(8) virulent homologous leptospires passively protected newborn guinea pigs against lethal leptospirosis.^0
87096314^[Role of serodiagnosis in recognizing atypical forms of leptospirosis in Krasnodar Territory]^198611^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1986 Nov;(11):63-5^^Gol'denshtein ZA, Strikhanov SN, Mazhnikova GI, Kovalenko IuG, Boichuk LV^The work deals with the epidemiological situation with respect to Leptospira infections in the Krasnodar territory. The work demonstrates that, in comparison with 1960-ies characterized by the prevalence of diseases caused by L. pomona and L. grippotyphosa, in 1970-ies the increase of the specific proportion of infections caused by L. icterohaemorrhagiae was registered. In recent 5 years (1980-1984) this leptospirosis constituted 73.5-94.8% of the total morbidity rate in the territory. Such situation was caused by active prophylactic measures in cattle breeding, as well as by the increase of the number of leptospirosis foci, appearing as the result of human activities and providing favorable conditions for the life and multiplication of Norway rats, the main source of infection caused by L. icterohaemorrhagiae as indicated by the fact that up to 23.9% of the Norway rats examined in this study proved to be contaminated. The detection of cases of leptospirosis among febrile patients and mistakes in clinical diagnosis confirm the necessity of the serological examination of febrile patients with the acute onset of the disease with temperature reaching 38 degrees C and higher for 3-5 days and the clinical picture of the disease being unclear in order to find out patients presenting with the atypical clinical picture of leptospirosis.^0
89218852^Leptospirosis. A 10-year experience.^198611^Mo Med 1986 Nov;83(11):744-7^^Westblom TU, Everett ED, Satalowich FT^^0
89122738^Survey of selected diseases in wild swine in Texas.^198611^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 Nov 1;189(9):1029-32^Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.^Corn JL, Swiderek PK, Blackburn BO, Erickson GA, Thiermann AB, Nettles VF^Tissue, fecal, and serum specimens and swabs of nasal turbinates and tracheas were collected from 100 wild swine (Sus scrofa) from 10 populations in Texas and, along with 24 additional serum specimens, were evaluated for selected swine diseases. Swine positive for pseudorabies were detected in 7 populations. Brucella suis biovar 1 was isolated from 4 swine from 2 populations, but positive serologic results may indicate a more widespread distribution of the organism. All populations contained swine that were positive for leptospirosis. Trichinella spiralis was not found in the swine evaluated.^0
89122758^Pathologic findings in rabies-suspect, random-source, and accidentally killed skunks.^198611^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 Nov 1;189(9):1089-91^Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901.^Woolf A, Gremillion-Smith C^To evaluate sampling biases, pathologic findings in accidentally killed skunks (ie, killed by motor vehicles) were compared with those in random-source skunks (live-trapped and euthanatized, or trap-killed during research) and skunks submitted to a public health laboratory as rabies-suspect. Presence or absence of microscopic lesions in the brain, kidneys, liver, and lungs were used to test the null hypothesis that prevalence of disease did not differ by source of collection. Brain lesions differed with the source; rabid and nonrabid skunks submitted to a public health laboratory had higher prevalences of lesions than did other skunks. Kidney, liver, and lung lesions did not differ among skunks by source of collection. Liver and lung lesions were attributed mainly to parasitism, were not severe, and did not cause debilitated condition. Lesions were seen more often in the kidneys than in other tissues. Usually, lesions were mild to severe, focal, chronic, nonsuppurative, interstitial nephritis (possibly a consequence of leptospirosis). Six of 177 skunks necropsied appeared cachectic. Aleutian disease was diagnosed in one skunk and histoplasmosis was diagnosed in another, but rabies and canine distemper virus infection were the only diseases found with the potential to cause the high population mortality. Public health surveillance cases were biased toward diseased animals (rabies and canine distemper virus infection), but random-source or accidentally killed animals provided unbiased data. Although other factors must be considered, accidentally killed skunks provided cost-effective and useful data for the evaluation of enzootic rabies.^0
87071582^Pathology of acute Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae infection in the Syrian hamster.^198611^Vet Microbiol 1986 Nov;12(4):367-76^^van den Ingh TS, Hartman EG^The pathology of acute Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae infection in the Syrian hamster was investigated up to 7 days after infection using histology, electron microscopy and an indirect fluorescence test for leptospires. The disease was characterized by the presence of many leptospires in the tissues, jaundice, leukocytosis, haemorrhages, endothelial alteration and thrombotic glomerulopathy. The leptospires were present intravascularly, in the interstitium penetrating between liver cells and tubular epithelial cells and in the tubular lumina. The presence of leptospires was not necessarily associated with lesions. These findings support both pathogenetic mechanisms suggested in the literature, namely: the ability of leptospires to penetrate actively between cells with detachment of tight junctions, without obvious lesions to the cells, and an immune-mediated process with immune complex formation and binding and activation of complement resulting in leukocytosis, thrombotic glomerulopathy, endothelial alteration and haemorrhages.^0
87071583^Development of an improved selective medium for isolation of leptospires from clinical material.^198611^Vet Microbiol 1986 Nov;12(4):377-81^^Adler B, Faine S, Christopher WL, Chappel RJ^Standard albumin-Tween 80 medium (EMJH) for growth of leptospires was modified by the addition of six antibiotics to produce a superior, selective medium for primary isolation of leptospires of serovars hardjo and pomona of Leptospira interrogans from clinical material.^0
87076427^Leptospirosis as an occupational disease.^198611^Br J Ind Med 1986 Nov;43(11):721-5^^Waitkins SA^^0
87095546^Clinical, pathological and serological features of spontaneous canine leptospirosis. An evaluation of the IgM- and IgG-specific ELISA.^198611^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986 Nov;13(3):261-71^^Hartman EG, van den Ingh TS, Rothuizen J^The clinical, pathomorphological and serological features of acute canine leptospirosis are evaluated and the IgM- and IgG-specific ELISA for leptospirosis serology in dogs is assessed. The clinical syndrome of acute canine leptospirosis was characterized by depression, anorexia, vomiting and often haemorrhagic diarrhoea. In addition, jaundice, uraemia, elevated creatinine and alkaline phosphatase were observed in the majority of the dogs. In pups invagination of the intestines was a noteworthy finding. The clinical signs and the post- mortem findings were rather non-specific so that the clinical and post- mortem diagnosis had to be confirmed serologically. In acute clinical cases of canine leptospirosis a high anti-leptospiral IgM titre, ranging from 160 in pups to 10240 in adults, was always present, whereas the anti-leptospiral IgG titre and the agglutination titre usually were negative or low. Dogs died from leptospirosis in spite of a high anti-leptospiral IgM titre. Only two dogs having, at the first examination, a high IgM titre in conjunction with a high IgG titre survived an acute infection. The possible role of IgM and IgG in the pathogenesis of an acute leptospiral infection is discussed. Different serological patterns in reference dogs, which were not suffering from acute leptospirosis, are presented.^0
87096226^Decreased lipopolysaccharide content and enhanced susceptibility of leptospiras to serum leptospiricidal action and phagocytosis after treatment with diphenylamine.^198611^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986 Nov;262(4):438-47^^Isogai E, Isogai H, Ito N^Growth of leptospiras in the presence of diphenylamine (DPA) caused a decrease in the content of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In association with this decrease of LPS, leptospiras became susceptible to anti-leptospiral action of normal rabbit serum (NRS), leptospiricidal action of antibody and complement, and killing by phagocytes. DPA-treated leptospiras were eliminated rapidly from the blood of infected mice and could not grow in the animals.^0
87108803^Storage of pathogenic leptospires in liquid nitrogen.^198611^J Appl Bacteriol 1986 Nov;61(5):407-11^^Palit A, Haylock LM, Cox JC^The virulence and viability of various serovars of Leptospira interrogans were successfully preserved by storage in liquid nitrogen. Dimethyl sulphoxide at a final concentration of 2.5% (v/v) was added as cryoprotectant to a culture of leptospires grown in Ellinghausen- McCullough-Johnson-Harris medium. Ampoules were cooled at a controlled rate of 1 degree-3 degrees C/min to -70 degrees C, then transferred to the liquid phase of a liquid nitrogen storage unit. Glycerol was discounted as a cryoprotectant as it was found to be approximately 10 times more toxic than dimethyl sulphoxide to four of five serovars used in this study. The viability of nine strains has so far been observed over a period of 8-22 months storage in liquid nitrogen and full viability of all strains has been preserved over this period. Virulence of strains of serovars pomona and hardjo was well preserved, as demonstrated by challenge tests in guinea pigs and domestic pigs.^0
87151950^[The use of direct immunoenzyme analysis with genus-specific peroxidase conjugate in leptospirosis]^198612^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1986 Dec;(12):72-5^^Volina EG, Ivanov AP, Kiktenko VS, Tkachenko EA, Arutiunova GA^For the first time anti-Patoc I peroxidase conjugate was obtained from the serum of a hyperimmunized guinea pig by the method of Nakane and Kawaoi (1974) in the modification of Mathiesen et al. (1978). In the experimental study of 37 Leptospira strains belonging to 19 serological groups, carried out with the use of direct EIA techniques, anti-Patoc I peroxidase conjugate was found to be genus-specific and highly active. The possibility of detecting Leptospira antigens of 7 serological groups in the blood and in suspensions of the liver and kidneys of golden hamsters by direct EIA with the use of the above-mentioned conjugate was established. The use of direct EIA with anti-Patoc I peroxidase conjugate for the diagnosis of leptospirosis is recommended.^0
87189399^[Advances in the study of leptospirosis]^198612^Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 1986 Dec;25(12):766-8^^Gu CH^^0
87164858^Isolation of leptospires from a one week dead coypu (Myocastor coypus Molina).^198612^Int J Zoonoses 1986 Dec;13(4):236-40^^Wanyangu SW, Waitkins SA, Palmer MF^The isolation of L. Interrogans from a one week dead coypu is reported. The isolate was identified as a pathogenic strain of leptospira belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup.^0
87179879^Cardiac involvement in severe leptospirosis.^198612^West Indian Med J 1986 Dec;35(4):295-300^^Lee MG, Char G, Dianzumba S, Prussia P^^0
87192666^[Freeze-replica study on the attachment of leptospires to cells in vivo]^198612^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1986 Dec;17(4):261-4^^Peng HR, Dai BM^^0
87291011^[Floods and human leptospirosis in the municipality of Sao Paulo]^198612^Rev Esc Enferm USP 1986 Dec;20(3):243-50^^de Souza D^^0
87067086^A point-source epidemic of leptospirosis. Description of cases, cause, and prevention.^198612^Postgrad Med 1986 Dec;80(8):121-2, 127-9^^Jevon TR, Knudson MP, Smith PA, Whitecar PS, Blake RL Jr^Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that consists of fever, headache, myalgias, and multiple organ involvement, has varying clinical severity and morbidity, and can occur in epidemic form. Diagnosis is based on culture or serologic demonstration of recent infection. There is evidence that doxycycline therapy started early in the course of the disease favorably affects duration and severity. Antibiotic therapy is often initiated because of a strong suspicion of the disease, before bacteriologic or serologic confirmation of the diagnosis is completed. Public health measures play an important role in minimizing the incidence of leptospirosis.^0
87121536^Leptospirosis in rural Ghana: Part 2, Current leptospirosis.^198612^Trop Geogr Med 1986 Dec;38(4):408-14^^Hogerzeil HV, De Geus A, Terpstra WJ, Korver H, Ligthart GS^In this second part of our study a search for cases of acute leptospirosis among hospital patients is described. Of 88 suspected cases of acute leptospirosis, four were confirmed serologically. Of 102 patients with jaundice occurring in a period in which maximal transmission of leptospires could be expected, current leptospirosis was confirmed in one and suspected in another patient. The high prevalence of antibodies against leptospires of different serogroups, described in the first part of the study, is in contrast with the low frequency of acute leptospirosis among hospital patients in the same area. This indicates that most cases of acute leptospirosis do not have a reason for seeking hospital care. A new serovar was isolated, for which the name agogo, reference strain Agogo, serogroup Djasiman, is proposed.^0
87126708^Penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines in treatment of hamsters with fatal leptospirosis.^198612^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986 Dec;30(6):835-9^^Alexander AD, Rule PL^A predictable 6- to 7-day course of a fatal Leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae infection in experimentally infected mature 110- to 150-g hamsters was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of conventionally used and newer antibiotics. Active drugs were ampicillin, bacampicillin, cyclacillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin, doxycycline, chlortetracycline, cefotaxime, and moxalactam. Cephalexin, cefadroxil, cefamandole, and cefoperazone showed little or no activity in preliminary studies. In delayed treatment studies, all nine active drugs prevented death of hamsters even when treatment was delayed until 1 to 2.5 days before expected time of death. Leptospires in kidneys of surviving animals could be demonstrated in one or more hamsters treated with doxycycline, chlortetracycline, cyclacillin, and piperacillin, but in none of the animals treated with ampicillin, bacampicillin, mezlocillin, cefotaxime, and moxalactam. The potential usefulness of newer penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as ampicillin, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline, for treatment of severe leptospirosis is reported.^0
87079042^Effects of partial hepatectomy on the immune responses in mice.^198701^Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1987 Jan;42(1):123-32^^Pinto M, Herzberg H, Barnea A, Shenberg E^Experiments were performed to investigate the immune responses occurring as a result of partial hepatectomy (HEP) in mice. On Day 12 mice subjected to HEP showed a twofold rise in serum levels of IgG when compared with sham-operated (ShO) controls. The effects of HEP on specific antibody production following a single immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) were investigated. An early appearance of direct (IgM) splenic plaque-forming cells (PFCs) and significantly elevated indirect (IgG) PFCs were found in HEP mice. Elevated, early- appearing mercaptoethanol-resistant (IgG) hemagglutinating antibodies were also demonstrated in the sera of HEP mice. In addition to these findings our study showed that humoral and cell-mediated responses are affected by HEP in opposing fashion. Partial hepatectomy performed immediately after skin grafting suppressed a first set allograft rejection in mice. Furthermore, inhibited delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response against SRBCs, as evaluated by a footpad weight assay, was demonstrated in HEP mice compared with the ShO controls. When SRBC- primed mice were partially hepatectomized 15 days later, they responded in a manner typical of the secondary immune response, showing an increased production of indirect (IgG) splenic PFCs. A similar anamnestic response was observed in mice sensitized with leptospiral antigen 50 days prior to HEP or exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxin. The mice responded by elevated serum IgG-specific antibodies as measured by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Since HEP induced in mice immunological disturbances similar to those associated with liver disease, it is suggested that partial hepatectomy creating liver deficiency followed by regeneration may be a useful experimental model to study the immune status of various forms of hepatic damage.^0
87083855^Immunogold silver staining for visualization of leptospires in histologic sections.^198701^J Clin Microbiol 1987 Jan;25(1):85-6^^Skilbeck NW, Chappel RJ^An immunogold silver stain for leptospires in sections of Formalin- fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues is described. Leptospires were intensely stained, and nonspecific staining of the tissue background was negligible.^0
88037047^[Photometric determination of the concentration of Leptospira in liquid nutrient media]^198701^Lab Delo 1987;(8):624-7^^Khisamov GZ, Sheliastina NN^^0
87141471^Serologic survey for selected microbial pathogens of wolves in Alaska, 1975-1982.^198701^J Wildl Dis 1987 Jan;23(1):77-85^^Zarnke RL, Ballard WB^Serum samples were collected from 116 wolves which were captured in southcentral Alaska during 1975 through 1982. Antibodies to the following infectious disease agents were found: infectious canine hepatitis virus-72 of 87 (81%), canine parvovirus type 2-0 of 55 (0%) through 1979 and 10 of 32 (31%) after 1979, Francisella tularensis-16 of 67 (25%), canine distemper virus-10 of 83 (12%), Coxiella burnetti-5 of 95 (5%), rabies virus-1 of 88 (1%), Brucella spp.-1 of 67 (1%), Leptospira interrogans-1 of 82 (1%). Apparently rabies, brucellosis, and leptospirosis were rare and had little effect on the wolf population. Conversely, the other five infections were comparatively common and may have had a negative impact on the health of specific individual wolves, but did not appear to influence the health of the population.^0
87141472^Diseases of wapiti utilizing cattle range in southwestern Alberta.^198701^J Wildl Dis 1987 Jan;23(1):86-91^^Kingscote BF, Yates WD, Tiffin GB^Specimens from 28 wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) were collected by hunters in southwestern Alberta in 1984. Various tests were performed to detect infections and conditions that could affect cattle sharing the range or cause disease in wapiti. Serum antibodies were present against leptospiral serovars autumnalis (25%), bratislava (4%), and icterohaemorrhagiae (8%), and the viruses of bovine virus diarrhea (52%), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (45%), and parainfluenza type 3 (13%). No serological evidence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Brucella, Anaplasma, bluetongue virus, or epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus was found, nor were any lesions of vesicular diseases, necrotic stomatitis or nutritional myopathy evident. Focal interstitial nephritis and sarcocystosis were diagnosed histologically in 40% and 75%, respectively, of the wapiti tested. The prevalence of giant liver flukes (Fascioloides magna) was 50% and of lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) 32%. Leptospiral serology on cattle in the area did not indicate that wapiti or cattle were a serious source of infection to each other. The giant liver fluke was the parasite most likely to be amplified by wapiti for cattle. Within the limits of this study, the results indicated that wapiti in the Waterton area do not pose a disease threat to the cattle with which they range, but periodic observational studies in these wapiti would be a useful means of early detection of any changes in the interspecies relationship.^0
89079124^Protein composition of two strains of Leptospira at different stages of their development.^198701^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1987;29(2):41-7^^Vassilevska M^^0
89079125^On the taxonomy of some pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires.^198701^Folia Med (Plovdiv) 1987;29(2):48-53^^Vassilevska M, Atanassov N^^0
87302876^Incidence of abortions caused by leptospirosis in sheep and goats in Spain.^198701^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1987;10(2):149-53^^Leon-Vizcaino L, Hermoso de Mendoza M, Garrido F^From 1970 to 1985, 973 outbreaks of abortion in sheep and 262 outbreaks of abortion in goats from southern Spain were studied. Of these, 1.7 and 2.6% respectively were caused by leptospiras, chiefly by the serovar pomona (11 flocks of sheep, 64.7%, and six herds of goats, 75.0%) and in a lower proportion the serovars sejroe (three flocks of sheep 17.6%, and one herd of goats, 12.5%), icterohaemorrhagiae (two and one outbreaks respectively) and grippotyphosa in one ovine flock (5.8%). The mean rates of attach (X + SD) of abortions by leptospirosis have been estimated as 16.9 + 6.5% in ovine outbreaks and 20.7 + 8.3% among goats.^0
88098318^[Patients with leptospirosis treated in the Observation and Infectious Disease Clinic in Koszalin 1980-1985]^198701^Przegl Epidemiol 1987;41(2):235-8^^Witczuk J^^0
88170754^The occurrence of leptospirosis in Iran.^198701^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1987;31(4 Suppl):498-503^National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, Policlinic Jihlava CSSR, Czechoslovakia.^Sebek Z, Bashiribod H, Chaffari M, Sepasi F, Sixl W^The author examined 2,448 human and 541 domestic animal sera from Iran serologically for leptospira antibodies. Human sera revealed a 3.3% positivity rate in titer levels of 1:100 and higher, namely with the serovare of the serogroups Australis 2.3%, Sejroe 0.8%, Grippotyphosa 0.2%, Icterohaemorrhagiae 0.1%, Canicola 0.1%, Autumnalis 0.4% and Javanica 0.04%; domestic animal sera revealed a 6.8% in titers of 1:800 and higher, namely with Icterohaemorrhagiae 3.8%, Grippotyphosa 1.4%, Sejroe 1.2% and Bataviae 0.4%. The positivity rate for men was 3.1% for women 3.6%. In Teheran the seropositivity was higher--3.6% as in Rasth, the capital of the Gilan province--1.9%.^0
88209682^Urgent hemosorption in leptospirosis.^198701^Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs 1987;15(1):249-56^Kiev's Bogomolec Medical Institute, USSR.^Butylin VYu, Chepkij LP, Lenartovich LS^Resistant oliguria with increasing serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level are the most important early signs of the development of acute renal failure in leptospirosis. This symptomocomplex must be considered as indication for urgent hemosorption. Diuresis and normalisation of creatine phosphokinase level are the criteria for accessing the efficiency of hemosorptions.^0
88251803^Leptospirosis: a newly identified disease in Korea.^198701^Asia Pac J Public Health 1987;1(1):61-8^^Kim JS^^0
88065144^Biological activities of lipopolysaccharide-like substance (LLS) extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton.^198701^Microbiol Immunol 1987;31(8):727-35^Department of Microbiology, Shizuoka College of Pharmacy.^Shimizu T, Matsusaka E, Takayanagi K, Masuzawa T, Iwamoto Y, Morita T, Mifuchi I, Yanagihara Y^The biological activities of lipopolysaccharide-like substance (LLS) extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton by the hot phenol-water method were studied in mice. The addition of 12.5 micrograms/ml or more of LLS fraction increased the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into in vitro cultured spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice, while the activity of the LLS fraction was about 20 times weaker than that of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pretreatment of murine spleen cells with rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte antiserum did not diminish the mitogenic activity of leptospiral LLS, and the LLS could not increase the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into thymocytes, suggesting that LLS acts on a B-lymphocyte population of lymphocytes. When sheep erythrocytes and LLS fraction were injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice, LLS exhibited an enhancing effect on antibody response in vivo. However, lethal toxicity of the LLS fraction was about 500 times lower than that of LPS in C57BL/6 mice loaded with galactosamine. No antitumor activity of leptospiral LLS (250-1,000 micrograms/mouse) against the ascites form of Ehrlich carcinoma in ddY mice was observed. The biological activities of the LLS fraction from the organism were weaker than those of gram-negative bacterial LPS, suggesting that Leptospira possesses no typical LPS.^0
89135104^Leptospirosis from the clinical viewpoint.^198701^Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia 1987;38(1-2):88-94^W. Pieck University Rostock, GDR, Clinic of Internal Medicine.^Ziegler K^Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data of 27 patients suffering from leptospirosis are presented. Because of the sporadic occurrence of the disease, diagnosis on admission was correct in only 18% of the patients. As proved by the agglutination test, most of the infections were due to serotype icterohaemorrhagiae, but in only one case could the leptospires be detected directly in the blood culture. In most of the cases the course of the disease was moderately severe with one fatality. Symptomatology and treatment are discussed.^0
89181023^[Epidemiology of human leptospirosis, with special reference to greater Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1970 to 1982]^198775^Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987 Jan-Mar;82(1):91-100^Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Bacteriologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.^Andrade J, Brandao AP^From 1970 to 1982, 884 cases of human leptospirosis were serologically diagnosed at the Leptospirosis Laboratory, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, by means of the microscopic agglutination test. Of these patients, 775 were hospitalized in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and 109 were reported by other Brazilian cities. Icterohaemorrhagiae was the presumptive infecting serogroup most commonly encountered in greater Rio patients (76.4%) and in the others (41.3%). During this 13-year period, two Icterohaemorrhagiae strains were isolated. In greater Rio the illness predominated between January and April (53.7%), the male sex accounted for 89.9% of the cases, and patients ranging from 16 to 45 year-olds were the most affected (74.9%).^0
87223468^Adult respiratory distress syndrome in leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae infection [letter]^198701^Intensive Care Med 1987;13(3):214^^Dive AM, Bigaignon G, Reynaert M^^0
87230431^[Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (case report)]^198701^Padiatr Padol 1987;22(1):67-72^^Fuchs WA, Guggenbichler JP^This is the report of a female infant ten weeks of age, who was admitted to our hospital with hyperpyrexia, hemolytic anemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The further course of the disease was characterized by: continuing hemolysis resulting in severe normochromic, normocytic anemia, unrelenting disseminated intravascular coagulation, increasing hepato-splenomegaly with hyperbilirubinemia and ascites. No causative infectious organism could be identified. The infant died at the age of 14 weeks from respiratory insufficiency. Autopsy revealed massive hepato-splenomegaly, ascites and bilateral pneumonia. Histologic evaluation demonstrated lymphohistiocytic infiltrates of the periportal areas of the liver, the spleen and lymphnodes. Meninges were infiltered by macrophages with ingested erythrocytes. Differential diagnosis includes an infection with leptospira icterohemorrhagica (Weils disease) and erythrophagocytosis observed after various viral infections. Also histiocytosis X or malignant histiocytosis has to be taken into consideration. The most probable diagnosis in our patient is that of familiar hemophagocytic reticulosis although the familiarity in our patient was lacking. Intra vitam diagnosis can only be established by liver biopsy which could not be performed in our patient due to the severe coagulation disturbance.^0
87241090^Reproductive and leptospiral studies on beef cattle in central Queensland.^198701^Aust Vet J 1987 Jan;64(1):1-5^^Carroll AG, Campbell RS^The effect of rainfall on reproductive performance in beef cattle and the effects of rainfall and soil type on the prevalence of leptospirosis in beef cattle in inland central Queensland are described. Low annual rainfall produced a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in calf branding rates. Leptospirosis (due to serovar hardjo) was serologically more prevalent after rain and on farms with high water holding capacity soils but there was no significant difference in branding rates between cattle on high or low water holding capacity soils. As a secondary mid-year rainfall peak is a feature of the area, leptospirosis due to serovar hardjo will tend to spread when most of the breeding herd is in the last trimester of pregnancy. The prevalence of leptospirosis due to serovar pomona is significantly lower in the region.^0
87248371^To the knowledge of the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus Linne, 1758; Rodentia) as host of leptospirosis in Czechoslovakia.^198701^Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1987;34(2):97-105^^Sebek Z, Grulich I, Valova M^A total of 1288 hamsters (Cricetus cricetus), coming from two regions of Czechoslovakia, were serologically investigated on the presence of leptospirosis. In 1114 hamsters from eastern Slovakia, where an outbreak occurred and local populations lived quite atypically, there was 31.8% positivity, in 174 animals from central Moravia, where the populations were at higher levels but lived normally, the positivity amounted to 17.2%. The serological positivity increases proportionately to the weight, i.e. to the age of the animals. The serovar grippotyphosa was dominant in them (29.6% of examined hamsters), while 6.0% were positive for L. pomona, 1.0% for serovars from the serogroup Sejroe, 0.2% for L. sorex-jalna and L. bataviae respectively, and 0.1% for L. bratislava. The hamsters from central Moravia were positive only for the serovar grippotyphosa. Antibodies in lower titres against L. pomona, having the character of coagglutinations, were simultaneously detected in some hamsters positive for L. grippotyphosa. In Czechoslovakia the common hamster is one of the potential hosts of L. grippotyphosa, its importance increasing during severe outbreaks, when the incidence of infection with L. grippotyphosa in hamster populations increases and the animals inhabit most varied types of biotopes and transfer to synanthropic way of life.^0
87263638^[Specialized services for leptospirosis patients]^198701^Sov Med 1987;(3):59-61^^Kirichenko PL, Kobyshcha IuV, Lenartovich LS^^0
87273770^[Human leptospirosis in New Caledonia and dependencies. Apropos of 57 cases observed between 1 June 1983 and 31 May 1985]^198701^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1987;80(1):28-37^^Cointet F, Gilles B, Dussarat G, Le Bris H, Martini L, Brethes B, Capdevielle P^57 cases of leptospirosis were diagnosed in New Caledonia (South Pacific French Territory) between June 1983 and May 1985. 25% cases are severe infections; thrombopenia and renal failure are frequently observed. Leptospires are found in blood or spinal or urine culture confirmed by haemagglutination tests on microplates (Martin et Petit). Epidemiological studies are being performed during 1985-1986 to devise preventive measures adapted to the territory.^0
87295472^Acute renal failure in leptospirosis--a 12-year survey.^198701^Adv Exp Med Biol 1987;212:265-71^^Drinovec J, Kandus A, Bren AF, Sinigoj M, Erzen I, Licina A, Kveder R, Ponokvar R, Mocivnik M, Benedik M^From the beginning of 1974 to the end of 1985 141 persons in Slovenia (population 1.9 million) contracted leptospirosis 49 patients were 50 years old or more. All the patients have survived. 8 male patients aged from 18 to 44 had more severe acute renal failure (ARF), 5 of whom were treated with hemodialysis. The authors found that this 100% survival rate did not agree with the findings of many other researches which quote a relatively high mortality rate among older patients. In all 8 patients kidney function was good 1 year or more after ARF. The authors consider that the survival of patients with ARF depends on early and appropriate supportive treatment, which also includes intensive hemodialysis.^0
87302877^Comparison of the DIFCO and Patoc 1 slide antigens in the screening of leptospirosis.^198701^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1987;10(2):155-61^^Wanyangu SW, Palmer MF, Zochowski WJ, Waitkins SA^A comparison of the Patoc 1 slide agglutination (SAT) and DIFCO slide agglutination test for the screening of leptospirosis in man, cattle and coypu (Myocastor coypus Molina) is reported. The economic costs, convenience and availability of the antigens for the tests are analysed. It is recommended that slide agglutination methods alone are not sufficient for the routine diagnosis of leptospirosis.^0
87303873^ELISA for the detection of leptospirosis in Kenya.^198701^East Afr Med J 1987 Jan;64(1):49-54^^Terpstra WJ, Njenga R, Korver H, Ligthart GS^^0
87324619^[Pulmonary manifestations in severe ictero-hemorrhagic leptospirosis]^198701^Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1987;138(4):282-6^^Ragnaud JM, Dupon M, Echinard E, Teboulle D, Wone C^Eight cases of pulmonary involvement were observed in 17 severe cases of ictero-haemorrhagic leptospirosis. Haemoptysis (7 cases) occurred on the 4th day of the infectious syndrome and was associated with other haemorrhagic manifestations in 4 cases. Cough, pain and polypnoea were not constant. Chest X-ray showed diffuse, non-specific changes, such as nodular opacities or infiltrates. Septicaemia was confirmed in all cases with acute renal failure in 7 cases and meningitis in 6 cases. Severe thrombocytopenia was demonstrated in 2 cases. Six patients recovered quickly with regression of the lung changes within 12 days. Two patients died, one of a fulminant haemoptysis related to a disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, and the other of acute respiratory failure. All cases were confirmed serologically. Although lung changes in leptospirosis are usually benign and mild, haemoptysis and polypnoea with diffuse radiological changes are poor prognostic factors. The pathological changes were similar to those of haemorrhagic alveolitis. These changes may be either due to the liberation of toxins or to an immunological phenomenon.^0
88024459^Human leptospirosis in an area of central Italy: results from a serological survey.^198701^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1987;66(2):134-8^Institute of Hygiene, School of Medicine, University of Ancona.^Di Stanislao F, Maffei C, Strusi P, Lupidi R, Renga G^The results of a serosurvey for leptospiral antibodies in a random sample of healthy subjects are reported. The study was carried out in an area where a waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis, due to leptospires of serogroup Australis, had occurred a month before. Sera were tested with the microagglutination technique. Leptospiral agglutinins were found in 13.8% of tested subjects, mostly in adult females. The highest prevalence rate was observed for serovar lora belonging to serogroup Australis. The leptospires of this group have a relevant spread in the study area in keeping with other surveys carried out in Italy.^0
88045017^[The role of enzymes of amino acid and lipid metabolism in Leptospira metabolism]^198701^Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR 1987;(7):84-90^^Khisamov GZ, Morozova GZ^^0
88065143^Chemical properties of lipopolysaccharide-like substance (LLS) extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton.^198701^Microbiol Immunol 1987;31(8):717-25^Department of Microbiology, Shizuoka College of Pharmacy.^Shimizu T, Matsusaka E, Nagakura N, Takayanagi K, Masuzawa T, Iwamoto Y, Morita T, Mifuchi I, Yanagihara Y^The aqueous layer was isolated from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton by the hot phenol-water method. After ultracentrifugation, the precipitate was designated as lipopolysaccharide-like substance (LLS) fraction and the chemical composition was compared with that of bacterial LPS. The LLS fraction consists of 35.2% carbohydrate, 3.8% amino sugar, 36.4% lipid, 15.2% protein, and 0.3% phosphorus. Neutral sugars were detected as rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, 4-O-methylmannose, mannose, galactose, and a small amount of erythrose, fucose and glucose by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), but 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid was not detected in the LLS by thiobarbituric acid test and high voltage paper electrophoresis. Fatty acids detected by GLC were decanoic acid (C10: 0), dodecanoic acid (C12: 0), dodecenoic acid (C12: 1), tridecenoic acid (C13: 1), tetradecanoic acid (C14: 0), hexadecanoic acid (C16: 0), hexadecenoic acid (C16: 1), and octadecenoic acid (C18: 1). With SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, bacterial LPS showed many orderly bands, while the banding pattern of the leptospiral LLS was very simple. These findings demonstrate that the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of LLS fraction from Leptospira are different from those of LPS extracted from gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, and suggesting that Leptospira has no typical LPS.^0
88078586^The effect of human leptospirosis on the composition and concentration of serum lipids and lipoproteins.^198701^Braz J Med Biol Res 1987;20(2):149-59^Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Brasil.^Cisternas JR, Milstein-Kuschnaroff T^1. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied in 9 male patients during the immune phase of leptospirosis and 4 months later after recovery. 2. Electrophoretic patterns of plasma lipoproteins were characterized by the absence of alpha- and pre-beta lipoprotein bands and the presence of a single broad beta band. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction ran in the pre-beta position and triglyceride (TG) content was high. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) moved into three different bands and were rich in TG. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) migrated normally and their triglyceride content was low. All lipoprotein fractions had low levels of cholesteryl esters. 3. In infected patients, the fractional lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) rate (%/h) was low, while the molar LCAT rate (mumol 1(-1)h-1 remained unchanged. Both VLDL and LDL cholesterol levels increased while HDL cholesterol decreased. 4. These findings demonstrated that abnormalities in lipoprotein composition are associated with leptospiral liver injury.^0
87141468^Leptospires in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops Sabaeus) on Barbados.^198701^J Wildl Dis 1987 Jan;23(1):60-6^^Baulu J, Everard CO, Everard JD^Agglutinins to Leptospira were found at titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 in 150 of 501 (29.9%) vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) bled within 1 mo of capture in Barbados. Including a further 34 of 145 bled within 1 yr of capture, the seropositivity prevalence was 28.5%. A further 35 monkeys (5.4%) had traces of agglutinins or gave titers of 1:50. The proportion of seropositive adults (41.5%) was more than twice that of seropositive immature monkeys (17.6%). Among adults, 49.2% of males and 35.7% of females were seropositive, while among juveniles proportions of seropositive males and females were similar (17.8% and 17.4%, respectively). Seropositivity prevalences tended to increase in proportion to rainfall. In each of 165 of the 184 positive sera, a single serogroup predominated in the serological reactions. These serogroups were Ballum (61%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (16%), Autumnalis (15%), Pyrogenes, Panama, Pomona, Tarassovi and Canicola (8% altogether). In the other 19 positive sera no single serogroup predominated. Serial bleeding showed that vervet monkeys can retain naturally-acquired antibodies to Leptospira for at least 2.5 yr. The evidence suggests that vervet monkeys in Barbados are transmitting leptospiral infections among themselves independently of other groups of animals, and are not a major source of human leptospirosis.^0
87141473^Serology and virology of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus L.).^198701^J Wildl Dis 1987 Jan;23(1):92-8^^Smith AW, Skilling DE, Benirschke K, Albert TF, Barlough JE^Sera from four bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus L.) were examined for the presence of specific antibodies, and tissue and swab samples from six and four animals respectively were processed for isolation of viruses and for initiation of bowhead whale cell cultures. All sera were negative for antibodies to nine serovars of Leptospira interrogans and to 21 orthomyxovirus subtypes and a paramyxovirus (Newcastle disease virus). All sera were positive, however, for neutralizing antibodies to one or more calicivirus serotypes. Two untyped adenoviruses were isolated from colon samples of two different whales, but neutralizing antibodies to the agents could not be demonstrated in any sera. Three primary bowhead whale cell cultures were derived from kidney (two cultures) and testis (one culture), from three individual whales.^0
87197860^Detection of leptospiral antigen in the human liver and kidney using an immunoperoxidase staining procedure.^198702^J Pathol 1987 Feb;151(2):125-31^^Ferreira Alves VA, Vianna MR, Yasuda PH, De Brito T^Detection of leptospiral antigen using an immunoperoxidase staining (IP) procedure was carried out on fifteen samples of human liver, (nine from autopsies and six from biopsies) and nine samples of human kidneys (eight autopsies and one biopsy). The IP staining procedure to detect leptospiral antigen (L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) in human liver and kidney proved to be a reproducible method useful on paraffin embedded tissues after formalin, Bouin's or Helly's fluid fixation. Furthermore, the IP procedure on paraffin-embedded tissue appears to have potential as an aid to the diagnosis. IP stained leptospiral antigen was detected in portal spaces of the liver, engulfed by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, in the interstitium of the kidney, and lining vessel walls of both liver and kidney. The results suggest that in acute human leptospirosis (L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) the main factors in the pathogenesis of the lesions are related to the presence of organisms and/or their virulence, including products released by lysis.^0
87162213^Epidemiological studies on leptospirosis in Chiang Mai (Thailand).^198702^Epidemiol Infect 1987 Feb;98(1):97-100^^Arimitsu Y, Kobayashi S, Matuhasi T, Suzuki H, Yamaji Y, Suprasert S, Supawadee J^A total of 270 serum samples collected in Chiang Mai province were examined for antibodies against leptospira using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Four of 40 serum specimens from patients who visited the hospital with the common cold, were positive with a titre of 20. Twelve (10.4%) of the 115 samples in the Doi Saket district showed a positive reaction. Only 2 of 115 sera of school children in Chiang Mai city had antibodies. Specific serovars detected were Leptospira hebdomadis (5), L. australis (3), L. icterohaemorrhagiae (2), L. bataviae (2), and one each of L. canicola, L. javanica and L. pyrogenes. One case of mixed infection with L. hebdomadis and L. javanica, and L. autumnalis and L. australis were observed.^0
87179736^Tears and aqueous humor from horses inoculated with Leptospira contain antibodies which bind to cornea.^198702^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1987 Feb;14(2):181-5^^Parma AE, Fernandez AS, Santisteban CG, Bowden RA, Cerone SI^An antigenic relationship between Leptospira interrogans and equine cornea was previously described by us. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed in the present work to investigate the existence of anti-leptospira and anti-cornea antibodies in tears, aqueous humor and serum from horses inoculated i.m. with those antigens. Ten days after a booster by the same route, antibodies that bind to microtiter plates, coated with an homogenate of either equine cornea or leptospira, were detected in those fluids and in the sera. At the same time, the corneas of the horses began to develop a diffuse opacity. This finding of anti- leptospira antibodies in equine tears and aqueous humor shows the pathway along which they arrive at the cornea and bind to it.^0
87237053^Prevalence of canine Lyme disease from an endemic area as determined by serosurvey.^198702^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Feb;263(3):427-34^^Schulze TL, Bosler EM, Shisler JK, Ware IC, Lakat MF, Parkin WE^From August 1984 through February 1985, 423 dogs from 43 municipalities in 7 New Jersey counties were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). Of these dogs, 34.7% with no apparent clinical symptoms were serologically reactive (IFA greater than or equal to 1:64); titers in this study ranged from non-reactive to 1:2048. Ninety percent of the dogs surveyed had a current vaccination status to Leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icterohaemorhagiae. Dogs vaccinated to leptospirosis elicited homologous antibody titers of less than or equal to 1:16 and, therefore, did not interfere with interpretation of antibody levels to B. burgdorferi. Effects of age, degree of outdoor activity, travel history, and location of residence were evaluated. The use of serosurveys of dogs as a tool for Lyme disease surveillance is discussed.^0
88031433^Experimental study with leptospires in bandicoot Bandicota bengalensis.^198702^Indian J Exp Biol 1987 Feb;25(2):105-7^^Ratnam S, Sundararaj T, Subramanian S, Adinarayanan N^^0
87138231^Effect of heat or chemical treatment on leptospiral antigens.^198702^J Clin Microbiol 1987 Feb;25(2):255-8^^Pope V, Johnson RC^The use of bacterins is one of the primary methods in the control of leptospirosis in domestic animals, especially cattle, swine, and dogs. Bacterins have been made using chemically treated or heat-inactivated organisms. Many of the initial studies indicated that the bacterins gave complete protection, whereas later reports found that some inactivation methods resulted in bacterins that protect against death but not against kidney infection and renal shedding. This raised the possibility that some of the antigens had been altered. To investigate this possibility, we heat or chemically treated Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae CF-1, L. interrogans serovar canicola Moulton, L. interrogans serovar grippotyphosa SC4397, L. interrogans serovar hardjo Hardjoprajitno, and L. interrogans serovar pomona MLS. Temperatures used to determine alterations in antigens were 50, 56, 80, 100, and 121 degrees C. The chemicals used were formaldehyde, phenol, and thimerosal. Analysis was done using Laemmli gels and Western blots. We found that heating at 50 or 56 degrees C had the smallest effect on antigens, whereas heating at 80 or 100 degrees C caused the appearance of high-molecular-weight bands on Western blots. Heating at 121 degrees C caused almost all the bands to disappear, in both the stained gel and the Western blot. Both phenol and Formalin treatment altered proteins, whereas thimerosal treatment appeared to have little effect compared with heating at 50 degrees C.^0
87141115^Opsonic monoclonal antibodies against lipopolysaccharide antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198702^J Med Microbiol 1987 Feb;23(1):1-7^^Farrelly HE, Adler B, Faine S^Six monoclonal antibodies produced from mice immunised with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were directed against determinants in the leptospiral lipopolysaccharide, as indicated by immunodiffusion and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and opsonised leptospires for phagocytosis by mouse macrophages. Their specificities were studied by agglutination and EIA. Five antibodies reacted with some, but not all, members of the Sejroe and Hebdomadis serogroups, and one antibody agglutinated exclusively members of the Sejroe group thus indentifying a serogroup- specific epitope. None of the six antibodies reacted with representative serovars of any other serogroup.^0
87155112^[Infectious endocarditis caused by rare germs. Review of the literature apropos of 2 cases]^198702^Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 1987 Feb;36(2):87-93^^Cornaert P, Masson P, Forzy G, Graux P, Camblin J, Dutoit A, Croccel L^The authors report two new cases of endocarditis secondary to exceptionnally encountered germs: one to Pasteurella pneumotropica, the other ascribed to Leptospira ictero-haemorragiae, on serologic criteria. Concerning these two cases, they propose to take a census of rare germs, from a detailed study of the literature. Among more than 5,000 cases of endocarditis published after 1944, are considered as rare germs those causing a disease in less than one p. cent of the cases. This purely "mathematical" definition enable to include 45 germs. A synthesis of all the cases reported attempts to demonstrate a few particular traits of these endocardites secondary to rare germs.^0
87182584^Placental transfer of specific antibodies during ovine congenital toxoplasmosis.^198703^Am J Vet Res 1987 Mar;48(3):474-6^^Dubey JP, Hughes HP, Lillehoj HS, Gamble HR, Munday BL^The passage of non-Toxoplasma antibodies from dam to fetus through damaged placenta was studied in sheep inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii. Six ewes were inoculated with chicken globulins and Leptospira bacterins 2 months before oral inoculation with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Ewes were euthanatized between 42 and 62 days after T gondii inoculation. Antibody titers against chicken globulins, Leptospira spp, Haemonchus contortus, Sarcocystis spp, and T gondii were measured in the maternal and fetal sera. All ewes became infected with T gondii and had grossly visible necrotic foci in the placentas, and T gondii antibodies were found in the fetuses and the ewes. Appreciable amounts of antibodies to Haemonchus contortus, Sarcocystis sp, Leptospira spp, and chicken globulins did not cross the placental barrier. Seemingly, serologic examination of the fetus was reliable for the diagnosis of ovine congential toxoplasmosis.^0
87182564^Isolation of leptospires from nephritic kidneys of beef cattle at slaughter.^198703^Am J Vet Res 1987 Mar;48(3):370-1^^Gregoire N, Higgins R, Robinson Y^Of 955 beef cattle slaughtered at an abattoir in Quebec from May to August 1985, 122 (13%) had lesions of focal interstitial nephritis. Nephritic kidneys were collected for leptospiral culture, and matching blood samples were examined serologically. Leptospires were isolated from the kidneys of 35 (29%) cattle. Antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were found in 29 (24%) cattle and to pomona in 13 (10%).^0
87190287^Serological study of leptospiral infections and endogenous uveitis among horses and ponies in the United Kingdom.^198703^Equine Vet J 1987 Mar;19(2):125-8^^Matthews AG, Waitkins SA, Palmer MF^The prevalence of antibody titres to a range of 20 leptospira antigens in the serum of horses and ponies with no ophthalmic abnormalities and with ophthalmoscopic evidence of endogenous uveal inflammatory disease was determined using a microscopic agglutination technique. Titres against leptospira antigens were observed in 13 out of 138 (9.1 per cent) animals with no ophthalmic abnormalities, and in three out of 27 (11.1 per cent) animals with anterior uveitis. Serovar sejroe was common to all seropositive animals with anterior uveitis. The results show that leptospira infection is not a major factor in the aetiology of equine anterior uveitis in the UK, but suggests that the organism may be associated with some cases of recurrent anterior uveitis.^0
87190295^Immunodiagnosis of leptospiral uveitis in two horses.^198703^Equine Vet J 1987 Mar;19(2):155-7^^Davidson MG, Nasisse MP, Roberts SM^^0
87209704^A twenty-five year review of laboratory-acquired human infections at the National Animal Disease Center.^198703^Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1987 Mar;48(3):271-5^^Miller CD, Songer JR, Sullivan JF^The National Animal Disease Center's experience with personnel exposure or infection with pathogenic agents is summarized. A total of 128 laboratory-associated exposures to infectious disease agents were reported. Of these exposures, 103 resulted from known accidents. The other 25 were identified only after the development of clinical or serological manifestations of infection. Thirty-four cases of laboratory-acquired infections were reviewed. Class 3 organisms-- Chlamydia sp., Brucella sp. and Mycobacterium sp.--were responsible for 76% of the infections encountered, with Brucella sp. incriminated most frequently. The most commonly reported cause of exposure was associated with hypodermic syringe use. Unknown routes of exposure, presumed to be aerosol related, were the overwhelming explanation involved in the laboratory-associated infections.^0
87230151^Leptospirosis as a cause of "white spot" kidneys in South African pig abattoirs.^198703^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1987 Mar;54(1):59-62^^Hunter P, van der Vyver FH, Selmer-Olsen A, Henton MM, Herr S, de Lange JF^The incidence of isolation of Leptospira sp. from the kidneys of slaughter pigs with "white-spot" macroscopic lesions was determined. Histology and general bacteriology were performed. Leptospira pomona was isolated from 19/21 kidneys showing macroscopic lymphocytic lesions.^0
87237111^[Leptospirosis in West Germany. Results of a research program on leptospirosis in animals in the year 1984]^198703^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1987 Mar;34(2):98-108^^Schonberg A, Staak C, Kampe U^^0
87306477^[Studies of the immunological protection of a ribosomal extract isolated from Leptospira]^198703^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1987 Mar;18(1):14-7^^Xu LL, Wang BY, Dai BM, Wang BZ^^0
87321355^[Identification of Leptospira kunming of the Pomona serogroup]^198703^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1987 Mar;27(1):88-91^^Zhang FZ, Long PR, Meng PY, Wang JJ^^0
87193603^Recreational infections [letter]^198703^Infect Control 1987 Mar;8(3):90^^Maffei C, Di Stanislao F^^0
87306496^[A study on the therapy of leptospirosis with gentamycin]^198703^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1987 Mar;18(1):82-5^^Mu GY, Lu Y, Zhang HL, Cao ZL, Dai BM, Wang XX, Cheng SQ, Liu XM, Li CL^^0
87266278^[Etiological structure and clinical epidemiological characteristics of Leptospira infection in Rostov Province based on data from therapeutic institutions from 1960 to 1983]^198704^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1987 Apr;(4):40-4^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS, Nisnevich EB, Tormozova NM, Ryndich AA, Vasilets VV^Changes in communal conditions, in economy, as well as in ecology and fauna, which took place in Rostov Province during the last decade (1973- 1983) determined shifts in the etiological structure of Leptospira infection and in its course. The study revealed an increase in morbidity caused by L. icterohaemorrhagiae (up to 61%) and L. hebdomadis (up to 22%) with a simultaneous decrease in the isolation rate of L. grippotyphosa and L. pomona (up to 2-3%). In most cases (77%) the diseases caused by leptospires of different serogroups were found to take an icteric course accompanied by the development of hepatorenal insufficiency (46%). The similarity of clinical manifestations in different etiological forms of Leptospira infection was determined by common pathogenetic and pathophysiological features characteristic of the development of the leptospiral infectious process.^0
87226525^Parasites, diseases and health status of sympatric populations of sambar deer and white-tailed deer in Florida.^198704^J Wildl Dis 1987 Apr;23(2):267-72^^Davidson WR, Blue JL, Flynn LB, Shea SM, Marchinton RL, Lewis JA^From December 1983 to December 1984 a study on parasites, diseases and health status was conducted on sympatric populations of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from St. Vincent Island, Franklin County, Florida. Ten sambar and six white- tailed deer were examined. White-tailed deer had antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus. Serologic tests for antibodies to the etiologic agents of bovine virus diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vesicular stomatitis, parainfluenza 3, brucellosis, and leptospirosis were negative in both species of deer. White-tailed deer harbored 19 species of parasites; all were typical of the parasite fauna of this species in coastal regions of the southeastern United States. Sambar deer harbored 13 species of parasites, which apparently were derived largely from white-tailed deer. The only exception was Dermacentor variabilis which occurs frequently on wild swine on the island. The general health status of sambar deer appeared to be better than that of white-tailed deer. This was hypothesized to result from the sambar deer's utilization of food resources unavailable or unacceptable to white-tailed deer and to the absence and/or lower frequency of certain pathogens in sambar deer.^0
87321981^Bacteriological and serological diagnosis of community-acquired acute pneumonia, specially Legionnaire's disease. Multicentric prospective study of 274 hospitalized patients.^198704^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Apr;264(1-2):93-101^^Bornstein N, Fleurette J, Bebear C, Chabanon G^In 1982 and 1983 a prospective study was carried out involving 274 adult patients hospitalized with community-acquired acute pneumonia. The results of the bacteriological and serological diagnoses are presented here. Conventional and standardized bacteriological methods were used. All the serodiagnoses of LD were carried out with the 13 antigens produced by the "Centre National de Reference" (L. pneumophila 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; L. micdadei; L. bozemanii, L. dumoffii, L. jordanis; L. gormanii; L. longbeachae 1 and 2). Standardized criteria were used for the interpretation of results. Conventional methods were used for the other serodiagnoses. Because the laboratory results had been interpreted very rigorously, an etiological diagnosis was established only in 51% of pneumonia cases. Other reasons, such as the frequent prescription of antibiotics prior to hospitalization, may explain why no aetiology could be determined in 49% of cases. The microbial agents responsible were: S. pneumoniae, Legionella and M. pneumoniae in 62% of cases; H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, Chlamydia and S. aureus in 21.6%; and viruses in 8.6%. 29 (10%) of the 274 pneumonia cases were caused by Legionella, being second to S. pneumoniae. The preponderance of L. pneumophila was striking (22 cases), 3 Legionella strains were isolated (L. pneumophila serogroup 1:2 strains, serogroup 6:1 strain). Three associated or successive infections were observed (influenza, Leptospirosis, Coxiella infection). As regards the other bacteria, implication of the strain isolated was based on its multiple occurrence in several samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
87272964^Isolation of Leptospira hardjo from kidneys of Ontario cattle at slaughter.^198704^Can J Vet Res 1987 Apr;51(2):229-31^^Prescott JF, Miller RB, Nicholson VM^Kidneys from 117 cattle from 110 Ontario farms were examined at slaughter for leptospires. Leptospira hardjo (hardjo-bovis A) was isolated from 11 kidneys and L. kennewicki from one. The isolations were all made (12/89, 13.5%) from beef cattle from feedlots, no isolates being obtained from dairy or beef cattle from extensive farms (0/28). Isolations were only made from cattle with antibody titers (greater than or equal to 20) against the serovars recovered. Isolation was more sensitive than immunofluorescence in identifying leptospira, particularly in animals with low antibody titers against L. hardjo. Leptospira were isolated from two kidneys with multiple gross lesions of focal nephritis, but there was no correlation between the presence of scanty kidney lesions and isolations of leptospira. Leptospira hardjo infection appears to be common in Ontario feedlot cattle.^0
87162221^Experimental infection of monkeys with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198704^Epidemiol Infect 1987 Apr;98(2):191-7^^Palmer MF, Waitkins SA, Fitzgeorge RB, Baskerville A^Grivet monkeys experimentally infected with two different strains of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo showed no signs of severe clinical disease. There were no significant macroscopic lesions in any of the tissues examined, but the organisms were demonstrated in various tissues by immunofluorescent technique and were isolated from the blood and urine of two monkeys and the kidney of one. Abraded skin was shown to be a viable route of infection in non-human primates.^0
87206853^[Interpretation of results of serologic analyses in large animal practices]^198704^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1987 Apr 1;112(7):390-5^^Holzhauer C^The backgrounds to and possibilities of serological studies for the purpose of establishing are reviewed, all this with regard to bovine disease. The serology of the virus infections infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), para-influenza virus 3 infection (PI3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRS) and Chlamydia is discussed in greater detail. Likewise, the interpretation of serological findings in cases of brucellosis, leptospirosis and Johne's disease is dealt with. In addition, attention is paid to the results of serological testing in cases of lung-worm disease and fascioliasis.^0
87179384^Renal disease in Africa and the Caribbean: an overview.^198704^Transplant Proc 1987 Apr;19(2 Suppl 2):9-14^^Alleyne GA^^0
87255679^[Clinical aspects and pathomorphology of leptospirosis]^198704^Klin Med (Mosk) 1987 Apr;65(4):102-8^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS, Polotskii IuE, Semenovich VN, Popova EM, Stoianova NA^^0
87320634^The incidence of severe leptospirosis in Trinidad.^198704^Trop Geogr Med 1987 Apr;39(2):126-32^^Everard CO, Fraser-Chanpong GM, Everard JD^Between February 1977 and September 1982, sera from febrile patients from all areas of Trinidad were examined for leptospiral agglutinins; 158 of 1714 patients (9%) were confirmed as current cases of leptospirosis (annual average 26 or 2.6 per 100,000 population). Of the remaining 1556 patients only 711 provided paired sera; 167 of these (23%) showed evidence of previous leptospiral infection. Of the 845 single samples, 125 were positive. The true incidence of the disease is probably much higher than reported here. Males comprised 74% of the current cases; their highest rate of infection was in the 30-39 year age group, the incidence in late teenage approaching this rate. For females, incidence increased with age up to late middle-age. The presumptive infecting serogroups most commonly recorded among the 158 current cases were Icterohaemorrhagiae (37%), Canicola (16%) and Autumnalis (11%). 13 of the cases died (case fatality rate, 8.2%).^0
87321961^The use of aminopeptidase substrate specificity profiles to identify leptospires.^198704^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Apr;264(1-2):137-44^^Neill SD, Reid RL, Weatherup ST, Ellis WA^Thirty reference Leptospira strains and twelve leptospire-like cultures were examined for aminopeptidase activity using twenty-two aminoacyl- beta-naphthylamide substrates. Aminopeptidase activity was demonstrated in extracts of each of the cultures and their substrate specificity profiles compared using several computer analysis procedures. The specificity profiles were consistent for each of the strains examined. Leptospira were readily differentiated from non Leptospira strains. This was supported by DNA base ratios calculated for the strains. Of the non Leptospira strains, seven appeared similar to the "L. illini" cultured included. Two of these strains, which included the strain "L. parva" sp. nov., formed a subgroup of this "L. illini" group. Substrate specificity profiles for the L. interrogans and L. biflexa strains examined were also different from each other.^0
88009912^Detection of Leptospira interrogans in clinical specimens by in situ hybridization using biotin-labelled DNA probes.^198704^J Gen Microbiol 1987 Apr;133 ( Pt 4):911-4^Royal Tropical Institute, Department of Tropical Hygiene, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Terpstra WJ, Schoone GJ, Ligthart GS, ter Schegget J^In situ DNA hybridization using biotin-labelled leptospiral DNA was performed on clinical specimens to investigate its usefulness as a technique for the identification of Leptospira interrogans. The applicability of this test in blood, urine and liver smears was demonstrated. In situ DNA hybridization can be completed in only 4 h and it combines the advantage of visualization of the leptospiral morphology with the specificity of the hybridization reaction. No cross- hybridization was observed with other bacteria. This study shows that hybridization in situ can be simple to perform and may contribute to a rapid diagnosis.^0
87172395^Human leptospirosis in New South Wales, 1975-1985.^198704^Med J Aust 1987 Apr 6;146(7):353-7^^Desmarchelier PM^From July 1975 to June 1985, 14,630 sera from patients in New South Wales were tested for serological evidence of leptospirosis. Among these, 361 sera contained evidence of past infections and 150 of these 361 specimens had evidence of recent or current infections. Serologically-diagnosed cases of leptospirosis were distributed mainly in the central and eastern parts of the State. Pomona, hardjo and icterohaemorrhagiae were the most common serovars to be detected; male abattoir workers and farmers were the most common occupational groups that were infected. An increase in seropositive cases occurred from 1981, largely due to hardjo and to a lesser extent pomona infections among farmers. Clinical histories indicated that most cases presented as pyrexias of unknown origin or as febrile illnesses; however, four patients were reported to have presented with renal failure; three patients were reported to have presented with meningitis; and 10 patients were jaundiced at presentation.^0
87226085^Demonstration of spirochaetes in patients with Lyme disease with a modified silver stain.^198705^J Med Microbiol 1987 May;23(3):261-7^^De Koning J, Bosma RB, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA^Spirochaetes were demonstrated in material from patients with Lyme disease by short-time high-concentrate silver impregnation after treatment with amylase. Removal of mucoid material was essential to visualise Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme spirochaetes were demonstrated in material from 23 patients with Lyme disease--erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) 10, lymphadenosis benigna cutis (LABC) 7, arthritis 4 and Bannwarth's syndrome 2. Spirochaetes were localised in the subepidermal zone, peri- and intravascularly, and in collagen fibres in ECM and LABC, and beneath the synovial lining cells in arthritis, producing marked vascular changes with fibrosis and synovial hyperplasia. Spirochaetes were also demonstrated in CSF from a patient with Bannwarth's syndrome.^0
88019728^Genus-specific antigens in Leptospira revealed by immunoblotting.^198705^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 May;264(3-4):279-93^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.^Chapman AJ, Adler B, Faine S^Immunoblotting of leptospiral sonicates with heterologous rabbit antisera revealed a distinct cross-reactive pattern which differed with respect to the pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospiral serovars, and that all serovars tested from Leptospira interrogans, L. biflexa and L. illini contained a common 35 kilodalton (Kd) band. A leptospiral genus- specific antigen preparation produced by ethanol fractionation of L. biflexa serovar patoc reacted by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with all heterologous serovars tested. Further purification using Sephacryl S- 300 gel filtration revealed one major cross-reactive peak and several homologous peaks detectable by EIA. Gel electrophoresis of this peak revealed 3 major protein bands of 35, 34 and 29 Kd by Coomassie blue staining. This peak was further fractionated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), yielding 7 fractions, one of which cross- reacted. Rabbit antisera to this S-300/HPLC fraction reacted with all serovars tested. Immunoblotting revealed 2 distinct groups of cross- reactive antigens, a 33-35 Kd group that was proteinase K sensitive but not reduced by periodate oxidation, and a 14.4-26.5 Kd group whose activity was reduced by periodate but not proteinase K, indicating the presence of both protein and carbohydrate genus antigens. Immunoblotting L. interrogans serovar pomona flagella with S-300/HPLC antiserum suggested that the 35 Kd band found in all serovars tested was a flagellar component.^0
87223005^Serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.^198705^J Clin Microbiol 1987 May;25(5):897-9^^Myers DM^The counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique employing a soluble extract antigen was found useful in screening human sera for antileptospiral antibodies to multiple leptospiral serovars. The CIE test results with sera from patients with suspected cases of leptospirosis and sera from a control group compared favorably (97.9%) with those obtained by the microscopic agglutination test using a battery of live leptospiral antigens. CIE is easy to perform, is highly sensitive, uses an antigen which is very stable at room temperature, and permits the screening of many sera in a short period of time. The CIE technique appears to be ideally suited to a small laboratory where facilities may be too limited for examining sera by the microscopic agglutination test.^0
88009934^Purification, characterization and serological properties of a glycolipid antigen reactive with a serovar-specific monoclonal antibody against Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola.^198705^J Gen Microbiol 1987 May;133 ( Pt 5):1329-36^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Ono E, Takase H, Naiki M, Yanagawa R^A glycolipid antigen possessing a serovar-specific antigenic determinant of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola was purified from a chloroform/methanol extract of the organism. The purification procedures included silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Antigenic activity was detected by a TLC-enzyme immunostaining technique using monoclonal antibody CT3, which specifically agglutinates serovar canicola and only weakly serovar sumneri but no other serovars of Leptospira. The purified glycolipid reacted with CT3 antibody, indicating that the glycolipid possessed a serovar-specific antigenic determinant. Infrared spectrum and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that the glycolipid contained sugar and lipid moieties, which possessed amide linkages and an acetyl group. Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the glycolipid contained two unknown sugars, one of which (unknown sugar II) appeared to be associated with the antigenic determinant specific for canicola. The serovar-specific antigenic determinant was destroyed by mild alkali treatment of the glycolipid. These findings suggested that the antigenic determinant was an alkali-labile moiety which may be related to the unknown sugar II.^0
88031512^Evidence of leptospiral infections in human samples in Madras city.^198705^Indian J Med Res 1987 May;85:516-8^^Ratnam S, Venugopal K, Kathiravan V^^0
88023021^Cardiovascular involvement in human and experimental leptospirosis: pathologic findings and immunohistochemical detection of leptospiral antigen.^198706^Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1987 Jun;81(3):207-14^Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.^de Brito T, Morais CF, Yasuda PH, Lancellotti CP, Hoshino-Shimizu S, Yamashiro E, Ferreira Alves VA^Twenty hearts from patients dying of leptospirosis were studied. Interstitial myocarditis was found in 50% of the cases, and a significant statistical correlation was observed between myocarditis and the inflammatory involvement of the conduction tissue. Acute coronary arteritis, affecting the main branches of the coronary arteries, was observed in 70% of the cases, and this finding also correlates significantly with interstitial myocarditis. Aortitis was found in 57.8% of the cases. When serum against L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae was used, focal IP antigen deposits were observed in the coronary arteries and in the aorta. Experimental data from 12 guinea-pigs inoculated with L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae showed a focal myocarditis involving mainly the subendocardial and pericoronary heart tissue, with IP antigen deposits in the same sites. Leptospirosis might be visualized as a generalized illness resembling other infectious vasculitides. The heart and main vessels are involved during the septicaemic phase of the disease, and bacterial migration, toxin(s), enzymes and/or antigenic products liberated by bacterial lysis might account for the increased endothelial permeability with antigen deposits and inflammation.^0
87268829^C-reactive protein in dogs.^198706^Am J Vet Res 1987 Jun;48(6):919-21^^Caspi D, Snel FW, Batt RM, Bennett D, Rutteman GR, Hartman EG, Baltz ML, Gruys E, Pepys MB^Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dogs with various diseases or undergoing various procedures were measured by specific immunoassay. In 20 healthy dogs from various sources, values were all less than 5 mg/L, but in 22 healthy dogs from a single source, values ranged from less than 5 mg/L in 14 dogs and from 8 to 67 mg/L in 8 dogs. Increased concentrations of serum CRP were attained 24 hours after injection of casein (n = 9; median 188 mg/L), ovariohysterectomy (n = 11; median, 144 mg/L), or elective, nonacute orthopedic surgery (n = 10; median, 83 mg/L). After inoculation of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola (n = 5), the behavior of serum CRP as an acute-phase reactant provided a sensitive and precise objective reflection of in vivo response. The CRP concentration in random single-serum samples from 73 dogs with other inflammatory and noninflammatory disorders ranged from normal (less than 5 mg/L) to 246 mg/L and generally correlated with the extent and activity of disease.^0
87276411^Prevalence of leptospirosis in man. Pilot survey.^198706^Eur J Epidemiol 1987 Jun;3(2):137-42^^Cacciapuoti B, Vellucci A, Ciceroni L, Pinto A, Taggi F^A survey on the prevalence of leptospirosis was performed on the population living in an area of central Italy. The size of the sample was calculated in order to provide significant results in the case of a prevalence of infection in not less than 1% of the population. Results demonstrated an unexpectedly wide circulation of leptospirosis in the surveyed area, showing a prevalence rate of infection of 11.34% for people living in rural areas and 3.08% for people living in the main town. The highest prevalence of infection (17.44%) was found in people between 30 and 44 years of age, living in rural areas. Such a wide circulation of undiagnosed past leptospiral infections was attributed both to the prevalence of mild clinical cases of leptospirosis in humans and the lack of microbiological tests performed to differentiate current leptospirosis from other infectious illnesses. An unexpected persistence in sera of co-agglutinins towards non-pathogenic serovars of L. biflexa was also noticed in healthy people. Criteria were established for the extension of the survey on the prevalence of leptospirosis to cover larger areas by limiting sampling to the more exposed age groups and to areas representative of a larger land belt.^0
87299450^The effects of gamma-irradiation on haemopoiesis and red blood cell destruction in hamsters infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum.^198706^Br J Exp Pathol 1987 Jun;68(3):389-98^^Thompson JC, Johnstone AC^Irradiated hamsters were infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum in order to study the effects of impairment of the reticulo- macrophage system on the progression of the disease and the development of haemoglobinaemia. Infected and irradiated hamsters were compared with infected controls, irradiated controls and untreated controls. Red blood cells (RBCs) from untreated controls were biconcave disks while those from irradiated controls were echinocytes. Red blood cells from animals of both infected groups which were severely affected and moribund were in the form of pitted spherocytes and were associated with increased icteric indices and haemoglobinaemia. Red blood cells from less severely affected animals were echinocytic. Pitted spherocytes, however, were seen in some irradiated-infected hamsters before increased icteric indices and haemoglobinaemia were present. Both irradiated-infected and irradiated hamsters showed severe depletion of haemopoietic cells and lymphoid cells, with regeneration occurring in those animals which survived for longer. Red cell sequestration and erythrophagocytosis were present in infected-only hamsters. In irradiated-infected animals, severe anaemia was caused by both persistence of fixed macrophages, RBC sequestration and erythrophagocytosis, and haemorrhage due to vascular damage and renal papillary necrosis. A severe leucopaenia affected the irradiated hamsters' ability to suppress leptospiral multiplication resulting in the presence of larger numbers of organisms.^0
87300888^[Surveillance of leptospirosis in Slovakia]^198706^Bratisl Lek Listy 1987 Jun;87(6):696-709^^Bakoss P, Kmety E, Machacova E, Stupalova S, Slacikova M, Jarekova J^^0
87316440^The isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and related serological findings associated with a mixed farming unit in the Transvaal.^198706^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1987 Jun;54(2):119-21^^De Lange JF, Gummow B, Turner GV, Redman AR^This is the first known isolation in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) of the serovar pomona from the organs of porcine foetuses as well as from the renal lymph nodes of slaughter pigs showing chronic nephritis. In addition, the serovar pomona was isolated from the kidneys of 87.5% of the slaughter pigs examined. The success of these isolations was attributed in part to the refining of 2 existing isolation techniques which complement each other. Using the microscopic agglutination test, serum samples taken from the same farming unit showed evidence of antibodies to the serovar pomona in 89 out of the 170 bovines (52%), 9 out of the 52 porcines (17%), 2 of the 2 canines (100%), 5 out of the 13 equines (38%) and 2 out of the 152 ovines (1%) that were tested. As far as is known, serological evidence of the serovar pomona in porcines, ovines, equines and canines has never previously been published in the RSA.^0
87321358^[Studies on endotoxins of Leptospira. III. The presence of beta-hydroxy- myristic acid in the LPS of Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai]^198706^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1987 Jun;27(2):165-8^^Wu SH, Jiang SX, Wang HQ, Ke L, Nie DK, Zhu GF, Liu YM^^0
88045215^A comparison of live and formalised leptospiral microscopic agglutination test.^198706^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Jun;265(1-2):151-9^PHLS Leptospira Reference Unit/WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Research and Reference on Leptospirosis, County Hospital, Hereford, United Kingdom.^Palmer MF, Waitkins SA, Wanyangu SW^The sensitivity and reliability of a formalised leptospiral antigen battery was compared with a smaller battery of live leptospiral antigens with 152 human sera positive for leptospirosis. There was good concurrence of results between the formalised and live antigens, however the live battery did fail to detect some positive sera where the antibody level was low. The formalised antigens were more sensitive than the live (P less than 0.001) and more reliable in the detection of early leptospiral infection, but the live antigens were more specific in the determination of probable infecting serogroup.^0
87268314^Trypsin-treated and coomassie blue-stained epimastigote antigen in a microagglutination test for Chagas' disease.^198707^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987 Jul;37(1):66-71^^el Harith A, Laarman JJ, Minter-Goedbloed E, Kager PA, Kolk AH^A microagglutination test using trypsin-treated and Coomassie blue- stained Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote antigen was adapted for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease. When incorporated in the test, 2- mercaptoethanol treatment of chagasic sera had no influence on antibody titer. In contrast, titers in sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis, African trypanosomiasis, and autoimmune disorders, subjected to similar treatment, showed remarkable decline. Accordingly, a lower cut-off point for Chagas' disease serological negativity could be taken resulting in a higher sensitivity (95.6%); the specificity was 94.7%. Similar specificities were obtained with Leishmania donovani chagasi and L. d. donovani antigens applied to homologous visceral leishmaniasis and heterologous Chagas' sera. Of 316 nonchagasic sera, only 3 with leptospirosis and 1 with leprosy showed seropositive titers prior to and after 2-mercaptoethanol treatment.^0
88045239^Selection of antigenic variants from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola by means of anti-canicola monoclonal antibody.^198707^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Jul;265(3-4):290-8^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Saito T, Ono E, Yanagawa R, Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L^Antigenic variants were isolated from canicola by a single selection with anti-canicola monoclonal antibody CT-3. The variants were not identical to any serovars of serogroup Canicola and thought to be a new serovar. Variation frequency was calculated at 5.9 X 10(-4). The usefulness of monoclonal antibodies for selection of antigenic variants of leptospiras is discussed.^0
87252387^Cross-reactivity in serological tests for Lyme disease and other spirochetal infections.^198707^J Infect Dis 1987 Jul;156(1):183-8^^Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Johnson RC^Serum specimens from 163 persons with Lyme disease, tick-borne or louse- borne relapsing fever, yaws, syphilis, leptospirosis, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever were analyzed to assess the specificity of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and microscopic agglutination (MA) procedures. Strong cross- reactivity occurred when sera from individuals with Lyme disease, tick- borne relapsing fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever were tested against heterologous Borrelia antigens. Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi bound to Treponema pallidum in immunofluorescence tests for syphilis. Sera from subjects with syphilis cross-reacted in IFA tests and the ELISA for Lyme disease. Immunoglobulin antibodies to Borrelia or Treponema spirochetes, however, did not react with serovars of Leptospira interrogans in MA or IFA tests, and the prevalence of false- positive results in the reciprocal analyses was negligible.^0
88145182^Complement fixation and haemagglutination reaction with methanol extracts of icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola and patoc leptospires serovars.^198775^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1987 Jul-Sep;29(3):283-6^^Koury MC, Cisalpino EO^^0
88208748^The etiology and epidemiology of the leptospirosis in Bulgaria.^198775^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1987 Jul-Sep;46(3):233-9^^Manev H, Gancheva E, Yanakieva M^^0
87306653^[Epidemiology of Ixodes-Borreliosis in Southern Germany]^198707^Immun Infekt 1987 Jul;15(4):141-5^^Krampitz HE, Bark S^Intimate adaptation occurs between European strains of Borrelia burgdorferi and the local hard tick Ixodes ricinus. I. dammini, the important vector in USA, could not be infected experimentally with a strain of the lyme spirochete from Southern Germany. Other species of blood suckers are sometimes able to maintain uptaken spirochetes for a few days, but never to compensate the tick vector. Man seems to be a good host for B. burgdorferi but without epidemiological significance due to his poor vector role for ticks. The Ixodes-borreliosis is an anthropozoonosis. Well-known animal hosts for the three life stages of the tick are possible carrier hosts for B. burgdorferi as well. It has been established here for the first time in Europe that common wild- rodent species may be of some significance as hosts for the spirochete, as it is well-known in North America. Serological evidence shows, that dogs and grasing cattle in Southern Germany seem to play an important role in B. burgdorferi's outdoor circulation. 36 out of 72 dogs (= 50%) and 22 out of 66 cattle (= 33%) reacted significantly positive in the IFAT if local strains of B. burgdorferi were used as antigen. No serological cross reactions have been observed with Leptospira infections in dogs and cattles.^0
88003888^[Studies on the indirect haemagglutination test with Leptospira]^198707^Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1987 Jul;21(4):212-4^^Lin JR^^0
88034437^Rat-bite acquired leptospirosis.^198707^J Infect 1987 Jul;15(1):57-60^Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford.^Luzzi GA, Milne LM, Waitkins SA^We report a case of leptospirosis in a boy following a rat-bite, an unusual mode of transmission for this infection. The use of antibiotics for fever following a rat-bite is discussed.^0
88102037^Enzyme activities of the strains belonging to family Leptospiraceae detected by the API ZYM system.^198708^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Aug;266(1-2):218-25^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Saito T, Ono E, Yanagawa R^A total of 32 strains of the family Leptospiraceae (23 strains of Leptospira interrogans, 6 strains of Leptospira biflexa, 2 strains of Leptonema and 1 strain of Leptospira parva) were examined for enzyme activities using 89 substrates (API ZYM system). More than 90% of the strains belonging to the family Leptospiraceae possessed strong activities of beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucosidase and 5 esterases (C5, C6, C8, C9 and C10). More than 90% of the strains belonging to the genus Leptospira, except L. parva, had strong activities of L-lysine arylamidase and alpha-L-glutamate arylamidase. L. biflexa strains, except serovar andamana, were different from the other strains examined in that they possessed glycyl-glycine arylamidase, glycyl-phenylalanine arylamidase and L-tryptophan arylamidase. L. biflexa strains, except andamana, L. parva and Leptonema strains possessed strong activities of glycine arylamidase and leucyl-glycine arylamidase. Two strains of the genus Leptonema were different from the strains belonging to the genus Leptospira in that they possessed strong activities of beta-D- lactosidase. L. parva lacked alpha-D-galactosidase which other strains belonging to the family Leptospiraceae possessed. Dendrogram analysis revealed that strains belonging to the family Leptospiraceae were divided into 4 groups. The first group consisted of all strains belonging to L. interrogans and serovar andamana of L. biflexa; the second group consisted of the remaining 5 serovars of L. biflexa; the third group consisted of the genus Leptonema; and the fourth group consisted of only L. parva.^0
87308724^New infectious spirochete isolated from short-tailed shrews and white- footed mice.^198708^J Clin Microbiol 1987 Aug;25(8):1490-4^^Anderson JF, Johnson RC, Magnarelli LA, Hyde FW, Andreadis TG^A spirochete with two periplasmic flagella was isolated from the blood or tissues of spleens and kidneys from short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Connecticut and Minnesota. After inoculation, the shrew-mouse spirochete infected Swiss mice and Syrian hamsters. This spirochete is morphologically and serologically distinct from the species of Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Spirochaeta examined.^0
88064058^[Various forgotten and little-known facts in the history of studies on leptospirosis]^198708^Klin Med (Mosk) 1987 Aug;65(8):146-51^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS^^0
88099566^Leptospirosis among abattoir workers--a serological survey.^198708^Singapore Med J 1987 Aug;28(4):293-6^^Chan OY, Paul DR, Sng EH^^0
88102041^[Effort to eradicate a focus of tularemia and leptospirosis]^198708^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Aug;266(1-2):249-54^Institut fur Epidemiologie, Medizinische Fakultat der Komensky- Universitat, CSSR.^Kmety E, Gurycova D, Jarekova J, Rehacek J^An endemic area of tularemia and field fever was submitted to a complex surveillance over a period of more than 10 years. In 1977 an epizootic outbreak of tularemia appeared in all four localities studied. The infection rate in small mammals exceeded 10%. F. tularensis was isolated also from different species of ectoparasites. During 1978 the epizootic stopped in 3 foci, but continued to spread in one. Rodenticides (zinc phosphide) were therefore applied in this focus twice annually for 2 1/2 years. Since 1978, tularemia infections disappeared in small mammals as well as in man. The application of rodenticides did not influence the circulation of Leptospira grippotyphosa in small mammals. Their infection rate ranged between 3 and 6%. The reason for this striking difference is seen in the different pathogenesis and transmission of both infections.^0
87276273^Serological studies on British isolates of the Sejroe serogroup of leptospira. II. An evaluation of the factor analysis method of identifying leptospires using strains belonging to the Sejroe serogroup.^198708^Epidemiol Infect 1987 Aug;99(1):107-15^^Little TW, Stevens AE, Hathaway SC^Twelve British isolates of leptospira belonging to the Sejroe serogroup were examined using a series of six factor sera prepared by a number of different absorption methods. Ten of the isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and two as L. interrogans serovar saxkoebing. These isolates had previously been identified using the cross agglutination absorption method.^0
87276274^Serological studies of British leptospiral isolates of the Sejroe serogroup. III. The distribution of leptospires of the Sejroe serogroup in the British Isles.^198708^Epidemiol Infect 1987 Aug;99(1):117-26^^Little TW, Stevens AE, Hathaway SC^Some 94 strains of leptospires belonging to the Sejroe serogroup isolated in the British Isles were identified to the serovar level using specific factor sera. Seventy strains were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, 66 from cattle, 2 from pigs and 1 each from a sheep foetus and a human. Twenty-four strains were identified as L. interrogans serovar saxkoebing, most strains were isolated from either wood mice, bank or field voles but strains were also isolated from badgers, a fox and a dog.^0
88064040^[Clinical characteristics of leptospirosis and various indicators of liver function]^198708^Klin Med (Mosk) 1987 Aug;65(8):105-8^^Shugailo VT, Dorofeev SM, Baklanova AV, Tishchenko AN, Ornatskaia SA^^0
88076711^Macroscopic kidney lesions in slaughtered pigs are an inadequate indicator of current leptospiral infection.^198708^Aust Vet J 1987 Aug;64(8):258-9^Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Bendigo, Victoria.^Jones RT, Millar BD, Chappel RJ, Adler B^^0
88083704^[Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome]^198709^Feldsher Akush 1987 Sep;52(9):57-9^^Smirnov AN^^0
88063200^Serological studies on leptospirosis in Pakistan.^198709^JPMA J Pak Med Assoc 1987 Sep;37(9):233-6^^Ahmed IP^^0
88139129^Acute renal failure due to leptospirosis.^198709^J Assoc Physicians India 1987 Sep;35(9):631-3^^Muthusethupathi MA, Shivakumar S^^0
87295981^A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis.^198709^Am J Epidemiol 1987 Sep;126(3):535-45^^Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L, Maffei C, Di Stanislao F, Strusi P, Calegari L, Lupidi R, Scalise G, Cagnoni G, Renga G^During the period from July 10-26, 1984, 33 cases of serologically confirmed leptospirosis occurred in a small town in central Italy. The fatality rate, including the deaths of two unconfirmed cases, was 8.6% (3 of 35). Based on serologic evidence, the infection was caused by leptospires of the serogroup Australis. Epidemiologic study showed that the patients contracted the infection by drinking water from a fountain. The source of leptospiral contamination was probably a hedgehog trapped in a reservoir of water not in use but still connected to the water system of the fountain.^0
88056887^[Ultrastructural changes of renal glomeruli in guinea pigs with leptospirosis]^198709^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1987 Sep;18(3):203-6^^Liang XS, Dai BM, Bao L^^0
88058109^Leptospirosis in Hawaii [editorial]^198709^Hawaii Med J 1987 Sep;46(9):330^^Lewin JC^^0
88063048^Serologic survey for evidence of exposure to vesicular stomatitis virus, pseudorabies virus, brucellosis and leptospirosis in collared peccaries from Arizona.^198710^J Wildl Dis 1987 Oct;23(4):551-7^Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.^Corn JL, Lee RM, Erickson GA, Murphy CD^Two hundred eighteen usable serum samples were collected from hunter- killed collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) during March 1986, in three areas of Arizona. Evaluations for antibodies against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) New Jersey (NJ) type, VSV Indiana type, pseudorabies virus, brucellosis, and leptospirosis revealed positive test results in 8%, 0%, less than 1%, 0%, and 23% of the sera, respectively. Exposure of peccaries to VSV (NJ) was widespread, but variation in the prevalence of seropositive peccaries was not found between the three areas sampled. The exposure of peccaries to VSV (NJ) probably was related to the recent epizootics in livestock in the vicinity. Exposure to Leptospira interrogans serovars also was widespread, and geographic variation in the prevalence of peccaries with antibodies against L. interrogans was found.^0
88147219^Comparative classification of Leptospira serovars of the Pomona group by monoclonal antibodies and restriction-endonuclease analysis.^198710^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Oct;266(3-4):412-21^N.H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Terpstra WJ, Korver H, Schoone GJ, von Leeuwen J, Schonemann CE, de Jonge-Aglibut S, Kolk AH^The serovars of the Pomona group of Leptospira interrogans are antigenically closely related and can be classified only with difficulty by conventional typing methods. Monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) were prepared to serovars of the Pomona group. The MCAs were directed against antigens of polysaccharide nature. A battery of six MCAs was selected for the classification of Pomona group reference strains. These MCAs could be used for the typing of all Pomona group strains and unknown isolates. Alternatively, DNA was extracted from the same strains and isolates and digested with restriction enzymes. The patterns that were obtained after gel separation of the DNA digests were characteristic and also allowed classification. Restriction enzyme analysis was complicated but gave detailed information. Classification with MCAs could be easily and rapidly performed.^0
88102079^[Epidemiology of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis (ecological aspects)]^198710^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1987 Oct;(10):43-9^^Bernasovskaia EP, Kondratenko VN^^0
88159056^[Study of leptospirosis in our country, from the early beginnings to the present]^198775^Rev Ig [Bacteriol] 1987 Oct-Dec;32(4):373-5^^Andrcescu N^^0
88270256^Leptospirosis in horses in Ontario.^198710^Can J Vet Res 1987 Oct;51(4):448-51^Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph.^Kitson-Piggot AW, Prescott JF^Sera from Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses in southwest Ontario were tested for antibody to seven Leptospira interrogans serovars (autumnalis, bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona), using the microscopic agglutination test. There was significantly higher seroprevalence of bratislava than of other serovars, in which prevalence was low. Seroprevalence of bratislava increased significantly with age; only 5% of two to three year old horses had titers greater than or equal to 1:80 compared to 52% of horses older than seven years. Eight of 16 foals from two farms seroconverted at low titers to bratislava between four and eight months of age. Leptospires were not detected by immunofluorescence and isolation techniques in 50 kidneys collected from horses at slaughter. Fetal tissues from 52 aborted horse fetuses were also examined by these methods and serovar kennewicki was identified by immunofluorescence and by isolation in one fetus. Serovar bratislava appears to be widespread in horses in Ontario but unimportant in abortion. The clinical significance of this infection in horses in Ontario is unclear.^0
88119843^Attachment of antigenic variants of leptospiras to mouse fibroblasts resisting inhibitory effect of anti-parent antiserum.^198710^Jpn J Vet Res 1987 Oct;35(4):251-61^^Ito T, Yanagawa R^^0
88120137^[Present-day clinical course of leptospirosis]^198710^Klin Med (Mosk) 1987 Oct;65(10):110-6^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS, Nishevich EB, Tormozova NM, Ryndich AA, Vasilets VV^^0
88132704^Cefotaxime for therapy of acute leptospirosis [letter]^198710^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987 Oct;31(10):1656^^Thangkhiew I^^0
88146529^Detection of leptospires in biological fluids using DNA hybridisation.^198710^Vet Microbiol 1987 Oct;15(1-2):71-8^Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Bendigo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Vic., Australia.^Millar BD, Chappel RJ, Adler B^DNA extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was labelled with phosphorus-32 by nick translation and used as a genomic probe to detect leptospiral DNA. The sensitivity of detection in a 10-microliter spot on nylon membranes was 160 pg of leptospiral DNA or 1.1 X 10(3) leptospires and assays with nylon membranes were somewhat more sensitive than assays with nitrocellulose membranes. The probe reacted with the pathogenic hardjo and tarassovi leptospiral serovars, but not with other genera of bacteria. To detect leptospires in body fluids, these were treated to free leptospiral DNA and then concentrated on membranes using a Bio-Dot apparatus. Neither serum nor urine interfered with the assay system. The DNA of leptospires added to pig urine was stable for at least 2 h at room temperature and for at least 20 h at - 20 degrees C.^0
88146530^Effect of maternal vaccination on the susceptibility of growing pigs to leptospiral infection.^198710^Vet Microbiol 1987 Oct;15(1-2):79-87^Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Bendigo, Vic., Australia.^Millar BD, Chappel RJ, Adler B, Driesen SJ, Jones RT^Serum samples were collected from 30 piglets, derived from 17 litters, whose dams had been vaccinated against leptospirosis. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titres against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona varied greatly from pig to pig; there was less variation among littermates. Titres declined between 4 and 10 weeks of age, with an uncorrected half-life of 15.5 days, consistent with IgG being the main antibody class involved. Twelve pigs, 4 derived from unvaccinated sows and 8 from sows vaccinated against leptospirosis, were challenged intravenously at 8 weeks of age with leptospires of serovar pomona. Colostrum-derived antibody protected 4 out of 8 pigs, and in 1 of the remaining 4 the serological response was reduced. Three of the protected pigs showed reduced serological responses and in the fourth the response was strong, but delayed. All of the pigs derived from unvaccinated sows developed leptospiraemia and leptospiruria and showed strong serological responses. Protection by colostrum-derived antibody bore an inexact relationship to MAT titre, but a titre of 16 appeared to be sufficient for protection.^0
88146531^Leptospiral attachment to extracellular matrix of mouse fibroblast (L929) cells.^198710^Vet Microbiol 1987 Oct;15(1-2):89-96^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Ito T, Yanagawa R^The attachment of leptospires to the extracellular matrix (ECM) remaining after mouse fibroblast (L929) cells on coverslips had been solubilized with Triton X-100 was examined. Each highly virulent line of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni, canicola and pomona attached to ECM more effectively than intermediately virulent and avirulent lines of the same strains, suggesting a correlation between virulence and attachment to ECM. Inhibition of the attachment of highly virulent copenhageni to ECM was found in the presence of the homologous immunoglobulin G Fab fragment.^0
88147225^Molecular comparison of antigens and proteins of virulent and avirulent clones of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni, strain Shibaura.^198710^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987 Oct;266(3-4):453-62^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Niikura M, Ono E, Yanagawa R^The antigens and the protein profiles of virulent and avirulent clones of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni, strain Shibaura were compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Western blotting and radioimmunoprecipitation. An antigen specific to the virulent clone was detectable only in the virulent clone by Western blotting using anti-virulent clone but not anti-avirulent clone antisera. The molecular weight of the antigen was estimated to be approximately 32000 by SDS-PAGE, and the antigen was found to be thermostable. A 43000 dalton antigenic molecule was found to be specific for the virulent clone, and the 41000 dalton antigenic molecule was found to be specific for the avirulent clone by Western blotting using both anti-virulent and anti-avirulent clones antisera. Therefore, these antigenic molecules seemed to contain at least one antigenic determinant which is common to the virulent and the avirulent clones. No difference between the virulent and avirulent clones was observed in the comparison of protein profiles on SDS-PAGE and surface exposed antigenic protein profiles on radioimmunoprecipitation using radioiodinated leptospiral surface exposed proteins. Therefore, the antigens which were different between the virulent and avirulent clones were suspected not to be protein antigens.^0
88182032^Leptospirosis risk in public cleansing and sewer workers.^198710^Ann Acad Med Singapore 1987 Oct;16(4):586-90^Department of Industrial Health, Ministry of Labour, Singapore.^Chan OY, Chia SE, Nadarajah N, Sng EH^The degree of leptospirosis risk was investigated in 80 sewer and 120 public cleansing workers. They were interviewed and their serum samples tested for the presence of leptospiral antibodies by the sensitised erythrocyte lysis (SEL) test. Another 100 control subjects matched by sex, age and ethnic group were similarly studied. The study subjects had higher seroprevalence than the controls--over six times higher for SEL titres of greater than 1:100 and over 1.5 times for titres of greater than 1:25. The highest seroprevalence was found in workers cleaning wet markets and food centres. There was no significant correlation between the prevalence of positive titres and symptom prevalence or hospitalisation. Five of the study subjects (all sewer workers) gave a history of jaundice.^0
88223546^[Clinical differentiation between the pulmonary hemorrhagic type of leptospirosis and Staphylococal aureus pneumonia]^198710^Chung Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih 1987 Oct;10(5):278-80, 308-9^^Wang GX^^0
87309929^Rhabdomyolysis in leptospirosis (Weil's disease).^198710^J Infect Dis 1987 Oct;156(4):692-3^^Solbrig MV, Sher JH, Kula RW^^0
88055411^A new serovar mogdeni of serogroup Tarassovi of Leptospira interrogans isolated from a sewage plant in England.^198710^Epidemiol Infect 1987 Oct;99(2):373-7^Public Health Laboratory Service, Colindale, London, UK.^Coghlan JD, Kmety E^Among 30 strains of leptospires isolated from samples of sewage taken before and during treatment at two sewage plants in England, only one appeared to belong to Leptospira interrogans, the species that comprises the leptospires that are pathogenic to man and animals. That strain, Compton 746, was isolated from settled sewage, before treatment at a treatment plant that deals mainly with human sewage. It was shown serologically to belong to serogroup Tarassovi and appears to represent a new serovar that has been named mogdeni after the name of the sewage plant, Mogden, from which it was isolated.^0
88055412^Serological prevalence of leptospiral infection in domestic animals in West Malaysia.^198710^Epidemiol Infect 1987 Oct;99(2):379-92^Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.^Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL, Adam H^A cross-sectional serological survey of domestic animals in West Malaysia revealed that 25.5% of the animals examined had agglutinating antibodies to one or more antigens belonging to Leptospira interrogans. Significant prevalence of infection was observed in cattle (40.5%), buffaloes (31%) and pigs (16%). The Sejroe serogroup was shown to be the principal one involved in cattle and buffaloes, and to a lesser extent the Tarassovi and Pomona serogroups. Evidence of infection in domestic animals by strains bearing the other seven antigens appeared insignificant and was indicative of sporadic infection. A majority of the large (semi-intensive) cattle and buffalo farms demonstrated a high prevalence of leptospiral infection. In both species of domestic animals mentioned above, the prevalence of infection was significantly higher (P = 0.01) in the semi-intensive farms than in the smallholdings. Amongst cattle, the droughtmasters had the highest prevalence whilst the Kedah-Kelantan (an indigenous breed) had the lowest prevalence of leptospiral infection. In general, the temperate breeds of cattle had a significantly (P = 0.01) higher prevalence of infection than local breeds. Leptospiral infection in goats and sheep was shown to be sporadic, and the Pomona serogroup was the principal leptospiral serogroup involved in these small ruminants. The prevalence of infection in pigs was observed to decline during the study period, and it is suspected that pigs in West Malaysia are the maintenance host for serovar pomona whilst cattle are the maintenance host for serovar hardjo. Overall, it appears that domestic animals in Malaysia will play a bigger role in the epidemiology of leptospiral infection with the advent of sophisticated farming.^0
88055413^Serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in China by the one-point MCA method.^198710^Epidemiol Infect 1987 Oct;99(2):393-8^Department of Applied Immunology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan.^Arimitsu Y, Matuhasi T, Kobayashi S, Sato T, Cui JJ^The one-point MCA method is very simple to perform and useful as a screening test in diagnosing leptospirosis in routine clinical laboratories. The kit, sensitized with six serovars occurring in Japan, was also useful in detecting serum antibodies of patients with leptospirosis in China.^0
88055414^One-point method for serological diagnosis of leptospirosis: a microcapsule agglutination test.^198710^Epidemiol Infect 1987 Oct;99(2):399-405^Department of Research, Japan Lyophilization Laboratories, Tokyo.^Seki M, Sato T, Arimitsu Y, Matuhasi T, Kobayashi S^This paper describes a simple and rapid microcapsule agglutination (MCA) test. The results obtained by this new test have been compared with those obtained by the microtitre MCA and the microscopic agglutination (MA) test. The procedures required for the new test are easier and can be performed more rapidly than those necessary for the microtitre MCA test. Furthermore, the new test is more sensitive than the MA test in the early stages of leptospirosis. This new test appears satisfactory as a screening test for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.^0
88063745^Leptospiral attachment to four structural components of extracellular matrix.^198710^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1987 Oct;49(5):875-82^^Ito T, Yanagawa R^^0
88072004^Leptospira hardjo vaccination regime [letter]^198710^Vet Rec 1987 Oct 10;121(15):358-9^^Clayton SN^^0
88087809^Genetic and antigenic differences of serologically indistinguishable leptospires of serovar hardjo.^198711^J Clin Microbiol 1987 Nov;25(11):2094-7^National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010.^LeFebvre RB, Thiermann AB, Foley J^Pathogenic leptospires of serovar hardjo isolated from North American cattle were compared genetically and antigenically to reference strain hardjoprajitno of the Sejroe serogroup. Guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) contents were determined for the genomes, and microscopic agglutination, Western blotting (immunoblotting), and immunoprecipitation were used to characterize antigenic relatedness. Major differences were demonstrated between the isolates and the reference strain. The G+C content of the reference strain was calculated to be approximately 34 +/- 1%, and those of the isolates were calculated at 39 +/- 1%. Antigenic differences between the isolates and the reference strain were identified by using rabbit immune serum raised against a hardjo isolate exhaustively adsorbed with hardjoprajitno whole and sonicated cells. Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation using this adsorbed serum revealed antigens apparently unique for the hardjo isolates. Microscopic agglutination with the adsorbed rabbit serum did not agglutinate hardjoprajitno when diluted 1:2 but agglutinated bovine isolates to a 1:32 dilution. Bovine antiserum raised against the isolates was also used to identify antigens by immunoprecipitation.^0
88087845^DNA probe for detection of the Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo genotype hardjo-bovis.^198711^J Clin Microbiol 1987 Nov;25(11):2236-8^National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010.^LeFebvre RB^A DNA probe is described for the diagnostic and taxonomic identification of the North American cattle pathogen Leptospira interrogans genotype hardjo-bovis. The probe is specific for this genotype and does not hybridize to genomic DNA of any other leptospire pathogen commonly found in North America.^0
88100998^Serological survey of leptospiral antibodies in cattle in Zimbabwe.^198711^Trop Anim Health Prod 1987 Nov;19(4):209-14^Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.^Feresu SB^A total of 2,382 sera from 92 herds widely distributed throughout Zimbabwe were screened using the Microscopic Agglutination Test against representatives of 18 serogroups of Leptospira interrogans and one representative of Leptospira biflexa. The prevalence of leptospiral titres at a serum dilution of 1:100 was 27%, the most common titres being to antigens from the Sejroe and Tarassovi serogroups. Significantly different proportions of titres were shown among the three farming systems and among the eight provinces of Zimbabwe.^0
88185792^Fatal leptospiral myocarditis.^198711^G Ital Cardiol 1987 Nov;17(11):992-4^Cattedra di Angiologia, Universita di Roma, La Sapienza.^De Biase L, De Curtis G, Paparoni S, Sciarra D, Campa PP^Clinical, instrumental and post-mortem studies were carried out in a patient with intractable cardiac failure, whose death was attribute to Weil's syndrome. A post-mortem examination showed the presence of numerous petechiae on the heart layers and diffuse lymphomonocytic infiltrates in the myocardium, epicardium and endocardium. We suggest that in patients affected by leptospirosis--an endemic disease with a possible fatal outcome--it is necessary to determine carefully any involvement of the cardiovascular system which may play a determinant role in the evolution of the disease.^0
88133795^[Etiologic studies of abortion in sheep with special reference to detection of Brucella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, Leptospira and Chlamydia]^198712^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1987 Dec 1;100(12):405-8^^Arda M, Bisping W, Aydin N, Istanbulluoglu E, Akay O, Izgur M, Karaer Z, Diker S, Kirpal G^^0
88180125^[Interaction of Leptospira with the host's body in the infectious process in guinea pigs]^198712^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1987 Dec;(12):81-7^^Semenovich VN, Polotskii IuE, Daiter AB^In experiments on guinea pigs the pathogenicity of leptospires is manifested by their adhesion to liver cells, colonization of the surface of these cells, accumulation of leptospires in the renal interstice and their colonization of the nephrothelial surface of proximal convoluted tubules in the kidneys, by toxic microcirculatory disturbances, dystrophy and necrosis of nephrothelial cells. Then the primary toxic action of circulating leptospires, microcirculatory disturbances and hemorrhagic syndrome augment during the colonization of the surface of liver cells, accompanied by their dystrophy and dissociation, as well as by jaundice. The accumulation of leptospires in the renal interstice and their subsequent multiplication on the nephrothelium of the proximal convoluted tubules are responsible for the development of interstitial nephritis and necrotic nephrosis. The persistence of lesions in the liver and kidneys, occurring in some cases in spite of elimination of the infective agent from these organs due to increasing antibody production suggests the toxic action of immune complexes.^0
88212366^[Comparison of protein profiles and McAb-recognized antigens of pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospires]^198712^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1987 Dec;18(4):310-3^^Cheng SQ, Wang CX, Ye DN, Dai BM^^0
88086346^Serologic correlation of suspected Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona-induced uveitis in a group of horses.^198712^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987 Dec 15;191(12):1576-8^Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.^Sillerud CL, Bey RF, Ball M, Bistner SI^After the observation of 2 horses with uveitis on a horse farm in the Minnesota River valley, 100 horses from this geographic area were given ophthalmologic examinations and were evaluated serologically for leptospirosis. A statistically significant (P less than 0.001) association was observed between the finding of antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and uveitis.^0
89070331^Affinity constants of anti-leptospira monoclonal antibodies, numbers of antigenic determinants on leptospiras, and their influence on the microscopic agglutination test and ELISA.^198801^Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(8):775-84^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.^Takimoto T, Ono E, Ito T, Yanagawa R^The affinity constants of anti-canicola and anti-hebdomadis monoclonal antibodies and the numbers of antigenic determinants per organism of each serovar of leptospira were determined, and their influence on the results of microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and ELISA were examined. In the combinations of a monoclonal antibody and some serovar which showed higher affinity constants at levels of 10(7) to 10(8)/M order, both MAT and ELISA were positive except for one combination, while in the combinations which gave lower affinity constants at levels of 10(6)/M order, MAT was positive but ELISA was negative. The number of antigenic determinants seemed to have no significant influence on the results. The disagreement due to the difference in the threshold affinities of MAT and ELISA should be considered in the use of monoclonal antibodies in the taxonomy of leptospira.^0
89095696^[Cytochemical studies of leukocytes in patients with leptospirosis]^198801^Lab Delo 1988;(11):22-4^^Avdeeva MG, Lebedev VV, Shubich MG^^0
89096552^Restriction endonuclease DNA analysis of Leptospira interrogans serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni.^198801^Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(9):887-94^First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ehime University.^Tamai T, Sada E, Kobayashi Y^Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae strains Ictero No. I and RGA and serovar copenhageni strains M20, Shiromizu and Shibaura were examined by restriction endonuclease DNA analysis. Fifteen endonucleases (AluI, BamHI, BglII, EcoRI, HaeIII, HhaI, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, SacI, SalI, SmaI, StyI, XbaI and XhoI) were used as the digesting enzymes. Strain Ictero No. I showed endonuclease cleavage patterns which differed from those of the other four strains only when it was digested with enzymes KpnI and HindIII. When digested with KpnI, an extra band of about 5.4 kb was clearly produced, and when digested with HindIII, an extra band of about 25 kb was produced. When the other 13 enzymes were used, no differences were found between the endonuclease cleavage patterns among the five strains. Moreover, strains RGA, M20, Shiromizu and Shibaura could not be distinguished by the restriction endonuclease DNA analysis using all 15 endonucleases. In addition, six newly isolated leptospires from patients with leptospirosis and from Rattus norvegicus were compared with the Ictero No. I and M20 strains, by restriction endonuclease DNA analysis using enzymes KpnI and HindIII. Three leptospires belonging to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae showed the same endonuclease cleavage patterns as the M20 strain. The other three strains, which belong to serovar copenhageni, showed almost the same endonuclease cleavage patterns as the M20 strain; only the Kai ima 702 strain produced an extra band which was not identical to the Ictero No. I-specific extra band when digested with HindIII. The leptospiral restriction endonuclease DNA analysis has revealed taxonomic structures that are unrecognized by serology alone.^0
89158916^Restriction endonuclease DNA analysis of antigenic variants of leptospires selected by monoclonal antibodies.^198801^Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(10):1007-11^Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.^Yamaguchi T, Ono E, Ito T, Yanagawa R^The genome of antigenic variant CV (CT3)-1 derived from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola was compared by cleavage with restriction endonucleases with the parent and serovar bafani, to which the variant was serologically most closely related. No differences were observed between the parent and variant in DNA restriction endonuclease patterns using eight restriction endonucleases. Serovar bafani was different in the patterns from the parent and antigenic variant CV (CT3)-1. The two antigenic variants derived from serovar hebdomadis, HV (H16)-1 and HV (H19)-1 which belonged serologically to serovars jules and hebdomadis, respectively, were compared by restriction endonuclease DNA analysis with the parent and serovar jules. No differences were observed between the parent and variants in DNA restriction endonuclease patterns using the same enzymes. But some differences were observed in DNA restriction endonuclease patterns between HV (H16)-1 and serovar jules. Thus, the antigenic variant selected from the parent by the anti-parent monoclonal antibody and serologically different from the parent, being identified either as a new serovar or as a known one, was found to be similar to the parent by the restriction endonuclease DNA analysis.^0
92166646^Bovine leptospirosis: bacteriologic versus serologic diagnosis of cows at slaughter.^198801^J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1988;63(5-6):301-9^^Ewes AM, Kasem AS, Elmolla A^^0
89045621^A review of leptospirosis in Malaysia.^198801^Vet Res Commun 1988;12(2-3):179-89^Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.^Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL^This paper reviews the literature on leptospirosis in Malaysia from its first description in 1928 until the present day. Most of the early reports were on investigations of leptospirosis in wildlife and man and up-to-date, thirty-seven leptospiral serovars from thirteen serogroups have been bacteriologically identified. The thirteen serogroups are: Australis, Autumnalis Bataviae, Canicola, Celledoni, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Sejroe and Tarassovi. Rats have been ascribed as the principal maintenance host of leptospires in Malaysia. However, serovars from the Pomona, Pyrogenes and Sejroe serogroups have yet to be isolated from rats. It is considered that the majority of leptospirosis cases in man were due to association of man with an environment where rats were plentiful. Recent investigations on domestic animals disclosed a high prevalence of infection in cattle and pigs and they were suspected as being the maintenance host for serovar hardjo and pomona respectively. There is ample scope for research in leptospirosis, particularly in the epidemiology and control of the disease in domestic animals. The strategy to control the infection in domestic animals and man in Malaysia is bound to be different from that of the temperate countries, basically due to the presence of a large number of leptospiral serovars in wildlife, further confounded by geographical and financial constraints.^0
89181226^Expression of antigen genes of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola in Escherichia coli.^198801^Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(12):1179-87^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.^Yamaguchi T, Ono E, Yanagawa R^Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola DNA was cloned into the plasmid pBR322 and introduced into E. coli. Eight out of approximately 10,000 transformants were found to express antigens of canicola by ELISA including colony ELISA blot test using anti-canicola antiserum. The canicola antigens expressed in the transformants reacted with the antisera against the serovars belonging to Canicola serogroup and other serogroups of L. interrogans. They did not react, however, with the antiserum against L. biflexa (with only one exception) nor with the antiserum against Leptonema illini. Thus, the recombinant DNA technique may provide alternative possibilities for preparing antigens of leptospires.^0
89014004^Mechanism of streptomycin resistance in Leptospira biflexa strain Urawa.^198801^Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(6):641-4^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Fukuyama, Hiroshima.^Fukunaga M, Mifuchi I^The mechanism of streptomycin resistance of Leptospira biflexa was investigated. A streptomycin-resistance mutant of Leptospira showed cross-resistance to dihydrostreptomycin but not to other antibiotics. Enzymatic inactivation of the drug could not be demonstrated in this mutant. Protein synthesis on the ribosomes from the mutant was insensitive to streptomycin. These results suggest that ribosomal resistance is the reason for streptomycin resistance in Leptospira biflexa.^0
89046346^[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis: apropos of 5 case reports]^198801^Acta Clin Belg 1988;43(4):273-81^^Bigaignon G, Colin JF, Mulumba M, Damoiseaux P, Gohy P, Lens E, Passelecq E, Rosoux A, Reynaert M, Piot P^^0
89058387^[Serological study of the ocular complications of human leptospirosis]^198875^Rev Ig [Bacteriol] 1988 Jan-Mar;33(1):41-6^^Andreescu N, Tacorian D, Duminica E, Filip M, Sosin A^^0
89070335^Comparative studies of strains Ictero No. I and RGA as the type strain of Leptospira interrogans: agglutinin absorption test, protein and antigen profiles, and enzyme activities.^198801^Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(8):817-32^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.^Hata K, Ono E, Yanagawa R^Strain Ictero No. I, the first isolate of Leptospira, isolated by Inada and Ido in 1914, was found to be sufficiently qualified to be the type strain of Leptospira interrogans rather than strain RGA. In an agglutinin absorption test, anti-Ictero No. I serum was not absorbed completely with strain RGA, and 25% of the homologous titer remained unabsorbed, while anti-RGA serum was completely absorbed with strain Ictero No. I. Thus, strain Ictero No. I was not serologically identical with strain RGA, and the two strains were considered to be different serovars. A protein band with a molecular weight of approximately 33,000 daltons was detected in strain Ictero No. I but not in strain RGA by SDS-PAGE. By Western blotting, this protein band was detectable with anti-Ictero No. I serum but not with anti-RGA serum. The presence of the 33K protein in strain Ictero No. I, but not in strain RGA, was confirmed by radioimmunoprecipitation using [125I]-labeled antigens, indicating that the protein antigen was surface-exposed. Only 8 of the 89 enzymes activities were different between strains Ictero No. I and RGA (line Sapporo). From the above results, we propose that strain Ictero No. I should be designated as the type strain of L. interrogans instead of strain RGA.^0
89075935^Leptospirosis cases in man determined by the Patoc 1 saprophytic strain.^198875^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1988 Jan-Mar;47(1):23-7^^Andreescu N^^0
89100457^[Toxic shock]^198801^Sov Med 1988;(5):100-2^^Bondarev LS^^0
89147484^Cell-mediated immune response of goats to leptospirosis.^198801^Acta Microbiol Hung 1988;35(3):283-7^Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Alabama 36088.^Siddique IH, Mohamed AA^Cell-mediated immunity to Leptospira pomona was measured in goats by the leukocyte-migration inhibition test (LMIT) and microassay for stimulation of protein synthesis (SPS) with 3H-leucine. L. pomona soluble antigen was used in both tests. The migration indices in the group of goats infected with L. pomona were significantly lower (less than .001) as compared to control. The migration zones of the unstimulated peripheral blood leukocytes in the infected group were significantly smaller (less than .001) than those of the control. The SPS test was strongly positive in test animals and was negative in control.^0
89161382^[Leptospirosis and environment. Study of 2 major foci in New Caledonia]^198801^Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1988;36(6):436-42^Institut Pasteur de Noumea, Nouvelle-Caledonie.^Brethes B, Puech PL, Fraisse A, Dubois P, Domenech J, Bourdin P, Moreau JP, Capdevielle P, Dessouter D, Lambert M^A study of human and animal leptospirosis was carried out in new Caledonia's two most important focuses. This survey showed an annual incidence in the human population of 8.8 p. thousand in the Nera basin and 0.88 p. thousand in the Coulee basin. Male adults with agricultural and livestock occupations are the most exposed, especially from March to May, the end of the hot season. Frequent contacts with fresh water and animals, and the failure to use of gloves and boots, significantly increase the risk of contamination. Two factors of severity are important: serotype and age. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae is responsible for serious and fatal clinical forms and patients over 50 years of age have a maximum vital risk. In order to reduce the incidence and the severity of this disease, it appears desirable to vaccinate the farmers and the cattle breeders against L. icterohaemorrhagiae and to institute mass media information campaigns to warn against the risks of contamination.^0
89162709^Prevalence of leptospirosis in Belize.^198801^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988;82(3):495-9^MRC/Barbados Government Leptospira Laboratory, Bridgetown.^Everard CO, Cawich F, Gamble PG, Everard JD^In a search for leptospirosis in Belize, at least one current case was diagnosed among 11 febrile hospital patients examined in a 2-week period in mid-1984. Sera from 440 survey subjects in 6 schools, 4 urban communities and 9 rural communities were examined for leptospiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. 20 of 174 (11.5%) school pupils, 19 of 88 (22%) urban community subjects and 66/178 (37%) rural community subjects were positive at titres greater than or equal to 1:50, and 7.5%, 17% and 26%, respectively, were positive at greater than or equal to 1:100. Among all groups of survey subjects, serological reactions to antigens in the Australis serogroup predominated. Up to 81% of 155 sera from cattle in various areas of Belize were positive at titres greater than or equal to 1:100. Serological reactions to serogroup Sejroe predominated (43%), followed by Pyrogenes (16%) and Australis (15%). 20 of 71 (28%) pig sera were positive at greater than or equal to 1:100, predominantly to serovars in the Australis serogroup (51%). Of 162 sheep or goat sera examined, 65 (40%) were positive at greater than or equal to 1:100, mainly to serogroup Autumnalis (25%), followed by Australis (15%).^0
89241394^[Actual problems of leptospirosis in animals in Poland]^198801^Przegl Epidemiol 1988;42(4):364-9^^Kocik T^^0
89258987^Cytological investigation of CSF in leptospiral cerebral arteritis.^198801^J Tongji Med Univ 1988;8(4):253-6^^Zhang SM, Cai Z, Ruan XZ^^0
89299083^Epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in a slum area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Search for leptospires and specific antibodies in rodents.^198801^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988;82(5):768-70^Department of Bacteriology, Fundacao Oswasldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.^Pereira MM, Andrade J^101 Rattus norvegicus and 3 Mus musculus were captured in an urban slum of Rio de Janeiro city and examined for leptospiral infection. Direct examination of urine, serology (microagglutination) and culture together gave a positivity rate of 39%. Separately direct examination and serology gave positivity rates of 13% and 36% respectively. Serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae predominated in the serological tests. Leptospires were isolated from 24 of the 104 rodents (23%), but 4 cultures died. The remaining 20 were identified as members of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, and 5 were further identified as serovar copenhageni. Human leptospiral infection, mainly caused by Icterohaemorrhagiae, is endemic in Rio de Janeiro city, and rodents are a major source of the disease.^0
90047546^[Results and observations on the research of circulating immunocomplexes in subjects with suspected autoimmune pathology]^198875^Quad Sclavo Diagn 1988 Jan-Dec;24(1-4):115-9^Laboratorio di analisi chimico-cliniche e microbiologiche, Presidio ospedaliero, U.S.L.9, Prato Firienze.^Livatino L, Livatino L, Ignesti C^The authors have investigated the level of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in 409 patients (some hospitalized) suffering from disease in which the presence of CIC had been suspected. The 10% (forty-one) was positive, and clinical manifestations related have shown, in the majority of patients, a close relation with diseases in which there was, or it was possible to presume, an immunological pathogenic mechanism. Besides the authors examine a case with close association between high level of CIC and leptospirosis.^0
88194570^Motility of the spirochete Leptospira.^198801^Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1988;9(2):101-10^Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.^Goldstein SF, Charon NW^Spirochetes are a group of bacteria with a unique ultrastructure and a fascinating swimming behavior. This article reviews the hydrodynamics of spirochete motility, and examines the motility of the spirochete Leptospira in detail. Models of Leptospira motility are discussed, and future experiments are proposed. The outermost structure of Leptospira is a membrane sheath, and within this sheath are a helically shaped cell cylinder and two periplasmic flagella. One periplasmic flagellum is attached subterminally at either end of the cell cylinder and extends partway down the length of the cell. In swimming cells, each end of the cell may assume either a spiral or a hook shape. Translational cells have the anterior end spiral shaped, and the posterior end hook shaped. In the model of Berg et al., the periplasmic flagella are believed to rotate between the sheath and the cell cylinder. Rotation of the anterior periplasmic flagellum causes the generation of a gyrating spiral-shaped wave. This wave is believed sufficient to propel the cells forward in a low-viscosity medium. The cell cylinder concomitantly rolls around the periplasmic flagella in the opposite direction--which allows the cell to literally screw through a gel-like viscous medium without slippage. This model is presented, and it is contrasted to previous models of Leptospira motility.^0
88172740^Hematology, intestinal parasites, and selected disease antibodies from a population of bobcats (Felis rufus) in central Arkansas.^198801^J Wildl Dis 1988 Jan;24(1):180-3^Department of Biology, University of Arkansas, Little Rock 72204.^Heidt GA, Rucker RA, Kennedy ML, Baeyens ME^Eight bobcats with adjoining or overlapping home ranges were examined. Hematological values were within previously reported ranges. Six bobcats demonstrated antibody titers to Toxoplasma gondii. Isospora spp., Taenia taeniaeformis, Spirometra mansoides, Physoloptera rara, Toxocara cati, Strongyloides spp., Trichurus spp., Capillaria spp., and Ancyclostoma spp. were found also in the animals examined. The mean number of parasite species per host was 4.1. All bobcats tested negative for serum antibodies to Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii). Two bobcats had titers less than or equal to 1:20 for tularemia (Francisiella tularensis), and two were positive for leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.).^0
88208906^Macroscopic kidney lesions in slaughtered pigs as an indicator of current leptospiral infection [letter]^198801^Aust Vet J 1988 Jan;65(1):35-6^^Mercy AR, Peet RL, Hustas L^^0
88218322^[Sero-epidemiologic study of 277 cases of human leptospirosis in the central eastern region of France between 1972 and 1984]^198801^Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1988;36(1):26-9^Hopital Saint-Joseph, Lyon.^Thoinet S, Boucaud Maitre Y, Hutinel P, Cloppet H, Quenin P^We reported 277 clinical cases of Leptospirosis with a significant serological title (greater than 100) by lyse-agglutination. Sera were sampled from 1972 to 1984 among 9182 subjects living in Central-Eastern departments of France) for immunological diagnosis of leptospirosis. We noted the stability of the average yearly rate in this region, the difficulty in evaluating the incidence of the disease, the clinical predominance of icterus and the good clinical prognosis with specific antibiotherapy.^0
88256260^Serological survey of leptospirosis in and around Bangalore.^198801^Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1988 Jan;31(1):60-3^^Madhusudhana SN, Bhargawa SK^^0
88285653^Investigation of hemolytic activity of leptospirae on solid culture media.^198801^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(1):79-85^Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty of the Patrice Lumumba University of Friendship of Peoples, Moscow, USSR.^Volina EG, Kiktenko VS, Sarukhanova LE, Levina LF, Arutyunova GA, Soboleva GL^Results of investigation of hemolytic activity of leptospirae against red blood cells of various animal species on solid culture media using the technique of agar layers are presented. It has been shown that hemolytic properties of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospirae differ with respect to red blood cells of the sheep, the rabbit, the hamster, the albino rat and the albino mouse. Hemolytic activity of leptospirae regarding the erythrocytes of the cattle, the horse and the fowl depends on the strain of leptospirae. The advantage of using solid nutrient media for the determination of hemolytic properties of leptospirae in comparison with liquid media has been demonstrated.^0
88285654^Fatty acids as resource of carbon for leptospirae.^198801^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(1):87-93^Patrice Lumumba University of Friendship of Nations, Moscow, USSR.^Khisamov GZ, Morozova NK^The effect of saturated (palmitic, stearic, myristic) and unsaturated (oleic) fatty acids on the proliferation of Leptospirae was studied. Proliferation of the saprophytic strains G-45, K-1028 (serovar not identified) and of the pathogenic strain VGNKI-3 (serovar canicola) of Leptospirae was obtained on a serum-free medium with the addition of saturated fatty acids. The unsaturated oleic acid at relatively high concentrations (0.5 mg/ml) suppresses proliferation of these spirochetes. It has been demonstrated that the variants used in the experiment can be utilized for the study of nutritional requirements of Leptospirae and their metabolism.^0
88327979^[Epidemiological study of leptospirosis in New Caledonia]^198801^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1988;81(2):189-97^Institut Pasteur de Noumea, Nouvelle-Caledonie.^Brethes B, Puech PL, Fraisse A, Dubois P, Domenech J, Bourdin P, Moreau JP, Capdevielle P, Desoutter D, Lechapt M, et al^This epidemiological survey includes the study of human and animal leptospirosis in New Caledonia from clinical cases as well as a systematic serological study about exposed human and animal populations. The results show that this disease is endemic on the whole territory with a few important focuses in agricultural area, especially on the Western coast. Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae is the main serotype and is responsible for serious human leptospirosis. The male farmers constitute the most exposed population, especially from March to May, end of the host season. In order to reduce the importance of this disease, it is desirable that the farmers are vaccinated and mass media campaigns are necessary to improve the prevention.^0
88144315^[Value of intravenous gamma globulins at heavy dose in thrombopenia in a case of leptospirosis (letter)]^198801^Presse Med 1988 Jan 9-16;17(1):37^^Routy JP, Blanc AP, Costello R, Eucalipto J, Lee Poeyio W, Chardon H^^0
88242599^Early recovery of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae using a lysis centrifugation blood culture system [letter]^198802^Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988 Feb;7(1):86-7^^Vernet V, Garnier JM, Masure F, Chippaux-Hyppolite C^^0
89016917^Leptospirosis--can it be a sexually transmitted disease?^198802^Postgrad Med J 1988 Feb;64(748):163-4^Renal Unit, Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Hospital, Halton, Aylesbury, Bucks.^Harrison NA, Fitzgerald WR^Person to person spread of leptospirosis has not been previously reported. We describe two cases occurring in a man and wife which tantalisingly raise this possibility.^0
88231429^[Combined use of extracorporeal detoxication and hyperbaric oxygenation in severe forms of infectious diseases]^198802^Klin Med (Mosk) 1988 Feb;66(2):120-2^^Bogolitsin IuG, Zhukov VIu, Nedashkovskii ZD, Agafonov VM, Portnov OA^^0
88237208^Opsonic effect of monoclonal antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.^198802^Vet Microbiol 1988 Feb;16(2):167-80^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Takase H, Yanagawa R^The opsonic effect of monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain Shibaura was examined in vitro using radiolabeled organisms and mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages. Four IgG McAbs (all IgG3) and 2 IgM McAbs were used, all showed different reactivities and were bound to homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IgG3 McAbs at the sub-agglutinating concentration were opsonic, but the degree of the opsonic effect varied among IgG3 McAbs. Opsonization with IgG3 McAbs at the concentration showing the same level of ELISA binding showed that the highest opsonic effect was exerted by Sw-6 antibody. The other IgG3 McAbs showed a similar but lower opsonic effect. IgM McAbs, which were not opsonic at the sub- agglutinating concentration even in the presence of complement, showed opsonic effect at the agglutinating concentration.^0
88253378^[Distribution and dynamics of leptospiral serovars on the frontier of Yunnan Province]^198802^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1988 Feb;9(1):25-8^^Zhang FZ^^0
88295991^[Cytological examination of the CSF in leptospiral cerebral arteritis]^198802^Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1988 Feb;21(1):53-6, 64^^Zhang SM^^0
88337941^[Swine leptospirosis. First isolation in Chile of Leptospira interrogans serovar tarassovi]^198802^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1988 Feb;35(2):105-8^^Zamora J, Riedemann S, Frias M^^0
88142198^Placebo-controlled trial of intravenous penicillin for severe and late leptospirosis.^198802^Lancet 1988 Feb 27;1(8583):433-5^US Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Manila, Philippines.^Watt G, Padre LP, Tuazon ML, Calubaquib C, Santiago E, Ranoa CP, Laughlin LW^The effect of a 7-day course of intravenous penicillin (6 million units/day) on severe, advanced leptospirosis was examined in a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial involving 42 patients. Every measurable aspect of the disease was favourably affected by penicillin. Fever lasted more than twice as long in the placebo group (11.6 [SD 8.34] days vs 4.7 [4.19] days, p less than 0.005), and by the fourth day after starting penicillin more than half the treatment group, but only 1 of 19 in the placebo group, were afebrile (p less than 0.005). Creatinine rises persisted more than thrice as long in the patients receiving only placebo (8.3 [8.46] days vs 2.7 [1.90] days; p less than 0.01). Penicillin also shortened the hospital stay and prevented leptospiruria. Intravenous penicillin should be given to patients with severe leptospirosis, even if therapy can be begun only late in the course of their disease.^0
88236551^A simple step to enhance the demonstration of Leptospira in Young's Warthin-Starry technique.^198803^Stain Technol 1988 Mar;63(2):122-4^Animal Health Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Western Australia.^Elliott KG^^0
88239639^Sensitivity of pathogenic and free-living Leptospira spp. to UV radiation and mitomycin C.^198803^Appl Environ Microbiol 1988 Mar;54(3):728-33^Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506.^Stamm LV, Charon NW^The habitats for the two major Leptospira spp. differ. The main habitat of L. biflexa is soil and water, whereas L. interrogans primarily resides in the renal tubules of animals. We investigated whether these two species, along with L. illini (species incertae sedis), differ with respect to their sensitivity to UV radiation. The doses of UV resulting in 37, 10, and 1% survival were determined for representative serovars from each species. L. interrogans serovar pomona was 3.0 to 4.8 times more sensitive to UV than the other Leptospira species under the 37, 10, and 1% survival parameters. In comparison to other bacteria, L. interrogans serovar pomona is among the most sensitive to UV. In a qualitative UV sensitivity assay, L. interrogans serovars were found to be in general more sensitive than L. biflexa serovars. All three species were found to have a photoreactivation DNA repair mechanism. Since organisms that are resistant to UV are often resistant to the DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C, we tested the relative sensitivity of several Leptospira serovars to this compound. With few exceptions, L. biflexa and L. illini serovars were considerably more resistant to mitomycin C than the L. interrogans serovars. The mitomycin C sensitivity assay could be a useful addition to current characterization tests used to differentiate the Leptospira species.^0
89016938^Failure of penicillin prophylaxis in laboratory acquired leptospirosis.^198803^Postgrad Med J 1988 Mar;64(749):236-8^St. George's Hospital, London, UK.^Gilks CF, Lambert HP, Broughton ES, Baker CC^A laboratory technician developed leptospirosis following accidental inoculation, despite prompt administration of parenteral penicillin by an accepted regimen of post-exposure prophylaxis. Another technician was similarly exposed and was given doxycycline; no illness or serological conversion followed. The implications of these cases are discussed and recommendations made for post-exposure chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline.^0
89036112^DNA hybridization with hardjobovis-specific recombinant probes as a method for type discrimination of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198803^J Gen Microbiol 1988 Mar;134 ( Pt 3):567-74^N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Van Eys GJ, Zaal J, Schoone GJ, Terpstra WJ^Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA of Leptospira interrogans, serovar hardjo, showed two distinct types within this serovar. These two types, hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis, cannot be differentiated by monoclonal antibodies. Application of 32P- or biotin-labelled total DNA probes in dot-blot or in situ hybridization assays showed a high sensitivity of the assays but also considerable cross-hybridization. Therefore, a genomic library of hardjobovis was constructed and a number of hardjobovis-specific recombinant clones were isolated. Finally, four clones were selected on the basis of a strong hybridization signal and a high specificity for hardjobovis as compared to hardjoprajitno. In a dot-blot assay as well as in in situ hybridization experiments all four clones gave strong signals, and no cross-hybridization with hardjoprajitno was observed in either type of assay. Our results indicate that specific recombinant DNA probes might provide tools for routine diagnosis and classification in cases of hardjo infections.^0
89072420^Use of saprophytic Leptospira strains in the serodiagnosis of experimental leptospirosis in guinea-pigs (Cavia sp).^198875^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1988 Mar-Apr;30(2):91-4^^Girio RJ, Mathias LA^^0
89072421^[Immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) in detecting circulating antibodies of the IgM class in human leptospirosis]^198875^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1988 Mar-Apr;30(2):95-100^^da Silva MV, Camargo ED, Vaz AJ, de Souza AM, Ueda M, Sakata EE^^0
88185462^Recent trends in human leptospirosis in Italy.^198803^Eur J Epidemiol 1988 Mar;4(1):49-54^Department of Medical Bacteriology and Mycology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy.^Ciceroni L, Pinto A, Cacciapuoti B^The recent epidemiological trends of human leptospirosis in Italy were investigated using data collected for the years 1981-1985. A total of 626 hospitalized patients with clinical diagnoses of suspected leptospirosis were reported by hospital centers from several Italian regions. Epidemiological, clinical and seroimmunological data were collected in 517 of these cases and examined by the National Center for Leptospirosis. Serological findings in 33.5% of these subjects met the criteria for confirmation of the disease. In 21.8% of the subjects, low titer antibodies were detected, which possibly reflected previous leptospiral infections. An early antibiotic treatment of the current infection may also have lowered the seroimmunological response in some of these patients. In 59.3% of the confirmed cases, modes of transmission were allotted equally between accidental events and recreational or occupational activities. Drinking water from an open air fountain emerged as an uncommon mode of transmission; it was responsible for an outbreak of 33 cases of leptospirosis. In another 37.07% of the subjects, it was impossible to establish the mode of transmission. Respiratory or influenza-like symptoms were the only clinical signs of illness in 21.2% of the patients with confirmed leptospirosis. In comparison to the sixties and seventies, the prevalence of infecting serovars showed increasing incidence of infections due to serovars of the Javanica (11.0%) and Australis (11.0%) serogroups and an important decrease in the Bataviae serogroup infections (from 58.8% in rice-field workers in the forties to 0.6% in the years 1981-1985). Sejroe serogroup infections accounted for 4.5 per cent of confirmed cases of leptospirosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
88266415^[Characteristics of the interaction of Leptospira with the host organism in the infectious process in golden hamsters]^198803^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1988 Mar;(3):76-82^^Semenovich VN, Polotskii IuE, Daiter AB, Kleinerman AS^The comparative evaluation of the interaction of L. icterohaemorrhagiae strain P, L. canicola strain CL and L. hebdomadis strain 650 with golden hamster liver and kidney cells is presented. Three variants of the course of Leptospira infection have been distinguished: (1) the hepato-renal (icteric) variant, caused by the adhesion of leptospires to liver cells with the colonization of their surface and the disaggregation of liver-cell complexes and by the accumulation of leptospires in the kidney interstice; as a consequence, parenchymatous hepatitis and nephroso-nephritis develop, which lead to the death of animals; (2) the renal (anicteric) variant, characterized by the absence of the infective agent and lesions in the liver, by adhesion of leptospires to and their colonization of the nephrothelium of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys; in this case some of the animals die because of renal insufficiency and shock, while in the surviving animals prolonged carrier state develops; (3) the intermediate variant, characterized by the initial process of leptospiral adhesion and colonization in the liver and its subsequent progress in the kidneys.^0
88293330^Bovine leptospirosis: microbiological and histological findings in cattle at slaughter [published erratum appears in Aust Vet J 1988 May;65(5):164]^198803^Aust Vet J 1988 Mar;65(3):73-5^Victorian Department of Agriculture.^Skilbeck NW, Forsyth WM, Dohnt M^Kidneys from cattle at slaughter were examined for the presence of leptospires. Of 218 (8.3%) kidneys leptospires were isolated from 18; all were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. None of the leptospire-infected kidneys had histopathological lesions indicative of leptospirosis and leptospires were demonstrated in only 2 by immunogold silver staining. Leptospires infected kidneys remained viable for at least 21 days when stored at 4 degrees but became non- viable within 14 days when stored frozen at -15 degrees.^0
88230714^Serological survey for selected diseases in the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica).^198804^J Wildl Dis 1988 Apr;24(2):274-81^EG&G Energy Measurements, Inc., Santa Barbara Operations, Goleta, California 93117.^McCue PM, O'Farrell TP^Blood from endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) inhabiting the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve, Kern County, and the Elkhorn Plain, San Luis Obispo County, California, was collected in 1981, 1982 and 1984 and sera were tested for antibodies against 10 selected pathogens. Proportions of kit fox sera containing antibodies against pathogens were: canine parvovirus, 100% in 1981-1982 and 67% in 1984; infectious canine hepatitis virus, 6% in 1981-1982 and 21% in 1984; canine distemper virus, none in 1981-1982 and 14% in 1984; Francisella tularensis, 8% in 1981-1982 and 31% in 1984; Brucella abortus, 8% in 1981-1982 and 3% in 1984; Brucella canis, 14% in 1981- 1982 and none in 1984; Toxoplasma gondii, 6% in 1981-1982; Coccidioides immitis, 3% in 1981-1982; and Yersinia pestis and Leptospira interrogans serotypes canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona, none in 1981-1982. Although antibodies against selected pathogens were present, no clinical indications of disease were observed in these fox populations.^0
88301281^Comparative study of leptospiral strains Ictero No. I and RGA by restriction endonuclease DNA analysis.^198804^Jpn J Vet Res 1988 Apr;36(2):133-6^^Hata K, Yamaguchi T, Ono E, Yanagawa R^^0
89096397^Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis.^198804^Med Lab Sci 1988 Apr;45(2):174-8^^Palmer MF^^0
89043118^[Human leptospirosis--the infection in the inhabitants of the Aricanduva River valley, Sao Paulo city, 1984-1985. I. Aspects of the group studied and of the environment]^198804^Rev Esc Enferm USP 1988 Apr;22(1):103-21^^de Souza D^^0
88188192^Antigens recognised by the human immune response to infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198804^J Med Microbiol 1988 Apr;25(4):269-78^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.^Chapman AJ, Adler B, Faine S^Serum samples from patients infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunoblotting. There was no apparent correlation between MAT titre and EIA optical density (OD) for individual serum samples, but sequential serum samples produced similar profiles in both tests during the course of an infection. Immunoblotting of hardjo sonicate with patients' sera revealed reactions with a number of bands, in the mol. wt (10(3] range 14.4-95. However, all serum samples reacted with the major 28 x 10(3)-mol. wt sub-unit of hardjo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and most reacted with a (34.5-35) x 10(3)-mol. wt flagella doublet. Examination of sequential serum samples obtained over a period of about 3 months after infection revealed little change in the antigens detected after the second to third week of infection. Absorption of patients' sera with whole viable leptospires revealed that antibodies to several exposed antigens, including LPS, were produced. Sera which reacted with hardjo flagella also reacted with bands of similar mol. wts in preparations from other serovars.^0
88154629^The rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis: a prospective comparison of the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the genus-specific microscopic agglutination test at different stages of illness.^198804^J Infect Dis 1988 Apr;157(4):840-2^U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Number 2, Manila, Philippines.^Watt G, Alquiza LM, Padre LP, Tuazon ML, Laughlin LW^^0
88185438^The bacteriological prevalence of leptospiral infection in cattle and buffaloes in West Malaysia.^198804^Epidemiol Infect 1988 Apr;100(2):239-46^Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian, Malaysia, Selangor.^Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL, Stallman ND, Tinniswood RD^A cross-sectional bacteriological survey of cattle in West Malaysia revealed 14.4% (32/222) had leptospiral infection. Isolates were obtained from all except one herd with prevalence of infection in herds ranging from 0-44.8%. A small number of buffalo urine samples were examined and all of them were found to be negative. A leptospiral isolate obtained from a bovine kidney proved to be a new serovar of Leptospira interrogans and the name unipertama was assigned to it. Six other leptospiral serovars were isolated, namely canicola, australis, javanica, ballum, pomona and hardjo. All six serovars were isolated for the first time in cattle in Malaysia. Cattle in Malaysia appear to be the maintenance host for serovar hardjo. The presence of the other serovars in cattle was probably due to contact with the maintenance hosts, pigs for serovar pomona and rodents for the other three serovars. It appears that the epidemiology of leptospiral infection in cattle in Malaysia is similar to that reported overseas.^0
88223033^Seroprevalence and association with abortion of leptospirosis in cattle in Ontario.^198804^Can J Vet Res 1988 Apr;52(2):210-5^Department of Veterinary Micribiology and Immunology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph.^Prescott JF, Miller RB, Nicholson VM, Martin SW, Lesnick T^Sera were collected using a systematic random sampling from 348 cattle herds in Ontario, in proportion to the cattle population in different areas. One cow in five from 296 dairy herds and one in three from 52 beef herds were sampled. The sera were analyzed for prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorhagiae and pomona using the microscopic agglutination test. Herd seroprevalence (one or more animals with titer greater than or equal to 80) in beef and dairy herds combined was grippotyphosa 2%, hardjo 13.8%, icterohaemorrhagiae 10.1% and pomona 25.8%; 39% of all herds showed evidence of leptospiral infection with one or more serovars; 44.2% of 52 beef herds had serological evidence of infection with serovar hardjo compared to 8.4% of 296 dairy herds (P less than 0.0001). Seroprevalence of other serovars was not significantly different between beef and dairy herds. The proportion of beef animals seropositive for hardjo and for pomona increased with age, particularly for hardjo; 26.5% of beef animals aged nine years or over were seropositive for hardjo. Dairy animals showed a significant rise of hardjo but not pomona titers with age. The seroprevalence of pomona infection was significantly higher in dairy cattle in eastern Ontario than in other regions. Thirty-four (6.1%) of 553 aborted bovine fetuses had leptospires detected by immunofluorescence techniques. Sixty-five percent of these fetuses were from submissions made between November and January. Leptospires were identified as serovar hardjo by specific immunofluorescence. There appeared, however, to be a paradoxical serological response in that eight aborting cows had antibody titers to pomona rather than hardjo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
88223046^Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo isolated from cattle.^198804^Can J Vet Res 1988 Apr;52(2):286-7^Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph.^Prescott JF, Nicholson VM^The susceptibility to commonly used drugs of 18 isolates of Leptospira hardjo from the kidneys of feedlot cattle from different sources was determined quantitatively. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and streptomycin. Susceptibility to sulphamethazine was ambiguous. No drug resistance was detected and the results were similar to those described for other serovars.^0
88230722^Leptospires in the marine toad (Bufo marinus) on Barbados.^198804^J Wildl Dis 1988 Apr;24(2):334-8^MRC/Barbados Government Leptospira Laboratory, Lower Collymore Rock, Bridgetown.^Everard CO, Carrington D, Korver H, Everard JD^Leptospires were isolated from the kidneys of four of 211 toads (Bufo marinus) caught on Barbados. Two of the isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar bim in the Autumnalis serogroup (the most common cause of leptospiral illness on Barbados), and two as possibly new serovars in the Australis serogroup. Sera from 198 of the toads were examined by the leptospire microscopic agglutination test. Forty-two (21%) were positive at titers of greater than or equal to 1:100, and 54 (27%) at greater than or equal to 1:50. The predominating serogroups were Australis (50%), Autumnalis (23%) and Panama (13%). The agglutination tests on the culture-positive toads showed that serologic studies alone may be of limited value in these animals. Bufo marinus can harbor pathogenic leptospires, and it may be a significant source of the Autumnalis serogroup infections in the Caribbean.^0
88301494^[The so-called "ocular histoplasmosis syndrome"]^198804^Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1988 Apr;192(4):348-53^Univ.-Augenklinik Gottingen.^Behrens-Baumann W, Ecker S, Vogel M, Ritter K^The authors describe seven patients presenting with ophthalmoscopic findings typical of "presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome." However, no humoral antibodies could be demonstrated. Moreover, the results of skin tests were all negative even after "boostering." Hence, the diagnosis of ocular histoplasmosis had to be ruled out. Tests for listeriosis, lues, leptospirosis, ornithosis, Toxocara canis, toxoplasmosis, Larva migrans, and Candida albicans were also negative. There are evidently other, so far unknown, agents which lead to an ophthalmoscopic picture that mimics ocular histoplasmosis with its typical "punched-out lesions" and central hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy. One of these agents may be Epstein-Barr virus, because two of six patients had increased antibody levels of Epstein- Barr nuclear antigen and early antigen, indicating an active or persistent state of viral infection.^0
88301849^[Respiratory complications of leptospirosis. Apropos of 6 cases, 3 of which show hemodynamic studies]^198875^Med Trop (Mars) 1988 Apr-Jun;48(2):149-60^Hopitaux des Armees.^Bourdais A, Lonjon B, Vergez-Pascal R, Fournier A, Ah Lo W^Six cases of leptospirosis with pulmonary complications are reported. Three cases were accompanying an hepato-nephritis due to L. icterohaemorrhagiae. The first patient died with massive hemoptysis. The second, presenting a bilateral pneumopathy predominant on the left side, recovered after plasma exchange and hemofiltration. The third case concerned a pulmonary edema complicating a vascular refilling in a shock syndrome it simply recovered. The three other cases were observed in an anicteric leptospirosis: in two cases, L. Australis was responsible; in the last, L. icterohaemorrhagiae was involved. The first patient had a radiologic picture simulating miliary tuberculosis. The second had pulmonary edema complicating a vascular refilling in a shock syndrome. The last was an acute respiratory distress syndrome, treated with artificial ventilation with penicillin therapy and corticotherapy. All these 3 patients recovered. The diagnostic, physiopathologic and therapeutic problems of these pulmonary complications of leptospirosis are discussed. The lesional nature of the pulmonary edema is proved by the low pulmonary wedge pressures observed with the Swan-Ganz Catheter.^0
88278556^Seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies in the Jamaican livestock population.^198804^Vet Rec 1988 Apr 23;122(17):419-20^Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica.^Grant GH, Smith G, Schloss W^^0
88304918^Restriction endonuclease analysis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo isolates from cattle.^198805^Res Vet Sci 1988 May;44(3):375-9^Veterinary Research Laboratories, Stormont, Belfast.^Ellis WA, Thiermann AB, Montgomery J, Handsaker A, Winter PJ, Marshall RB^The genomes of 253 strains of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis of their DNA. The strains had been isolated from cattle at an abattoir (190), milk of agalactic cows (seven) and from aborted bovine fetuses (56). Two distinct genome types, Hardjoprajitno and Hardjobovis, were detected. The majority (91 per cent) of isolates from abattoir cattle were of the Hardjobovis type while most (76 per cent) of the isolates from clinical/pathological material were similar to Hardjoprajitno.^0
88323403^[A natural focus of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis in the floodplain of the lower Don and means for its eradication]^198805^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1988 May;(5):38-41^^Kondratenko VF, Bunin IK, Rodionova NS, Danilkin AP, Iagovkin EA^An active natural focus of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis has been detected in the area of fish-breeding ponds in Rostov Province, where the intensive epizootic among the population of Norway rats is observed the whole year round (574 animals have been examined, 56 cultures have been isolated). The epizootic process reaches its highest intensity in autumn (the proportion of infected animals exceeds 50%). This natural focus in the area of fish-breeding ponds is epidemiologically dangerous. The limitation of its infectious potential is possible by means of poisoned baits.^0
88230424^Identification of leptospiral flagellar antigens by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting.^198805^J Med Microbiol 1988 May;26(1):47-53^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.^Kelson JS, Adler B, Chapman AJ, Faine S^Flagella extracted from five serovars, representative of the pathogenic and saprophytic species of the Leptospiraceae, were morphologically similar. Analysis of Leptospira interrogans flagellar preparations by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three common major bands in the (30-40) x 10(3)-mol. wt region, and serovar-specific bands in the lower region of the gels. Although some differences were observed, flagella extracted from L. biflexa serovar patoc and Leptonema illini revealed similar electrophoretic profiles to those seen in L. interrogans flagella. Immunoblot analysis showed that while flagellar components in the (20-30) x 10(3)-mol. wt region were recognised only by homologous rabbit antisera, a major protein doublet of (33-34) X 10(3)-mol. wt, depending on the species, was also demonstrated by heterologous antisera. The serovar-specific bands in the (20-30) x 10(3)-mol. wt region were composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These results show that leptospiral flagella are immunogenic and contain antigens which are conserved among the different genera of the family Leptospiraceae.^0
88210983^Henoch-Schonlein syndrome. Unusual manifestations with hydrops of the gallbladder.^198805^Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1988 May;27(5):254-6^Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205.^McCrindle BW, Wood RA, Nussbaum AR^Henoch-Schonlein Syndrome (HSS) is characterized by the presence of purpuric skin lesions, colicky abdominal pain, renal manifestations, and arthritis. We report a case complicated by several unusual manifestations, including hydrops of the gallbladder and extreme thrombocytosis. Gallbladder hydrops has been known to occur in association with several conditions including Kawasaki syndrome, scarlet fever, and leptospirosis, but no previous report of this occurring in a patient with HSS could be found. The hydrops in our patient resolved spontaneously without specific medical or surgical treatment.^0
89146343^Hemolysin production by Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola in a protein-free medium with hemin.^198806^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1988 Jun;19(2):187-90^Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha 68105.^Lane EM, Ramaley RF, Miller NG^Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain moulton was grown to a high cell density in a protein-free medium. When hemin was added to this medium, hemolysin was produced. Hemolysin was not detected when other porphyrins or cytochrome C were substituted for hemin in the medium.^0
89065671^[Determination of deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of several leptospiral serovars]^198806^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1988 Jun;19(2):132-4^^Cheng SQ, Zhu G, Dai BM, Chai H^^0
89073815^[Two new serovars belonging to Leptospira hebdomadis serogroup]^198806^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1988 Jun;28(2):167-72^^Zhang FZ, Zhou CY, Wang XY^^0
89073816^[Identification of four new strains Leptospira]^198806^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1988 Jun;28(2):173-8^^Li CZ, Li ZH, Gao JY^^0
89146345^A serologic survey of rice-field leptospirosis in Central Luzon, Philippines.^198806^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1988 Jun;19(2):197-9^U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Manila, Philippines.^Padre LP, Watt G, Tuazon ML, Gray MR, Laughlin LW^Although human cases of leptospirosis have been reported from the Philippines, there is a lack of data on its prevalence. We therefore surveyed three rice-farming villages for the presence of leptospiral antibody. Out of 155 sera tested, 63 (43.6%) tested positive using the standard microagglutination test. Antibodies were more frequent in men than women (48 vs. 31%, respectively, p less than 0.01), and less common in the elderly. Exposure to leptospires occurs frequently in rice farmers, and leptospirosis is likely to be an underdiagnosed cause of both mild and severe febrile illness in the Philippines.^0
89146361^Epidemiology and characterization of leptospirosis at an urban and provincial site in Thailand.^198806^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1988 Jun;19(2):317-22^Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.^Heisey GB, Nimmanitya S, Karnchanachetanee C, Tingpalapong M, Samransamruajkit S, Hansukjariya P, Elwell MR, Ward GS^Patients with FUOs at the Children's Hospital in Bangkok and the Chao Phya Abhai Bhu Bejhr Hospital in Prachinburi were screened for leptospirosis by blood and urine culture in addition to microagglutination testing of their serum. Animal populations in urban and periurban areas of Bangkok were surveyed for evidence of leptospira infection. Three rural sites near the Prachinburi Provincial Hospital were also surveyed. The rodents' and domestic animals' blood, urine, and/or kidney cell samples were cultured for leptospira. Sera from these animals were also tested for leptospira antibody. The bataviae serovar was the most commonly detected leptospiral agent in both man and animals. Presenting symptoms varied with age with children showing primarily fever, vomiting, headache, abdominal and generalized muscle pain and diarrhea whereas adults had fever, headache, anorexia, muscle pain and constipation. Blood samples from patients suspected of having leptospirosis were tested for antibody by the MAT and cultured in EMJH media. The following serogroups were identified: bataviae, autumanalis, javanica, hebdomadis, and pyrogens. Leptospirosis incidence in humans was much higher in the rainy/flooding year of 1983 compared to the relatively dry year of 1984. Results of our animal surveillance studies indicate that in addition to rats, which have previously been mentioned, dogs, bandicoots, cattle and pigs could be the source of human leptospirosis infection in both urban and provincial locations in Thailand.^0
88245996^Dual infection with leptospira and hantavirus [letter]^198806^Lancet 1988 Jun 18;1(8599):1397^^Kudesia G, Christie P, Walker E, Pinkerton I, Lloyd G^^0
88289689^[Thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis. Role of anti-platelet antibodies (letter)]^198806^Presse Med 1988 Jun 25;17(25):1315-6^^Law-Koune JD, Picard P, Van Der Linden T, Michault A, Corbin JC, Duval G^^0
88276465^[Acute pancreatitis as a complication of leptospirosis]^198806^Orv Hetil 1988 Jun 26;129(26):1367-9^^Ribiczey P, Szekeres I, Turoczi I^^0
89021530^Broad reacting surface antigens in Leptospira biflexa serovar andamana.^198807^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1988 Jul;269(1):86-99^National Center for Leptospirosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy.^Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L, Saito T, Ono E, Yanagawa R^Previous investigations had demonstrated that genus-specific and species-specific antigens of leptospires are deep-seated within the leptospiral cell. Conversely, the present study has shown that strain CH11, serovar andamana of the non-pathogenic species of Leptospira biflexa is endowed on its surface with two cross-reacting antigens; a newly recognized antigen common to L. interrogans and L. biflexa spp. and an antigenic determinant common to a previously described genus- specific protein antigen (GP-Ag). The serovar andamana, when thimerosal- treated, behaved like an interspecies-specific antigen, cross-reacting in the complement fixation test with sera from rabbits immunized with L. interrogans and L. biflexa spp. and with sera from subjects with leptospirosis from various serovars. In the immuno electron microscopic test, human leptospirotic sera bound to the surface of thimerosal- treated andamana and not to the surface of untreated andamana showing that an interspecies-specific antigen was located underneath the outermost layer of this serovar. In the same test, the monoclonal antibody GP-7 against the GP-Ag bound to the surface of untreated andamana and not to the surface of thimerosal-treated andamana, showing that an antigenic determinant, common to GP-Ag and different from the first one, was located on the outer membrane of andamana. In human leptospirotic sera, antibodies against the cross-reacting antigen of thimerosal-treated andamana demonstrated by the complement fixation test were formed earlier and in a higher percentage of sera than the serovar-specific antibodies against 16 L. interrogans serovars demonstrated by the microagglutination test.^0
89021522^Presence of a variety of antigenic variants belonging to at least 4 different serovars in a population of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis.^198807^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1988 Jul;269(1):15-25^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Ito T, Takimoto T, Yanagawa R^The presence of antigenic variants belonging to at least 4 different serovars, jules, kremastos and 2 new serovars, was demonstrated in a population of cloned Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis. Thirteen antigenic variants were isolated from the clone of serovar hebdomadis by culturing in the presence of 13 monoclonal antibodies against 5 serovars, hebdomadis, worsfoldi, kambale, jules and kremastos Kyoto, respectively. These variants were divided into 4 groups, based on the reactivity with the above monoclonal antibodies. Four antigenic variants, one each from the 4 groups, were identified as jules, kremastos and 2 different new serovars. The variation frequency of the 13 antigenic variants ranged from 10(-5.48) to 10(-7.70) except for one, whose frequency was as high as 10(-1.31).^0
89032648^Chemical and biological properties of a phenol-water extract from Leptospira interrogans. Evidence for the absence of lipopolysaccharide.^198875^Infection 1988 Jul-Aug;16(4):238-41^Instituto di Microbiologia, Universita degli Studi di Trieste.^Cinco M, Banfi E, Giani M, Gundelach ML, Galanos C^Leptospira interrogans, serovar copenhageni was extracted by the phenol- water method and the resulting preparation examined for chemical composition and endotoxic activity. Chemical analysis revealed that a number of sugars were present, however, the amount of lipid content was very low. Further, the preparation was devoid of characteristic endotoxic properties, like lethal toxicity, pyrogenicity and the property to induce the local Shwartzman reaction. The extract, however, was active in the limulus lysate gelation test and in the induction of monocyte activation. It is concluded that the leptospira preparation is devoid of endotoxin properties, both from the chemical and from the biological point of view.^0
88274105^Human-to-human transmission of Leptospira interrogans by milk [letter]^198807^J Infect Dis 1988 Jul;158(1):246-7^^Bolin CA, Koellner P^^0
88290147^[Clinico-radiological observations on pulmonary manifestations of leptospirosis during the Montefeltro epidemic]^198875^Radiol Med (Torino) 1988 Jul-Aug;76(1-2):64-7^Reparto di Radiologia, Ospedale Civile, Novafeltria.^Ercolani MG, Papa M^During the summer of 1984, in the Montefeltro area an epidemic of leptospirosis took place from a common source. In 15% of the people affected, the disease involved the lungs. In 3 patients the disease had a deadly course; one decrease was due to ARDS. The clinical, anatomopathological, and radiological features are described of the patients who presented with lung involvement. Such an outcome proved to be more likely than we thought. X-ray pattern of the chest was a polymorphous appearance, in spite of the same anatomopathological substratum, characterized by lung edema and endoalveolar hemorrhages.^0
88275677^Rapids, rafts, and rats [letter]^198807^Lancet 1988 Jul 30;2(8605):283-4^^Wilkins E, Cope A, Waitkins S^^0
88307752^Use of avidin-biotin-glucose oxidase complex to detect antimalarial antibody in serum by light microscopy.^198808^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Aug;39(2):145-9^U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.^Lee M, Lambros C^An immunohistochemical assay was developed combining an avidin-biotin- glucose oxidase complex procedure (ABC-GO) with light microscopy to detect specific antibody against Plasmodium falciparum. Thin blood films were prepared from culture material of P. falciparum and fixed with acetone. Antibody was detected by successive incubations with test serum, biotinylated goat antihuman antibody, avidin-biotin-glucose oxidase complex, and glucose oxidase substrate. In the presence of reactive serum, a blue precipitate formed on the parasites and could be visually observed with a 40x objective. Sera from patients with single infections for P. vivax or P. ovale were unreactive. No cross- reactivity was observed with sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, filariasis, amebiasis, schistosomiasis, dengue, scrub typhus, leptospirosis, or toxoplasmosis. The sensitivity of ABC-GO is comparable to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody test.^0
89280284^Pseudomonas pseudomallei and melioidosis, with special reference to the status in Thailand.^198808^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1988 Aug;41(4):123-57^National Institute of Health, Soi Bamrasnaradura Hospital, Amphur Muang, Nonthaburi, Thailand.^Kanai K, Dejsirilert S^Melioidosis is a long-known disease since 1912, but only quite recently we have obtained the knowledges about its actual clinical and epidemiological features. The disease is so unique in having a wide spectrum of disease course and clinical manifestation. The causative agent, P. pseudomallei, is free-living bacterium in the natural environments (soil and surface water) of tropical and subtropical areas. Just like legionnaires' disease, melioidosis is a good example of infectious disease in which pneumonia is produced by inhalation of contaminated soil dusts or water droplets. The infection becomes dormant for years, but with a chance of recrudescence under a variety of insults to the host resistance. The disease, may it be acute or chronic, will be symptomatically confused with malaria, typhoid fever, leptospirosis, septicemia caused by other gram-negative bacteria, tuberculosis and mycotic infections. Isolation of the causative agent from clinical specimens is the only reliable method for diagnosis. Because of the increasing clinical awareness and the development of diagnostic methods, the reported cases of melioidosis have numbered almost one thousand in Thailand during the past 20 years. This country has now the most ample clinical experiences on melioidosis. We have reviewed the history of melioidosis research from bacteriological, immunological, clinical and epidemiological viewpoints, especially including the recent reports in Thailand.^0
89043427^[Leptospirosis]^198808^Rev Med Suisse Romande 1988 Aug;108(8):683-90^^Bonard EC^^0
89059663^[Populations of pathogenic Leptospira of varying virulence in nature]^198808^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1988 Aug;(8):13-6^^Chernukha IuG, Boroznov NI, Anan'ina IuV^The study of geographically remote populations of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) revealed that in one of these populations a highly virulent population of Leptospira copenhageni, serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, and in another population of rats a faintly virulent population of these microorganisms circulated simultaneously. At the same time in vitro experiments with Leptospira cultures showed the absence of the constant probability of sharp changes in the level of their virulence in time.^0
89085687^[Characteristics of leptospiral meningitis]^198808^Vrach Delo 1988 Aug;(8):110-2^^Lutsik BD, Titov MB, Sobko IuF, Bel'dii VI^^0
89316725^[Human leptospirosis--an infection in the residents of the Aricanduva River valley, the city of Sao Paulo, 1984-5. II. The serological aspects]^198808^Rev Esc Enferm USP 1988 Aug;22(2):159-68^^de Souza D^^0
89346476^[Serologic evidence of leptospirosis in rice field workers]^198808^Rev Med Chil 1988 Aug;116(8):723-8^^Zamora J, Riedemann S, Leal H, Jackson C^^0
88301680^Hantavirus and Leptospira [letter]^198808^Lancet 1988 Aug 20;2(8608):460-1^^Davies EA, Rooney PJ, Coyle PV, Simpson DI, Montgomery IW, Stanford CF^^0
89011865^Reaction of monoclonal antibodies with species specific determinants in Leptospira interrogans outer envelope.^198809^J Med Microbiol 1988 Sep;27(1):51-7^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Jost BH, Adler B, Faine S^A set of 24 monoclonal antibodies (MABs) was produced against an outer envelope preparation from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. The MABs reacted in enzyme immunoassay with species-specific determinants of an antigen in the leptospiral outer envelope (OE) of pathogenic but not of saprophytic species of Leptospira. The MABs did not agglutinate whole leptospires, nor could they opsonise homologous leptospires for phagocytosis by mouse macrophages or protect new-born guinea-pigs against lethal infection. The MABs reacted by Western blotting with a 35 x 10(3)-mol-wt band in OE separated on SDS- polyacrylamide gels, and also reacted with other bands to a lesser extent. The determinants to which the MABs were directed were localised in the leptospiral OE by immunogold labelling techniques.^0
89307225^[Analysis of restriction endonuclease pattern and observation by EM with spreading-monolayer of DNA on alkaline-protein film (EMSMDAPF) in DNA of leptospires]^198809^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1988 Sep;19(3):231-4^^Bao L, Dai BM^^0
89085926^[The functioning of a drained natural focus of leptospirosis in a nonchernozem area]^198809^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1988 Sep;(9):51-6^^Chekhovich AV, Chernukha IuG, Evdokimova OA, Reichuk EA, Anan'ina IuV^The drainage of a natural focus of leptospirosis of the flood plain- swamp type, carried out over the period of 15 years, has led to changes in the species structure of small mammals and to an increase in the number of Leptospira-carrying species. Nevertheless, like before drainage, the prevalent species and the main carrier of leptospires is still the root vole (Microtus oeconomus Pallas). The intensity of the epizootic process among small mammals at the final stage of drainage has proved to be similar to that at the initial stage. At the same time the cultivated fields created on the drained territory of the natural focus abound, by the time of harvesting, with small mammals among whom the intensive epizootic process takes place.^0
89049952^Prevention of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in domestic pigs by vaccination.^198809^Aust Vet J 1988 Sep;65(9):289-90^Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Parkville, Victoria.^Palit A, Cox J, Hollingworth J, Sheers J^^0
89057325^Serological reactions to Leptospira species in game animals of northern Natal.^198809^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1988 Sep;55(3):191-2^Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort.^Hunter P, Flamand JR, Myburgh J, van der Merwe SM^Fifty sera collected from 12 different species of free-living game animals in game parks in the Northern Natal were tested against 8 Leptospira interrogans antigens using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Six out of 50 animals had titres, all less than 100. Three of these animals had titres to serovar mini, 1 animal to tarrasovi, and 3 animals had multi-serovar reactions, 1 to mini and hardjo, and 1 to tarrasovi, copenhageni and pomona.^0
89115064^[A 10-year study of a single natural focus of leptospirosis in Posavina]^198875^Vojnosanit Pregl 1988 Sep-Oct;45(5):353-8^^Borcic B, Kovacic H, Sebek Z, Aleraj B, Tvrtkovic N^^0
89268613^[Studies on endotoxin of Leptospira. II. The effects of leptospiral lipopolysaccharides on rabbit's leukocytes and lethality to C57BL/6 mice]^198809^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1988 Sep;28(3):270-4^^Nie DK, Shi MH, Zhu GF, Liu YM, Wu SH, Jiang SX, Wang HQ^^0
89307224^[Studies on immunobiological properties of outer envelope of leptospires]^198809^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1988 Sep;19(3):226-30^^Zhong WM, Dai BM, Wang YP, Yang ZM^^0
89008067^Nucleotide sequence analysis of a gene cloned from Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc which complements an argE defect in Escherichia coli.^198810^J Bacteriol 1988 Oct;170(10):4548-54^Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506.^Zuerner RL, Charon NW^The genus Leptospira, as a member of the order Spirochaetales, forms one of the most ancient evolutionary branches of the eubacteria. These spirochetes are morphologically and physiologically different from most eubacteria, and little is known about Leptospira genetics. In this communication, we report the first nucleotide sequence of a Leptospira gene. A gene which complements an argE mutation in Escherichia coli was isolated from a plasmid-based genomic library composed of Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc DNA. The functional region for the complementing activity was localized by transposon mutagenesis and restriction enzyme mapping and by subcloning. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated a single open reading frame within the region containing argE complementing activity. The size of the predicted protein, 31,071 daltons, was in excellent agreement with data obtained from coupled transcription-translation reactions primed with cloned L. biflexa DNA. One surprising result was that the predicted amino acid sequence of this protein closely resembles portions of the beta' subunits of RNA polymerases from bacteria and chloroplasts.^0
89016882^Systemic infections affecting the liver. Some cause jaundice, some do not.^198810^Postgrad Med 1988 Oct;84(5):148-58, 161-3, 166-8^Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501.^Cunha BA^The patient who has clinical jaundice, abnormal results on liver function tests, or both presents a difficult diagnostic challenge. Many infectious diseases affect the liver, and the extent of involvement determines the degree of clinically apparent jaundice. Some diseases that affect the liver minimally cause no jaundice at all. An important clue to the cause of the disorder is the pattern of abnormal results on liver function tests. Increased alkaline phosphatase predominates with Q fever, secondary or tertiary syphilis, clonorchiasis, and hepatic candidiasis, while elevated levels of serum transaminases characterize viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, mononucleosis syndromes, legionnaires' disease, typhoid fever, toxic shock syndrome, and yellow fever. Increases in serum bilirubin are typical with jaundice caused by clostridial myelonecrosis, severe bacterial sepsis, and relapsing fever (borreliosis). These findings together with the patient's history, physical findings, and basic laboratory tests provide a presumptive diagnosis in most cases.^0
89151407^[The geographic distribution of leptospirosis in Yunnan Province]^198810^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1988 Oct;9(5):257-60^^Yang WY^^0
89048056^Penicillin therapy in icteric leptospirosis.^198810^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Oct;39(4):388-90^Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies.^Edwards CN, Nicholson GD, Hassell TA, Everard CO, Callender J^A prospective, controlled randomized study of penicillin therapy in icteric human leptospirosis was carried out between 1 October 1983 and 31 December 1986. Thirty-eight patients received intravenous crystalline penicillin for 5 days, while 41 assigned to a control group received intravenous fluids only. A comparison of the results of laboratory tests made on the day of admission revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference in time for defervescence, return of biochemical parameters to normal, incidence of iritis, or mortality in the 2 groups. Three patients (7.3%) in the control group and 1 patient (2.6%) in the treatment group died. The overall mortality rate was 5.9%. Leptospira were recovered from urine cultures in 6 control patients but from none of the treated patients' post-treatment cultures. We conclude that penicillin has little effect on clinical outcome in icteric leptospirosis.^0
89048895^[Cardiac manifestations in leptospirosis. Apropos of 15 cases observed in New Caledonia]^198810^Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 1988 Oct;37(8):449-53^Service de Cardiologie, HIA Sainte-Anne, Toulon-Naval.^Dussarat GV, Cointet F, Capdevielle P, Le Bris H, Brethes B^The authors report the cardiovascular manifestations observed in 15 cases of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia. Cardiovascular collapse is frequent. Electrocardiographic alterations consist mainly of arrhythmia secondary to atrial fibrillation and repolarisation disorders. A picture of pseudo-pericarditis has also been observed. These cardiac manifestations represent a factor of gravity when associated with multi-visceral manifestations which control the prognosis.^0
90018967^[Leptospirosis. Zoonosis without transcendence in Chile?]^198810^Rev Med Chil 1988 Oct;116(10):1066-9^^Riedemann S, Zamora J^^0
89115581^Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide presence in the outer envelope: electrophoretic evidence and immunological specificity.^198811^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1988 Nov;269(3):277-83^Istituto di Microbiologia, University of Trieste, Italy.^Cinco M, Banfi E, Panfili E^Purified preparations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from two different strains of Leptospira interrogans have been electrophoretically analyzed in order to determine their location at the level of outer envelope (OE). Evidence has been collected for the presence of some LPS fractions in the OE, suggesting that a part of this molecule is embedded in the membrane structure. The serological specificity of the LPS has been in addition tested by means of monoclonal antiserovar antibodies (Moabs); the results indicated that the LPS structure is endowed of the immunodeterminants of the serovar. The remarkable relevance of this finding for the Leptospira taxonomy is discussed.^0
89245398^Failure to demonstrate transmission of enzootic bovine leukemia virus infection from cows to sheep by use of common injection needles.^198811^Am J Vet Res 1988 Nov;49(11):1814-6^Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.^Weber AF, Meiske JC, Haggard DL, Sorensen DK, Domagala AM, Flaum AM^Four bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-seropositive and 2 BLV-seronegative cows were used as donors in a study to provide evidence whether IM injection with common needles is a means of spreading bovine leukemia. Sheep were used as recipients. Of the 4 BLV-seropositive cows, 2 had high virus expression (VE; 43% and 28% of their lymphocyte thin sections had associated BLV-particles), whereas the other 2 cows did not have observed VE. After each of the 4 cows was given an injection of a 5-antigen Leptospira bacterin, a BLV-seronegative sheep was immediately given an injection of the same bacterin with the same needle. None of these sheep seroconverted, nor did either of 2 sheep given only the bacterin (with a previously unused needle). Sheep inoculated IM with 0.2 ml of whole blood from both of the cows with high VE and from 1 of the 2 BLV-seropositive cows that did not have observed VE did seroconvert. In contrast, the sheep inoculated with 0.2 ml of blood from the remaining BLV-seropositive (0% VE) cow and from the 2 BLV-seronegative cows remained seronegative. These results were interpreted to indicate that the quantity of infective lymphocytes passed during injection with common needles is too small to induce infection.^0
89060471^The ELISA-U: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using urease as the enzyme marker for rapid detection of Plasmodium falciparum antibody in human serum.^198811^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Nov;39(5):421-6^Malaria Research Group, U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.^Lee M, Lambros C^A visual, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using urease (ELISA-U) as the enzyme marker was adapted for rapid detection of antibody against Plasmodium falciparum. Flat-bottom, 96-well microtiter plates were coated with P. falciparum soluble antigen obtained by saponin and NP-40 treatment of parasite cultures. Antibody was detected by successive incubations with test sera, urease-conjugated rabbit-human antibody, and urease substrate. Reactive sera developed a definite and easily visualized purple color. Sera from patients with single infections of P. vivax or P. ovale were unreactive. No cross-reactivity was noted with sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, filariasis, amebiasis, schistosomiasis, dengue, scrub typhus, leptospirosis, or toxoplasmosis. The procedure can be performed at room temperature and completed within 1 hr. The sensitivity of the assay is comparable to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody test at all but the lowest dilutions tested.^0
89084306^Mongoose rabies.^198875^Rev Infect Dis 1988 Nov-Dec;10 Suppl 4:S610-4^Medical Research Council, Leptospira Laboratory, Bridgetown, Barbados.^Everard CO, Everard JD^Mongooses are indigenous to Africa and Asia and have been introduced elsewhere. In Cuba, Puerto Rico, Grenada, and South Africa they are the major reservoir and vector of rabies. Elsewhere, sporadic cases of mongoose rabies are reported, but dog rabies can mask their importance. Population density probably determines the importance of the mongoose as a reservoir of rabies. In Grenada during a 4-year period, nearly 30% (and in some areas greater than 50%) of mongooses were found to have rabies serum neutralizing antibodies. The annual proportions of mongooses that were serum antibody-positive and virus-positive, respectively, were inversely related. Natural immunity in mongooses probably lasts for life. In contrast with foxes, in mongooses immunity is an important factor in the epizootiology of rabies. Inoculation of mongooses with Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abelseth (ERA) vaccine induced a good immunologic response and augurs well for the success of vaccination in the field. The effects of wildlife vaccination on animal populations with high levels of natural immunity need to be investigated before costly campaigns are started.^0
89115699^[Use of microcapsular leptospiral antigens for detecting specific antibodies]^198811^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1988 Nov;(11):90-4^^Volina EG, Arimitsu Y, Kobayashi S, Kiktenko VS, Tkachenko EA^The sensitivity of microcapsular leptospiral antigens, produced by Japan Lyophilization Laboratory and intended for use in tests for the detection of antibodies to leptospires in the sera of experimentally immunized laboratory animals, were studied. The comparative study of the microcapsular agglutination (MCA) test and other serological tests, such as the microagglutination (MA) test and the indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA), was made. The leptospiral antigens under study were found to actively react with serospecific and group-specific antibodies. In infected guinea pigs and rabbits specific antibodies could be detected from days 3-4 in the MCA test and only from days 5-7 in the MA test. The average antibody level determined by titration in the MCA test was 3.3 times higher and in indirect EIA, 4.3 times higher than that determined by titration in the MA test. These data make it possible to recommend the use of microcapsular leptospiral antigens for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.^0
89145789^[Clinical aspects and prognostic factors of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis in adults. Apropos of 249 cases in La Reunion]^198875^Rev Med Interne 1988 Nov-Dec;9(5):487-93^Service de nephrologie hemodialyse, CHD Felix Guyon, Saint-Denis, la Reunion.^Pertuiset E, Fen Chong M, Duval G, Genin R^Human leptospirosis of the classical and severe icterohemorrhagic type, usually due to the L. icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, is frequent in La Reunion. In a retrospective study conducted between 1980 and 1984 in 249 adult patients, the mortality rate was 13 p. 100. Our data and those found in the literature indicate that the main cause of death is pneumopathy, followed by profuse haemorrhages, arrhythmias and cardiovascular collapse. Acute renal failure is common and often severe; it facilitates gastrointestinal bleeding and is of poor prognosis, particularly in patients with prolonged anuria, a possible cause of lethal hyperkalaemia. Other factors of unfavourable outcome have been demonstrated statistically; they include disturbances of consciousness, hypoprothrombinaemia, epigastric muscle rigidity, hyperleukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, high aspartate aminotransferase levels and chronic alcoholism. At the moment, pulmonary, cardiac and haemorrhagic complications concur with renal failure to darken the prognosis of these severe forms of leptospirosis.^0
89124558^[Analysis of immunological characteristics of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae using monoclonal antibodies]^198811^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1988 Nov;62(11):944-58^^Sada E^^0
89175386^Classification of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain 017 by using monoclonal antibodies.^198811^J Clin Microbiol 1988 Nov;26(11):2332-7^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Kumagai M, Shimizu T, Yanagihara Y^Leptospira interrogans serovar lai was identified in China in 1966 as a new serovar of the icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup by cross-absorption tests. In this study, we established three hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of the immunoglobulin G3 subclass (LW1, LW2, and LW3) and of the immunoglobulin M class (LW4a) against serovar lai strain 017 by the cell fusion technique. Immunological reactivities of the MAbs were determined by the microscopic agglutination test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and indirect immunofluorescence assay. MAbs LW1 and LW3 agglutinated cells of serovars lai, birkini, and gem of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae. LW2 agglutinated various serovars of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, except for serovar tonkini. LW4a reacted positively with various Leptospira species, including a new species, Leptospira parva, in the ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay. However, LW4a did not react with Leptonema illini 3055. The results of an inhibition ELISA with heated outer envelope (OE) or periodate- oxidized OE suggested that these MAbs recognize a carbohydrate moiety of the OE as the antigenic determinant.^0
89040200^US sea lions join casualties [news]^198811^Nature 1988 Nov 3;336(6194):8^^Barinaga M^^0
89079510^Leptospirosis.^198811^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988 Nov 15;193(10):1250-4^Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721.^Songer JG, Thiermann AB^^0
89224867^[The noncorrespondence of the geographic ranges of the host and the causative agent]^198812^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1988 Dec;(12):70-2^^Chernukha IuG, Evdokimova OA, Chekhovich AV, Anan'ina IuV^For the first time the experimental and field studies of Leptospira infections, carried out over the period of 6 years, have revealed that the habitat of striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius Pallas 1778) serving as a host for Leptospira pomona, serovar mozdok, is much wider than the habitat of the infective agent proper. The presence of an animal species highly sensitive to a definite leptospiral serovar and serving as its reservoir at a given locality cannot be regarded as a proof of the presence of the epizootic process without bacteriological confirmation. But, in the absence of homologous Leptospira carriage, intensive leptospiral seroconversion can be attributed to a population other than that of the host.^0
89117569^[The occurrence of leptospiral antibodies in bovine sera from Bavaria]^198812^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1988 Dec 1;101(12):416-9^^Brem S, Schreyer K^^0
89117570^[The first isolation of Leptospira serovar hardjo in West Germany]^198812^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1988 Dec 1;101(12):419-21^^Brem S, Kopp H, Meyer P, Hollmann P^^0
89155732^Repetitive sequence element cloned from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis provides a sensitive diagnostic probe for bovine leptospirosis.^198812^J Clin Microbiol 1988 Dec;26(12):2495-500^National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010.^Zuerner RL, Bolin CA^A repetitive sequence element was cloned from the primary etiological agent causing bovine leptospirosis in North America, Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis. This element was used to design a sensitive diagnostic probe which distinguishes hardjo-bovis from other pathogenic leptospires which commonly infect domestic animals in North America and discriminates between hardjo-bovis and the reference strain for serovar hardjo, hardjoprajitno. By using this probe, it was possible to identify infected cattle shedding hardjo- bovis in their urine. This is the first practical demonstration of a cloned DNA probe for leptospirosis, and it provides a sensitive method for studying the transmission and pathogenesis of L. interrogans infections. Control measures for L. interrogans infections may now be improved by rapidly and efficiently identifying infected animals.^0
89187082^Variation in the hemolytic activity of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola.^198812^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1988 Dec;19(4):629-32^Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha 68105.^Lane EM, Ramaley RF, Miller NG^Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain moulton was grown to a high cell density in a protein-free medium with hemin. The hemolysin produced in this culture system showed a greatly expanded spectrum of hemolysis as compared to previous reports of leptospiral hemolysin produced in a more traditional culture system containing serum.^0
89243388^[A new Leptospiral serovar in the hebdomadis serogroup]^198812^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1988 Dec;28(4):367-70^^Zhang FZ, Zhou CY, Wang XY^^0
89079308^Demonstration of antigen-specific T cells and histopathological alterations in mice experimentally inoculated with Borrelia burgdorferi.^198901^Infect Immun 1989 Jan;57(1):41-7^Max-Planck-Institut fur Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany.^Schaible UE, Kramer MD, Justus CW, Museteanu C, Simon MM^Antigen-specific T-cell responses and histopathological changes were studied in mice experimentally inoculated with Borrelia burgdorferi B31. Inbred mice with different H-2 haplotypes and/or different genetic backgrounds were inoculated with B. burgdorferi organisms and tested for antigen-specific T-cell responses in vivo (delayed-type hypersensitivity [DTH]) and in vitro (T-cell proliferation). Comparable DTH responses were found after inoculation with either inactivated (in the presence of adjuvants) or viable microorganisms in all mouse strains, except BALB/c, irrespective of the H-2 haplotype (b, d, k, or s) tested and the sex of the animals. Moreover, in mice presensitized to B. burgdorferi, DTH responses could be induced only with antigen preparations derived from the corresponding strain but not with those obtained from either related spirochetes such as Treponema phagedenis and Leptospira interrogans or unrelated bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. T cells isolated from lymph nodes or spleens of mice previously sensitized to B. burgdorferi but not those from naive mice could be induced for antigen-specific proliferation in vitro, as revealed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Histopathological examination of mice inoculated with viable B. burgdorferi organisms revealed significant perivascular infiltrates consisting mainly of mononuclear and a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes in different organs (brain, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys) and the appearance of giant multinucleated cells within the spleen similar to those found in human skin specimens of patients suffering from cutaneous manifestations of Lyme disease. Our findings suggest that mice are a suitable animal model with which to study the immune response to B. burgdorferi and the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.^0
89237076^[Use of the coagglutination reaction for typing Leptospira cultures]^198901^Lab Delo 1989;(3):11-3^^Mel'nitskaia EV, Kondratenko VN^The coagglutination test has been employed for the serologic typing of Leptospira cultures. A set of diagnostic agents with a maximum kit of anti-Leptospira sera of various serogroups has been prepared on the basis of a 10% suspension of formalin-treated Cowan 1 staphylococcus strain. To prepare the diagnostic agent, 0.1 portion of the serum and 9 portions of phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.2 should be added to 1 portion of a 10% staphylococcal suspension. 1% staphylococcal suspension has been prepared for control. The diagnosticum and the culture to type (0.01 ml each) have been mixed on the slides; the control test has been carried out with 1% non-sensitized staphylococcal suspension. The test has been read by microscopy in the dark visual field after the slides' 15 min exposure in a humid chamber. Typing of 17 Leptospira cultures of known serologic groups has yielded positive responses with the homologous diagnosticums only; no cross reactions have been recorded. The coagglutination test may be used for the rapid differentiation of mixed Leptospira cultures belonging to different serologic groups.^0
89237102^[A method of improving darkfield microscopy]^198901^Lab Delo 1989;(3):74-5^^Podkorytov IuI^^0
89364348^The number of large ribosomal RNA genes in Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa.^198901^Microbiol Immunol 1989;33(6):459-66^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Fukuyama, Hiroshima.^Fukunaga M, Mifuchi I^We determined the number of large ribosomal RNA genes in five strains of Leptospira by hybridization of 15 restriction endonuclease digests of genomic DNA to the [32P]-labeled fragment of 23s rRNA gene. Almost all the restriction gels gave two radioactive bands. The conclusion from these results is that there are at least two rRNA genes in these leptospiral strains. Furthermore, the hybridization patterns of L. icterohaemorrhagiae strains Ictero No. I and RGA are almost identical. The number of rRNA genes and taxonomic relationships of these leptospires were discussed.^0
89371109^Serological studies of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Poland. Preliminary report.^198901^Acta Microbiol Pol 1989;38(1):63-7^Department of Virology, Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland.^Panasiak W, Wleklik M, Oraczewska A, Luczak M^Serological studies of Hantaan virus infections among--blood donors (control group)--patients: chronic dialysed, leptospirosis suspected, hospitalised for various diseases,--risk group population: farmers, laboratory staff (contact with laboratory animals), as well as laboratory and wild animals (rodents) were carried out. Surveys were done by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) procedure with 5 Hantaan virus strains as antigens.^0
90166419^[A case of leptospirosis in an agrarian community]^198975^Ann Ig 1989 Jan-Apr;1(1-2):219-22^^Mete R, Fichera R^A mortal case of leptosprosis happened in a little agricultural community situated in a country town in the south Lazio Region, and in consequence of that the Local Health Unit originated a series of epidemiological investigation and preventive treatments. Serological tests were effectuated both on the residents of the interested area and on animals of the farm. These serological tests gave positive results for four inhabitants and eight animals. The agricultural community were subjected to a chemoprophylaxis. No new cases of disease have been found. The drinking water was analyzed because the water supplied came from unprotected wells. The tests gave unfavorable results for the presence of fecal streptococci. It wasn't possible to effect specific tests for the research of leptospira, because it was difficult to find suitably equipped laboratory. As a result of these tests it was decided to apply preventive treatments on a permanent basis on the farm in question. The fact that the serodiagnosis showed the same kind of leptospira in both men and animal, suggested once again the problem of transmission between animals and men and the need for adequate measures of profilaxis. Also the need to cover exposed agricultural work men with an adequate insurance. Great interest was shown in the correct intervention of the operators of Public Hygiene Service and Veterinary Services. It's essential to coordinate the activity of the two services for an effective intervention in these si milar cases, both during the phases of epidemiological research and prevention. Intention of this work is to furnish a possible operative procedure for situations of this kind.^0
91018553^Beneficial effect of intrarenal verapamil in human acute renal failure.^199701^Ren Fail 1989-90;11(4):201-8^Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.^Lumlertgul D, Hutdagoon P, Sirivanichai C, Keoplung M, Wongmekiat O, Nitsin S, Sangchun G^Cellular Ca2+ influx during the reperfusion period after an ischemic insult has been proposed to be a crucial pathogenetic factor in the development of experimental acute renal failure (ARF). The present study, therefore, examined the potential beneficial effect of intrarenal verapamil, a calcium entry blocking agent, on ARF in patients. Twelve patients were enrolled in the study. Six ARF patients (experimental group)--ARF caused by malaria (4 patients) and leptospirosis (2 patients)--had a catheter placed in their renal artery; verapamil was infused at 100 micrograms/min for 3 h and intravenous furosemide, 0.8 mg/kg/h x 24 h was also administered. Another six ARF patients (control group)--ARF caused by malaria (5 patients) and leptospirosis (1 patient)--were treated with intravenous furosemide alone. Baseline renal function was comparable in both groups; GFR (3.16 +/- 3.24 vs 0.7 +/- 1.5 mL/min, NS), serum creatinine (Scr), (9.1 +/- 2.1 vs 11.3 +/- 2.2 mg/dL, NS), and urine volume (V) (41.79 +/- 4.77 vs 34.54 +/- 13.52 mL/h, NS), were comparable in the experimental and control groups. Twenty-four hours posttreatment, the increment of GFR (9.66 +/- 4.25 vs 1.32 +/- 0.50 mL/min, P less than .02) and V (181.8 +/- 61.7 vs 79 +/- 18 mL/h, P less than .04), were significantly greater in the experimental group as compared to the control group. The course of ARF was also shorter in the experimental group (6.5 +/- 2.1 vs 13 +/- 1.1 days, P less than .05), who also required less dialysis. Thus, combination of a renal arterial infusion of verapamil and intravenous furosemide significantly improves the renal function in tropical ARF as compared to intravenous furosemide alone.^0
91354639^[In vitro sensitivity of 3 strains of Leptospira interrogans to 3 different antibiotics]^198901^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1989;68(1):17-23^Istituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, Universita di Pavia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Matteo.^Benzi Cipelli R, Gorini G, Caligaris S, Lanzarini P, Milano F, Orsolini P, Filice G^Leptospirosis, anthropo-zoonosis ubiquitously widespread, is a social and economic problem still to be solved. The experimental and therapeutic employment of many antibiotics has largely been tested "in vitro" and "in vivo". In the following research we tried to evaluate, by experimental "in vitro" method, the sensitivity difference of three serovar strains of Leptospira interrogans to two macrolides, Erythromycin and Josamycin, compared with Penicillin. From standard cultures, previously treated with serial dilution of these antibiotics, the MIC and MSC, as quantitative parameters, have been stated. For the qualitative evaluation of the damages induced at ultrastructural level by the drug activity. Electron Microscopy investigations were performed on specimens from cultures treated for 6 hr with twice and tenfold the MSC. The present research confirms the good sterilizing efficaciousness "in vitro" of the tested macrolides (MSC less than 1 mcg/ml) and their different activity pathway.^0
91354662^[Seroepidemiologic study of human leptospirosis in Lombardy]^198901^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1989;68(2):127-41^Istituto di Microbiologia dell'Universita di Milano.^Gelosa L, Perone A^In 1987 a seroepidemiological research was performed to verify the prevalence of leptospira agglutinins on the urban and rural population of Milan, Bergamo and Mantova Provinces in Lombardia Region. Were controlled 150 subjects (75 males and 15 females) in Milan town, 58 (49 males and 9 females) in municipalities of Bergamo Province, and 68 (55 males and 13 females) of Mantova Province. La prevalence of leptospira agglutinins in exposed subjects was 14.3% and in unexposed subjects 8.6%. In the females was noted a significative higher prevalence of agglutinins (14.4%) than in males (9.5%), especially in the females exposed (36.3%) than in females unexposed (9.6%). The leptospira serovars most interested were L. sejroe (15.9%), L. poi (13.6%), L. bratislava, L. canicola and L. Zanoni (9.1%). The sera tested proved reactivity of 56.8% also against two or three different serovars of pathogenic leptospira and prevalence of 13.6% of coagglutinins against nonpathogenic L. patoc serovar.^0
91362843^[Antibodies against Hantaan virus and Leptospira in subjects at risk in Rome]^198901^Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1989;68(3):284-8^Clinica Malattie Tropicali e Infettive, Universita La Sapienza, Roma.^Nuti M, Amaddeo D, Costa M, Cristaldi M, Ieradi LA, Montebarocci M^A survey on the prevalence of Hantaan and leptospiral antibodies on mammalogists and rodent control personnel was performed. None of the 66 trappers studied (using IFI ) had detectable Hantaan antibody, while only 2 out of 20 mammalogists presented antibody at low titer (1:32). For leptospiral antibody the microagglutination test (MAT) using live leptospires as antigen was performed. 14 out of 66 trappers, or 21.2 per cent, had antibodies, at titer of 1:50 or more, to various leptospiral serovars: L.icterohaemorrhagiae in 12 cases, L.hardjo in 1 case, L.bratislava in 1 case. On the contrary, none of the mammalogists showed positivity for any of 16 serovars used. The environmental risk factors could justify the high prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in the field workers (trappers), while continuous laboratory contacts with rodents explain the presence of Hantaan virus antibodies in mammalogists .^0
90084140^[Acute and reversible axonal polyneuropathy in post-leptospirosis]^198901^Rev Neurol (Paris) 1989;145(11):805-7^Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de Bicetre.^Azouvi P, Hostachy T, Desi M, Said G^A 53 year old woman presented, one month after an anicteric leptospirosis, an acute, asymmetrical, sensorimotor polyneuropathy involving the lower limbs. Electrophysiological study showed evidence of severe denervation, with normal motor nerve conduction velocities, indicating an axonal degeneration. Neuro-muscular biopsy showed signs of wallerian degeneration and perivascular infiltrates of epineural vessels. She received a corticosteroid therapy during 6 months and there was a nearly complete clinical recovery.^0
90068993^Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.^198901^Prog Med Virol 1989;36:62-102^^Lee HW, van der Groen G^Hantaviruses, the causative agents of HFRS, have become more widely recognized. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that these pathogens are distributed worldwide. People who come into close contact with infected rodents in urban, rural and laboratory environments are at particular risk. Transmission to man occurs mainly via the respiratory tract. The epidemiology of the hantaviruses is intimately linked to the ecology of their principal vertebrate hosts. Four distinct viruses are now recognized within the hantavirus genus and that number is likely to increase to six very soon; however, further investigations are necessary. Much more work is still needed before we fully understand the wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms of HFRS as well as the pathogenicity of the different viruses in the hantavirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. HFRS is difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone and serological evidence is often needed. A fourfold rise in IgG antibody titer in a 1-week interval, and the presence of the IgM type of antibodies against hantaviruses are good evidence for an acute hantavirus infection. Physicians should be alert for HFRS each time they deal with patients with acute febrile flu-like illness, renal failure of unknown origin and sometimes hepatic dysfunction. Especially the mild form of HFRS is difficult to diagnose. Acute onset, headache, fever, increased serum creatinine, proteinuria and polyuria are signs and symptoms compatible with a mild form of HFRS. Differential diagnosis should be considered for the following diseases in the endemic areas of HFRS: acute renal failure, hemorrhagic scarlet fever, acute abdomen, leptospirosis, scrub typhus, murine typhus, spotted fevers, non-A, non-B hepatitis, Colorado tick fever, septicemia, dengue, heartstroke and DIC. Treatment of HFRS is mainly supportive. Recently, however, treatment of HFRS patients with ribavirin in China and Korea, within 7 days after onset of fever, resulted in a reduced mortality as well as shortened course of illness.^0
90060753^Leptospirosis in man, in wild and in domestic animals at waste disposal sites in Cairo.^198901^Geogr Med Suppl 1989;3:141-50^National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, Jihlava, CSSR.^Sebek Z, Sixl W, Valova M, Schaffler R^The authors examined 65 Rattus rattus, 28 pigs, 12 donkeys, 67 goats, 5 sheep, 1 cow and 1 dog as well as 196 inhabitants at two settlements on the waste disposal sites at the periphery of Cairo. Rattus norvegicus were positive in 55.4% for L. ictero-haemorrhagiae, pigs in 14.3% for L. pomona and in 3.6% for L. ictero-haemorrhagiae. 2 out of 12 donkeys were positive for L. pomona, 1 of them for L. pyrogenes and L. icterohaemorrhagiae as well, goats in 1.5% for L. grippotyphosa. Human sera reacted positively in 8.7% of the cases, 7.1% of which with L. bratislava, 1.0% with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and 0.5% with L. grippotyphosa and L. sejroe respectively.^0
90060758^[Leptospirosis in dogs in Greece]^198901^Geogr Med Suppl 1989;3:29-39^^Sebek Z, Chambouris R, Sixl W, Stunzner D, Kock M^^0
90060760^Serological investigations for leptospirosis in humans in Columbia.^198901^Geogr Med Suppl 1989;3:51-60^Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, District-Hygiene-Station, JIHLAVA/CSSR.^Sebek Z, Sixl W, Valova M, Marth E, Kock M, Reinthaler FF^The authors examined serologically 353 clinically healthy persons in 5 localities in South Columbia for leptospirosis using the MAL-reaction with 15 serovars of 15 serogroups. The positivity was high - 18.4% namely with the serovars of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pyrogenes, Australis, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Bataviae, Panama and Shermani. Sera reacted positive in titer levels of 1:400 and higher only with the serovars of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Australis, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Panama and Shermani. In the total positivity were the serovars of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae with 30.8%, Grippotyphosa with 23.1%, Australis with 15.4%, Panama and Pyrogenes with 10.8% each, Pomona with 6.2%, Shermani with 4.6% and Canicola, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Bataviae with 3.1% each. The high positivity of the sera from the Mocoa for L.grippotyphosa was surprising - 20.7%.^0
90060761^Results of leptospirosis examinations of human sera from El Salvador.^198901^Geogr Med Suppl 1989;3:61-72^District-Hygiene-Station, JIHLAVA/CSSR.^Sebek Z, Sixl W, Valova M, Linck G, Kock M, Reinthaler FF, Marth E^The authors examined 984 human sera for leptospirosis with the serovars from 15 serogroups serologically in 15 localities of El Salvador. In 17.5% of the sera the following reactions were found with serovars of 13 serogroups: Australis 6.8%, Pomona 5.5%, Grippotyphosa 3.2%, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Tarassovi each 2.1%, Javanica, Canicola, Pyrogenes, Cynopteri, Autumnalis, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Bataviae, Shermani, between 0.2%-1.4%. Men showed a 18.5% and women 17.0% positive reaction. Positivity increases with an increase in age, an increase was shown from 11.5% in the group of up to 10 years, to 40.4% in the group of 51 to 60 years, in the last age group of over 60 years a decrease was shown of 34.7%. In 8 localities we were able to compare the serological positivity of the population, the highest percentages were found in Fey Esperanza 35.1%, San Jose de la Montana 31.6% and Domus Maria 27.8%, the lowest in Credisa 6.4% and Ametepec 7.6%.^0
90093008^A survey of leptospirological studies carried out on the Cape Verde Islands.^198901^Geogr Med Suppl 1989;5:153-60^Department of Parasitology, District Hygiene Center, Jihlava, Czechoslovakia.^Sebek Z, Miorini I, Brosch R, Buchrieser C, Buchrieser V, Sixl W, Valova M^The authors subjected 611 human sera, 1295 sera of domestic and 211 sera of wild living animals from two islands of the Cape Verde archipelago to serological tests for leptospirosis. Among the human sera 7.2% reacted positively. Antibodies to L. bratislava of the serogroup Australis were most frequent (59.1% of all positive sera). Antibodies to L. icterohaemorrhagiae were found in 1.3% of the sera tested, to L. sejroe in 1.1%, to L. canicola in 0.7%, to L. pyrogenes in 0.3% and to L. pomona, L. bulgarica and L. grippotyphosa in 0.2% each. The existence of natural foci of leptospiroses could not be proved since tests of 211 wild-living mammals were all negative. The investigation of domestic animal sera showed a positivity of 3.1% with goats being positive most frequently (85% of all positive sera), followed by donkeys with 3.3% and cattle with 2.0%. Sera of dogs, sheep and pigs were all negative. The results indicate that anthropurgic foci exist on the Cape Verde Islands.^0
90093009^Leptospirosis in the Melut district--upper Nile province (south Sudan)-- an overview.^198901^Geogr Med Suppl 1989;5:161-78^National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosts, Jihlava, Czechoslovakia.^Sebek Z, Sixl W, Reinthaler F, Abdel-Nabi O, Stunzner D, Schneeweiss W, Mascher F, Valova M^The authors examined 195 domestic animals for leptospirosis serologically in Sudan (170 cattle, 7 sheep and 18 goats) and 771 wild animals (36 species) with 13 serovars from 13 serogroups. 54% of domestic animals namely, 108 cattle and 1 sheep were positive in titer levels of 1:400 and higher. Cattle sera with the serovars of the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae were 2.4% positive with Cynopteri 2.4%, Autumnalis 3.5%, Australis 1.2%, Pomona 2.9%, Grippotyphosa 2.9%, Hebdonadis 17.1%, Bataviae 9.4% and Tarassovi 50.6%. Only one Numida meleagris of the 54 wild birds (14 species) was positive in low titer level of 1:100 with L. canicola. Seventy (9.8%) of the 717 wild mammals (22 species) examined were positive namely with the serovars of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae 3.4%, Javanica 3.0%, Pomona 2.0%, Grippotyphosa 0.7%, Hebdomadis 0.4%, Ballum, Australis, Pyrogenes, Bataviae each 0.3% and Cynopteri 0.1%, whereby sera from 7 animals reacted simultaneously with the serovars of two serogroups. With regard to the species, positive reactions were found in Erinaceus albiventris, Eidolon helbum, Cercopithecus aethiops, Genetta spec., Canis adustus et aurus, Felis silvestris, Leptailurus serval, Arvicanthis niloticus, Mastomys spec., Mus spec., Gazella spec., Tragelaphus spec. The positivity in rodents was very low - 1.2%.^0
90101055^The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Portugal.^198975^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989 Jan-Feb;83(1):132^Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (Laboratorio de Leptospiras, Lisboa, Portugal.^Pereira MC^^0
89148830^Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine on Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis infection of pregnant cattle.^198901^Am J Vet Res 1989 Jan;50(1):161-5^USDA, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.^Bolin CA, Thiermann AB, Handsaker AL, Foley JW^Effectiveness of a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine to protect cattle from infection and reproductive problems caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis was evaluated. Seven cows were vaccinated once and 8 cows were vaccinated twice with a USDA- licensed pentavalent leptospiral vaccine. Five cows were maintained as nonvaccinated controls. Cows were bred 1 to 2 months after the last vaccination. During the 4th to 6th month of gestation, all cows were challenge exposed on 4 occasions by conjunctival instillation of 10(8) serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis organisms and on 3 occasions by conjunctival instillation of urine from a cow shedding hardjo-bovis. All control cows and 13 of 15 vaccinated cows became infected and shed leptospires in the urine. Leptospires were detected in fewer urine samples collected from vaccinated cows, compared with those collected from control cows. Four stillborn calves and 3 weak calves were born to control and vaccinated cows. Leptospires were detected in the kidneys of 11 apparently healthy calves born to vaccinated and control cows. Agglutinating antibodies were not detected in the precolostral serum of these calves.^0
89306635^First evidence of the leptospirosis natural foci of the serotype Saxkoebing in Austria.^198901^Geogr Med Suppl 1989;2:17-22^Institute of Hygiene, University of Graz, Austria.^Sebek Z, Sixl W, Sixl-Voigt B, Kock M, Stunzner D, Valova M^The authors examined serologically and bacteriologically 129 wild living small mammals (9 species) in Neumarkt, in Styria. A total of 17 animals were positive (all Microtus agrestis), of these 10 serologically (6 with L. saxkoebing, 3 with L. grippotyphosa and 1 with L. sorexjalna) and 7 bacteriologically. Of the 7 isolated leptospirae- strains one did not survive up to typing, the 6 remaining were identified as L. saxkoebing. It is the first evidence of the existence of leptospirosis natural foci of the serovar saxkoebing in Austria and at the same time the first isolation of L. saxkoebing from Microtus agrestis in Central Europe. The serovar saxkoebing, which BORG-PETERSEN described in the year 1942 (1943) and isolated from the yellow-neck mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) is found in most European countries (KATHE and MOCHMANN, 1967), may, however not be found in some regions although its main reservoir, the yellow-neck mouse dwells, as SEBEK (1965) and SEBEK and ROSICKY (1974) drew attention to in Czechoslovakia. In Austria, in fact L. saxkoebing antibodies have been demonstrated in wild- and also domestic-animals (SEBEK, et. al., 1973b, 1976a, 1976b), however, a reliable proof of these serovars was not found.^0
90021504^Application of serologic diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Korea where the disease was recently recognized to be endemic.^198901^Yonsei Med J 1989;30(2):111-7^^Chong Y^In Korea, tsutsugamushi disease is a recently recognized infection. It has become clear that it is more prevalent than leptospirosis or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Accurate diagnosis of the disease is necessary for the selection of effective antimicrobial agents which can prevent fatalities and shorten the course. For the diagnosis, various serologic tests are used. Sensitivity and specificity of a test depend on various factors. In this report, microbiological aspects of the infection were briefly described and the Weil-Felix, indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase tests were compared for their applicability in routine use and usefulness in the diagnosis. Their interpretations were also briefly discussed.^0
90133637^Leptospirosis. Do you consider the diagnosis?^198975^J R Nav Med Serv 1989 Winter;75(3):143-6^^Rudland SV^Patients with Leptospirosis, usually a water borne zoonotic disease, are likely to present themselves to Royal Naval primary health carers, who deal with a young active population, frequently participating in watersports. Leptospira, which belong to the order Spirochaetaceae, comprise of two distinct species. Within each species there are a number of serologically different serovars (serotypes), arranged in related serogroups. L. interrogans var Icterhaemorrhagiae and L. interrogans var Hebdomadis serovar hardjo are the most commonly reported organisms in Great Britain. Traditionally water and sewage workers have been amongst those most frequently infected, but with improved health care awareness this group has been overtaken by farmworkers, and a growing group of people engaged in aquatic sports. Symptoms of Leptospiral infection vary in severity from a mild flu-like illness to symptoms resulting from severe renal, hepatic or meningeal involvement. Mild symptoms respond to oral penicillin, erythromycin or tetracyclines, whilst more serious illness requires i.v. penicillin and supportive nursing. Spirochaetes can be detected in culture using darkground microscopy, and sero-conversion detected by IgM specific dot ELISA techniques. Suspected sera should be sent to PHLS Leptospira Reference Unit, County Hospital, Hereford. HR1 2ER. (Tel: 0432 277117).^0
90158289^An application of monoclonal antibodies to identification of leptospires of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae found in China.^198901^Microbiol Immunol 1989;33(12):1039-43^Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing.^Zhang WH, Bai XF, Nie DK, Deng QD^For the purpose of improving the procedures of identification of leptospires, a set of 5 monoclonal antibodies with different serological reactivity against serovars of Leptospira interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup isolated in China was developed. One hundred and eight strains isolated from epidemic fields in 5 provinces in southern China were distinctly identified into 4 serovars of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup by the monoclonal antibody procedure, i.e., 98 isolates were identified as serovar lai, 7 as icterohaemorrhagiae, 2 as copenhageni, and 1 as H2. Factor antiserum procedure was used at the same time as control for typing these strains and an identical result was obtained.^0
89226927^[Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae of the pseudo- surgical type: a case]^198901^Ann Chir 1989;43(3):220-3^^Petit J, Jusserand D, Eustache ML, Bokobza B, Metayer J, Bourquelot R, Oksenhendler G, Winckler C^The authors report a case of fatal leptospirosis due to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae revealed by typical signs of acute cholecystitis and associated with pancreatitis in a 73 year old patient presenting with gallstones. The initial clinical findings were highly suggestive of severe but typical cholecystitis and the final diagnosis was only considered when the patient's condition worsened despite surgery, with increasing obstructive jaundice and multiple organ failure. Pancreatitis was an autopsy finding. Misleading, especially gastrointestinal symptoms are frequent in leptospirosis. Hence an early diagnosis is an essential condition for a successful antibiotic management in severe cases of leptospirosis. This possibility should be considered whenever a patient presents with infectious obstructive jaundice. The patient has to be questioned concerning possible contact with contaminated animals and, when in doubt, the presence of specific antibodies should be investigated.^0
89304292^[Human leptospirosis in Reunion Island. A 3-year epidemiological study (1985-1987)]^198901^Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1989;82(2):185-91^Service de Reanimation, Hopital de Saint-Pierre, Reunion.^Law-Koune JD, Duval G, Michault A, Baranton G, De Camaret P, Lemahieu JM, Van-der-Linden T^During a three-year period (1985-1987), in Reunion Island, 252 cases of leptospirosis were clinically diagnosed in humans, and serologically confirmed. The epidemiological study showed a significant male predominance, presence during all ages of life; no month and no geographical zone are spared but maximal incidences are noted during periods of and in localities with the most important rainfall. Severe forms are frequent but mortality remains low.^0
89360175^Massive pulmonary haemorrhage due to leptospirosis.^198901^Intensive Care Med 1989;15(5):322-4^Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.^Allen P, Raftery S, Phelan D^A young man with leptospirosis developed massive pulmonary haemorrhage. This was remarkable both in its severity and in its occurrence early in the clinical course - before the onset or presence of jaundice, renal failure or of a serological diagnosis. It occurred in the absence of a coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia and presumably was a consequence of the capillary fragility characteristic of the disease - perhaps precipitated in this instance by mechanical ventilation.^0
89381680^An immunoprotective monoclonal antibody directed against Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.^198901^J Gen Microbiol 1989 Jan;135 ( Pt 1):73-8^N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Schoone GJ, Everard CO, Korver H, Carrington DG, Inniss VA, Baulu J, Terpstra WJ^A monoclonal antibody (mAb) was prepared by hybridoma technology in BALB/c mice immunized to Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. This mAb agglutinated serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae to high titres and protected hamsters, dogs and monkeys against challenge with a virulent strain of serovar copenhageni. The mAb gave protection to hamsters at dilutions up to 1 in 1000; at a 1 in 10 dilution the protective effect lasted for at least two weeks. Biochemical analysis by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting indicated that this mAb reacted with an epitope of a carbohydrate nature.^0
89388635^[Hemosorption in infectious pathology]^198901^Ter Arkh 1989;61(5):130-4^^Pokrovskii VI, Radzivil GG, Zmyzgova AV, Shalygina NB, Beloborodov VB^Hemosorption was used for the treatment of 152 patients with purulent meningitis, sepsis complicated by shock, virus hepatitis and leptospirosis. A favorable effect of hemosorption in infections was based on highly effective correction of microcirculatory disorders as a result of the removal of high molecular substances of microbic and endogenous origin.^0
90019808^[Discriminant analysis for the prognostication in icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^198901^Sov Med 1989;(7):93-6^^Kotova IN, Pavlova LV, Beliak GM^^0
90038441^Results of serological examination for leptospirosis of domestic and wild animals in the Upper Nile province (Sudan).^198901^J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1989;33(3):337-45^National Reference Laboratory for Leptospires, District Centre of Hygiene, Jihlava, Czechoslovakia.^Sebek Z, Sixl W, Reinthaler F, Valova M, Schneeweiss W, Stunzner D, Mascher F^195 domestic and 766 wild animals were serologically examined for leptospirosis. Cattle was found to be positive at titres 1 greater than or equal to 400 in 63.5%, namely 50.6% for Tarassovi, 17.1% for Sejroe- Hebdomadis, 9.4% for Bataviae, 1.2-3.5% for Icterohaemorrhagiae, Cynopteri, Autumnalis, Australis, Pomona and Grippotyphosa. Sera from 35 animals reacted with the serovars from two or more serogroups. Of 7 sheep 1 was positive for Pomona and 18 goats proved to be negative. 10.2% of wild mammals were positive at titres 1 greater than or equal to 100, namely 3.5% for Icterohaemorrhagiae, 3.1% for Javanica, 1.7% for Pomona and 0.1-0.8% for Sejroe-Hebdomadis, Grippotyphosa Pyrogenes, Australis, Ballum, Bataviae, Cynopteri and Canicola. The sera of 10 animals were simultaneously positive with the serovars of two serogroups. Erinaceus albiventris, Eidolon helvum, Tadarida condylura and T. pumila, Cercopithecus aethiops, Genetta sp., Ichneumonia albicauda, Canis adustus and C. aureus, Felis silvestris, Leptailurus serval, Arvicanthis niloticus, Mus sp. and species from the subfamilies Tragelaphniae, Reduncinae and Gazellinae were serologically positive. The positivity rate in rodents was only 1.2%.^0
89154734^Human leptospirosis--a review of 50 cases.^198975^Infection 1989 Jan-Feb;17(1):8-12^Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Hospital S. Joao, Porto.^Lecour H, Miranda M, Magro C, Rocha A, Goncalves V^Epidemiological and clinical aspects of 50 consecutive patients, 47 adults and three children, hospitalized between 1977 and 1987 for human leptospirosis, were reviewed. 45 (90%) of the patients were from rural regions. 32 (64%) cases occurred in individuals at occupational risk for the infection. 35 (70%) cases were registered in the warm season. The source of infection was known in 34 (68%) cases. Weil's disease was diagnosed in 31 (62%) patients, aseptic meningitis in 12 (24%) and acute unexplained fever in seven (14%). Haemodialysis was required for 11 (35%) patients with Weil's disease. Three (6%) patients died. Cause of death was massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage in two and renal failure in one. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae was responsible for 39 (78%) cases, Leptospira canicola for six (12%), Leptospira grippotyphosa for two (4%), and Leptospira australis, Leptospira ballum and Leptospira sejroe, for one case each. A muscle biopsy was performed in six patients and a renal biopsy in three. Focal necrotic muscular changes, with mild mononuclear infiltrate, were found. Pigmented casts in distal convoluted tubules, mild interstitial inflammatory infiltrate and mesangial enlargement of some glomeruli were observed in kidney biopsies. A good knowledge of the protean clinical manifestations of leptospirosis and an accurate laboratory study are required for a correct diagnosis.^0
89189264^Investigation on monoclonal antibodies against two serovars of the icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup of Leptospira.^198901^Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1989 Jan;270(3):329-36^Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China.^Zhang WH, Bai XF, Deng QD, Nie DK^By means of the cell fusion technique, two hybridoma cell lines, V-1 and H2-1 have been obtained. V-1 cells secrete monoclonal antibody against serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and dakota. The H2-1 cell line secretes serovar-specific monoclonal antibody against serovar H2. These monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used in serovar-typing of leptospires isolated in China. The results of identification of leptospires by using monoclonal antibodies showed total coincidence with that by the traditional cross agglutinin absorption test and factor antiserum method. It was confirmed by using monoclonal antibody that the serological agglutination totally paralleled with animal protection. On the basis of the study, a concept was proposed that the agglutination in vitro and the protection in vivo are different manifestations in different reaction systems from the same antibody (antibodies) stimulated by a component(s) of the surface antigen of leptospires.^0
89168488^Leptospirosis: a diagnosis to be kept in mind.^198901^Can Dis Wkly Rep 1989 Jan 21;15(3):13-6^^Rivest N, Jobin J, Gaudreau C^^0
89188305^[Occurrence of leptospiral antibodies in dogs in Brno and the surrounding area]^198902^Vet Med (Praha) 1989 Feb;34(2):121-8^^Treml F, Hejlicek K, Svoboda M, Mahelkova K^A serological examination by the microagglutination reaction of lysis (RMAL) was performed with 12 leptospira strains to investigate 1272 blood serums of dogs coming for various kinds of treatment to the outpatient ward of the veterinary hospital. The higher infestation rate was recorded in the dogs from outside the city (14.08%) than in the city dogs (7.96%). A considerably high infestation was found in the dogs of the service breeds (13.47%). The males were infested more frequently (10.99%) than the bitches (7.22%). As for age, young dogs until the age of one year were found to be infested more frequently. Separate significant titres were demonstrated with the leptospira of the Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Sejroe, and Australis (L. bratislava) serological groups. Reactions with the leptospira of other groups were recorded only at low titres: they were as coagglutinations with parallel high-titre reactions with the leptospira of the Grippotyphosa and Icterohaemorrhagiae groups.^0
89125558^Expression of two conserved leptospiral antigens in Escherichia coli.^198902^J Med Microbiol 1989 Feb;28(2):143-9^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Doherty JP, Adler B, Rood JI, Billington SJ, Faine S^The genes encoding two protein antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Rabbit antisera raised against the cloned proteins, designated p12 and p20, were used to identify the antigens in Western blots of disrupted leptospiral cells. The proteins p12 and p20 were conserved within the genus Leptospira and were not detected in Leptonema illini. Although both proteins were present in leptospiral outer envelope preparations they did not elicit the production of agglutinating or opsonising antibodies.^0
89162391^[Leptospirosis in cattle; milker's fever in cattle farmers]^198902^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1989 Feb 1;114(3):131-5^Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren in Gelderland, Velp Gld.^Hartman EG, Franken P, Bokhout BA, Peterse DJ^In this paper the symptomatology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infections in cattle are reviewed. The possibilities on monitoring and control of this disease in both foreign countries and the Netherlands are discussed. Special attention is paid to the zoonotic aspects of the infection (dairy fever).^0
89222432^Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae infection presenting as acute renal failure.^198902^Scott Med J 1989 Feb;34(1):410^Department of Medicine, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy.^Menzies DG, Campbell IW, Winney RJ^The features of leptospiral infection should be sought in all cases of acute renal failure since management depends on the recognition of the clinical syndrome and serological confirmation is usually delayed. Hepatic and renal involvement is usual but renal failure without significant derangement of liver function is described.^0
89269250^[Results of ambulatory care and serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in reconvalescents in the Kuban region]^198902^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1989 Feb;(2):46-9^^Gol'denshtein ZA, Arapov IuA, Chernaia RN, Mazhnikova GI^The importance of the medical checkup of leptospirosis reconvalscents is shown. In 18.9% of persons having had leptospirosis and placed under medical surveillance the presence of pathological changes has been established after clinical convalescence. Recommendations concerning the prolongation of the period of medical surveillance on leptospirosis reconvalescents with less frequent checkups are given.^0
89269254^[Survival rate of Leptospira pomona in the soil at a natural leptospirosis focus]^198902^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1989 Feb;(2):64-8^^Zaitsev SV, Chernukha IuG, Evdokimova OA, Belov AS^At the area of a natural focus of leptospirosis (caused by L. pomona) in the Mozdok region of the North Occetic ASSR leptospires were detected by the method of dark field microscopy in 22% of intact soil samples. The presence of pathogenic leptospires in this soil was not confirmed by the method of the biological assay on Syrian golden hamsters. In controlled tests lasting 1-277 days, in 30.4% of cases L. pomona retained their viability, pathogenic and antigenic properties for as long as 74 days, while staying in the soil at the focus of infection with humidity being 15.2-31.4% and pH = 6.7-7.2. 11 Leptospira cultures isolated after staying in the soil retained their pathogenic properties and the death of the animals used in the bioassay from the acute form of leptospiral infection.^0
89304217^Monoclonal antibody against Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola.^198902^Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1989 Feb;37(2):414-7^^Masuzawa T, Sekiguchi T, Shimizu T, Iwamoto Y, Morita T, Mifuchi I, Yanagihara Y^Nine cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton were established by the cell fusion technique. The immunological reactivity of these MAbs with various kinds of serogroups, serovars and strains were examined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MAbs W1-W3 derived from mice, which were immunized with whole cells of the strain Moulton, reacted with the serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes. On the other hand, MAbs A1-A6 derived from mice immunized with the outer envelope (OE) fraction, which showed a potent protective activity and was extracted with ammonium hydroxide from the strain Moulton, reacted specifically with the serogroup Canicola alone in MAT. A difference in antigenic structure between subserogroup A (canicola subgroup) and subserogroups B (schueffneri subgroup) of the serogroup Canicola was demonstrated by MAT using the MAbs. All the MAbs clearly agglutinated serovars of subserogroup A except for serovars kamituga, jonsis and bindjei, but did not react with any serovars of subserogroup B. These findings suggest that MAb highly specific to each serovar is readily available by OE immunization and is useful for the classification of Leptospira.^0
89162390^[The occurrence of hardjo-positive dairy cows in the Northern Netherlands. A prospective serological survey]^198902^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1989 Feb 1;114(3):123-30^Afdeling Immunologie, Central Diergeneeskundig Instituut, Lelystad.^Bokhout BA, Peterse DJ, Koger PL, Terpstra WJ^More than 5000 lactating cows from 82 farms, in the northern part of the Netherlands, were serologically examined for antibodies to Leptospira hardjo. Hardjo-positive cows were found on 52% of the farms with a mean incidence of 23% positive animals. Considerable differences were observed in the percentages hardjo-positive cows per region (7- 30%), as well as in the percentages positive cows per positive farm (22- 46%). With the exception of one region (14%) the percentages of hardjo- positive farms per region hardly differed (average 58%). In addition to the animal survey 488 sera of men working and/or living on cattle-farms were also examined. Twenty-six persons were hardjo-positive. Most of these persons (circa 90%) milked regularly. All seropositive persons were found on farms with hardjo-positive cattle. Results from an inquiry on circa 200 farms indicated, that hardjo-infections probably occur with a higher frequency on larger farms. Finally the results from this survey confirm the observation in the literature, that symptoms of hardjo-infections are more frequently found in the autumn.^0
89163107^Evidence for sheep as a maintenance host for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198902^Vet Rec 1989 Feb 4;124(5):123-4^Animal Health Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Western Australia.^Cousins DV, Ellis TM, Parkinson J, McGlashan CH^^0
90198515^Monoclonal antibodies reacting with serogroup and serovar specific epitopes on different lipopolysaccharide subunits of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^198903^FEMS Microbiol Immunol 1989 Mar;1(4):213-8^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.^Adler B, Ballard SA, Miller SJ, Faine S^Monoclonal antibodies with two kinds of specificities, produced against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, were studied by agglutination and immunoblotting. Antibodies reacted either exclusively with serovar pomona or with all members of the Pomona serogroup, but none of the antibodies reacted with representative serovars of other serogroups. Both antibodies recognized epitopes on purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from serovar pomona. In immunoblotting experiments the serogroup specific antibody recognized both the major LPS bands of 21 kDa and 26 kDa whereas the serovar specific antibodies reacted only with the 26 kDa band, thus localizing serovar specificity in the 26 kDa band and serogroup specific epitopes on at least two different LPS subunits.^0
90117599^Hantavirus infections in humans and commensal rodents in Singapore.^198975^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989 Mar-Apr;83(2):248-51^Department of Community, National University of Singapore.^Wong TW, Chan YC, Joo YG, Lee HW, Lee PW, Yanagihara R^To determine the extent of hantavirus infection in Singapore, serological studies using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test were conducted on commensal rodents and on human patients in 4 diagnostic groups. Virus isolation using a Vero E6 cell line was performed on hantaviral antigen-positive rodent lung tissue. Of 142 rodents and 3 insectivores studied, 37 (26%) were seropositive for IFA. Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species captured, with the highest species-specific seropositive rate of 32% (36 of 113). A hantavirus strain, R36, was isolated from one R. norvegicus. Seropositive rates for human patients were: 8% respectively for dengue haemorrhagic fever suspects and for non-A non-B hepatitis patients, 3% for leptospirosis suspects and 2% for acute nephritis patients. 2 patients had marked liver dysfunction but mild renal involvement. This hepatitis-like manifestation appears to be a clinical variant of hantavirus infection.^0
90100326^[Hematologic changes in leptospirosis]^198975^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1989 Mar-Apr;31(2):71-9^^Nicodemo AC, Medeiros N, del Negro G, Amato Neto V^30 cases of leptospirosis admitted to the Clinica de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo were studied for blood count alterations. 16 patients (53.3%) had a normal white blood cell count at the moment of admission. 12 patients (40%) presented a high white blood cell count and 2 (6.6%) had a low count. 29 patients (96.6%) had a high proportion of neutrophils and 25 patients (83.3%) presented a high number of immature forms. 24 patients had anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 26 patients (86.6%). The most characteristic changes found in bone marrow aspirate were the alterations of M:E ratio (myeloid- erythroid ratio) due to relative and/or absolute hyperplasia of the myeloid series, and/or relative and/or absolute hypoplasia of the erythroid series; erythropoiesis was predominantly micro-erythroblastic in many patients; mild to moderate plasmocytosis was found; and, regarding the interstitial series, increased macrophagic activity was noted. There was no direct correlation between the number of megakaryocytes and the blood platelet count, but there was a direct correlation between the bone marrow platelet production and blood platelet count. We believe that it is very difficult to have a good idea of the dynamic mechanisms that lead to medullar platelet production in the presence of platelet consumption, through a random test of the bone marrow.^0
89167896^Llama reproduction.^198903^Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1989 Mar;5(1):159-82^College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.^Johnson LW^The reproductive anatomy, physiology, and breeding behavior of the llama is unique enough to make familiarity with it imperative. Female puberty averages 12 months, while many males are not reproductively functional until after 3 years. Proper management of a breeding pair or herd is necessary to maintain maximum reproductive performance. Proof of pregnancy is suggested by rejection of the male and may/should be confirmed by progesterone assay, rectal palpation, or ultrasound techniques. The postpartum female is notable for breeding back rapidly, with high pregnancy rates resulting. Both male and female factors enter into llama infertility, with each gender having significant incidence of reproductive anatomical abnormalities. Management as well as acquired infertility problems (heat factors, trauma, infection, neoplasia, and hormonal imbalances) contribute to the bulk of infertility cases investigated. Techniques used to diagnose infertility in llamas are quite comparable to the equine species; however, female body size and semen analysis in the male present significant challenges. The approach to therapy has been quite empirical to date, owing to lack of consistent problems and numbers to afford conclusive trials. Alterations of pregnancy include resorption, abortions, and stillbirths. Resorption between 30 to 60 days of gestation is reported regularly. Abortions caused by stress occur regularly. Infection abortions caused by leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, and chlamydiosis are to be expected. Ponderosa pine-related abortions are suspected. In summary, I find use for a broad background in large animal theriogenology to apply to llama infertility. There no doubt are additional diagnostic techniques and therapeutic regimens that have application, and it is up to us all to keep good records and share the information.^0
89234523^Genetic and antigenic characterization of Borrelia coriaceae, putative agent of epizootic bovine abortion.^198903^J Clin Microbiol 1989 Mar;27(3):389-93^Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.^LeFebvre RB, Perng GC^Borrelia coriaceae was characterized genetically and antigenically by utilizing the following techniques: restriction endonuclease analysis, Southern blotting and genomic hybridization, pulsed-field electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. The B. coriaceae genome revealed unique and characteristic banding patterns both by agarose gel electrophoresis and by hybridization when compared with several Borrelia burgdorferi isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated several linear plasmids ranging from 65 to 30 kilobase pairs. Cross-reaction with B. burgdorferi antigens ranging from 21 to 26 kilodaltons were demonstrated by immunoblotting with rabbit anti-B. coriaceae antiserum. However, most B. coriaceae antigens were quite distinct when compared with B. burgdorferi and Leptospira interrogans antigens.^0
89268638^Urinary diagnostic indices in the management of leptospirosis. Selection of patients for dialysis therapy [published erratum appears in West Indian Med J 1989 Jun;38(2):87]^198903^West Indian Med J 1989 Mar;38(1):33-8^^Nicholson GD, Edwards CN, Hassell TA, Everard CO, Callender J^Cases of leptospirosis admitted to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH), Barbados, were assessed for the presence of "pre-renal azotaemia" (NON- ARF) as opposed to "acute renal failure" (ARF). Distinction between the two diagnoses was made on the basis of clinical course. Peritoneal dialysis was inappropriately utilised in 26% of patients receiving such therapy. This study evaluates diagnostic tests for pre-renal azotaemia, and acute renal failure in leptospirosis, and indicates guidelines for the management of azotaemia in such patients. U/P urea and osmolar ratios show high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing pre-renal azotaemia. While "early" dialysis is essential for patients with acute leptospiral renal failure, in those with plasma creatinines less than 600 mumol/litre on entry and indices indicating NON-ARF, decisions regarding dialysis can safely be delayed for 48-72 hours while the effect of rehydration is assessed.^0
89301219^[Treatment of terminal forms of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^198975^Anesteziol Reanimatol 1989 Mar-Apr;(2):59-62^^Krivulis DB, Groshev AN, Tsimermane GI, Daugulis EK, Sondore AA^Complex therapy, using hemosorption in combination with hemodialysis and hyperbaric oxygenation, was suggested for the treatment of patients with terminal stages of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. Such complex therapy decreased the mortality rate of patients with terminal stages of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis from 76-96% to 18-22% and reduced the in-hospital stay from 60-80 to 35-40 days.^0
89265485^Leptospiral and hepatitis A antibodies amongst windsurfers and waterskiers in Bristol City Docks.^198903^Public Health 1989 Mar;103(2):123-9^^Philipp R, Waitkins S, Caul O, Roome A, McMahon S, Enticott R^Previous epidemiological studies have detected a substantial risk of gastroenteritis associated with snorkel swimming events in the Bristol City Docks. The event has since been discontinued. Similar risks were not identified at that time for surface-based events. A subsequent fatality from Weil's disease (Leptospirosis) and a case of Hepatitis A associated with surface water immersion in the Bristol City Docks water prompted this study of Leptospiral and Hepatitis A immunity amongst regular windsurfers and waterskiers. Although one person showed evidence of past Leptospiral infection and several people showed evidence of previous Hepatitis A, a causal association with Docks water exposure was not established. Nevertheless, there was sufficient public concern to justify the introduction of precautions against the potential health risks associated with immersion in the City Docks. The study findings and these preventive measures are described.^0
90007463^[Purification and SDS-page analysis of axial filaments from leptospires]^198903^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1989 Mar;20(1):1-4^^Xiao JG, Dai BM^A modified method, differential centrifugation followed by sucrose density centrifugation, was used to purify axial filaments from three strains of Leptospires. Ultrastructure of the axial filaments was studied and profiles of the axial filaments were characterized and compared. The results have shown that all the three strains of Leptospires, i.e., L. interrogsans serovar Lai strain 017, L. biflexa serovar patoc strain Patoc I and L. illini strain 3055, have two axial filaments in one cell. The axial filament is 20 nm in diameter. It is the first observation that the end which inserts the cytoplasms cylinder is wider in diameter than the free one. An insertion pore structure is observed. The new method yields 1.5mg axial filaments from 12 g leptospires cells. SDS-PAGE was first employed in the analysis of axial filaments of leptospires. The results have also shown that there are 6 proteins in the axial filaments of strain 017, MW 26,000-50,000 while 7 proteins in the axial filaments of strain Patoc I and strain 3055. MW 29,000-80,000 and 28,500-80,000 respectively. Interestingly, all the axial filaments of the three strains have a common protein band of MW 31,500. The possibility of using axial filament proteins as a new criterion for typing and a serodiagnosis antigen is discussed.^0
89183618^Nucleotide sequence of a 23S ribosomal RNA gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton.^198903^Nucleic Acids Res 1989 Mar 11;17(5):2123^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.^Fukunaga M, Horie I, Mifuchi I^^0
91175946^Measurement of IgG concentration in ovine fetal fluids: a useful diagnostic test.^198904^J Vet Diagn Invest 1989 Apr;1(2):128-31^Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-4802.^Hedstrom O, Sonn R, Dearing P, Snyder SP, Lassen ED^The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Oregon State University received 172 aborted ovine fetuses during the 1985-1987 lambing seasons; from 120 of these, body fluids were evaluated for IgG levels. Fifty-two (43%) of the fetal fluids had immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels greater than 15 mg/dl. Forty-five (87%) of the fluids with elevated IgG levels were confirmed or presumed toxoplasma or chlamydia abortions. A mean fetal fluid IgG concentration of 111.5 +/- 78 mg/dl was found for the 26 toxoplasma abortions; for the 19 chlamydia abortions, a mean IgG concentration of 109 +/- 91 mg/dl was found. Antibody titers equal to or greater than 1:40 against Toxoplasma gondii were detected in 23 fetal fluids. Fetal fluid IgG concentration less than 15 mg/dl was found to be associated with bacterial organisms (i.e., Campylobacter sp.) as the confirmed or presumed cause of abortion. These results suggest that measurement of fetal fluid IgG concentration is a useful, supportive diagnostic test in determining the cause of ovine abortion, and should be included as a routine laboratory procedure for ovine abortion diagnosis.^0
91175949^Evaluation of multivalent Leptospira fluorescent antibody conjugates for general diagnostic use.^198904^J Vet Diagn Invest 1989 Apr;1(2):146-9^National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010.^Miller DA, Wilson MA, Kirkbride CA^Four lots of conjugate were evaluated for optimal dilution and degree of fluorescence produced with reference cultures and bovine and porcine leptospira isolates. One lot that uniformly produced better fluorescence was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity with reference cultures, isolates, culture-positive tissues, and 13 other bacterial species. Further evaluation of the conjugates was done with bovine, porcine, and ovine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. Leptospires were detected with the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) in 9 of 21 culture-positive bovine kidneys and were detected in diluted cultures when present at concentrations of 10(2)-10(3) organisms/ml. With the exception of Treponema hyodysenteriae, FAT's of other bacterial cultures produced minimal fluorescence or were negative. Positives were characterized by moderate to brilliant fluorescence of typical cell forms, and most nonspecific fluorescence was eliminated with a flazo-orange counterstain. The results indicated that the FAT utilizing multivalent conjugates could be used successfully as an additional method for diagnosis of leptospira infections.^0
91175952^Etiologic studies on late-term swine abortions.^198904^J Vet Diagn Invest 1989 Apr;1(2):160-4^Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.^Nielsen JN, Armstrong CH, Turek JJ, Nielsen NC^One hundred thirty-eight swine abortions were studied in detail in an effort to identify an etiologic agent. A viral agent was implicated in 7 cases. Bacteria were isolated in less than half of the examined cases: however, in 61% of the cases, motile, filamentous organisms were observed in tissues and fluids. Although swine sera from farms experiencing reproductive problems had a high reactor rate to Leptospira bratislava antigen, electron microscopy of the observed organism revealed a wall-free prokaryote morphologically typical of the class Mollicutes.^0
91175947^Serologic examination of aborted ovine and bovine fetal fluids for the diagnosis of border disease, bluetongue, bovine viral diarrhea, and leptospiral infections.^198904^J Vet Diagn Invest 1989 Apr;1(2):132-8^Veterinary Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007.^Kirkbride CA, Johnson MW^Fetal serum from most of 994 bovine and 553 ovine aborted fetuses was tested serologically for antibodies to border disease (BD), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and bluetongue (BT) viruses, and to Leptospira sp., and the results were compared with the results of isolation procedures, fluorescent antibody tests (FAT), and histologic examinations of the same fetuses. Antibodies to BT virus were not found in any of the 994 bovine and 553 ovine fetuses. Antibody titers to BVD virus were present in 39 of 966 bovine fetuses tested, and BVD virus was detected in 4 of the 39. Four of 74 fetuses in which the BVD virus was detected by FAT or isolation had titers to BVD virus. Microagglutination (MAT) titers to 1 or more of 5 serovars of leptospires were present in 52 of 773 bovine fetal sera tested. Leptospires were not detected by FAT in any bovine fetuses that had leptospiral antibody titers. Leptospires were detected by FAT in 15 aborted calves, and none of these had MAT titers. Antibody titers to BD virus were present in 80 of 486 fetal lamb sera tested, and the virus was detected by FAT or isolation in 3 of the 80 fetuses. Border disease virus was detected in 14 of 486 fetal lambs tested. Twelve of the 14 were tested serologically and 3 had titers to BD virus. Leptospiral antibody titers were present in 27 of 326 ovine fetal sera tested. Leptospires were not detected in any of the 326 ovine fetuses tested by FAT.^0
89363162^Hideyo Noguchi's research on yellow fever (1918-1928) in the pre- electron microscopic era.^198904^Kitasato Arch Exp Med 1989 Apr;62(1):1-9^^Kantha SS^One of the low points in Hideyo Noguchi's career as a pioneer medical microbiologist was his investigations on yellow fever between 1918 and 1924 in Central and South America. His discovery that spirochete Leptospira icteroides was the causative pathogen of yellow fever was discredited in 1927. This paper evaluates the situation under which Noguchi conducted his experiments and assesses the causes which might have resulted in his erroneous interpretation in the pre-electron microscopic era. Even 60 years after Noguchi's untimely death, much remains to be known about the virulence of pathogenic strains of yellow fever.^0
89197778^Identification and nucleotide sequence of the Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc trpE and trpG genes.^198904^J Bacteriol 1989 Apr;171(4):2083-9^Department of Microbiology and Immunology, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506.^Yelton DB, Peng SL^Leptospira biflexa is a representative of an evolutionarily distinct group of eubacteria. In order to better understand the genetic organization and gene regulatory mechanisms of this species, we have chosen to study the genes required for tryptophan biosynthesis in this bacterium. The nucleotide sequence of the region of the L. biflexa serovar patoc chromosome encoding the trpE and trpG genes has been determined. Four open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in this region, but only three ORFs were translated into proteins when the cloned genes were introduced into Escherichia coli. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the ORFs allowed us to identify the trpE and trpG genes of L. biflexa. Enzyme assays confirmed the identity of these two ORFs. Anthranilate synthase from L. biflexa was found to be subject to feedback inhibition by tryptophan. Codon usage analysis showed that there was a bias in L. biflexa towards the use of codons rich in A and T, as would be expected from its G + C content of 37%. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the trpE gene product and the trpG gene product with corresponding gene products from other bacteria showed regions of highly conserved sequence.^0
89234631^Is thrombocytopenia seen in patients with leptospirosis immunologically mediated?^198904^J Clin Pathol 1989 Apr;42(4):439-40^^Davenport A, Rugman FP, Desmond MJ, Ganta R^^0
89262739^[Recent clinical findings in leptospirosis]^198904^Minerva Med 1989 Apr;80(4):377-80^U.S.S.L. n. 45, Ospedale S. Andrea, Vercelli, Divisione di Malattie Infettive.^Carco FP, Saliva G, Guazzotti G, Gobber M, Gili C^Forty-four patients admitted 1978-1986 were examined which suffered from leptospirosis. The authors bring a new contribution on the clinic of leptospirosis. They confirm that leptospirosis often assumes a polymorphic clinical degree. They stress the importance of an early diagnosis.^0
89333051^[Antileptospiral antibodies in the blood serum of donors]^198904^Vrach Delo 1989 Apr;(4):108-9^^Nazarchuk LV, Mel'nitskaia EV^The authors investigated the content of antileptospiral antibodies in 930 blood sera of nonimmunized blood donors. It was established that high titers of antileptospiral antibodies are contained in 5.2% of practically healthy persons.^0
90021478^[A new leptospiral serovar in the autumnalis serogroup]^198904^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1989 Apr;29(2):141-4^^Zhang FZ, Zhou CY, Wang XY^Strain A6 of leptospire was isolated from blood culture of a case with leptospirosis on July 1, 1962 in Mengla county, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. It is proved a new serovar belonging to serogroup Autumnalis by cross agglutination and cross agglutinin-absorption tests. The name, Leprospira interrogans serovar nanla with reference strain A6 is proposed.^0
90048302^[The epidemiology and prevention of leptospirosis in Iasi County]^198975^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1989 Apr-Jun;93(2):315-7^^Oana C, Teodorescu E, Grigore L, Birzu N, Baciu F, Davideanu M^^0
90048319^[Acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning]^198975^Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1989 Apr-Jun;93(2):389-90^^Domnisoru L, Chiriac E^The authors investigate 20 cases of acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) poisoning representing 50% of all acute poisonings with organo-chlorate solvents admitted during a 5-year interval to Galati District Hospital. All our CCl4 acute poisoning cases were accidental, mild and moderate in form, and prevailed in man (80%). Depending on the ingested (more seldom) or inhaled amounts, CCl4 induces neurological and or digestive disturbances, parenchymatous involvements, prevalently hepatic (misdiagnosis of acute viral hepatitis and leptospirosis) or mixed, hepatorenal. Characteristic to the mixed form is the staged evolution of the clinico-biological manifestations, acute toxic hepatitis in the first week and acute toxic tubulo-interstitial nephropathy in the second one, both requiring proper management. Five selected cases are presented.^0
89268371^L hardjo and lambs receiving cows' colostrum [letter] [see comments]^198904^Vet Rec 1989 Apr 29;124(17):469^^Simpson VR, Done SH^^0
90211753^[Verification of antibiotic treatment after animal bites among patients at the antirabies center in Rome]^198975^Ann Ig 1989 May-Aug;1(3-4):621-7^^Guasticchi G^The study aimed at searching whether antibiotic prophylaxis was practised after animal bites, and, in this case, what were the criteria adopted. It was performed by considering 162 outpatients requiring assistance after animal bites at the Antirabies Centre of Rome, Italy. In this circumstances, prevention of bacterial and viral infections is performed by wound detersion, by administering anti-tetanus and anti- rabid prophylaxis where required by italian policy, according to the patient's history. Infectious complications are described in literature as a common consequence of animal bites and include cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis and even fatal sepsis. Microorganisms related to these infections are frequently typical of animal oral flora and include aerobic and anaerobic species, such as Pasteurella multocida, DF-2, and Leptospira. It was noted that 58 (35.8%) out of 162 were treated with antibiotic prophylaxis; the most common drug used was amoxicillin, given in 18 cases (31%). The overall results do not show any particular reason for practising or not this prophylaxis. The need of standardising the behaviour of Emergency Services, where a different and unjustified attitude to treat or not patients with antibiotic prophylaxis in order to prevent infectious complications following animal bites was observed, emerges from this study.^0
91299953^[Leptospirosis: is it really very infrequent? (letter)]^198905^Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1989 May;7(5):292^^Grau A, Bofill D, Gine J, Manresa JM, Bonaventura I^^0
89254760^Efficacy of viral components of a nonabortigenic combination vaccine for prevention of respiratory and reproductive system diseases in cattle.^198905^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989 May 1;194(9):1273-80^Biological Research and Development Division, Norden Laboratories, Lincoln, NE 68501.^Talens LT, Beckenhauer WH, Thurber ET, Cooley AJ, Schultz RD^Efficacy and safety of components of an IM-administered vaccine for prevention of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), parainfluenza type-3 (PI-3) virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and campylobacteriosis and leptospirosis were evaluated in cattle, including calves and pregnant cows. Challenge of immunity tests were conducted in calves for IBRV, PI-3 virus, or BVDV vaccinal components. All inoculated calves developed serum-neutralizing antibodies and had substantially greater protection (as measured by clinical rating systems) than did controls after challenge exposure to virulent strains of IBRV, PI-3 virus, BVDV, or RSV. In in utero tests, IBRV or bovine RSV vaccinal strains were inoculated into fetuses of pregnant cows. Histologic changes or abortions did not occur after fetal inoculation of the RSV vaccinal strain, and 10 of 14 fetuses responded serologically. Of 9 fetuses, one responded serologically to the IBRV vaccinal strain after in utero inoculation and was aborted 3 weeks later. In an immunologic interference test, 10 calves vaccinated with 2 doses of the multivalent vaccine, containing the 4 viral components and a Campylobacter- Leptospira bacterin, developed serum-neutralizing antibodies to IBRV, PI-3 virus, BVDV, and RSV without evidence of serologic interference. Under field conditions, 10,771 cattle, including 4,543 pregnant cows, were vaccinated. Vaccine-related abortions did not occur.^0
89317173^Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Korea.^198975^Rev Infect Dis 1989 May-Jun;11 Suppl 4:S864-76^World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul.^Lee HW^Several clinical variants of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) are caused by Hantaan and related viruses. Since 1951, 500-900 patients with HFRS have been hospitalized annually in Korea. Although HFRS is associated primarily with rural areas, it is now being recognized as an urban problem and a particular hazard to laboratory staff using rodents for research. Recently, epidemic outbreaks of leptospirosis and scrub typhus have occurred during the HFRS season, leading to confusion in diagnosis. Serologic diagnosis of HFRS is based on the demonstration of IgM antibodies to Hantaviruses by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The specific Hantavirus causing infection can be identified on the basis of titers of plaque-reduction neutralizing antibody. Results of studies with monoclonal antibodies suggest that viral subtypes exist for each Hantaviral serotype presently recognized. While infection with Hantaviruses is known to be a problem of worldwide dimensions, present evidence indicates that it occurs over a wider area than previously recognized. Vertical transmission of Hantaan virus in a pregnant woman has been documented.^0
89384327^[The gray rat (Rattus norvegicus) as a carrier of infectious causative agents in Siberia and the Far East]^198975^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1989 May-Jun;(3):73-7^^Ol'iakova NV, Antoniuk VIa^Literary data and antiplague institutions' reports demonstrate that Norway rats carry over 24 nosological forms and groups of infectious diseases: plague, tularemia, pseudotuberculosis, intestinal yersiniosis, salmonellosis, erysipeloid, listeriosis, leptospirosis, pasteurellosis, brucellosis, dysentery, paratuberculosis, hemorrhagic nephroso-nephritis, Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Q fever, tick-borne and Japanese encephalitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, tick-borne rickettsiosis and rickettsial pox, murine typhus, tsutsugamushi disease and toxoplasmosis.^0
89205297^Leptospirosis of the lung: radiographic findings in 58 patients.^198905^AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989 May;152(5):955-9^Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea.^Im JG, Yeon KM, Han MC, Kim CW, Webb WR, Lee JS, Han YC, Chang WH, Chi JG^Leptospirosis is the disease produced by any of the group of spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. The main organs involved are the liver, central nervous system, kidneys, skeletal muscle, and lungs. Thirty-seven (64%) of 58 patients with leptospirosis, proved by positive serology, had pulmonary radiographic findings. Three radiographic patterns were evident: (1) 21 (57%) of the 37 patients had small nodular densities, (2) six (16%) had large confluent areas of consolidation, and (3) 10 (27%) had diffuse, ill-defined, ground-glass density. Serial radiographs showed a tendency for the nodular pattern to be followed by confluent consolidation and/or ground-glass density. Abnormalities were bilateral, nonlobar in all cases, and had a marked tendency toward peripheral predominance. Pulmonary abnormalities resolved within 15 days, except in eight patients who died because of respiratory failure (six patients) or other causes (two patients). In order to correlate pathology with the radiographic findings, Leptospira, isolated from a patient, was injected intraperitoneally into 20 guinea pigs. All lungs from the guinea pigs showed petecheal hemorrhage, which progressed to large confluent areas of hemorrhage. The typical pulmonary radiographic findings of leptospirosis are compatible with the multifocal pulmonary hemorrhage seen in the guinea pigs.^0
89321473^Efficacy of ciprofloxacin against Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae.^198905^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989 May;33(5):788-9^Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.^Shalit I, Barnea A, Shahar A^Ciprofloxacin activity against Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae was studied in vitro and in an animal model. The MBC of ciprofloxacin was 0.6 microgram/ml. Three of three Syrian hamsters died 8 to 9 days after intraperitoneal challenge with 10(6) leptospires. In contrast, five of six animals given ciprofloxacin 3 or 5 days after challenge survived.^0
89332966^L hardjo and lambs receiving cow's colostrum [letter; comment]^198905^Vet Rec 1989 May 13;124(19):520^^Winter AG^^0
89298157^[Classification of spirochetes infecting man]^198905^Rev Prat 1989 May 18;39(15):1287-90^^Baranton G^The systematics od spirochetes must from now own fulfil the genomic criteria recently laid down. Formerly, these parasites were classified on the basis of various phenotypic features, among which the pathogenicity and epidemiological criteria played the predominant role. At present, the order of Spirochaetales is divided into two families: Spirochaetaceae and Leptospiraceae. Two of the four genera of Spirochaetaceae, Treponema and Borrelia, include species that are pathogenic to man. Among Leptospiraceae, only one genus, Leptospira, has pathogenic species. The phenotypic characteristics of the various taxons are detailed, the role of each actor (causative agent, vector, reservoir) in the main pathological complexes and the progress of genotypic studies are briefly described.^0
89298162^[Leptospirosis]^198905^Rev Prat 1989 May 18;39(15):1308-12^^Bricaire F^Recent epidemiological data show that leptospirosis is widespread in the animal kingdom, and not only among Muridae, and, that the number of human cases is greater than in the past while being still underestimated. To the classical occupational contaminations must now be added those due to water sports. Since leptospirosis has extremely diverse clinical features, physicians should have this diagnosis in mind in many circumstances and should request the appropriate examinations at the right moment. Carefully performed microbiological techniques may reduce the problems encountered in isolating leptospires. Serological tests requested after the 12th day of the disease and repeated several times should improve the diagnostic confirmation. The potential severity of certain forms justifies not only a curative antibiotic therapy, but also prophylactic measures including wider immunization campaigns, notably among people professionally exposed to the infestation.^0
89373839^A farming systems study of abortion in dairy cattle on the Atherton Tableland. 2. The pattern of infectious diseases.^198906^Aust Vet J 1989 Jun;66(6):163-7^Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville.^Norton JH, Tranter WP, Campbell RS^The role of infectious agents on dairy farms on the Atherton Tableland in tropical north Queensland was studied as part of a comprehensive investigation into the causes of bovine abortion. The prevalence of antibody in serums collected from 7 herds whose annual abortion rates ranged from 3% to 21% were as follows: Leptospira hardjo 49.9% (426/853), L. pomona 0.4% (3/851), bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) 33.7% (35/104). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) 11.5% (12/105), Akabane virus 92.2% (95/103), Aino virus 62.1% (64/103), Chlamydia psittaci 3.1% (37/1004), Brucella abortus 0% (0/851), and Toxoplasma gondii 0% (0/105). Testing of serums against a wide range of leptospiral serotypes indicated that reactions occurring in the Hebdomadis and Sejroe serogroups were probably cross reactions with L. hardjo. Infection with L. hardjo and Akabane virus occurred prior to first mating and contact with Aino virus occurred during first pregnancy. Infection with BVD and IBR viruses was sporadic. The pathology and microbiology of 32 aborted foetuses from 24 Tableland herds (10 from the group of 19 farms under more intense study) were performed. Lesions associated with a Sarcocystis-like agent were present in 6, leptospires in 1, suspected toxic hepatosis in 2 and purulent bronchopneumonia (Staphylococcus aureus) in 1 foetus. No diagnoses were made in the remaining 22 foetuses (69%). Evidence for a common infectious cause of abortion in the population was inconclusive.^0
90077357^[Endocytosis and cytotoxin effect induced by the attachment of the glycolipoprotein of leptospires to vascular endothelial cell in culture]^198906^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1989 Jun;20(2):115-8^^Bao L, Dai BM^The Glycolipoprotein (GLP) of various virulent leptospires was extracted, purified and identified. The GLP was combined with fluorescence rhodamine B and the colloidal gold as the probe. Meanwhile, the bovine aortic endothelial cell (EN) was isolated and cultured in the medium 199 "Nissui". The GLP-rhodamine B and GLP- colloidal gold probe were added to cultured EN and incubated at 4 degrees C for 2 h then at 37 degrees C for 2 h. The interaction between GLP-rhodamine B, GLP-CG probe and EN were observed and photography by fluorescence microscopy (Leitz) and scanning electronmicroscopy. The releasing rate of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (AcP) and protein from the EN were detected. The results indicated that the GLP of Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai, strain 017 attached to EN and a endocytosis was happened subsequently. The LDH and AcP releasing rate were significantly higher than control and the cell protein was much less than control. The results showed that the GLP of L. interrogans strain 017 had the cytotoxin effect through a specific attachment, endocytosis in EN. The endocytosis probably is a receptor- mediated endocytosis.^0
90117258^Central nervous system leptospirosis in the Philippines.^198906^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1989 Jun;20(2):265-9^U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Manila, Philippines.^Watt G, Manaloto C, Hayes CG^One hundred hospitalized patients in Manila, Philippines with aseptic meningoencephalitis were screened for leptospirosis. On the basis of a microscopic agglutination titer of 1:1,600 or greater, the diagnosis was made in five cases, yet in no instance had leptospirosis been included in the differential diagnosis on admission to the hospital. Four of the five patients first noted neurologic symptoms during the second week of illness; two patients presented with encephalitis, two with meningitis and the fifth with hemiparesis. No case was complicated by renal dysfunction or jaundice. By the time of discharge from the hospital, two patients had recovered completely and the other three had markedly improved. Our data show that leptospirosis is an important but overlooked cause of aseptic meningoencephalitis in the Philippines. This is probably also the case in other parts of the tropics where Leptospira interrogans infection remains a significant public health problem.^0
89279873^Experimental immunisation of hamsters with lipopolysaccharide antigens of Leptospira interrogans.^198906^J Med Microbiol 1989 Jun;29(2):115-20^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Jost BH, Adler B, Faine S^Hamsters were immunised with leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the polysaccharide (PS) fraction of LPS from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni and the antibody responses were measured by agglutination tests. Maximum titres were observed approximately 6 weeks after immunisation and protection against lethal challenge with the homologous strain was afforded by immunisation with as little as 2.5 micrograms of LPS or PS. All animals produced IgM agglutinins but a higher proportion of-animals immunised with PS produced IgG agglutinins than did those immunised with LPS. Immunisation of guinea-pigs with autoclaved PS showed that the preparation retained some but not all of its immunogenic activity.^0
89285274^Acute renal failure in a jaundiced patient.^198906^Am J Med Sci 1989 Jun;297(6):394-8^Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Department of Medicine, Charity Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana.^Krane NK, Roland P, Herrera G^^0
89323708^Leptospirosis and water sports [editorial] [see comments]^198906^Br J Hosp Med 1989 Jun;41(6):519^^Mumford CJ^^0
89373845^Restriction endonuclease analysis of Australian isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198906^Aust Vet J 1989 Jun;66(6):183-4^Victorian Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Research Institute.^Silbreck NW, Davies WD^^0
89370056^Severe disease in a dairy herd associated with acute infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus, Leptospira harjo and Coxiella burnetii.^198906^Vet Rec 1989 Jun 17;124(24):625-9^Veterinary Investigation Centre, Norwich, Norfolk.^Pritchard GC, Borland ED, Wood L, Pritchard DG^Between November 1984 and February 1985, a serious outbreak of pyrexia, diarrhoea, agalactia, metritis and severe weight loss affected most of the recently calved cows in a 183-cow dairy herd in Norfolk. Fifteen cows died and 20 were culled. Forty cows aborted during or after the outbreak, and many of them produced mummified fetuses; 18 calves were stillborn and three others died soon after birth. Necropsy of three affected cows revealed ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract similar to that seen in cases of mucosal disease. Bovine virus diarrhoea virus was isolated from the intestines of one cow that died soon after the onset of illness. The virus was also isolated from the blood of four acutely ill cows and seroconversion was demonstrated in three of those that survived. The virus was isolated from three aborted fetuses, a stillborn calf and a live neonatal calf. Body fluids from two aborted fetuses were seropositive for the virus as were sera from all the aborting cows tested. In addition to widespread seroconversion to bovine virus diarrhoea virus during the outbreak, there was serological evidence of recent infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and Coxiella burnetii in a high proportion of cows. It was concluded that this was primarily an acute outbreak of bovine virus diarrhoea but its unprecedented clinical severity was probably associated with the concurrent introduction of L hardjo and C burnetii into an immunologically naive herd during the main calving period. Epidemiological analysis suggested that the source of the virus and L hardjo was down-calving heifers returning from communal marsh grazing.^0
89311385^A simple adherence test for detection of IgM antibodies in typhoid.^198907^J Med Microbiol 1989 Jul;29(3):195-8^Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.^Ong LY, Pang T, Lim SH, Tan EL, Puthucheary SD^A simple adherence test to detect IgM antibodies in patients with typhoid is described. The test utilises the IgM-"capture" approach, in which the test serum is applied to microtitration plate wells previously coated with anti-human IgM, followed by application of a stained Salmonella typhi antigen suspension which shows adherence in positive cases. By this test, 58 (95%) of 61 sera from confirmed cases of typhoid possessed IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S. typhi. In patients for whom a diagnosis of typhoid was based only on a significant Widal-test titre, 31 (41%) of 76 sera had IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S. typhi. Some cross-reactivity of the IgM antibodies was detected, especially with the O antigens of S. paratyphi A and B. A total of 82 sera from non-typhoidal fevers (leptospirosis, typhus, dengue fever) showed no reactivity in this test. In normal sera there was no detectable IgM to the O antigen of S. typhi and only a small number (3.9%) had low levels of IgM to the H antigen. The significance and potential importance of this simple, sensitive, specific and economical test is discussed.^0
90130241^Leptospirosis--need for urgent action [letter]^198907^J Assoc Physicians India 1989 Jul;37(7):477^^Muthusethupathi MA, Shivakumar S^^0
90176285^[Glycoproteins from Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae: distribution in the liver and kidney of experimentally infected guinea pigs]^198975^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1989 Jul-Aug;31(4):235-41^^Santos RT, Sakata EE, Yasuda PH, Wakamatsu A, Kanamura CT, Candelori I, Pestana CB, Alves VA^Tissue damage in leptospirosis has been ascribed to direct effect of the microorganisms and/or their virulence, including products synthetized by leptospires or released during their lysis. This study aimed at chemical extraction of the glycolipoprotein (GLP) from virulent leptospires, production of a rabbit anti-GLP and analysis of its distribution in liver and kidney of inoculated guinea-pigs, sacrificed sequentially from the 1st to 6th day of infection, covering the whole, spectrum of acute leptospirosis. The comparison of GLP expression to local injuries aimed at new pathogenetic data. GLP was detected in liver and kidney in 2 out of 6 guinea-pigs on the 5th day and in all 6 animals on the 6th day of infection. Granular forms were seen in the cytoplasm of macrophages, free in interstitium or adhered to endothelial and parenchymal cell membranes, especially in the most damaged sites. These findings lead us to the hypothesis of GLP as a toxic factor resulting from leptospiral lysis by macrophages. Although it was not proved as a promoter of initial lesions, it seems to be related to the enhancement of tissue damage late in the course of the disease.^0
89372389^Comparison of three techniques to detect Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in bovine urine.^198907^Am J Vet Res 1989 Jul;50(7):1001-3^USDA, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.^Bolin CA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G^Nucleic acid hybridization, bacteriologic culture, and a fluorescent antibody test were compared for detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in bovine urine. Seventy-five urine samples were collected from pregnant cows challenge exposed with type hardjo-bovis. Twenty samples were collected from steers not exposed to hardjo-bovis. Sediments from each sample were examined, using fluorescent antibodies and a repetitive sequence element nucleic acid probe, to detect the presence of leptospires. Urine samples were processed for bacteriologic culture, using standard techniques. Under laboratory conditions typically used for these techniques, leptospires were detected in 60 of 75 urine samples from challenge exposed cows by nucleic acid hybridization, in 24 samples by fluorescent antibody test, and in 13 samples by bacteriologic culture. Leptospires were not detected in the urine of steers not exposed to hardjo-bovis.^0
90052081^[The diagnosis of antileptospiral antibodies in human subjects by solid- phase immunoenzyme analysis]^198907^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1989 Jul;(7):66-71^^Sergeev AA, Chernukha IuG, Shakhanina KL, Gol'denshtein ZA, Potashnikova EIa^The possibility of using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of leptospirosis has been shown. This method has proved to be more simple and sensitive than the leptospiral microagglutination and lysis test. The data on obtaining genus-specific leptospiral antigens are presented. As revealed in this study, the antigens obtained by the complex treatment of microbial cells with ultrasound and detergents show the maximum activity in ELISA. The optimum parameters of the ELISA system for the diagnosis of leptospirosis have been established.^0
89354062^Diagnostic specificity, sensitivity and cross-reactivity of an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody against Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, sejroe and hardjo in cattle.^198907^Can J Vet Res 1989 Jul;53(3):285-9^Agriculture Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Lethbridge, Alberta.^Cho HJ, Gale SP, Masri SA, Malkin KL^Outer sheath antigen was prepared from Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, sejroe and hardjo by treating the organisms with 1.0M NaC1 followed by 0.04% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Sodium dodecyl sulfate was removed from the SDS-protein complexes by the extraction of dodecyl sulfate anions as ion pairs with triethylammonium cations into an organic solvent. The outer sheath antigen was recovered from the organic solvent as a precipitate and used as the source of leptospiral enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen. Utilizing this antigen, ELISA was adapted to detect bovine serum antibody to L. interrogans serovars pomona, sejroe and hardjo. The specificity of this assay in 344 bovine sera, which were negative in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for seven serovars, was 99.4%. In sera from 37 and 87 cattle which revealed MAT titers greater than or equal to 1:50 for L. interrogans serovars pomona and sejroe, the relative sensitivity of the test was 100%. The ELISA also showed a considerable degree of low level cross-reactivity with other serovars. Sixty-six (75.9%) out of 87 bovine sera which were MAT-positive (MAT titer of greater than or equal to 1:50) with serovars sejroe and hardjo only were ELISA positive with heterologous pomona antigen; 16 (43.2%) and six 16.2%) out of 37 bovine sera which were MAT positive MAT titer of greater than or equal to 1:50) with serovar pomona only were ELISA positive with heterologous sejroe and hardjo ELISA antigen respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
89354063^The prevalence of leptospirosis and its association with multifocal interstitial nephritis in swine at slaughter.^198907^Can J Vet Res 1989 Jul;53(3):290-4^Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph.^Baker TF, McEwen SA, Prescott JF, Meek AH^An abattoir survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis and its association with lesions of multifocal interstitial nephritis (so-called "white spotted kidneys") in swine at slaughter. Both cross-sectional and case-control study designs were used. Of 197 kidneys from hogs randomly selected at slaughter, 11 (5.6%) had generalized grey-white foci typical of multifocal interstitial nephritis (MFIN). Antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:80 against Leptospira pomona were detected in nine (4.6%) hogs and against L. bratislava in 63 (32%) of these hogs. Leptospira pomona (kennewicki) was detected by immunofluorescence in 5/197 (2.5%) of randomly selected hogs. Leptospires identified as genotype kennewicki were isolated from six (9.8%) of 61 kidneys cultured. Leptospira bratislava was not detected by immunofluorescence or culture. There was a highly significant (p = 0.00) and strong association (odds ratio (OR) = 195) between high L. pomona titer (greater than or equal to 1:80) and the presence of leptospires in the kidneys, as detected by culture. There was also a significant (p = 0.046) and strong (OR = 8.10) association between multifocal interstitial nephritis and the presence of renal leptospires as detected by culture. The association between leptospiral titer and MFIN lesions in the prevalence survey group of animals was statistically significant (p = 0.031), but this association was not significant in the case-control study group (p = 0.071) The failure to identify L. bratislava despite serological evidence of infection suggests that some of these seropositive animals may have been transiently infected at an early age, that serological findings were falsely positive, or that immunofluorescence and isolation attempts failed to detect L. bratislava if they were indeed present in the kidneys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
89368395^Detection of leptospires in pig kidney using DNA hybridisation.^198907^Res Vet Sci 1989 Jul;47(1):134-5^Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia.^McCormick BM, Millar BD, Monckton RP, Jones RT, Chappel RJ, Adler B^DNA hybridisation detected leptospiral organisms in homogenised kidneys from experimentally infected pigs, and in homogenates of pig kidneys collected at abattoirs. The technique is easy to perform and had some advantages over cultural and histological methods, in permitting the rapid survey of many kidneys simultaneously. Leptospires added to a homogenate of uninfected kidney could be detected at 10(2) organisms ml- 1 by DNA hybridisation, but the technique appeared to be less sensitive than culture.^0
89372396^Effect of vaccination with a bacterin containing Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava on the breeding performance of swine herds.^198907^Am J Vet Res 1989 Jul;50(7):1044-7^Norden Laboratories Inc, Lincoln NE 68501.^Frantz JC, Hanson LE, Brown AL^Swine herds suspected to be infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava were vaccinated with bacterins containing 5 or 6 leptospiral serovars in which serovar bratislava was the unique component. The principal diagnostic feature indicating an infection by this organism was demonstration of antibody against serovar bratislava in sera from stillborn pigs. For 1 breeding cycle after vaccination of herds on 3 farms, 255 of 266 (95.9%) sows and gilts given the 6-serovar bacterin farrowed. In contrast, 233 of 311 (74.9%) sows and gilts given the 5-serovar bacterin farrowed. These results, as evaluated by analysis of variance techniques, showed a significant improvement (P less than 0.01) in reproductive performance for groups vaccinated against serovar bratislava.^0
89374500^Effects of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide on rabbit platelets.^198907^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1989 Jul;271(2):186-96^Dept. of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Higashi Nippon Gakuen Univ., Hokkaido, Japan.^Isogai E, Kitagawa H, Isogai H, Matsuzawa T, Shimizu T, Yanagihara Y, Katami K^Leptospiral lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni virulent strain Shibaura, serovar canicola virulent strain Moulton, and serovar hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis, were tested for their ability to induce platelet aggregation and/or lysis in rabbit platelet-rich plasma (PRP). All showed positive reactions with a release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and serotonin. The values, however, were different from each other. The ability of leptospiral LPS extracted from serovar copenhageni virulent strain Shibaura (I-LPS) to induce platelet aggregation was the highest of all. After treatment of I-LPS, the platelets developed a ruffled surface with appearance of pseudopodia as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). I-LPS also showed cytotoxicity for the platelets. Degenerative or lytic changes were recognized in 44.5% of the platelets which were observed 60 min after I-LPS treatment.^0
89375953^Detection of antibodies to leptospirosis in experimentally infected dogs using the microcapsule agglutination test.^198975^Br Vet J 1989 Jul-Aug;145(4):356-61^^Arimitsu Y, Haritani K, Ishiguro N, Kobayashi S^Six puppies were infected with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and another five animals with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, respectively. Antibodies were examined at 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 days after infection, using the microcapsule agglutination test (MCAT) and the conventional microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Compared with the MAT, the MCAT detected early specific IgM antibody with high sensitivity. The MCAT titres reached a peak at the 7th day after infection and declined gradually after the 11th day, while the MAT titres increased up to the 14th day.^0
89384928^[Weil's disease, milker's fever and other leptospiroses, 1981-1987]^198907^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1989 Jul 1;133(26):1322-6^^Terpstra WJ, Korver H, Schonemann C, Gravekamp C^In The Netherlands, human leptospirosis is mainly caused by the serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni, both of which belong to the Icterohaemorrhagiae group and originate from rats, serovars hardjo from cattle and grippotyphosa from voles. In 1981-1987, 175 cases of leptospirosis were registered. In 17 of these cases the infection was acquired outside The Netherlands. Infections caused by serovars from the Icterohaemorrhagiae group were mainly observed in the province of Zuid-Holland, hardjo infections in the province of Friesland. The number of hardjo infections increased. Hardjo also causes problems in cattle. Infections caused by serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni were mainly associated with exposure to inland surface waters in relation with recreational or professional activities or accidents. Hardjo infections were characteristically associated with dairy farming. The incidences of all types of leptospirosis were highest in late summer and early autumn.^0
89389226^Clinical Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis serovar lora infection in a stud farm in The Netherlands.^198907^Vet Q 1989 Jul;11(3):175-82^Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University Utrecht, The Netherlands.^van den Ingh TS, Hartman EG, Bercovich Z^A Leptospira interrogans serogroup australis serovar lora infection in a stud farm is reported. During three successive years (1984-1986) clinical leptospirosis with a severe often rapid, fatal course was seen in 12 foals. Clinical examination revealed severe respiratory distress, depression and pyrexia. Other symptoms were diarrhea (2), jaundice (1), and an unsteady gait (1). Morphological characteristics of the disease were massive pulmonary haemorrhage and haemorrhagic-thrombotic or extracapillary glomerulonephritis with tubulonephrosis and interstitial oedema. In most foals high or increasing MAT titres to serovar bratislava were found; from one foal Leptospira interrogans serovar lora was isolated. Serological examination of all 56 mares at the farm (August 1986) revealed antibodies to serovar bratislava in 64 per cent of the animals. These findings support the idea that Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava and closely related strains (in this study serovar lora) may be adapted to and maintained by the horse population.^0
90035151^Characterization of trypsin extractable antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, bataviae & L. biflexa serovar patoc.^198907^Indian J Med Res 1989 Jul;89:249-54^^Premlatha MM, Srivastava SK^Leptospira strains after treatment with trypsin released an antigen (Tx) which consisted of protein (4.2 mg/ml), carbohydrate (0.39 mg/ml) and hexosamine (0.025 mg/ml). Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and indirect haemagglutination tests revealed serological cross reactions among the three strains used. Inhibition of microscopic agglutination reaction by the Tx antigen was observed in homologous system only. The antigen was partially sensitive to heat (80 degrees C for 10 min) as detected by immunodiffusion and microscopic agglutination inhibition. These data revealed the presence of serovar- specific and genus-specific antigens on Leptospira strains. It is suggested that this antigen could be useful in developing a serodiagnostic test for leptospirosis.^0
90048215^[Weil's disease: report on 5 cases in the valley of Mexico]^198975^Rev Invest Clin 1989 Jul-Sep;41(3):253-7^^Barido ME, Alexanderson E, Halabe J, Castro G, Caballero A^Leptospirosis, an acute generalized infection transmitted to humans from wild or domestic mammals, is rarely found in urban areas. We report here our experience with five cases of confirmed leptospirosis in the urban area of Mexico City. All five patients had epidemiologic risk factors, fever and a multisystemic illness, and two underwent laparotomy for acute abdominal syndrome. One patient died and four recovered completely. Problems in clinical and laboratory diagnosis are discussed. Leptospirosis should be suspected in patients with fever, jaundice and multiorgan involvement, and a proper epidemiologic setting.^0
89342567^Leptospirosis in piggery workers on Trinidad.^198908^J Trop Med Hyg 1989 Aug;92(4):253-8^MRC/Barbados Govt. Leptospira Laboratory, Bridgetown.^Everard CO, Ferdinand GA, Butcher LV, Everard JD^Of 133 cases of human leptospirosis recorded in Trinidad between 1977 and the end of February 1982, at least eight (6%) were in people who worked on pig farms. Three of the eight died, and their presumptive infecting serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae (3), Canicola (2), Pyrogenes (2) and Grippotyphosa (1). Six of the eight cases were followed up. Altogether, sera from 201 pigs, 78 other livestock animals, 38 workers and 34 dogs were tested for leptospiral agglutinins. The seropositivity prevalence among pigs on farms with human illness (43% greater than or equal to 1:100) was similar to that in pigs from farms not associated with illness (46%), but the titres among the former group (geometric mean 209.5) were higher than among the latter (91.5), where only titres less than or equal to 1:400 were recorded. Similar infecting serogroups were recorded among pigs on the two groups of farms, with Icterohaemorrhagiae, Autumnalis, Canicola and Pyrogenes most frequently recorded overall. There was little evidence of the pig-adapted serogroups Pomona and Tarassovi. Twelve of 13 workers (93%) from a farm on which at least two other people had contracted leptospirosis had serological evidence of exposure, compared with seven of 24 (29%) on a neighbouring farm not associated with human illness. Dogs and rodents are thought to be the major sources of leptospirosis in pigs and piggery workers in Trinidad.^0
89307571^Immunological characteristics of the glycolipid antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai.^198908^Infect Immun 1989 Aug;57(8):2502-6^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Nakamura R, Shimizu T, Iwamoto Y, Morita T, Yanagihara Y^The protective antigen (PAg), a glycolipid substance, was extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain 017 with a chloroform- methanol-water (1:2:0.8 [vol/vol/vol]) solution and partially purified by silica gel column chromatography. The PAg was not detected by Coomassie brilliant blue staining in sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis but was observed as a smearlike band, which corresponded to a 24- to 30-kilodalton standard protein, by silver staining. The outer envelope (OE) fraction showed the same band, suggesting that the PAg was one of the chemical components of the OE. The immunogenicity and protective activity of the PAg were compared with those of the OE. The PAg as well as the OE and whole cells was able to induce agglutinating antibody against L. interrogans. Furthermore, the immune sera exhibited opsonic activity against L. interrogans, as observed by measurement of chemical luminescence derived from reactive oxygen. The PAg exhibited protective activity in hamsters challenged with lethal doses of L. interrogans. Therefore, the antigen may be useful as a component vaccine against leptospiral infection.^0
89307588^Cloning of a hemolysin gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198908^Infect Immun 1989 Aug;57(8):2588-90^Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.^del Real G, Segers RP, van der Zeijst BA, Gaastra W^A DNA fragment encoding both hemolysin and sphingomyelinase C activity was cloned from the pathogenic bacterium Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Initial clones were obtained by screening a genomic library in EMBL3 for hemolytic activity. Both hemolytic and sphingomyelinase C activities were coded for by a 3.9-kilobase BamHI fragment. The hemolysin was expressed from its own promoter in Escherichia coli K-12. Similar DNA sequences were also present in the serovars tarassovi and ballum.^0
89350352^Leptospirosis. Epidemiological features of a sporadic case.^198908^Arch Intern Med 1989 Aug;149(8):1878-80^Department of Internal Medicine, Wilford Hall US Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, TX 78236-5300.^Schmidt DR, Winn RE, Keefe TJ^Leptospirosis occurred in a 45-year-old man with presumed infection from an exposure to contaminated water at his source of employment. An intensive epidemiological investigation, including serological examination of all family members and pets and cultures on the patient and his family pets (cats and dogs), proved that the leptospiral organism was acquired by the patient's exposure to his dogs. The risk of acquiring infection from dogs that are asymptomatic and vaccinated is emphasized by this report.^0
89391929^[The isolation and differentiation of leptospires from cattle drinking water]^198908^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1989 Aug 1;102(8):272-4^^Luyven G, Schonberg A^The cultural isolation and identification of leptospires from three water samples of farm wells were described. All three strains isolated belong to the apathogenic species L. biflexa. The cattle stock of these farms (A, B, C) had reacted serologically to serovars hardjo and grippotyphosa. The strain isolated from farm A is a new serovar called krefeldi and belongs to serogroup Doberdo. The strain isolated from farm B belongs to serovar montefiascone of serogroup Botanica and the strain from farm C to serovar bessemans of serogroup Bessemans. It is remarkable that serovar krefeldi with all the sera of farm A (titre up to 1:40) and only with part of the sera of farm B reacted.^0
89378151^Leptospiral infection in school-children from Trinidad and Barbados.^198908^Epidemiol Infect 1989 Aug;103(1):143-56^MRC/Government of Barbados Leptospirosis Project, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, St Michael.^Everard CO, Hayes RJ, Edwards CN^A serological survey for leptospiral agglutinins was undertaken between 1980 and 1983 in over 500 Barbadian and 500 Trinidadian school-children aged 7-14 years. The children were selected randomly from urban and rural schools, and examined three times at approximately annual intervals. A total of 12.5% of the Barbadian children and 9.5% of the Trinidadian children were seropositive at a titre of 50 using the microscopic agglutination test. On both islands, seroprevalence was higher in males than females, the difference being significant in rural schools. There was no evidence of a difference in prevalence between urban and rural schools, or between junior and secondary age-ranges. Analysis of the association of serology with socio-economic and behavioural factors showed a significant association in Trinidad with father's occupation, but most other variables on both islands showed only weak non-significant associations. Fourteen children in Trinidad and three in Barbados seroconverted. Seroconversion in Trinidad occurred at a rate of 1.6% per annum and was significantly associated with livestock contact and with absence of a tapped water supply. In Trinidad, Autumnalis was the most commonly recorded serogroup, but this accounted for less than a quarter of seropositives. In Barbados, Panama accounted for over half the seropositives and was about four times more common than the next most common serogroup, Autumnalis. In Barbados, 39 persons aged 19 or less were hospitalized with leptospirosis between November 1979 and December 1986. Average annual incidence rates were 2.2, 4.9 and 13.3 per 100,000 in the 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 age-groups, respectively.^0
90009540^Pathogenesis of renal lesions in haemoglobinaemic and non- haemoglobinaemic leptospirosis.^198908^J Comp Pathol 1989 Aug;101(2):201-14^Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.^Thompson JC, Manktelow BW^Hamsters were infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum or Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and the kidney lesions were compared by light and electron microscopy. Ballum and pomona both caused severe clinical signs and death within 6 days in some animals, although only ballum was associated with red blood cell destruction and haemoglobinaemic nephrosis. With ballum infections it is difficult to distinguish degenerate changes resulting from leptospiral "toxins" from those resulting from hypoxia and haemoglobinaemic nephrosis because large numbers of organisms and haemoglobinaemia coincide shortly before death. Although large numbers of leptospires were seen within the renal interstitium and blood vessels in animals dying shortly after infection, organisms were seen only in the proximal convoluted tubules of those surviving until 14 days. It is thought that leptospires are carried by the bloodstream and migrate at random throughout all body tissues. When antibody develops, only those in the renal tubules remain. The random migration results in some leptospires entering tubules at all levels of the nephron but there are good grounds for believing that the normal changes in composition of the glomerular filtrate as it passes through the nephron are increasingly deleterious to leptospiral survival. This probably explains why leptospires are found predominantly in the proximal convoluted tubules of animals after the development of specific immunity.^0
91045373^[Acute leptospirosis after deliberate infection with rat tissues]^198908^Pol Tyg Lek 1989 Aug 21-28;44(34-35):803-4^^Droszcz W, Dziubek Z, Kajfasz P, Wrzosek B^^0
90071222^[Electrophoretic study of the outer membrane proteins of leptospirae]^198909^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1989 Sep;(9):26-8^^Khisamov GZ, Volokhova NA^The outer membranes of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires have been isolated. The spectrum of outer membrane proteins in three saprophytic and one pathogenic Leptospira strains has been studied by means of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. In Leptospira strains VGNKI-6 (pathogenic) and G-80 (saprophytic) identical proteins, as well as proteins similar in their Rf value, have been detected. The possibility of using strain G-80 for the development of leptospiral vaccine against serovars having common surface antigens with this strain has been suggested.^0
90091224^[Two cases of facial diplegia with elevated serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi]^198909^Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1989 Sep;29(9):1152-5^^Matsumuro K, Izumo S, Nakamura A, Moritoyo T, Osame M^Lyme disease, a tick-borne infection with spirochete named Borrelia burgdorferi, is a complex multi-organ disorder involving neurological complication. Recently, the existence of Lyme disease was also recognized in middle Japan. We described here two cases of facial diplegia with elevated serum antibodies to B. burgdorferi. Case 1 was a 48 year-old man, who developed facial diplegia on April 29, 1987, and referred to our hospital on May 1. Neurological examination showed facial diplegia in addition to right-sided hemiparesis due to head injury of twenty years ago. The cell count of the cerebrospinal fluid was 17/mm3 and the protein was 139.9 mg/dl. The serological examinations for B. burgdorferi were performed by means of immunoperoxidase test. This patient had no serum IgG antibodies to B. burgdorferi on admission. However, twelve weeks later his serum showed significant elevation of IgG antibodies (titer: X400). Tests for syphilis and leptospira were negative. Based on these observation, we considered that facial diplegia of this patient was associated with the infection of B. burgdorferi. His facial diplegia remained unchanged with oral corticosteroid treatment. Case 2 was a 64 year-old man, who developed facial diplegia on May 31, 1987, and referred to our hospital on June 3. Neurological examinations were entirely negative except for facial diplegia. The findings of the cerebrospinal fluid showed the albumin cytologic dissociation with the cell count 2/mm3 and the protein 85.4 mg/dl. Serum IgG antibodies to B. burgdorferi were present (titer: X200) on admission. However, seven weeks later his serum showed a marked elevation of IgG antibodies (titer: X1600). Tests for syphilis were negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
90139440^Respiratory failure in leptospirosis.^198909^Q J Med 1989 Sep;72(269):841-7^Respiratory Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa.^Turner JS, Willcox PA^We report on four cases of leptospirosis with pulmonary manifestations as their presenting features. With adequate supportive therapy the prognosis is good. Leptospirosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary haemorrhage.^0
90169919^[Production, identification of four McAbs against leptospiral outer membrane antigens, and analyses of outer membrane antigens of leptospires with McAbs]^198909^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1989 Sep;20(3):257-61^^Qing GF, Dai BM^Four McAbs (1A7E7, 2F9D4, 2G3H5, 1A7H12) against outer membrane antigens of L. interrogans serovar Lai strain 017 were produced by hybridoma technique. McAb 1A7E7 was identified to be IgG2a, the rest IgG1 by immunodiffusion. Outer membrane antigens of three pathogenic leptospiral strains (017, 601, 156) and two non-pathogenic leptospiral strains (Patoc I, 3055) were analysed by SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting with McAbs. It was found that McAb 1A7E7 recognized specifically the 42kd antigenic band of strain 017; McAb 2F9D4 the 42kd antigenic bands of strain 017, 601, 156, and McAbs 2G3H5 and 1A7H12 the 31 kd antigenic bands of 017, 601, 156. Further study of antigenic properties possessed by pathogenic leptospira may provide some new clues to look for specific diagnostic and protective antigens.^0
90169920^[The ultrastructure of leptospires after freeze-etching]^198909^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1989 Sep;20(3):262-5^^Xiao JG, Dai BM^The ultrastructure of three strains of leptospires, i.e. L. interrogans serovar Lai strain 017, L. biflexa serovar patoc strain Patoc I and L. illini strain 3055, were studied with the technique of freeze-etching replica. The results showed that (1) the ultrastructure of leptospires after freeze-etching are similar to that observed by means of negative staining and ultrasectioning. There are no dramatic differences among strains of leptospires studied. (2) Globular particles exposed on the resulting two inner membrane faces are asymmetrically distributed. Large areas on EF face studied with numerous globular particles, whereas the PF face had few of them. The density of globular particles varies in different parts of leptospires, from 776/microns2 to 2303/microns2. The globular particles, 14.25 +/- 2.25 nm in diameter, represent membrane proteins in outer envelope of leptospires. (3) Axial filament, 20 nm in diameter, were seen closely surrounded by a 7 nm sheath-like structure. (4) There are subcellular structures in cytoplasm of leptospires. They appear to be ribosomes, chromatins and inclusions.^0
90048518^Epidemiology and clinical similarities of human spirochetal diseases.^198975^Rev Infect Dis 1989 Sep-Oct;11 Suppl 6:S1460-9^Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.^Schmid GP^Lyme disease, first identified in 1975, is the most recently recognized of the seven human spirochetal diseases; the evolving clinical picture of Lyme disease indicates it shares many features with the other diseases. These similarities are striking in view of the diverse epidemiology of the seven diseases, which are caused by Treponema species (spread by human-to-human contact) or Leptospira or Borrelia species (zoonoses). These similarities include the following: (1) skin or mucous membrane as portal of entry; (2) spirochetemia early in the course of disease, with wide dissemination through tissue and body fluid; and (3) one or more subsequent stages of disease, often with intervening latent periods. Lyme disease shares with many spirochetal diseases a tropism for skin and neurologic and cardiovascular manifestations, whereas chronic arthritis is unique to Lyme disease. These similarities and dissimilarities offer opportunities to discover which properties unique to the pathogenic spirochetes are responsible for clinical manifestations and suggest that certain clinical features of patients with spirochetal diseases other than Lyme disease may someday be recognized in patients with Lyme disease.^0
90048525^Isolation techniques for spirochetes and their sensitivity to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo.^198975^Rev Infect Dis 1989 Sep-Oct;11 Suppl 6:S1505-10^Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis.^Johnson RC^Leptospira interrogans can be cultured from blood and cerebrospinal fluid during the first week of leptospirosis and from urine thereafter. Studies of in vitro sensitivity indicate that these organisms are sensitive to most antibiotics. Tetracycline and penicillin G are most often used clinically, although laboratory studies suggest that the bactericidal activity of penicillin G may be inadequate. Treponema pallidum cannot be satisfactorily cultured. It is identified by dark- field microscopy. Studies of in vivo sensitivity show that penicillin G is highly active against the syphilis pathogen. Since syphilis and gonorrhea may occur simultaneously, ceftriaxone, which is as active as penicillin G against T. pallidum but is also active against penicillinase-producing gonococci, is a logical choice for therapy. Borrelia burgdorferi has been cultured from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and skin of patients with Lyme disease. In vitro studies have shown tetracycline and erythromycin to be effective against B. burgdorferi and penicillin G to be less so, although all are commonly used clinically. Ceftriaxone has also proven to be highly effective in laboratory studies and for clinical treatment.^0
90161558^Acetylaminofluorene-labelled ribosomal RNA for use in molecular epidemiology and taxonomy.^198909^Res Microbiol 1989 Sep;140(7):447-54^Unite 199 INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris.^Grimont F, Chevrier D, Grimont PA, Lefevre M, Guesdon JL^The use of acetylaminofluorene-labelled 16 + 23S rRNA (from Escherichia coli) is described for determining rRNA-gene-restriction patterns. The labelled probe allowed molecular fingerprinting of bacteria belonging to diverse phylogenetic branches (Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Brucella, Leptospira, Cytophaga, Campylobacter, Methylophaga). The labelled probe can be stored frozen (- 20 degrees C) for at least a year and can endure vacuum dessication, ethanol precipitation or lyophilization.^0
90002136^Distribution of leptospirosis among stray dogs in the Okinawa Islands, Japan: comparison of the microcapsule and microscopic agglutination tests.^198975^Br Vet J 1989 Sep-Oct;145(5):473-7^^Arimitsu Y, Fukumura K, Shingaki Y^Three hundred and thirty-eight sera collected from stray dogs in the Okinawa islands were examined for antibodies against Leptospira interrogans using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the one- point microcapsule agglutination test (MCAT). Seventy-eight sera (23%) showed a positive reaction to at least one of the six serovar antigens, and 69 of these reacted with serovar canicola by microcapsule agglutination test. The mixed microcapsule agglutination test detected 68 of the microscopic agglutination test-positive sera, and the 10 remaining were negative by microcapsule agglutination test. On the other hand, a single microcapsule agglutination test which was sensitized with serovar canicola detected 77 of the microscopic agglutination test-positive sera and the remaining one was microcapsule agglutination test-negative.^0
90024043^Leptospirosis in Chonbuk Province of Korea in 1987: a study of 93 patients.^198909^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989 Sep;41(3):345-51^Chonbuk National University Medical School, Korea.^Park SK, Lee SH, Rhee YK, Kang SK, Kim KJ, Kim MC, Kim KW, Chang WH^Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with protean clinical manifestation. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and is confirmed by isolation of the organism or, more commonly, by serologic studies. In the fall of 1987, after severe flooding, we saw 93 patients with leptospirosis, confirmed by a microagglutination test. Thirteen percent of the patients had no clinical or laboratory findings except fever and headache, but the rest had mild to severe manifestations. Jaundice, renal failure, and aseptic meningitis were not common, but pulmonary symptoms, when present, were striking. The mortality rate was 5%. The main cause of death was asphyxiation due to massive hemoptysis from pulmonary hemorrhage and acute respiratory failure.^0
90038602^Mononeuritis multiplex as an unusual complication of leptospirosis [letter]^198909^J Infect 1989 Sep;19(2):188-9^^Yaqoob M, Ahmad R^^0
90021002^An experimental study with a Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava vaccine.^198909^Vet Rec 1989 Sep 16;125(12):319-21^Veterinary Research Laboratories, Stormont, Belfast.^Ellis WA, Montgomery JM, McParland PJ^The intramuscular vaccination of pigs with two doses, two weeks apart, of a Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava bacterin, protected pigs against renal infection when challenged with bratislava strains six weeks later but did not protect pigs challenged after 26 weeks.^0
90015409^[Milker's fever, an occupational disease on the increase]^198909^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1989 Sep 30;133(39):1939-41^^Huitema SW, Pal TM, Groothoff JW^In order to obtain a better picture of the course of dairy farm fever, a leptospirosis caused by hardjo, an inquiry by means of questionnaires was conducted into its symptomatology and its trade-connected risk factors. The inquiry was performed in 32 seropositive dairy farmers and a matched-pair control group. All persons involved were living or working on contaminated farms. Of the seropositive persons 63% reported symptoms suggestive of dairy farm fever and in all of them there had been obvious fatigue of an extreme and protracted nature and an often lengthy period of recovery. The results of this investigation suggest underreporting of this disease. Besides vaccination and/or treatment of the dairy cattle adjustment of operations on dairy farms (e.g. wearing personal protection) might be feasible for prevention. The causal relationship between occupation and dairy farm fever indicates an occupational disease.^0
91191010^Leptospira abortion in horses.^198910^J Vet Diagn Invest 1989 Oct;1(4):283-7^Louisiana Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803.^Hodgin EC, Miller DA, Lozano F^Leptospira infection was diagnosed as the cause of 4 late-term equine abortions/stillbirths and 1 neonatal death in Louisiana. The most consistent gross and microscopic lesions were icterus and interstitial nephritis, respectively. Diagnoses were based on visualization of compatible spirochetes in Warthin-Starry-stained sections of kidney, liver, and placenta. Confirmation by immunofluorescence was made in 2 cases.^0
90070643^[Studies on endotoxin of Leptospira. V. The effect of EDTA-Na on the release of the LPS of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai]^198910^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1989 Oct;29(5):390-3^^Wu SH, Jiang SX, Wang HQ, Nie DK, Zhu GF^The yield of leptospiral LPS was able to increase 1-2 times when the cells were treated with EDTA-Na before extracting with hot phenal-water method. The colours and solubility of L-LPS were improved. When the leptospiral cells were stored for a long period of time, and treated by EDTA-Na, the phase distribution of the LPS changed, i.e. they returned from water phase into phenol phase. Such change was related to the quantity of both the saccharide and lipid.^0
90048194^Temporary organ substitution by hemoperfusion through suspension of active donor hepatocytes in a total complex of intensive therapy in patients with acute hepatic insufficiency.^198910^Resuscitation 1989 Oct;18(1):85-94^Department of Experimental Surgery and Temporary Organ Substitution, Riga Medical Institute, Latvia, USSR.^Margulis MS, Erukhimov EA, Andreiman LA, Viksna LM^The results of intensive therapy and temporary organ substitution by hemoperfusion through a suspension of active hepatocytes in 126 patients suffering from acute hepatic insufficiency (AHI) induced by virus B hepatitis, virus non-A, non-B hepatitis, acute toxic hepatitis, active liver cirrhosis, sepsis leptospirosis long-term subhepatic jaundice are presented in this paper. Hepatic encephalopathia confirmed both clinically and electroencephalographically was registered in all the patients. The patients were subdivided into two groups: a complex of commonly used curative measures according to the intensive therapy for AHI was applied in Group A (67 patients); in Group B (59 patients), alongside with the above measures, temporary organ substitution by hemoperfusion through a suspension of active porky hepatocytes was also performed. The lethality in Group A made up 59% and that in Group B was 37%.^0
90062475^Detection of leptospires in urine by polymerase chain reaction.^198910^J Clin Microbiol 1989 Oct;27(10):2258-62^N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Van Eys GJ, Gravekamp C, Gerritsen MJ, Quint W, Cornelissen MT, Schegget JT, Terpstra WJ^Primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were synthesized from clones derived from a Leptospira hardjo (type hardjobovis) library. One pair of synthetic oligonucleotide primers was selected for further analysis. Under experimental conditions an amplification was obtained with DNA of Leptospira interrogans of some serovars belonging to serogroup sejroe. However, very little or no amplification was observed with DNA from other serovars of this group. No amplification was observed with DNA from other serogroups, other bacteria, or eucaryotic organisms. Cattle urine, seeded with hardjobovis, was processed in several ways and subsequently subjected to PCR. Boiling of the samples or treatment with detergents appeared to be most effective. Urine samples containing fewer than 10 leptospires gave a positive result in the PCR assay. Twenty urine samples obtained from a slaughterhouse or farm cows were investigated using the PCR assay, culture isolation, dot and quick blot hybridization, and serological tests. This comparative study suggests that amplification by PCR may be a valuable method for the detection of leptospires in cattle urine.^0
90070642^[Studies on enhancement of nonspecific resistance to infection by leptospiral lipopolysaccharide. II. The mechanisms of the nonspecific protective activity of the LPS]^198910^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1989 Oct;29(5):383-9^^Zhou WJ, Nie DK, Wu SH^Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide can enhance the nonspecific resistance of host to infection. By researching its mechanism, we found: (1) The phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs was strengthened by E-LPS and L-LPS; (2) L-LPS and E-LPS activated peritoneal macrophages of mice then enlarging the cell raji, and increase the quantity and activity of intracellular acid phosphatase. Relatively, the L-LPS might have a greater action in synthesis of the enzyme, while the E-LPS mainly enhanced the activity of the enzyme; (3) L-LPS and E-LPS appeared to be immunomodulant. When they were injected 3d after immunizing the mice with SRBC, immune adjuvant effect developed; however, if the injection of LPS was made 24h prior to the immunization, it would result in immunosuppression.^0
90217996^Characterization and taxonomic significance of lipopolysaccharides of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^198910^J Gen Microbiol 1989 Oct;135 ( Pt 10):2663-73^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Vinh TU, Shi MH, Adler B, Faine S^Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (reference strain hardjoprajitno and strain hardjobovis) were prepared by the hot phenol-water procedure. High yields of LPSs were found in the phenol phase. Gel electrophoresis of the phenol phase LPSs showed similar patterns for all strains in contrast to the different patterns found in the water phase LPSs. Sugar composition was also similar among all strains with rhamnose as the predominant sugar. Mannosamine was detected by high performance thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) was comparable with authentic KDO by paper chromatography. Periodate oxidation at near neutral pH with or without prior hydrolysis showed that most of the KDO was substituted. The fatty acid composition of strain hardjobovis LPS was slightly different from that of the reference strain hardjoprajitno. Myristic and 3-hydroxymyristic acid were not detected in any of the LPS preparations. In conjunction with genetic and other data, the two strains are sufficiently different to be regarded as members of two separate species sharing common antigens. There is sufficient evidence to rename the hardjoprajitno strain type L. interrogans hardjo-p, and the hardjobovis strain type L. borgpeterseni hardjo-b.^0
90221142^[Multiple organ failure syndrome in infection caused by ictero- hemorragic Leptospira. Description of a clinical case]^198910^Minerva Anestesiol 1989 Oct;55(10):423-6^^Tulli G, Gabini R, Feri M, Maurizi P, Nannoni S, Vignali G^A 53 years old fisherman was admitted to General Intensive Care Unit in Arezzo with signs and symptoms of Weil disease. An early acute respiratory failure developed. Radiological and haemodynamic findings confirmed a diagnosis of ARDS. The patient developed a severe jaundice, acute renal failure and ARDS (MOF multiple organs failure). To support different failures of the organs, CMV (continuous mandatory ventilation: CPPV with PEEP max 10 cm H2; IRV max 2:1) and AMV (assisted mandatory ventilation: Pressure Support Ventilation), haemofiltration, haemoperfusion and plasmapheresis were simultaneously used, that got better and better renal and respiratory performances. Haemodynamic worsening by PEEP during extracorporeal treatment was overcome by PSV very useful new ventilatory procedure even during weaning period. The patient treated in such manner survived without important disabilities. This care confirms that ARDS (non cardiogenic edema) and MOF can develop during Icterohaemorrhagic Leptospirosis.^0
90010281^Serologic diagnosis of leptospirosis: comparison of line blot and immunofluorescence techniques with the genus-specific microscopic agglutination test [letter]^198910^J Infect Dis 1989 Oct;160(4):734-5^^Raoult D, Bres P, Baranton G^^0
90019672^Leptospirosis: a forgotten cause of aseptic meningitis and multisystem febrile illness.^198910^South Med J 1989 Oct;82(10):1285-8^Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Salem.^Sperber SJ, Schleupner CJ^Leptospirosis is a worldwide spirochetal zoonosis that spans a clinical spectrum from a mild febrile illness to a severe icteric disease with renal failure (Weil's syndrome). The illness is characteristically biphasic with conjunctival suffusion and an "immune" meningitis during the later phase of illness. Most patients, even those with severe disease, recover without residual organ impairment. The diagnosis is confirmed by serology, by culture of blood or spinal fluid during the first phase of illness, or by culture of urine during the second phase. Doxycycline is the recommended therapy and is effective if given within the first several days of illness; it may also have a role in prophylaxis.^0
90062452^Cross-reaction with Borrelia burgdorferi antigen of sera from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, syphilis, and leptospirosis.^198910^J Clin Microbiol 1989 Oct;27(10):2152-5^Centre National de Reference des Rickettsioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire la Timone, Marseille, France.^Raoult D, Hechemy KE, Baranton G^We have studied the cross-reaction with Borrelia burgdorferi of sera positive for leptospirosis, syphilis, or human immunodeficiency virus by using the microimmunofluorescence test (micro-IF). The percentage of sera reactive in the micro-IF before absorption varied from 7 to 37% and was reduced to 3 to 8% after absorption with a commercial Reiter treponemal antigen. The cross-reaction of sera positive for syphilis or human immunodeficiency virus was distinguished from the homologous reaction with sera from patients with Lyme disease in the immunoblot test results. However, the cross-reaction could not always be distinguished from the homologous reaction with sera from patients with leptospirosis whose sera scored positive in the micro-IF for B. burgdorferi.^0
90029220^Leptospirosis in the milking parlour [letter; comment]^198910^Br J Hosp Med 1989 Oct;42(4):340^^Levine DF^^0
90056139^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo is not a major cause of bovine abortion in Victoria.^198910^Aust Vet J 1989 Oct;66(10):330-3^Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Research Institute Attwood and Parkville, Victoria.^Chappel RJ, Millar BD, Adler B, Hill J, Jeffers MJ, Jones RT, McCaughan CJ, Mead LJ, Skilbeck NW^The aim of this study was to determine whether evidence could be obtained of foetal infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in aborted foetuses collected from dairy farms. Material from 197 abortions occurring over a wide area of Victoria was collected over 3 years. None of 195 foetal kidney cultures or 7 cultures from membranes was positive for leptospiral organisms. Immunogold silver staining for leptospires was performed on sections of kidneys, lungs or heart from 156 foetuses, with negative results. Evidence of transient leptospiral infection in 11 of 123 foetuses was obtained by foetal heart blood serology. Two isolates of L. interrogans serovar hardjo were obtained from the urine of milking cows. These strains were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis and both were shown to be of the genotype Hardjobovis, as have been all Australian isolates studied so far. It appears that foetal infection with serovar hardjo is not associated with any substantial proportion of bovine abortions in Victoria, in contrast to the situation in Northern Ireland. The apparent absence from Victoria of the pathogenic genotype Hardjoprajitno is a possible explanation.^0
90044194^[Another case of Hantaan virus infection in The Netherlands]^198910^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1989 Oct 7;133(40):1990-2^^Lahaije JJ, Lustermans WB, Gravekamp C, Groen J, Osterhaus AD^In a serological survey among Dutch patients suspected of leptospirosis, using a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a patient was traced with a high antibody titre to Hantaan virus. No anti-leptospira antibodies were detected in this 27-year-old man. Shortly before he had been admitted to the hospital with progressive dyspnoea and coughing, accompanied with high fever. An interstitial pneumonia was diagnosed. He subsequently developed a progressive renal failure with proteinuria and polyuria. Later a liver failure accompanied with thrombocytopenia, anaemia and coagulation disturbances occurred. Before an aetiological diagnosis was made, the patient was treated with erythromycin. The patient eventually recovered completely. Based on the clinical symptoms and the positive serology, it was concluded that the disease diagnosed had probably been caused by a Hantaan virus infection. The diagnostic value of Hantaan virus serology in patients with similar symptoms is stressed.^0
90081581^Potential for leptospirosis among urban dwellers [letter]^198910^Med J Aust 1989 Oct 16;151(8):484^^Skilbeck N^^0
90079918^Salmonella septicaemia mimicking leptospirosis.^198911^J R Soc Med 1989 Nov;82(11):690^Department of Medicine IV, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.^Oh HM, Lee KS, Boey ML, Feng PH^^0
90132127^[Infectious diseases and monoclonal antibodies]^198911^Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1989 Nov;78(11):1559-64^^Kobayashi Y^^0
90121438^Chemiluminescence and phagocytic responses of rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils to leptospires.^198911^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1989 Nov;272(1):36-46^Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Ishikari- Tobetsu, Japan.^Isogai E, Isogai H, Wakizaka H, Miura H, Kurebayashi Y^The interaction of leptospires with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was examined by the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) test. Whole blood CL changed in relation to the stage of leptospiral infection both in susceptible (SUS) and resistant (RES) rats. The intensity of CL grew with an increasing number of leptospires in the blood. CL responses were observed in isolated PMN upon exposure to living leptospires. In contrast, the same bacteria, having been inactivated by formalin, did not stimulate PMN. A variation was found in the CL response by different living strains of Leptospira. The CL intensity was arranged as follows: L. illini greater than L. biflexa greater than L. interrogans avirulent strains greater than L. interrogans virulent strains. The CL response was markedly enhanced by an opsonization of leptospires. Specific opsonization was shown to increase the rate of phagocytosis of leptospires with relation to the CL response.^0
90124041^Skin reaction to lipids from avirulent strain Shibaura of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.^198911^Can J Microbiol 1989 Nov;35(11):1009-14^Department of Applied Immunology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan.^Arimitsu Y, Moribayashi A, Goto N^Sonically disrupted cells from avirulent strain Shibaura of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni induced a skin reaction characterized by infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) associated with some edema in guinea pigs. To determine the substance inducing infiltration of PMN, lipids of avirulent strain Shibaura were extracted with chloroform--methanol--water after washing with acetone. The lipids comprised 28% of the dry weight of the cell. When the lipids were further separated into water--methanol and chloroform fractions, the most severe PMN infiltration of all samples was seen in the skin inoculated with extract recovered from the chloroform fraction. Neutral and polar lipids were detected after thin-layer chromatography of the chloroform extract. Neutral lipids were detected as free fatty acids (FFA). Fatty acids contained in polar lipids were mainly palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid, whereas FFA comprised 66.5% oleic acid. Skin reactions consisting of marked edema with mild infiltration of PMN were elicited by FFA. There was no obvious difference between a commercially available FFA mixture and the FFA from avirulent strain Shibaura. These observations suggest that FFA may play some role in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.^0
90036654^Unique organization of Leptospira interrogans rRNA genes.^198911^J Bacteriol 1989 Nov;171(11):5763-7^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan.^Fukunaga M, Mifuchi I^We cloned Sau3AI fragments containing the rRNA genes for Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton in the BamHI site of lambda EMBL3 bacteriophage DNA. Physical maps of the fragments were constructed, and the locations of the rRNA genes were determined by Southern blot hybridization and S1 protection. Each fragment of the 23S or the 16S rRNA gene contained at least one copy of the 23S or the 16S sequence. Genomic hybridization showed that there were two genes for the 23S rRNA and the 16S rRNA but only one gene for the 5S rRNA on the chromosome of L. interrogans. The results revealed the important fact that each rRNA gene is located far from the other rRNA genes. Our findings, accordingly, also suggest that these rRNA genes are expressed independently in this organism.^0
90095099^Preparation of diazotized polystyrene latex and its use in agglutination assays.^198911^J Immunol Methods 1989 Nov 30;124(2):159-63^Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China.^Liu YC, Dong GJ, Zhao YC^The preparation of this immunological latex consisted of the following steps: the synthesis of polystyrene, polynitrostyrene, polyaminostyrene and polystyrene diazonium salt latex. The quantities of emulsifier and initiator used in the synthesis of the polystyrene latex were much larger than those used in the conventional method. Reduction of the polynitrostyrene latex involved adding latex dropwise to a large excess of 6% sodium hydrosulphite-2 N potassium hydroxide solution with sodium lauryl benzene sulphonate as an emulsifier. When the mixture was heated at 70 degrees C for 4 h, the emulsion of polyaminostyrene was diazotized. The polystyrene diazonium salt latex obtained was capable of combining with 20-40% by weight of antibody protein. The immunopolystyrene diazonium latex reagents showed a positive agglutination reaction of 78-91% when mixed with serum from patients with leptospirosis and two other infectious diseases. The test, which can be completed within 3 min has been used to assay over 1200 patient samples.^0
90201880^[Ultrastructural localization of leptospiral antigens by colloidal gold technique]^198912^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1989 Dec;20(4):366-8^^Qing GF, Dai BM, Wang YP^The rabbit anti-mouse antibodies were successfully labelled with colloidal gold. The distribution of leptospiral antigens in ultrastructure was researched with McAbs and labelled antibodies. It was found that colloidal gold particles were mainly distributed at the outer membrane of leptospiral strain O17 cells, which indicated that the antigens recognized by McAbs 1A7E7, and 2F9D4 were localized at the outer membrane of leptospiral cells. It was thought that colloidal technique would provide a method for research on the antigen distribution of leptospiral cells in ultrastructure.^0
90078574^Relationship among selected Leptospira interrogans serogroups as determined by nucleic acid hybridization.^198912^J Clin Microbiol 1989 Dec;27(12):2724-9^Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.^Nielsen JN, Armstrong CH, Nielsen NC^Leptospiral DNAs from a variety of Leptospira interrogans serogroups of veterinary significance, as well as a nonpathogenic leptospira, were compared by Southern blot hybridization of EcoRI-digested genomic DNA. The serogroups examined could be assigned to one of three groups on the basis of the degree of cross-hybridization between genomic DNAs. Only a few restriction fragments hybridized between the three groups, and most of these were shown to contain ribosomal DNA. The restriction fragment length polymorphism observed among the intergroup hybridizations allowed differentiation among serogroups and, in some cases, serovars. Under the hybridization conditions used, no hybridization was observed between leptospiral DNA and Leptonema, Escherichia coli, or porcine DNA.^0
90093942^Investigating cross-reactions between Leptospira and Borrelia [letter]^198912^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989 Dec 1;195(11):1460, 1462^^Donoghue AR, Schillhorn van Veen TW^^0
90108216^Serosurvey of Leptospira agglutinins among railway employees in the National Railway Compartments of Bologna and Venice.^198912^Eur J Epidemiol 1989 Dec;5(4):468-73^Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Italy.^Banfi E, Castagnari L, Cinco M^An epidemiological investigation was performed to evaluate the prevalence of anti-leptospiral agglutinins within a selected population: the railway workers of the Italian Railway Compartments of Bologna and Venice. Leptospira infection prevalence was found to be 10.38%, which represents the highest frequency ever reported in Italy. There was a significantly higher prevalence of agglutinins among the staff of the Railway Compartment of Venice. A clear prevalence of the bratislava serovar was registered, followed by the australis serovar and the icterohaemorrhagiae serovar. The influence of different kinds of railway work and that of supposed risk factors, such as hobbies and housing conditions, together with the influence of the ABO blood groups on the distribution of Leptospira agglutinins, are discussed.^0
90120240^Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis on type hardjo- bovis infection of cattle.^198912^Am J Vet Res 1989 Dec;50(12):2004-8^Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.^Bolin CA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G^Effectiveness of 2 pentavalent leptospiral vaccines containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was evaluated for protection of steers from infection with serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis. The hardjo component of 1 vaccine was prepared from serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno. The hardjo component of the other vaccine was prepared from serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis. Two steers were vaccinated once and 4 steers were vaccinated twice with the pentavalent vaccine containing type hardjoprajitno. Four steers were vaccinated once and 4 steers were vaccinated twice with the pentavalent vaccine containing type hardjo-bovis. Four steers were maintained as non-vaccinated controls. Steers given vaccine containing type hardjo-bovis developed higher mean serum microscopic agglutination titers against serovar hardjo than steers given vaccine containing hardjoprajitno. Six months after the first vaccination, all steers were challenge-exposed on 3 occasions by conjunctival instillation of 10(7) serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis organisms, and on 1 occasion by conjunctival instillation of urine from a steer shedding hardjo-bovis. All control and all vaccinated steers became infected and shed serovar hardjo type hardjo- bovis in the urine. Lesions were detected in kidneys of 3 of 4 nonvaccinated control steers, 5 of 6 steers given hardjoprajitno vaccine, and 6 of 8 steers given hardjo-bovis vaccine. Leptospires were detected in kidneys of 4 of 4 control steers and 13 of 14 vaccinated steers.^0
90174729^Serological evidence of bovine leptospirosis in Malawi.^198912^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1989 Dec;56(4):285-6^Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort.^Myburgh JG, Staley GP, van der Merwe SM^Two hundred and seventy-five serum samples from cattle in Malawi were tested as a pilot survey for Leptospira antibody titres. Fifty-nine (21.4%) of the animals were positive for leptospirosis, while 35 (12.7%) animals reacted inconclusively. Titres to L. hardjo and L. pomona serovars were the most prevalent. Results are also discussed with reference to the areas where samples were collected.^0
90181005^First human isolate of Leptospira interrogans as serovar bratislava in Italy.^198912^FEMS Microbiol Immunol 1989 Dec;1(8-9):499-503^Istituto di Microbiologia dell'Universita di Trieste, Italy.^Cinco M, Banfi E, Stornello C, Campo F, Korver H^A strain of Leptospira interrogans was isolated from a patient suffering from leptospirosis and was typed by the Cross Agglutination Absorption test using monoclonal antibodies prepared against different serovars of the Australis serogroup. This newly isolated strain belonged to serovar bratislava. It is the first reported isolation from man, in Italy, of Leptospira bratislava, thus supporting the emerging role of this serovar in human leptospirosis.^0
90201879^[Comparative study of outer envelope protein and LPS of five strains of leptospires by SDS-PAGE and 2D-PAGE]^198912^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1989 Dec;20(4):361-5^^Xie L, Dai BM, Jiang ZQ^We applied SDS-PAGE, 2D-PAGE and Western blot to analyse the outer envelopes protein and LPS of five strains of leptospires. The work would lay foundations for taxonomy, the development of vaccination regimens and the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms. The outer envelope proteins of leptospires were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. We found that the protein profiles of the pathogenic leptospires were basically identical. A comparison of the protein profiles of the pathogenic L. with those exhibited by two nonpathogenic L. indicated that there was no obvious relationship between these organisms and any of the L. interrogans strains examined. The quantity of 21.5 kd protein of strain 017 was greater than that of strain 601 and 156. Approximately 200, 225, 238 distinct polypeptides were detected in the strain 017, 601 and 156 in 2D-PAGE by silver staining respectively. The profiles of 2D-PAGe showed obvious differences in pI. The pI of strain 017, 601 and 156 were mainly 6.68-7.4, 6.55-6.9, 5.85- 7.1 respectively. The 21.5 kd protein of strain 017 was made up of six polypeptides. Our immunoblots revealed that McAb (LB1) reacted with a 41 kd antigen, which was common to the three virulent leptospires tested. SDS-PAGE profiles of silver stained outer envelope LPS of pathogenic L. differed greatly from those of the nonpathogenic L. There was a distinct differences between strain Patoc I and 3055. Our studies showed that each of the five strains of leptospires possessed characteristic outer envelope LPS, which may be used to identify the genus, species and serovars of a strain of L.^0
90141607^[Status leptospirosis/milker's fever in The Netherlands unchanged]^198912^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1989 Dec 15;114(24):1252, 1255^^^^0
91171962^Cloning of genes for a hemolytic factor of Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis strain Congo 21-543.^199001^Microbiol Immunol 1990;34(10):879-83^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Fukuyama.^Fukunaga M, Mifuchi I, Yanagihara Y^A DNA fragment encoding a hemolytic factor was cloned from the parasitic spirochete Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis strain Congo 21-543. Initial clones were isolated by screening a genomic library in pBR322 in Escherichia coli for hemolytic activity. Hemolytic activity was coded by a 4.5 kilobase BamHI-HindIII fragment. Southern hybridization with DNAs from other strains of Leptospira using this gene as a probe showed that DNAs from non-parasitic strains failed to hybridize with the probe, whereas those from all parasitic strains tested had the sequence which hybridize to the probe.^0
91199343^[Leptospirosis in Mayotte]^199001^Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1990;83(5):637-41^Service de medecine, Hopital de Mamoudzou, Mayotte.^Laporte P, Michault A, Galtier J, Lefait-Robin R, Aucher P, Baranton G^We have got 42 leptospirosis cases from 1984 to 1989, in a retrospective study. The annual incidence is now, in a very high level (3.8/10,000 pers.). This rapid increasing is function of new diagnostics facilities. The leptospirosis epidemiology is not different from anywhere else in tropical countries, but the complicated cases are an important problem in public health in the island. The actual development of collective hygienic equipment is indispensable for any progress.^0
91215139^The effect of storage time on isolation of Leptospira interrogans from bovine kidneys.^199001^J Vet Diagn Invest 1990 Jan;2(1):63-5^National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010.^Miller DA, Wilson MA, Beran GW^Kidney tissues from 20 cattle infected with Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, pomona, or grippotyphosa were cultured on the day of slaughter and 3, 6, and 8 days later to examine the effect of storage time on the recovery of leptospires by conventional culture methods. Leptospires were isolated from 85% of infected bovine kidney tissues cultured on day 1, and from 95%, 90%, and 90% of kidney tissues stored in transport medium at 4 C for 3, 6, and 8 days, respectively, prior to inoculation of culture media.^0
91014715^Human leptospirosis in a slum area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil--a serological and epidemiological study.^199075^Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1990 Jan-Mar;85(1):47-52^Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Bacteriologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.^Pereira MM, Andrade J^A serologic survey was carried out on slum dwellers in the city of Rio de Janeiro. A total of 259 serum samples from male and female individuals of different age groups were tested for the presence of antileptospire antibodies by microagglutination. Prevalence data were analyzed in relation to the major risk factors present at the site, mainly represented by the presence of carrier animals and the occurrence of frequent floods. Of the samples tested, 25% reacted with antigens of different serogroups at titres ranging from 1:100 to 1:6400, with a predominance of titres less than or equal to 1:400; 35% of positive sera reacted with leptospirae of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. Reactions with Djasiman, Panama, Javanica, Canicola, Pyrogenes, Australis, Ballum, Sejroe, Bataviae, Grippotyphosa, Autumnalis and Cynopteri were also detected, though at lower frequencies. There was no statistically significant difference between sexes, but higher prevalence rates were found to be associated with increasing age. A focus of infection was characterized, in which social and economic factors contribute to the persistence of leptospirae by favoring the proliferation of the main reservoir.^0
91018817^Serological prevalence of bovine leptospirosis in Plateau State, Nigeria.^199001^Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 1990;42(4):505-8^National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.^Ezeh AO, Addo PB, Adesiyun AA, Bello CS, Makinde AA^Serum samples obtained from 1.537 cattle in the 14 local government areas (LGAs) of Plateau State of Nigeria were screened for the presence of leptospiral antibodies using 13 serovars in a modified microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Two hundred and twenty-two (14.4 p.100) of the cattle tested had leptospiral antibody titres of 1:100 or higher to one or more of the test antigens. The prevalence rates of antibodies to individual serovars were: hardjo (35.6 p.100), pomona (11.7 p.100), pyrogenes (11.7 p.100), canicola (9.5 p.100), grippotyphosa (7.7 p.100), bratislava (5.9 p.100), icterohaemorrhagiae (5.9 p.100), ballum (4.5 p.100), autumnalis (3.6 p.100), bataviae (2.3 p.100) and tarassovi (1.8 p.100). The serological prevalence of bovine leptospirosis in the various local government areas of Plateau State of Nigeria differed significantly (P less than 0.05; X2).^0
91027539^Leptospira interrogans serovar unipertama isolated in Malaysia.^199001^Int J Syst Bacteriol 1990 Jan;40(1):98-9^Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.^Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL, Stallman ND^A leptospiral isolate from a bovine kidney was found to be antigenically different from all previously recognized serovars of Leptospira interrogans based on the cross-agglutinin absorption test. The new serovar belongs to the Sejroe serogroup, and the name Leptospira interrogans serovar unipertama is proposed for it, with strain K2-1 as the reference strain.^0
91094666^Linkage of ribosomal RNA genes in Leptospira.^199001^Microbiol Immunol 1990;34(7):565-73^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Fukuyama, Hiroshima.^Fukunaga M, Masuzawa T, Okuzako N, Mifuchi I, Yanagihara Y^We determined the linkage of 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA genes in several strains of Leptospira and Leptonema by DNA-DNA hybridization. Almost all the hybridizations in all leptospires used in these experiments gave two radioactive bands and the results strongly suggest that the number of the 16S and the 23S rRNA genes in those strains is two, respectively. In contrast with the larger rRNAs, the number of 5S rRNA gene was different. In the strains of leptospires, L. biflexa, which were non-parasitic, there are two genes for 5S rRNA, whereas only one gene for 5S rRNA is carried in L. interrogans, which were originally isolated as parasitic. Southern hybridization experiments suggest that those rRNA genes are interspersed on the leptospiral chromosome.^0
91104674^Leptospirosis in Chonbuk Province of Korea in 1987.^199001^Korean J Intern Med 1990 Jan;5(1):34-43^Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Medical School, Chonju, Korea.^Park YK, Park SK, Rhee YK, Kang SK^Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with protean clinical manifestations. Its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and is confirmed by isolation of the organism or, more commonly, by serologic tests. In the fall of 1987, after severe flooding, we saw 93 patients with leptospirosis, confirmed by a microagglutination test. Thirteen percent of the patients had no clinical or laboratory findings except fever and headache, but the rest had mild to severe manifestations. Jaundice, renal failure, and aseptic meningitis were not common, but pulmonary symptoms, when present, were striking. The mortality rate was 5%. The main cause of death was asphyxiation due to massive hemoptysis from pulmonary hemorrhage and acute respiratory failure.^0
91110517^[A case of leptospirosis simulating miliary pulmonary tuberculosis]^199001^Probl Tuberk 1990;(9):70-2^^Zaikov SV, Mazhbits MA, Panchenko GT, Fil' SF, Goncharova LI^^0
91153016^New topics on leptospirosis.^199001^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;13(3):163-8^Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Nantes, France.^Andre-Fontaine G, Ganiere JP^In the United States, leptospirosis takes the second place in human diseases transmitted by animals. The clinical features of leptospirosis are very various in man and domestic animals by the nature of the serovar involved and the animal species infected. There are many epidemiological cycles of leptospirosis but environmental conditions are always important.^0
91153638^[Small mammals as leptospirosis carriers on waste dumps]^199001^Geogr Med 1990;20:61-76^Parasitologisches Institut der Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Ceske Budejovice, CSFR.^Sebek Z, Vlcek M^In 1980-1986 the authors examined 2,720 small mammals (17 species) from six dumps of wastes in South-Bohemia serologically for leptospirosis. 397 small mammals from the agglomeration of Ceske Budejovice and 1,399 from four characteristic biotops in the valley of the river Vltava in South-Bohemia were investigated for a comparison. In small mammals from the dump of wastes at Ceske Budejovice antibodies against L. grippotyphosa were detected in 4.9%, against the serovars from the serogroup Sejroe in 2.6% and against L. icterohaemorrhagiae in 0.1%. In other five dumps of wastes only L. grippotyphosa antibodies were ascertained in small mammals, namely from 1.6% to 6.7%. In the agglomeration of the town Ceske Budejovice small mammals were positive in 4.0%, also for L. grippotyphosa only, in seven localities in the valley of the river Vltava with the same serovar in an average of 2.3%, with sorex-jalna in 0.1%.^0
90147490^[Leptospira antibody detection in dog serum in the years 1985 to 1988]^199001^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1990 Jan 1;103(1):6-8^Landesuntersuchungsamt fur das Gesundheitswesen Sudbayern.^Brem S, Kopp H, Meyer P^In 1985-1988, 993 serum samples of dogs from Southern Bavaria and 408 samples from Northern Bavaria and from several Lands of the Federal Republic of Germany were tested for antibodies against the serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, bratislava, pomona, saxkoebing, sejroe and hardjo by using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). 683 seras (48.75%) out of altogether 1401 samples showed a reaction against one up to seven serovars. The mostly low canicola- and icterohaemorrhagiae titers, having been proved in over 30% of the samples, can be put down to the fact, that usually the dogs had been vaccinated. Most frequently titers were found with the serovars grippotyphosa and bratislava--in Southern Bavaria 28.3%, in Northern Bavaria and other Lands of the Federal Republic of Germany 18.6%. The prevalence of titers against serovar saxkoebing, with or without a reaction against other serovars out of homologous and heterologous serogroups, reach up to 3.2% in sendings coming from Southern Bavaria and in other sendings up to 6.1%.^0
90163176^Evaluation of an ELISA for the diagnosis of experimentally induced and naturally occurring Leptospira hardjo infections in cattle.^199001^Vet Microbiol 1990 Jan;21(3):255-62^Central Veterinary Institute, Immunology Department, Lelystad, The Netherlands.^Bercovich Z, Taaijke R, Bokhout BA^An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (hardjo) infection in cattle was compared with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Glutardialdehyde was used in the ELISA to couple sonicated hardjo antigen to the microtiter plate. Mouse monoclonal anti-bovine IgG1 coupled to peroxidase was used as conjugate. Sera from calves experimentally inoculated with hardjo reacted positively in the MAT as early as 10 days after inoculation; these sera did not react positively in the ELISA until 25 days after the first inoculation. Positive and negative field sera from 704 adult cattle on 90 farms were examined by the MAT and the ELISA; a 90% correlation between the two tests was demonstrated. Eighty-six sera from calves inoculated with four Leptospira serogroups other than hardjo and 227 field sera from adult cattle with naturally occurring leptospirosis other than hardjo were examined by the ELISA. Fewer than 1% of these heterologous sera reacted with hardjo antigen in the ELISA. We concluded that the ELISA described in this report is an advantageous alternative to the MAT for diagnosing leptospirosis.^0
90183763^[Progression and control of leptospirosis in a sow herd]^199001^DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1990 Jan;97(1):39-42^Klinik fur kleine Klauentiere und forensische Medizin und Ambulatorischen Klinik der Tierarztlichen Hochschule Hannover.^Waldmann KH^After a short review about etiology, epidemiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of leptospirosis the course and therapy of an acute leptospirosis outbreak in a breeding herd with nearly 240 sows is described. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) served for diagnosis and was most reliable for estimation the actually stage of infection when used twice with an interval of several weeks. As causative agent serovar L. pomona was identified, whereby cross- reactions were seen to serovars L. grippotyphosa, L. bratislava and L. copenhageni. Therapy of all animals with Terramycin/LA (Pfizer) at three times with intervals of five days and doses of 20 mg oxytetracycline/kg b.w. distinctly reduced the incidence of abortion and stillborn or mummified pigs. Local irritations, relative to the intramuscular administration of oxytetracycline, mostly were low-graded and temporary. For the next months acute infections could not be registered. Probably due to infections from leptospires-reservoirs, maintained by numerous existing mice and puddles on the pasture-ground, leptospirosis occurred again six months later. Only another antibiotic therapy of the whole herd and simultaneous eradication of rodents as well as closing the pasture led to a long-termed control of leptospirosis in this herd.^0
90273228^[Clinico-morphologic characteristics of leptospirosis with hemorrhagic syndrome]^199001^Sov Med 1990;(1):10-3^^Komnova ZD, Beliak GM^Infectious toxic shock, acute renal and acute hepatorenal insufficiency are the principal morphoclinical syndromes in malignant forms of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. The major complications of acute renal and hepatorenal failure are pyoseptic involvements of the lungs, heart, and pancreas. Direct or indirect signs of the DIC syndrome and intravascular platelet aggregation are characteristic of all the principal clinical syndromes of malignant forms of leptospirosis.^0
90295561^Epidemics and the media: an Italian experience.^199001^Public Health 1990 Jan;104(1):33-5^Institute of Hygiene, University of Ancona Medical School, Italy.^Maffei C, Di Stanislao F, Renga G^^0
90301184^Acute renal failure of leptospirosis: nonoliguric and hypokalemic forms.^199001^Nephron 1990;55(2):146-51^Hospital Emilio Ribas SP, Brasil.^Seguro AC, Lomar AV, Rocha AS^Acute renal failure induced by leptospirosis was studied in 56 patients. A higher frequency of nonoliguric renal failure was observed with lower morbidity and mortality rates than in oliguric forms. In addition, 45% of the patients in this series were hypokalemic, and no hyperkalemic patients were seen. A prospective study in 11 patients showed an initially elevated urinary fractional potassium excretion that fell simultaneously with the high urinary fractional sodium excretion and the urinary K/Na ratio, suggesting an increased distal potassium secretion due to an increased distal sodium delivery consequent to functional impairment of the proximal reabsorption of sodium.^0
90131040^Comparison of indirect immunofluorescent-antibody assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western immunoblot for the diagnosis of Lyme disease in dogs.^199001^J Clin Microbiol 1990 Jan;28(1):92-6^Division of Laboratories, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130.^Lindenmayer J, Weber M, Bryant J, Marquez E, Onderdonk A^Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescent- antibody assay (IFA), and Western immunoblot were used to test serum samples from 128 dogs for the presence of antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. Sera included 72 samples from dogs suspected of having Lyme disease, 32 samples from dogs residing in areas in which Lyme disease was not considered endemic, and 24 samples from dogs with clinical and serologic evidence of immune-mediated disease (n = 10), Rocky Mountain spotted fever (n = 5), or leptospirosis (n = 9). Results of Western immunoblotting were used as the standard against which performances of ELISA and IFA were measured. ELISA was significantly more sensitive than IFA (84.8 versus 66.7%), although both tests were equally specific (93.5%). Eight samples that were positive by Western immunoblot were simultaneously negative by ELISA and IFA. Of these eight, four were from dogs suspected of having immune-mediated disease, two were from dogs suspected of having leptospirosis, and two were from dogs suspected of having Lyme disease. These results may indicate that sera from dogs with immune-mediated disease, and to a lesser extent sera from those with leptospirosis, cross-react with B. burgdorferi antigens. Alternatively, Western immunoblot results may not truly reflect Lyme disease status, particularly in the case of dogs with immune-mediated diseases. At present, however, the use of Western immunoblotting as a diagnostic standard for dogs offers the best alternative to a clinical definition of disease.^0
90113985^Antileptospiral antibodies in Australian pig farmers [letter]^199001^Med J Aust 1990 Jan 15;152(2):105^^Chappel RJ, Prime RW, Cutler RS, Jones RT, Millar BD, Adler B^^0
90207079^Common zoonoses.^199001^Practitioner 1990 Jan 15;234(1481):49-51^^Carter H^^0
90221824^Nucleotide sequence of a 16S rRNA gene for Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton.^199001^Nucleic Acids Res 1990 Jan 25;18(2):366^University of Fukuyama, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima, Japan.^Fukunaga M, Horie I, Okuzako N, Mifuchi I^^0
90218014^Protective activity of glycolipid antigen against infection by Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola.^199002^J Gen Microbiol 1990 Feb;136 ( Pt 2):327-30^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Matsumoto T, Nakamura R, Suzuki R, Shimizu T, Yanagihara Y^A protective glycolipid antigen (PAg) was extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola with chloroform/methanol/water (1:2:0.8, by vol.) and partially purified by silica gel column chromatography. The PAg elicited a protective response in hamsters and in cyclophosphamide-treated mice subsequently challenged with homologous Leptospira. The PAg band was detected as a single smear-like band, corresponding to a protein of 23-30 kDa, by silver-staining in SDS- PAGE. In immunoblots, this band reacted with a monoclonal antibody, A5, which agglutinated serovar canicola and recognized a serovar-specific antigen. Furthermore, the PAg did not migrate on silica gel TLC, but was detected at the origin as a ninhydrin- and naphthol-positive spot. This suggests that PAg is a hydrophilic molecule with a carbohydrate chain that contains amino groups, possibly as amino sugars.^0
90261388^[Debatable and unresolved questions in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, classification and nomenclature of leptospirosis]^199002^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990 Feb;(2):96-105^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS^^0
90265955^rRNA gene restriction patterns of Leptospira: a molecular typing system.^199002^Res Microbiol 1990 Feb;141(2):159-71^Unite des Leptospires, WHO Collaborating Centre for Leptospirosis, Paris.^Perolat P, Grimont F, Regnault B, Grimont PA, Fournie E, Thevenet H, Baranton G^A total of 67 serovar reference strains and 7 isolates belonging to the genus Leptospira were characterized by ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene restriction patterns. Fifty patterns were observed. Strains belonging to different genomic species always gave different patterns. However, genomic species were subdivided into several patterns. Forty- three serovars gave a specific pattern. Some serovars could not be separated by rRNA gene restriction patterns: strains of serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, lai, pyrogenes and jalna gave pattern 1; serovars birkini, mankarso and wolffi gave pattern 4; serovars canicola, gem, hebdomadis, pomona and hardjo (strain hardjoprajitno) gave pattern 12; serovars valbuzzi and zanoni gave pattern 14; serovars jonsis, malaya and sumneri gave pattern 16; serovars arborea, ballum, castellonis and kenya gave pattern 35; and serovars borincana and shermani gave pattern 43. These data provide the bases for a molecular typing system for the genus Leptospira.^0
90261379^[The improvement of immunobiological preparations against leptospirosis. An experimental study of a new concentrated purified vaccine against icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis for human immunization]^199002^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990 Feb;(2):47-51^^Iagovkin EA, Kostina NI, Vachaev BF, Romantsova TP, Kondratenko VF, Bunin IE, Gol'denshtein ZA, Anan'ina IuV^The findings of the study of immunological structure of the population in regions endemic for leptospirosis indicate that the immune status of humans makes it impossible to obtain titrated blood sera for the preparation of antileptospirosis immunoglobulin. The data obtained in the study of the immunobiological properties of a new concentrated vaccine against icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis show the possibility of using this vaccine for the immunization of donors with the aim of obtaining blood sera to be used as raw material for the production of immunobiological preparations.^0
90278282^Evaluation of two screening tests for human leptospirosis.^199002^J Med Assoc Thai 1990 Feb;73(2):64-7^Department of Pathology, Ramanthibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.^Petchclai B, Srisarin A, Potha U, Hiranras S, Wongpaitoon V^Leptospirosis is prevalent in Thailand but its diagnosis depends primarily on clinical awareness. Serodiagnosis is of great assistance in the diagnosis of leptospirosis but in Thailand microagglutination (MA) is the only serodiagnosis available. MA is not rapid and it is used mainly in the referent laboratory. In addition, its roles in early diagnosis are rarely available. Rapid screening serological test which is sensitive early in the infection is needed. Latex agglutination (LA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) were developed and evaluated in 100 MA positive sera and 200 blood donors. Later on, IHA and LA were compared with MA in 30 patients with a clinical picture compatible with leptospirosis. IHA and LA had sensitivities of 94 and 98 per cent respectively in MA positive sera. The specificity of IHA and LA in 200 blood donors was 99 and 100 per cent respectively. The study in 30 patients showed that LA and IHA were definitely more sensitive than MA test in sera collected within two weeks after the onset of fever. LA is also one of the most rapid tests for leptospirosis. With either LA or IHA human leptospirosis will be diagnosed more readily and more accurately.^0
90286314^[Diagnosis of Weil's disease]^199002^Nippon Rinsho 1990 Feb;48 Suppl:450-3^Department of Applied Immunology, National Institute of Health.^Otani S^^0
90267899^Exotic disease in a traveller? A case of leptospirosis [letter]^199003^Br J Gen Pract 1990 Mar;40(332):123-4^^Green AD, Busuttil W^^0
92053754^[Serological survey of human leptospirosis in a high risk population in Chile]^199003^Rev Med Chil 1990 Mar;118(3):247-52^Instituto de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia.^Zamora J, Riedemann S, Montecinos MI, Cabezas X^Two hundred and sixty five subjects with high risk works for leptospirosis were submitted to microscopic agglutination test for leptospira. 122 worked at animal farms, 71 in rice growing fields and 72 in slaughter houses. 30 control subjects were also tested. A total of 66 samples (22%) were positive, most of them with low titers. Percentage of positive reactions were higher for persons working in rice fields, followed by those working in slaughter houses and animal farms. The 21-40 year age group was most affected in all working sites. Serovars found most commonly were ichterohemorrhagic in rice field workers, hardjo and ballum in slaughter houses and pomona and hardjo in animal farms.^0
92237600^[High resolution light microscopy: adaptation of the method and its use in the study of experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs]^199075^Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1990 Mar-Apr;45(2):47-52^Divisoes de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Universidade de Sao Paulo.^Wakamatsu A, Pagano LS, Gayotto LC, Santos RT, Sakata EE, Kanamura CT, Candelori I, Pestana CB, Yasuda PH, Alves VA^Morphological lesions in parenchimal and mesenchimal structures of liver and kidney were studied in guinea-pigs experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae in comparison with a group of non-infected guinea-pigs. All specimens were submitted to conventional light microscopy as well as to high resolution light microscopy, in one micrometer sections of tissue embedded in glycolmethacrylate. High resolution light microscopy, applied for the first time in leptospirosis, was proved very useful, since it enabled us to visualize cellular structures in the same slide used for panoramic view. Cell cohesion, brush borders, pynocytotic vesicles and organellae distributions were parameters especially suitable for analysis at this low-cost, highly precise procedure in microscopy.^0
90170110^In vitro association of leptospires with host cells.^199003^Infect Immun 1990 Mar;58(3):581-5^Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103.^Thomas DD, Higbie LM^Interactions of Leptospira interrogans with cultured endothelial and kidney epithelial cells were assayed by examining (i) cytoadherence of intrinsically radiolabeled leptospires to eucaryotic cell monolayers and (ii) penetration of leptospires through cell monolayers grown on polycarbonate filters in chemotaxis chambers. L. interrogans serovars attached to cultured cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Adherence was diminished following pretreatment of organisms with proteases, rabbit immune serum, or heat. When observed by scanning electron microscopy, most leptospires attached by both ends, rather than just one tip like Treponema pallidum. In penetration assays, 9.7% of added L. interrogans migrated through the monolayer-filter barrier, while only 0.3% of L. biflexa penetrated in the same time interval. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that organisms entered the host cell cytoplasm. These in vitro results indicate that leptospires have an invasive capacity that may be related to pathogenicity in vivo and suggest that further investigation of interactions with host cells may enhance knowledge of leptospiral virulence.^0
90234141^Immunological reactivity and passive protective activity of monoclonal antibodies against protective antigen (PAg) of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai.^199003^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1990 Mar;272(3):328-36^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Nakamura R, Hashiguchi Y, Shimizu T, Iwamoto Y, Morita T, Yanagihara Y^Monoclonal antibody (MAb) AG1 against the protective antigen (PAg) was produced and characterized. It had been extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai by the chloroform-methanol-water method and was of glycolipid nature (23-30Kd). The fact that the PAg was a serogroup- specific antigen was shown by MAb AG1, because MAb AG1 agglutinated serovars of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. Purified MAb LW2 and LW3 which are agglutinating antibodies of serovar lai and AG1 passively protected hamsters from leptospiral infection. Induction of the reactive oxygen intermediates by MAbs from peritoneal exudate macrophages of mice were observed in the chemical luminescence assay and the MAbs reacted with the PAg in the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, MAb LW4a against the genus-specific antigen present in the sub-surface of leptospiral cells did not show protective and reactive-oxygen-inducing activities; they reacted with the non-protective glycolipid antigen of low molecular weight (Fr I, 10- 15Kd) in the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results indicated that anti-PAg antibody exhibited opsonic activity against Leptospira and the production of reactive oxygens by macrophages led to leptospiricidal action as one of the defence mechanisms of the host against leptospiral infection. However, the antibody against the genus- specific glycolipid antigen may not be important for protection against leptospiral infection.^0
90235775^[Seroepidemiologic studies of the detection of antibodies to Brucella, Chlamydia, Leptospira, BVD/MD virus, IBR/IPV virus and enzootic bovine leukosis virus (EBL) in dromedary mares (Camelus dromedarius)]^199003^DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1990 Mar;97(3):134-5^Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai (Vereinigte Arabische Emirate).^Wernery U, Wernery R^Camels which are bred for the purpose of racing were tested serologically for 6 different animal diseases. The group were split into racing and breeding camels. The following results were achieved: Brucellosis, breeding camels 2%, racing camels 6.6%; Chlamydiosis 24%, 15%; Leptospirosis 2.5%, 5.6%; BVD/MD 9.2%, 3.6%. No antibodies were detected against IBR/IPV- and EBL-virus. The results are discussed under an epidemiological point of view.^0
90239918^Leptospirosis in Barbados. A clinical study.^199003^West Indian Med J 1990 Mar;39(1):27-34^Department of Medicine, U.W.I., Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados.^Edwards CN, Nicholson GD, Hassell TA, Everard CO, Callender J^A 39-month clinical study of leptospirosis was undertaken at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados. Eighty-eight patients had a confirmed diagnosis of the disease during the period. The major serogroups identified were autumnalis (including a new serovar bim), icterohaemorrhagiae, ballum and canicola. The majority of patients presented with jaundice (95%,) anorexia and headaches (85%), fever (76%) and conjunctival suffusion (54%). While abnormal creatinine levels were seen in 49% of patients on admission, only 16% were judged to have had renal failure. The urine to plasma urea ratio showed high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pre-renal azotemia. Cardiac arrhythmias and myocarditis occurred in 18% of patients and pericarditis in 6%. An elevated serum amylase was found in 65% of cases. The bilirubin level took 5.5 weeks to return to normal. Thrombocytopenia was shown not to be due to a disseminated intravascular coagulation, and a randomised trial of high dose penicillin did not reveal any benefit to jaundiced patients. The overall mortality during the study was 5.7%.^0
90263728^Persistence of leptospiral agglutinins in Trinidadian survey subjects.^199003^Eur J Epidemiol 1990 Mar;6(1):40-4^Leptospira Laboratory, Lower Collymore Rock, St. Michael, Barbados.^Everard CO, Bennett S^Participants in a survey for leptospiral agglutinating antibodies undertaken in Trinidad, West Indies, in 1977-78, were further monitored for up to 5-and-a-half years. 52 individuals with a titre greater than or equal to 1:400 were matched for age, sex and occupation with seronegative subjects. They were re-bled twice (on average 2.38 and 4.84 years later), and changes of titre were noted. At the first follow- up, 78% of negative controls remained negative, and 22%, showed titre changes. Among the seropositive subjects, 47% showed a fall in titre, 38% showed no change, and in 15% the titre rose. New exposure rates between the original and first follow-up samples were 96/1,000 survey population per year in the controls, and 68/1,000 for the subjects with titres greater than or equal to 1:400. Between the first and second follow-up, 47% of the seropositive subjects lost titre, 40% showed no change, and 13% showed a rise in titre. These data demonstrate that although antibody titres may be maintained for a few years at the same level, or show a loss as is usually expected, about 8.3% of individuals in Trinidad may be infected/reinfected per year. The infection/reinfection rate is an important factor in the epidemiology of leptospirosis.^0
90301620^Leptospirosis presenting as a flaccid paraplegia.^199003^Postgrad Med J 1990 Mar;66(773):218-20^Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.^Mumford C, Dudley N, Terry H^A fatal case of leptospirosis in a 64 year old farm worker is described. The dramatic neurological presentation with a rapidly evolving flaccid paraplegia associated with biochemical evidence of renal and hepatic dysfunction is discussed. Attention is drawn to the wide range of neurological symptoms reported in leptospirosis, and to the possibility that this infectious disease may present neurologically.^0
90318012^[Electrocardiographic changes in leptospirosis]^199003^Klin Med (Mosk) 1990 Mar;68(3):82-6^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS, Gurfinkel' LR, Nisnevich EB^The study involved 239 ECGs recorded in acute period of various leptospirosis forms. In 86.2% of cases there were changes evidencing impairment of neuromuscular system and atrial (76.6%) or ventricular (61.9%) conduction. The above cardiac manifestations arise early, have peculiar characteristic features. The discussion covers their patho- and morphogenesis, frequency of detection, necessary time-course ECG control over leptospirosis patients and convalescents.^0
90309437^[Leptospirosis: a disease with multiorganic manifestations]^199003^Med Clin (Barc) 1990 Mar 31;94(12):454-6^Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Patologia Infecciosa, Hospital General Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autonoma, Barcelona.^Falco Ferrer V, Fernandez de Sevilla Ribosa T^^0
91242738^The effect of heat-inactivation on agglutinating antibody titers to Leptospira interrogans.^199004^J Vet Diagn Invest 1990 Apr;2(2):149-50^US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Science and Technology, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA 50010.^Knudtson WU, Fetters M^^0
91376298^Evaluation of the hemostasis in leptospirosis.^199075^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1990 Apr-Jun;23(2):127^Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil.^Lomar AV^^0
90376065^Cloning of genes required for amino acid biosynthesis from Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae.^199004^J Gen Microbiol 1990 Apr;136 ( Pt 4):651-6^Unite des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Richaud C, Margarita D, Baranton G, Saint Girons I^Leptospira interrogans belongs to a large family of important pathogens, which is part of the order Spirochaetales, a distinct group of eubacteria. In order to obtain a better understanding of the genetic organization of this species, we have constructed a DNA library of the serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, using the Escherichia coli vector pUC13. We have isolated Leptospira DNA fragments containing the genetic information required to complement strains of E. coli with defects in proline and leucine biosynthesis. While a 3.9 kb fragment which complemented proA also complemented proB, a 15 kb fragment complementing leuB could not complement other leu mutations. The L. interrogans origin of the cloned DNA fragments was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization. The hydridization was specific to the pathogenic species and was not seen with the saprophytic species L. biflexa.^0
91112071^[The natural foci of leptospirosis in different topographic-geographic zones of the Bukovinan Carpathians]^199004^Vrach Delo 1990 Apr;(4):116-7^^Kondratenko VN, Dremliuga VI^^0
90208437^Long-term follow-up after leptospirosis.^199004^South Med J 1990 Apr;83(4):405-7^Rusinow Department of Internal Medicine C, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.^Shpilberg O, Shaked Y, Maier MK, Samra D, Samra Y^Human leptospirosis is an infectious disease that is a substantial problem in the Third World, but it can occur in developed countries as well. Survivors of the acute disease are considered to recover without sequelae, though little literature exists on long-term follow-up among these patients. Eleven patients, at an average of 22 years after acute leptospirosis, were reevaluated for possible delayed sequelae. Results showed that liver and renal disease had resolved, but headache and ophthalmic sequelae persisted. Even though the number of patients involved in this study is small, it appears that the eyes, particularly the anterior chambers, may be the site of continuing morbidity after acute human leptospirosis. The pathogenesis for persistent headache is not known.^0
90219177^Leptospires in the whistling frog (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei) on Barbados.^199004^J Trop Med Hyg 1990 Apr;93(2):140-5^Leptospira Laboratory, St Michael, Barbados.^Everard CO, Carrington DG, Korver H, Burke R, Everard JD, Gravekamp C^Two groups of whistling frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei) comprising 99 and 117 animals were examined for leptospiral infection. Group I animals were caught in 14 areas of Barbados, and Group II animals in seven areas of suburban Bridgetown. Leptospires were isolated from the kidneys or body fluid of six frogs in Group I and the kidneys of 3 frogs in Group II. Two of the Group I isolates died out; the others were identified as bajan (a new serovar in the Australis serogroup) (6) and bim (Autumnalis) (1). The macerated body tissues and fluid of Group I frogs were put into phosphate buffered saline and examined by the microscopic agglutination test using 22 antigens. The results were all negative. For the Group II frogs the methodology was altered; blood was collected onto filter paper discs and allowed to dry out before being agitated in PBS and examined by the MAT. 15/117 (12.8%) animals were positive at greater than or equal to 1:100 and 19 (16.2%) at greater than or equal to 1:50. The geometric mean titre was 179. Seventeen of the sera reacted predominantly to antigens in the Australis serogroup, and two to Pyrogenes on its own. The serological results reflected the identity of the isolates. Serovars of Australis are not known to cause illness on Barbados, but bim is the commonest cause of severe leptospirosis on the island.^0
90223375^[A safe system of urine collection in cows]^199004^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1990 Apr 1;115(7):305-6^^Hesselink JW^The usual method of sampling urine in cows involves the risk of ingestion of micro-organisms, particularly Leptospira hardjo. A simple system is described, in which this risk is reduced to a minimum. This system can also be used in sampling urine in mares.^0
90237134^Heat stability of protective antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai.^199004^J Clin Microbiol 1990 Apr;28(4):660-3^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Nakamura R, Shimizu T, Yanagihara Y^Protective antigen (PAg; glycolipid antigen; molecular size, 23 to 30 kilodaltons), the serogroup-specific antigen partially purified from leptospiral cells, is one of the most important protective antigens. The heat stability of PAg was compared with that of whole-cell (WC) antigen by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, protective activity, opsonin-inducing activity, agglutinating antibody-inducing activity, and an inhibition test in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A band of 23 to 30 kilodaltons of PAg, which was seen in untreated PAg and WC, shifted to a position with a molecular size of ca. 20 kilodaltons after heat treatment of PAg at 80 degrees C for 30 min and WC at 100 degrees C for 30 min. In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition test with monoclonal antibody LW2 and a sonicated antigen of WC, the inhibition rate of PAg and WC to sonicated WC was reduced by heat treatment at 80 degrees C for 30 min and at 100 degrees C for 30 min, respectively. Agglutinating antibody-inducing activities and opsonin-inducing activities of PAg and WC in mice were reduced by heat treatment under the same conditions; these activities were assayed by a microscopic agglutination test and by chemical luminescence response in serum from immunized mice, respectively. Protective activity of heated PAg and heated WC in cyclophosphamide-pretreated mice agreed with the results of immunogenicity in mice. These results indicate that the Leptospira PAg is one of the important protective antigens and is altered by heat treatment at 80 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
91082168^Leptospirosis--clinical spectrum and correlation with seven simple laboratory tests for early diagnosis in the Third World [see comments]^199075^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990 May-Jun;84(3):419-21^Department of Medicine, M.O.S.C. Medical Mission Hospital, Kerala, India.^Kuriakose M, Eapen CK, Punnoose E, Koshi G^Twenty-four patients who were clinically suspected of having leptospirosis were subjected to 7 simple commonly available laboratory tests. The 21 patients who had 3 or more positive tests were confirmed serologically to have leptospirosis. The high frequency of acute abdominal pain (71.4%) as a major presenting symptom and the laboratory findings of raised serum amylase levels in a high percentage of patients (84.2%) were especially noteworthy.^0
91212702^[Serologic study of patients with leptospirosis using TR antigen]^199075^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1990 May-Aug;42(2):208-18^Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri, Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Leptospiras.^Regalado Segui JD, Lopez Acosta C, Pedroso Pena P, Ramos Perez LR^This paper deals with 254 monosera of patients with leptospirosis verified by macroagglutination test with thermoresistant antigen (TR antigen) and passive hemaglutination (HA), as reference technique. The TR antigen was elaborated according to the method described by Mailloux and coworkers, 1974, with modifications, and it showed a wide generic reactivity. It was specific when serologic test were performed with hyperimmune sera obtained from febrile disease producing bacteria and the causal agent of syphilis. The results obtained by both serologic tests were compared and it was observed that 106 sera (41.73%) were reactive to HA, which showed a highly significant statistical difference between the two techniques; so a lower sensibility of TR macroagglutination test was determined.^0
91215092^[Visualization of spirochetes in conventional blood cultures from a patient with Weil's disease (letter)]^199005^Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1990 May;8(5):326-7^^Sauca G, Cabre M, Valls F, Diestre G^^0
90233885^Leptospirosis as a cause of uveitis [letter; comment]^199005^Arch Intern Med 1990 May;150(5):1130, 1132^^Watt G^^0
90259443^Leptospirosis. Weil's disease.^199005^Occup Health (Lond) 1990 May;42(5):140-2^^Nield H^^0
90277834^Serologic analyses of cottontail rabbits for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi.^199005^J Clin Microbiol 1990 May;28(5):890-3^Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 06504.^Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, McAninch JB^An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in cottontail rabbits captured in Millbrook, N.Y., and New York, N.Y. Five antigenically variable strains of B. burgdorferi were analyzed to determine the variability of serologic test results. In analyses of 79 serum samples, seropositivity ranged from 56% for a strain cultured from kidney tissues of a cottontail rabbit to 68% for a strain isolated from a larva of Ixodes dentatus, a tick that parasitized a cottontail rabbit. There were false-positive results when reference rabbit antisera to B. hermsii and Treponema pallidum were screened against B. burgdorferi. Cross-reactivity with antisera to Leptospira interrogans serovars was less pronounced. Western blot (immunoblot) analyses revealed reactivities of test sera to two or more surface or subsurface proteins of B. burgdorferi with approximate molecular masses of 18, 25 to 27, 34, 36, 41, and 59 kilodaltons. Cottontail rabbits respond immunologically to B. burgdorferi, but the observed variations in serologic test results should not be a limitation in field and laboratory investigations of Lyme borreliosis.^0
90337748^Leptospirosis: a possible cause of "aseptic meningitis".^199005^Hawaii Med J 1990 May;49(5):162, 165^Epidemiology Branch, Hawaii State Department of Health.^Gollop JH, Pang L, Sasaki DM^^0
90350361^Vaccine-associated canine distemper infection in a litter of African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus).^199005^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1990 May;37(3):203-12^Institut fur Veterinar-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen.^Durchfeld B, Baumgartner W, Herbst W, Brahm R^Four, 57 days old, African hunting dog puppies (Lycaon pictus) from one litter died within three weeks following vaccination with modified-live canine distemper virus (CDV) and killed canine adenovirus type 1, canine parvovirus and Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae and canicola. 18 days post vaccination, the animals developed neurologic disease characterized by episodes of grand mal seizures and circling. Macroscopic, histological and immunohistochemical studies revealed acute systemic CDV infection with acute encephalopathy. Virus isolation attempts using primary dog kidney cells, lung macrophages and Vero cells were negative. Therefore, the question whether the infection was the result of vaccination or natural infection remains open. The benefits and risks regarding the use of modified-live CDV vaccines and killed canine distemper vaccines in exotic carnivores are briefly discussed.^0
90270076^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava from stillborn and weak pigs in Iowa.^199005^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990 May 15;196(10):1601-4^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, USDA, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.^Bolin CA, Cassells JA^Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava was isolated from a herd of swine in Iowa with a history of stillborn and weak neonatal pigs. Placentas, kidneys, and lungs of stillborn and weak pigs from 3 litters were processed to detect leptospires by use of bacteriologic culture and fluorescent antibody testing. Sera from stillborn and weak pigs were tested to detect agglutinating antibody against leptospires. A low antibody titer against L interrogans serovar bratislava was detected in the sera of stillborn and weak pigs. Small numbers of leptospires were sometimes detected in tissues by use of the fluorescent antibody test. Serovar bratislava was isolated from placentas, stillborn pigs or weak pigs from each of the 3 litters.^0
90307053^The use of immunodeficient male (CBA/N x BALB/c) F1 mice to produce monoclonal antibodies directed to proteins of Leptospira interrogans rather than to immunodominant lipopolysaccharides.^199006^Hybridoma 1990 Jun;9(3):275-83^Department of Bacteriology, State University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.^Segers RP, De Nijs A, van Kooten PJ, Gaastra W, van der Zeijst BA^A method, using an immunodeficient mouse strain, for the production of monoclonal antibodies directed exclusively against the proteins in an antigen mixture also containing immunodominant LPS, is described. Male (CBA/N x BALB/c) F1 mice were immunized with an outer envelope antigen mixture from Leptospira interrogans strain Wijnberg containing both lipopolysaccharides and proteins. The immune response in these mice was shown to be predominantly directed against protein antigens. Hybridoma cell lines were generated by fusing spleen cells from a (CBA/N x BALB/c) F1 mouse with BALB/c Sp2/0 plasmacytoma cells. Hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies reacting with the outer envelope preparation were identified by ELISA. All epitopes recognized by the monoclonal antibodies are sensitive to proteinase K degradation and resistant to oxidation by periodate indicating that they are located on proteins. All epitopes are located on a 35 kDa protein and specific for the pathogenic L. interrogans species.^0
90380205^Macrophage activation by leptospiral lipopolysaccharide.^199006^Int J Med Microbiol 1990 Jun;273(2):200-8^Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Higashi Nippon Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan.^Isogai E, Isogai H, Fujii N, Oguma K^Leptospiral lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni and hebdomadis were tested for the ability to induce macrophage activation. In-vitro analysis showed that each leptospiral LPS was a potent activator to macrophages. After stimulation with the LPSs, interleukin-1 (IL-1) secretion, interferon (IFN) production and chemiluminescence (CL) response were induced. Intravenous high-dose injection of the leptospiral LPSs induced various lesions such as necrosis of the liver, and the LPSs were detected in macrophages in the liver, spleen and lymphnodes by immunohistochemical examination. Enhancement of macrophage activity in mice inoculated with low doses of leptospiral LPS was recognized. The macrophages of the LPS- treated mice showed a significantly higher bactericidal action than those of control mice. The beta-galactosidase and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) positive cells in macrophages of the LPS-treated mice increased significantly. In the NBT reduction test after phagocytosis of latex beads or Salmonella typhimurium, the macrophages of the LPS-treated mice showed a significantly higher activity than those of control mice.^0
91024850^The effect of selenium supplementation on antibody response to bacterial antigens in merino sheep with a low selenium status.^199006^Aust Vet J 1990 Jun;67(6):226-8^Animal Health Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, Western Australia.^Ellis TM, Masters HG, Hustas L, Sutherland SS, Evans R^^0
90338387^Characterization of a tick isolate of Borrelia burgdorferi that possesses a major low-molecular-weight surface protein.^199006^J Clin Microbiol 1990 Jun;28(6):1362-6^Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704.^Kurashige S, Bissett M, Oshiro L^An unusual strain of Borrelia burgdorferi (DN 127 cl 9-2) that was isolated from an Ixodes pacificus tick did not react with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to OspA and OspB surface proteins, which are found in most U.S. strains. The strain exhibited an abundant protein with an apparent molecular weight of 25,000 (25K protein). A MAb, 86 DN-1, that was prepared to the 25K protein was used in studies on the effect of proteases on the intact spirochetes, immune electron microscopy, and Western blot (immunoblot) analyses; the results indicated that the low- molecular-weight protein was an apparent surface protein that was loosely attached to the spirochete. Five tick isolates from California possessed low-molecular-weight proteins in the 20,000- to 25,000- molecular-weight range that reacted with the 86 DN-1 MAb. The 25K protein of DN 127 cl 9-2 was unaffected by prolonged in vitro passage of cultures in BSK II medium, while the low-molecular-weight proteins of the other strains of B. burgdorferi from California either decreased in quantity or became undetectable on long-term in vitro passage.^0
91024355^Leptospiral infection: a household serosurvey in urban and rural communities in Barbados and Trinidad.^199006^Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1990 Jun;84(3):255-66^Leptospira Laboratory, St. Michael, Barbados, W.I.^Everard CO, Maude GH, Hayes RJ^A longitudinal study of leptospiral agglutinins in subjects five years of age and over was undertaken in Trinidad and Barbados between 1980 and 1982. Households were sampled randomly from one urban and two rural communities on each island, giving a total of 576 eligible individuals in Barbados and 524 in Trinidad. Participants were examined three times at approximately annual intervals. The prevalence of seropositivity at a titre of 1:50 using the microscopic agglutination test was 18.5% in Barbados and 21.9% in Trinidad. Prevalence increased steeply with age in both sexes and was higher in males than females on both islands. There was a marked difference in predominating serogroups on the two islands--Autumnalis (42% of positive cases) predominated in Barbados while Bataviae (29% of positive cases) predominated in Trinidad. Estimates of incidence rates for seroconversion were 2.9% per annum for Barbados and 3.5% per annum for Trinidad. Occupational risk varied between the islands, but in both cases highest seropositivity rates (greater than 50%) were found in outdoor labourers and lowest were found in indoor non-manual workers and urban homeworkers. In Barbados seroprevalence was higher among persons who cleared drains or who had contact with livestock. Lack of an inside toilet was associated with an increase in seropositivity on both islands. There was little evidence of household clustering of seropositive cases.^0
91024854^Serum agglutinating antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola presumed due to serovar robinsoni infection in an Australian dog.^199006^Aust Vet J 1990 Jun;67(6):232^New South Wales Agriculture and Fisheries, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Camden.^Rothwell JT^^0
90264322^Isolation and characterization of the 5S rRNA gene of Leptospira interrogans.^199006^J Bacteriol 1990 Jun;172(6):3264-8^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan.^Fukunaga M, Horie I, Mifuchi I^The gene encoding the 5S rRNA for Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton was isolated and sequenced. The 5S rRNA gene occurs as a single copy within the genome and encodes a 117-nucleotide- long RNA molecule. The 5S rRNA gene is flanked at both the 5' and 3' ends by regions of A + T-rich sequences, and the 5'-flanking region contains a promoter sequence. L. interrogans has a unique and remarkable organization of the 5S rRNA gene. The 5S rRNA molecule exhibits a strong similarity to typical eubacterial 5S rRNA in terms of overall secondary structure, while the primary sequence is conserved to a lesser degree. Restriction analysis of the 5S rRNA gene indicated that the DNA sequence including the 5S rRNA gene is highly conserved in the genomes of parasitic leptospires.^0
90264349^Unique ribosome structure of Leptospira interrogans is composed of four rRNA components.^199006^J Bacteriol 1990 Jun;172(6):3478-80^Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.^Hsu D, Pan MJ, Zee YC, LeFebvre RB^All known ribosomes of procaryotic organisms are made up of three rRNA components that are 23, 16, and 5S in size. We now report that in some Leptospira interrogans strains, the classical 23S rRNA is further processed to generate 14 and 17S rRNAs. This processing step was previously known to occur only in some eucaryotes and in a small group of procaryotes. The implications of this finding are discussed.^0
90295046^[On the subject of leptospirosis. Description of a case]^199006^Minerva Med 1990 Jun;81(6):495-7^Divisione Malattie Infettive, U.S.L. n. 31, Presidio Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria.^Foti G, Masseo A, Raimo C, Mangano C, Foti N^The Authors report a case of leptospirosis. Stress is laid on the sporadicity of this infection in their region; attention is also drawn to the variety of the clinical expression of this disease.^0
90299016^Leptospiral antibodies in patients from a Barbadian general practice.^199006^Eur J Epidemiol 1990 Jun;6(2):150-5^Westgate Clinic, Barbarees Hill, Bridgetown, Barbados.^Gale DA, Everard CO, Carrington DG, Everard JD^Sera from 1,419 patients who attended a Barbadian general practice for a variety of complaints between 1 April 1984 and 30 April 1988 were examined for leptospiral agglutinins by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Sera from the 42 patients with pyrexia of unknown origin, jaundice or kidney involvement, and the 26 patients with titres greater than or equal to 1:400 in the MAT, were also examined by the ELISA for IgM and IgG antibodies. Current or recent mild leptospiral infection was diagnosed in four of the patients, but some mild cases may have been missed. Two further cases of leptospirosis were recorded after the study period ended; both were very ill but responded well to doxycycline therapy. Altogether 177 of the 1,419 patients (12.5%) had agglutination titres greater than or equal to 1:50. These were 104/739 males (14%) and 73/680 females (11%). Seropositivity tended to increase with age (p less than 0.01), and the highest rates were in agricultural workers (35%), labourers (24%) and non-manual outdoor workers (19%). The difference in seropositivity between the main occupational groups was highly significant (p less than 0.001). The serogroups most commonly recorded among the seropositive patients were Autumnalis (31%), Panama (26%), Australis (24%) and Pyrogenes (20%). Autumnalis predominated in each of the main occupational groups except indoor non- manual workers where Panama, Pyrogenes and Australis occurred more frequently. 95% of the positive titres ranged between 1:50 and 1:400. Titres tended to increase with age, but there was no obvious association between higher titres and particular occupations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
90327333^[A patient with fever and pain in the extremities]^199006^Tijdschr Kindergeneeskd 1990 Jun;58(3):92-4^Afd. Kindergeneeskunde, Westeinde Ziekenhuis, Den Haag.^Golterman LK, de Jong GM^During holidays in Suriname a six year old boy fell ill with high fever, general malaise, pain in the extremities and abdomen and vomiting. Because of a tentative diagnosis of acute rheumatism or bacterial enteritis amoxicillin and salicylates were started. After his return to the Netherlands an increased ESR and impaired renal and hepatic functions were found. The history revealed contact with sewage water. Further analysis established the diagnosis of Leptospirosis. This comparatively rare clinical entity, seldom mentioned in paediatric literature, is discussed.^0
90266809^The platelet count in Kawasaki syndrome [letter; comment]^199006^Am J Dis Child 1990 Jun;144(6):617-8^^Barton LL, Friedman AD^^0
90361271^[Study on the characteristics of agglutination reaction of McAb with Leptospira interrogans outer envelope]^199006^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990 Jun;21(2):137-40^^Yan R, Zhao H, Li S, Dai B^Three McAb were produced against an outer envelope preparation from Leptospira, interrogans, serovar Lai by fusion of SP2/0 myeloma cells with immune BALB/c mice spleen cells. The fusion rate was 96% and the antibody positive rate was 50%. One of the hybridomas, E4B11C9, reacted with 13 of the 13 serovars of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup in microscopic agglutination test (MAT) but did not react with the 18 representative serovars of L. interrogans and L. biflexa serovar patoc and Leptonema illini. For all non-reactive serovars the MAT titres were greater than 1:25. The McAb, E4B7G5, reacted similarly with all serovars except smithi and tonkini. E4B7D4 reacted also similarly with all serovars except serovars birkini, ndambari, bogvere, smithi and tonkini. Therefore, 3 McAb showed serogroup specificity and partial serogroup specificity by agglutination. The agglutination titres were high and hybridomas were stable, so it might be useful in providing a simple, rapid method for the classification and identification of clinical isolates such as pathogenic L. interrogans in place of the complicated and time-consuming conventional methods.^0
90352114^Leptospirosis.^199006^Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1990 Jun 8;65(23):175-6^^^^0
90342200^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar mozdok from aborted swine fetuses in Portugal.^199006^Vet Rec 1990 Jun 16;126(24):602^Bacteriology Department, Laboratorio Nacional de Investigacao Veterinaria, Lisboa, Portugal.^Rocha T^^0
91242744^Porcine leptospirosis in Iowa.^199007^J Vet Diagn Invest 1990 Jul;2(3):171-5^National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010.^Miller DA, Wilson MA, Owen WJ, Beran GW^The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Iowa swine was examined on the basis of serologic results and herd data from 55 herds in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) program and culture results and histories from 578 cases of reproductive failure submitted to the Iowa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory during a 3-year period. Thirty-eight percent of sera from NAHMS herds contained antibodies against 1 or more of 12 leptospira antigens. Leptospires were isolated from 9 (1.6%) of 578 cases of reproductive failure. Seven (78%) of the isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar kennewicki and 2 (22%) as serovar grippotyphosa. In 7 herds from which leptospires were isolated, attack rates ranged from 1% to 84%. Clinical leptospirosis, characterized by reproductive failure and confirmed by isolation of leptospires, was sporadic. No significant differences in farrowing averages and reproductive problems were observed between vaccinated and nonvaccinated NAHMS herds or between herds with higher (43-63%) or lower (14-40%) percentages of animals that were serologically positive against serovar bratislava.^0
91327106^[Immunodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by ELISA-IgM, employing different antigenic preparations from prevalent serovars of Leptospira interrogans]^199075^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1990 Jul-Aug;32(4):233-9^Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secao de Sorologia, Sao Paulo, Brasil.^da Silva MV, Camargo ED, Vaz AJ, de Souza AM, Chieffi PP, Sakata EE^A comparative study among different serovars of Leptospira interrogans was performed in order to prepare antigens to detect IgM antibodies by ELISA in early and late phase of human leptospirosis. Ten serovars were chosen among the most prevalent detected by microscopic seroagglutination (SAM) in Sao Paulo city. Using ELISA-IgM five of them showed better results (canicola, hebdomadis, icterohaemorrhagiae, cynopteri and brasiliensis). These ones were also studied in a pool. The non-treated antigens showed higher reactivity than the Triton X-100 (4%/50 degrees C/4h). ELISA-IgM using individually or pool of non- treated antigens proved to be reliable with high sensitivity and should be used for an earlier diagnosis of leptospirosis, as a trial test. Faster diagnostic elucidation can be useful to detect epidemic situations, so, allowing epidemiological surveillance interventions.^0
91327109^Thrombocytopenia and leptospirosis.^199075^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1990 Jul-Aug;32(4):252-9^Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil.^Nicodemo AC, Del Negro G, Amato Neto V^The present study has intended to contribute to the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms, involved in the thrombocytopenia and in the bleeding diathesis seen in the course of Leptospirosis. The group of cases included in the present prospective study consisted of 30 patients with Leptospirosis, admitted to the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Ward, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo. The following possible mechanisms of thrombocytopenia have been considered and therefore investigated: platelet consumption, due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; immune-mediated platelet destruction, due to platelet-associated antibodies and an inhibited platelet production in the bone marrow. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 86.6% of 30 patients and did not seem to be immune-mediated by platelet- associated antibodies. Furthermore it did not seem to be due to a disseminated intravascular coagulation consumption. Although there was a statistically-significant correlation between bone marrow platelet production and platelet counts we think that the static microscopic examination of a bone marrow aspirate cannot accurately depict the dynamic mechanisms of platelet production when these cells are being consumed in peripheral blood. Vasculitis should be considered as the most important factor for the pathogenesis of the bleeding disturbances in Leptospirosis. However, we believe that thrombocytopenia, uremia and coagulation disorders, individually or as a group, should be included among the contributing factors that lead to and worsen bleeding episodes, which represent the leading cause of death in this disease.^0
92189431^A new prepatory method of thermically inactivated Leptospira Patoc antigen for rapid slide agglutination used as serosurvey test for human leptospiroses.^199075^Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1990 Jul-Sep;49(3):223-7^Cantacuzino Institute, Bucharest, Romania.^Andreescu N^830 sera from leptospirosis-suspect patients and 133 sera from investigations were analysed by the new test--rapid slide agglutination with Patoc antigen, inactivated at 60 degrees C for 15 minutes, in parallel with two standard tests--CFT with merthiolated Patoc antigen and MAR with 17-23 live pathogenic antigens. The new serotest proved efficient for selecting the cases of disease or leptospira infection, acute or recent form, not older than 2 years, both by its sensitivity and specificity and also by its rapid and economical character. In the present paper, the technology of preparation and control of Patoc antigen, inactivated at 60 degrees C for 15 minutes, is described.^0
90307220^Molecular analysis of a sphingomyelinase C gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^199007^Infect Immun 1990 Jul;58(7):2177-85^Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.^Segers RP, van der Drift A, de Nijs A, Corcione P, van der Zeijst BA, Gaastra W^A thermolabile hemolysin from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, strain Sponselee, was shown to specifically degrade sphingomyelin. Nucleotide sequence determination revealed that sphingomyelinase activity was encoded by an open reading frame of 1,668 nucleotides. Although a putative signal sequence could be identified, no evidence for protein export in either L. interrogans or Escherichia coli was obtained. The apparent molecular mass of the expression product in E. coli minicells was 41.2 kilodaltons, whereas open reading frame 1 encoded a protein of 63,268 daltons. The observed difference may be explained by processing at the carboxy-terminal part of the hemolysin in E. coli. A high degree of similarity on the DNA and protein levels with Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysin and sphingomyelinase C from three Bacillus cereus strains was observed. The presence of various sphingomyelinase genes within the L. interrogans species is demonstrated.^0
91020889^Susceptibility of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) to leptospires and the protective effect of vaccination.^199007^Vet Microbiol 1990 Jul;24(1):63-71^Laboratory of Biomedical Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan.^Yukawa M, Mochizuki K, Imamura S^Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, were shown to be highly susceptible to Leptospira interrogans serovars such as icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, canicola, autumnalis, javanica, pyrogenes and hebdomadis as compared to guinea pigs and hamsters. Mortality with signs of haemorrhage and jaundice was recorded in all experimental rodents after intraperitoneal inoculation with all strains of the serovars indicated. However, Mongolian gerbils were comparatively susceptible to strains which were of low virulence to guinea pigs and hamsters. Use of leptospiral vaccination proved effective in protecting the animals against inoculum challenges. The Mongolian gerbil is a species that may be selectively and preferentially useful for assays on the protective effects of leptospiral vaccination.^0
91049611^[The use of hemosorption in leptospirosis patients with pronounced thrombocytopenia]^199007^Vrach Delo 1990 Jul;(7):114-6^^Karabanov VR, Vinogradova GN, Galuzinskii VP^The authors describe a rare case from the clinical practice. Treatment including hemosorption was employed in a 38-year-old with a severe form of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis accompanied by acute reno-hepatic failure and pronounced thrombocytopenia--15 x 10(9)l. The relative significance of thrombocytopenia as one of the main contraindication to hemosorption is suggested.^0
91075756^[Weil's disease complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage and myocardial infarction]^199007^Wiad Lek 1990 Jul 1;43(13):685-7^Oddzialu Obserwacyjno-Zakaznego Wojewodzkiego Szpitala, Specjalistycznego w Tychach.^Macura T, Jarczyk R^A case of Weil' disease is described in a 32-year-old patient complicated by subarachnoid haemorrhage from ruptured cerebral aneurysm and anterolateral myocardial infarction. The differentiation of the complications in strict meaning of the word from inflammatory and toxic changes in the course of leptospirosis is often difficult.^0
91109610^[The development of a complex Leptospira antigenic erythrocyte diagnostic agent]^199075^Mikrobiol Zh 1990 Jul-Aug;52(4):74-9^^Bernasovskaia EP, Mel'nitskaia EV, Kondratenko VN^Blood-sensitive activity of antigenic extracts obtained from leptospiras using the supersound and sodium dodecyl sulphate has been studied. Erythrocytic diagnostica, obtained on the basis of the mentioned sensitines, possess the genus and serogroup specificity, which expands their diagnostic spectrum. New diagnostica are shown to possess higher sensitivity as compared with the previously developed leptospirosis genus-specific erythrocytic diagnostica. The data are presented confirming the prospects of development of erythrocytic diagnostica based on antigens of leptospiras obtained by means of a supersound and sodium dodecyl sulphate. These preparations may be used in the diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis.^0
90285528^Skeletal and cardiac muscle involvement in severe, late leptospirosis.^199007^J Infect Dis 1990 Jul;162(1):266-9^Naval Medical Research Unit Number 2, Manila, Philippines.^Watt G, Padre LP, Tuazon M, Calubaquib C^Information is lacking on the prevalence and severity of cardiac and striated muscle injury in late leptospirosis, and it is unclear whether patients with one type of myositis are at increased risk of developing another. Therefore, 38 patients with severe, late Weil's disease were evaluated for heart and skeletal muscle involvement: 37% had myositis and 39% had abnormal electrocardiograms (ECGs). First-degree atrioventricular heart block and changes suggestive of acute pericarditis were the most common ECG findings. Two patients had transient pericardial friction rubs, but neither pericardial effusion, shock, nor congestive heart failure occurred. Cardiac involvement was not associated with skeletal muscle injury (P = .35), although both manifestations were correlated with severity of disease. Thus, ECG changes and myositis were prominent features of late Weil's disease but cardiac morbidity was not.^0
90311310^Multiple-exposure photographic analysis of a motile spirochete.^199007^Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 Jul;87(13):4895-9^Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108.^Goldstein SF, Charon NW^The Leptospiraceae are thin spirochetes with a unique mode of motility. These spiral-shaped bacteria have internal periplasmic flagella that propel the cells in low-viscosity and gel-like high-viscosity media. A model of Leptospiraceae motility has been previously proposed that states that the subterminally attached periplasmic flagella rotate between the outer sheath and the helical protoplasmic cylinder. The shape of the cell ends and the direction of gyration of these ends are determined by the direction of rotation of the internal periplasmic flagella. Rotation of the periplasmic flagella in one direction causes that end to be spiral-shaped, and rotation in the other direction causes that end to be hook-shaped. One prediction of the model is that these right-handed spirochetes roll clockwise when swimming away from an observer. For maximum swimming efficiency, the model predicts that the sense of the spiral-shaped end is left-handed and gyrates counterclockwise. The present study presents direct evidence that the cell rolls clockwise (protoplasmic cylinder helix diameter = 0.24 micron; pitch = 0.69 micron), the ends gyrate counterclockwise, and the spiral-shaped end is left-handed (helix diameter = 0.6 micron; pitch = 2.7 microns)--as predicted by the model. The hook-shaped end appears approximately planar. The approach used was to illuminate stroboscopically cells slowed by Ficoll and analyze the resultant multiple-exposure photographs focused above and below the axis of the cell. The methodology used should be helpful in analyzing the motility of the larger and more complex spirochetes.^0
90373745^DNA relatedness among strains of Leptospira biflexa.^199007^Int J Syst Bacteriol 1990 Jul;40(3):231-5^Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.^Ramadass P, Jarvis BD, Corner RJ, Cinco M, Marshall RB^The slot blot method of DNA hybridization was used to study 38 strains of Leptospira biflexa belonging to 38 serovars. Fifteen of these serovars were placed into six groups. The remaining 23 serovars were generally too diverse to show significant DNA relatedness either to these groups or to one another. Serovar thracia was related to Group 5, but it was not included in this group because its percent relatedness was too low. We found that genetically related organisms were antigenically dissimilar. The absence of any significant genetic relationship between Leptonema illini and the Leptospira biflexa serovars tested supports the placement of the former species in a separate genus.^0
91000127^The changing epidemiology of leptospirosis in Europe. A report on the 6th meeting of European Leptospira workers, Brno, Czechoslovakia, September 1988.^199008^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1990 Aug;273(3):412-27^^Gsell O^^0
90324682^Limulus lysate positivity and Herxheimer-like reactions in leptospirosis: a placebo-controlled study.^199008^J Infect Dis 1990 Aug;162(2):564-7^Naval Medical Research Unit Number 2, APO San Francisco 96528.^Watt G, Padre LP, Tuazon M, Calubaquib C^Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions are characteristic of some spirochetal diseases and have been reported in leptospirosis, but their pathogenesis and relationship to endotoxin remain unclear. Serial limulus amebocyte lysate assays (LAL) for endotoxin were performed on 40 patients with proven leptospirosis who were monitored for reactions after receiving either intravenous penicillin (24) or saline placebo (16). No Herxheimer-like reactions were observed, although 78% of patients had at least one positive LAL. Serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, and white blood cell counts were significantly higher (P less than .01) in simultaneously drawn LAL-positive specimens than in negative ones. Delayed hepatic clearance of endotoxin due to liver dysfunction may explain the high LAL positivity rate, since assay results correlated with severity of disease but not with the presence or absence of spirochetes. Fear of a Herxheimer-like reaction should not dissuade clinicians from administering antibiotics to patients with leptospirosis.^0
91019114^[Jaundice. Clinical discussion]^199008^Rev Med Suisse Romande 1990 Aug;110(8):687-9^^Bonard EC^^0
91020606^Serological survey for leptospiral antibodies in goats in St Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica, 1985-1986.^199008^Trop Anim Health Prod 1990 Aug;22(3):171-7^Veterinary Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Santa Cruz, St Elizabeth, Jamaica.^Johnachan PM, Smith GS, Grant G, Hugh-Jones ME^A serological survey of goats in St Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica, comprising the breeding herd at the Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) facility at Hounslow, five commercial herds and 21 family herds was carried out in 1985-1986. The Leptospira microscopic agglutination test indicated that one or more serovars in the Canicola serogroup were the most prevalent. Repeated samplings of goats at ADC, Hounslow demonstrated an increase in portlandvere and canicola seropositive animals following the onset of warmer weather and of icterohaemorrhagiae seropositive animals following the autumn rains and cooler weather. Apart from a cluster of family goats seropositive to pomona there was no geographical separation of reactors to the other serovars tested in the parish.^0
91071040^[A clinicopathological analysis of 12 cases of cerebrovascular leptospirosis]^199008^Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1990 Aug;23(4):226-8, 255^Nanjing Neuropsychiatric Institute.^Chen Y^12 pathologically verified cases of cerebrovascular leptospirosis were analysed of its clinical characteristics and types. Formation and development of cerebral panarteritis and infarctions were also discussed. It occurred in rural areas among children and adolescents after infection by leptospira pomona, especially following latent infection. Multiple occlusive vascular disorder presenting as a late manifestation of pomona infection occurred in 9 cases, intracranial hemorrhage in 2, and intracranial hypertension in 1 case. Cerebral panarteritis involved the main trunks of larger arteries at the base of the brain. Owing to invariable narrowing of intracranial portions of internal carotid arteries, infarcts always appeared in areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery, often accompanied by marginal infarction at watershed areas. It was suggested that cerebrovascular leptospirosis could be ascribed to residual infection of cerebral arteries soaked in CSF during the septicemic stage of pomona infection.^0
91231295^[Study on the production, identification of serogroup-specific monoclonal antibodies against leptospires of Australis serogroup and detection of its antigen]^199009^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990 Sep;21(3):234-8^^Liang J, Dai B^Spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with whole Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis serovar australis strain 620 were fused with myeloma cells line SP2/0. Specificities of four McAbs determined by MAT. 2E1 McAb (IgG3) reacted with 11 serovars, of the Australis serogroup, but did not react with 22 representative serovars of L. interrogans in 20 serogroups, L. biflexa strain patoc I and Leptonema illini strain 3055. 2E1 McAb showed serogroup specificity for Australis by agglutination and the other 3 McAbs showed partial serogroup specificity. We compared the outer envelope (OE) protein profiles of serovar australis strain 620 with those of two pathogenic L. interrogans serovar lai strain 601 and serovar hebdomadis strain 156 by SDS-PAGE. 63kd protein profile was only found in the OE of strain 620, and the quantity of 42kd protein of strain 620 was greater than that of strain 601 and 156. The immunoblotting revealed that 2E1 McAb reacted with a 34kd band in the OE preparation of serovar australis strain 620, but did not react with that of other two L. interrogans. 2E1 McAb also did not react with OE of non-pathogenic leptospires. It was suggested that 34kd protein might contain the antigenic determinants which were shared by leptospires of Australis serogroup.^0
91082383^Nucleic acid probe characterizes Leptospira interrogans serovars by restriction fragment length polymorphisms.^199009^Vet Microbiol 1990 Sep;24(3-4):355-66^U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.^Zuerner RL, Bolin CA^Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) of genomic DNA can discriminate between many Leptospira interrogans serovars. However, several serovars have similar restriction endonuclease digestion patterns which prohibits accurate identification. This investigation expands previous REA studies of L. interrogans to include serovars in serogroup Tarassovi. Most serovars in this serogroup had characteristic digestion patterns by which they could be identified. However, four of the serovars in this serogroup had similar digestion patterns, thus preventing serovar identification by REA alone. To discriminate between these serovars REA was supplemented with Southern blot analysis. The DNA from each serovar showed similar but unique patterns when hybridized with a probe synthesized from a repetitive sequence element cloned from L. interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis. The applicability of this technique to characterize other serogroups was assessed. One hundred sixty six of 190 serovars screened by Southern blot analysis contained sequences which hybridized with the repetitive element probe under conditions of relaxed stringency. These results suggest that Southern blot analysis using this probe will be a valuable supplement for typing L. interrogans.^0
91231293^[Detection of the microquantity DNA of Leptospira interrogans by polymerase chain reaction]^199009^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990 Sep;21(3):225-9^^Bao L, Dai B^Leptospirosis is a severe zoonosis in the world. The methods for detecting leptospira are not sensitive and specific so far. The problems in early diagnosis and epidemiological identification of Leptospirosis remain unsolved. Two recombinant DNA fragments of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, Leptospira were selected by repeated molecular cloning and screening in this study firstly. One of them can hybridize with the DNA of various serogroups of Leptospira interrogans; the other can only hybridize with the DNA of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. After the nucleotides sequence analysis, from these 2 recombinant DNA fragments, 2 pairs of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) oligonucleotide primers were synthesized, named primer B 1, 2 and primer B 3, 4 PCRs were carried out with these 2 primers for detecting the microquantity (0.1 ng) of various serovars, serogroup of leptospires. All the DNA of Leptospira interrogans can be amplified by primer B 1, 2, and only the DNA of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, Leptospira reacted specially with primer B 3, 4. The DNA of non- pathogenetic Leptospira and some other microbes, however, had no amplification at all. This study is first reported at home and abroad. The results demonstrate that PCR is a very sensitive and specific technique of DNA amplification, which can be used as a powerful tool in the early diagnosis and epidemiological identification of leptospirosis.^0
91231294^[The study on homology of leptospires with molecular hybridization]^199009^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990 Sep;21(3):230-3^^Xiao J, Dai B^Homology of leptospires from different genus, different serogroups were studied with molecular hybridization. Leptospiral DNAs were extracted and purified with phenolchloroform-isoamylalcohol method. Alpha 32P- dCTP was used to label DNA from L. interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae serovar lai strain 017 as a DNA probe, and hybridized with DNAs of 2 genus, 5 serogroups of leptospires represented by 6 strains on NC filter. Four serogroups of pathogenic leptospires which caused endemic disease in Sichuan Province were also detected by the probe. The results showed that L. interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, serogroup autumnalis and serogroup hebdomadis had a high degree of homology while there was a low degree of homology between L. interrogans and L. biflexa and Leptonema illini. Four major serogroups of pathogenic leptospires in Sichuan Province, with their high degree of homology, could be detected by a radiolabelled probe from serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae. Hybridization may be used as a tool for diagnosis of leptospirosis in human beings and animals.^0
91231296^[Investigation on the immunoprotection of monoclonal antibodies against outer envelopes of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar lai strain 017 leptospires]^199009^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990 Sep;21(3):239-41^^Zhao H, Li S, Yan R, Dai B^BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with outer envelopes of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae lai serovar strain 017 leptospires. Monoclonal antibodies against outer envelopes (IgG, agglutinating titre 1:25,600) were produced by hybridoma technique. The monoclonal antibodies ascites (diluted 1:100) 1 ml administered intraperitoneally 1 hour before the intraperitoneal injection of 2 x 10(8) leptospires of strain 017 and the subsequent daily administration of McAb in similar doses for five days protected 80% of guinea pigs. Survival rates of three control groups which received physiological saline, ascites of BALB/c mouse myeloma cell lines SP2/0, and monoclonal antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in place of monoclonal antibodies against outer envelopes of strain 017 leptospires were 10%, 20% and 10% respectively. When killed 20 days after challenge, guinea pigs of experiment group were normal at autopsy. Old pulmonary haemorrhage were present in the animals of three control groups. Passive immunoprotection experiments have demonstrated immunoprotection of monoclonal antibodies against outer envelopes of strain 017 leptospires. It will be valuable for separating protective antigen fraction of outer envelopes and studying new vaccine of leptospira.^0
91244249^[DNA hybridization and identification of Leptospira serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae with Leptospira recombinant DNA probes]^199009^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990 Sep;21(4):357-61^WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Bao L, Dai B, Terpstra WK, Van Eys GJ^Two recombinant DNA probes-PLIpso1 (15kb) and PLIEc34 (4kb), derived from Leptospira serovaricterohaemorrhagiae genomic libraries, were applied for the hybridization and identification of 13 strains of Leptospira in serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae. Difference in hybridization signal in combination with the banding pattern provide a good way for identification of serovars and strains. The recombinant DNA, specific to L. serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, hybridized with a limited number of DNA fragments which had been digested by several restriction endonucleases. The less complex banding pattern and higher sensitivity facilitate characterization of various serovars and strains in serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae. In general the DNA patterns recognized by both probes have extensive genomic homology in same serovar (but still can distinguish strains in same serovar by some unique bands) and apparent difference in various serovars (especially serovars naam, nanxi and honghe). The results indicated that Southern blotting with recombinant DNA probe might provide tools for identification, characterization and analysis of leptospira.^0
91244250^[The study on genome size of leptospires]^199009^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990 Sep;21(4):362-5^Research Unit of Leptospirosis, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University.^Xiao J, Dai B, Chai J, Yu L^Determination of genome size is very important in genetic studies and the molecular cloning of leptospires. With pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which can be used in the analysis of large DNA molecules, we studied the genome size of leptospires and analysed it with rare cutter restrict endonuclease Not I. The PFGE system used was CHEF-DR II which produced parallel bands in agarose gel. The results showed that the genome size of leptospires was 2000kb and there was no dramatic difference between the 5 strains of 2 genus leptospira. Rare cutter Not I digestion of genome DNA of leptospira resulted in 11 bands and its bands pattern was quite different from that of E. coli, S. choleraesuis, S. typhimurium, and S. dysenteriae genome DNA. It is thought that more information can be obtained about leptospiral DNA with PFGE technique.^0
91036021^Evaluation of monoclonal antibody F9-4 as immunological probe for Leptospira interrogans.^199009^J Clin Microbiol 1990 Sep;28(9):2154-5^Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita di Trieste, Italy.^Cinco M^I assayed the lack of reactivity of monoclonal antibody (MAb) F9-4 with nonpathogenic leptospires. Of 47 saprophytic strains tested, 46 did not react in an enzyme immunoassay and 1 was recognized by MAb F9-4, as usually reported with pathogenic Leptospira strains. On the other hand, the MAb did not react with one pathogenic strain, thus showing that the ability of MAb F9-4 to discriminate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospires is not absolute.^0
91047260^Species differentiation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo strain Hardjobovis from strain Hardjoprajitno by DNA slot blot hybridisation.^199009^Res Vet Sci 1990 Sep;49(2):194-7^Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.^Ramadass P, Marshall RB, Jarvis BD^Slot blot hybridisation studies with total genomic DNA probes were used to compare Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo strain Hardjoprajitno, strain Hardjobovis and a number of other Leptospira interrogans serovars. Strains Hardjoprajitno and Hardjobovis were found to have little genetic relationship with each other when compared to some of the other serovars tested. Hardjoprajitno is closely related to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and not to Hardjobovis whereas Hardjobovis is closely related to serovars vietnam, balcanica and javanica but not to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae; this places strain Hardjoprajitno in the species L interrogans and strain Hardjobovis in the species L borgpetersoni. Because of this lack of genetic relatedness between strains Hardjoprajitno and Hardjobovis, it is proposed to remove the prefix Hardjo from the strain name Hardjobovis and call it L borgpetersoni serovar hardjo strain Bovis.^0
91075852^[Immunologic monitoring of leptospirosis in the Maritime Territory]^199009^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990 Sep;(9):31-6^^Makeev SM, Maramovich AS, Iaroshenko VA^The epidemiological and epizootic situation in Leptospira infections at the Maritime [correction of Primorski] Territory is evaluated on the basis of complex studies carried out in 1984-1989. As revealed in these studies, cases of leptospirosis among humans have a sporadic character and are mainly registered among professional high risk groups of the population. In the immunological structure of persons covered by the survey L. hebdomadis, L. pomona and L. javanica prevail. The anthropourgic foci of leptospirosis caused by L. pomona are of the leading epidemiological importance. Swine serves as the main source of infection in these foci. The study revealed the epidemic danger of the natural foci of leptospirosis caused by L. grippotyphosa and L. javanica in rice fields where the decisive factors of leptospirosis proved to be reed voles and striped field mice serving as reservoirs of this infection, as well as the synanthropic foci of leptospirosis caused by L. hebdomadis with house mice serving as the main carriers.^0
91077156^Antigens recognized by the human immune response to vaccination with a bivalent hardjo/pomona leptospiral vaccine.^199009^FEMS Microbiol Immunol 1990 Sep;2(2):111-8^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Chapman AJ, Faine S, Adler B^Serum from volunteer subjects vaccinated with a bivalent whole cell vaccine of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo/serovar pomona grown in protein-free medium, was tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) and immunoblotting. Specific IgM antibodies to either serovars hardjo or pomona were detected in some subjects as early as 6 days after vaccination with peak antibody levels occurring 13-68 days after vaccination. Whereas all subjects produced specific IgM to both serovars, not all produced specific IgG to both serovars. Immunoblotting with hardjo sonicate revealed that all subjects produced IgM antibodies reacting with the 15, 23 and 28 kDa components of hardjo lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and most produced IgM antibodies that reacted with the 34.5 kDa flagellar doublet. In contrast, not all sera immunoblotted against pomona sonicate reacted with the 29 and 35 kDa components of pomona LPS. However all subjects produced antibodies reacting with a diffuse 14.4-27 kDa band. These antibodies appeared early in the immune response. Serum from the one vaccinated subject tested protected hamsters from acute lethal infection with serovar pomona.^0
91086021^A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis among United States military personnel in Okinawa, Japan.^199009^Int J Epidemiol 1990 Sep;19(3):743-8^Division Surgeon's Office, 3rd Marine Division, Okinawa, Japan.^Corwin A, Ryan A, Bloys W, Thomas R, Deniega B, Watts D^A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis occurred among US military personnel during September 1987, on the island of Okinawa, Japan. Micro- agglutination titres for leptospiral antigen of greater than or equal to 200 were detected in hospitalized adult males averaging 22.5 years of age with symptoms compatible with leptospirosis. Epidemiological findings revealed two case clusters distinguished by time and place of exposure. The overall attack rates among recreational swimmers and combat skills training participants were 467/1000 (7/15) and 183/1000 (15/82), respectively. Swallowing of water differentiated individuals with laboratory-confirmed infection from those with no infection, while water immersion alone did not appear to result in leptospiral infection. Additionally, subnormal rainfall may have contributed to the risk of exposure associated with this outbreak.^0
91115073^Sizing of the Leptospira genome by pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis.^199009^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990 Sep 1;59(1-2):95-9^Unite des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Baril C, Saint Girons I^Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis allowed the determination of the size of the genome of Leptospira, a bacterium of the spirochete family. The three restriction enzymes, NotI (5'GC/GGCCGC), NheI (5'G/CTAGC), ApaI (5'-GGGCC/C) generated DNA fragments of suitable size. The results are compatible with a size of 5000 kb for the chromosome of both the pathogenic and the saprophytic species of Leptospira.^0
91132109^Purification and characterization of a protein antigen from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, common to a wide range of bacteria.^199009^J Gen Microbiol 1990 Sep;136 ( Pt 9):1849-57^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.^Ballard SA, Faine S, Adler B^A protein with a molecular mass of 64 kDa (P64) from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was partially purified by using successively, phase partitioning with Triton X-114, ion-exchange chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Purification to homogeneity was obtained by electroelution of P64 from SDS- polyacrylamide gels. Monospecific rabbit antiserum (R alpha P64) was prepared using the purified protein preparation. P64 had a native molecular mass of greater than 670 kDa and was recognized by R alpha P64 as well as by human antisera. Western blotting of leptospiral serovars and 18 other bacterial species with R alpha P64 showed that P64 was cross-reactive with an equivalent antigen in a wide range of bacteria, indicating that it belongs to a family of antigens previously designated 'common antigen'. This putative common antigen from Leptospira appears to have a sub-surface location, but its function is not yet known.^0
91248999^Prospective serology and analysis in diagnosis of dairy cow abortion.^199010^J Vet Diagn Invest 1990 Oct;2(4):274-82^Department of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA 93274.^Thurmond MC, Picanso JP, Hietala SK^A prospective serologic investigation was undertaken on 3 California dairies (herds 1, 3, and 4, as previously designated in a report on abortion surveillance) to determine if fetal loss was associated with infectious disease agents in cows. The diagnostic problem in these herds was typical of many dairies in that abortions were not discovered for several months and aborted fetuses were seldom recovered. Blood from approximately 100 pregnant cows in each herd was sampled at monthly intervals, beginning when the cows were palpated at approximately 40 days gestation. Sera were tested for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and to the Leptospira serovars pomona, hardjo, grippotyphosa, icterohemorrhagiae, canicola, and szwajizak. Logn antibody titers were examined for an association with fetal loss, using multivariate methods of logistic regression and survival analysis. Of the 325 cows followed, 37 aborted, and no fetuses were recovered. Statistical analyses indicated that significant fetal loss was associated with high titers to L. hardjo and with low titers to L. szwajizak (herds 1 and 4) and BVDV (herd 1). Results for herd 3 revealed a connection between abortion and L. icterohemorrhagiae (P = 0.036) and L. canicola (P = 0.050) and possible vaccinal protection against abortion caused by L. grippotyphosa (P = 0.027 and 0.015). For herd 4, there was a marginally significant tendency for the first vaccination of the gestation against leptospirosis to have protected against fetal death (P = 0.077). Advantages of the diagnostic design were that it permitted comparison of titers of aborted cows with those of nonaborted cows and it considered vaccination-induced titers in analyses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
91249008^Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis.^199010^J Vet Diagn Invest 1990 Oct;2(4):323-9^National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010.^Trueba GA, Bolin CA, Thoen CO^Sensitivity and specificity of 4 different antigen preparations from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were compared in an enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in serum. Two antigens prepared using detergents showed serogroup cross-reactivity. A mechanically extracted membrane and a lipopolysaccharide antigen showed a high degree of leptospiral serogroup specificity. The lipopolysaccharide antigen was the most suitable antigen for detection of anti-hardjo antibodies. Enzyme immunoassay was more sensitive than the microscopic agglutination test for detecting antibodies in serum from experimentally and naturally infected cattle. It was not possible to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals or to detect a secondary immune response in vaccinated animals that were subsequently infected.^0
92071899^Leptospirosis with atrial flutter (a case report).^199010^J Postgrad Med 1990 Oct;36(4):222-4^Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka.^D'Souza C, Dwivedi S, Balasubramanian R^^0
92159478^[Leptospirosis in patients with anti-HIV antibodies: report of 2 cases]^199075^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1990 Oct-Dec;23(4):229-31^Hospital Emilio Ribas e Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brasil.^da Silva MV, Batista L, Camargo ED, Leitao PA, Szalkay VG, Rosenthal C, Vaz AJ, de Souza AM^Two patients with concomitant leptospirosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reported. In these cases different clinical aspects that can be attributed to simultaneity of these pathologies was not observed.^0
91009006^Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc rpsL and rpsG genes.^199010^J Bacteriol 1990 Oct;172(10):6165-8^Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506.^Zuerner RL, Charon NW^The Leptospira biflexa rpsL and rpsG genes were sequenced. Although similar in many respects, proteins encoded by these L. biflexa genes had several unusual features when compared with homologous proteins of other organisms. Unlike the rpsL genes of other eubacteria, the L. biflexa rpsL gene is adjacent to a rpoC-like gene.^0
91021638^Serological reactions of leptospirosis-positive (MAR and CFT) bovine sera in ELISA.^199010^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1990 Oct;37(8):581-6^Institut fur Veterinarmedizin des Bundesgesundheitsamtes, Berlin.^Staak C, Mekaprateep M, Kampe U, Schonberg A^The collection of test sera for measuring ELISA results was composed of bovine sera with MAT titres of greater than or equal to 1:200 in the leptospirosis MAT and of greater than or equal to 1:5 in the CFT together with sera from a serologically negative and clinically non- suspicious cattle herd. To establish cut-off ODs, the geometric mean net-extinction of the negative serum collection plus 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations were calculated. By comparison of 3 different conjugates from rabbits, it was demonstrated that results from anti- total bovine Ig were superior to anti-IgG and anti-IgM conjugates. Considerations regarding sensitivity and specificity led to the recommendation to use a test serum dilution of 1:160, to apply anti- total bovine Ig conjugates, and to establish the cut-off OD at the geometric mean net-extinction of negative sera plus 3 standard deviations. Under such conditions, agreement between leptospirosis MAT/CFT positivity on the one side and ELISA positivity on the other was reached in 74%. This recommendation is made for cross-sectional studies but not for examinations of clinically suspicious cattle herds.^0
91083811^Biological activities and endotoxic activities of protective antigens (PAgs) of Leptospira interrogans.^199010^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1990 Oct;274(1):109-17^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Nakamura R, Shimizu T, Yanagihara Y^The biological and endotoxic activities of protective antigens (PAgs) prepared by the chloroform-methanol-water method from Leptospira interrogans serovars lai, copenhageni and canicola were examined. The PAg preparations did not show a local Shwartzman reaction in the rabbits at doses of 100 micrograms and 50 micrograms/site and lethal toxicity to galactosamine-sensitized mice at the dose of 12.5 micrograms to 50 micrograms/mouse. PAgs exhibited a weak cytotoxic action on peritoneal exudate macrophages of C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice at the dose of 500 micrograms/ml in vitro, but did not show cytotoxicity for BHK-21 cells kidney cells of the Syrian hamster, CHO-K1, ovary cells of the Chinese hamster, and CHL, lung cells of the Chinese hamster, at doses of 5 and 500 micrograms/ml. Gelation activity in the Limulus test was only observed at PAg concentrations over 100 ng/ml, which dose was 10,000 times that of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli O55:B5. Furthermore, an adjuvant activity of PAgs was not observed in the production of anti-sheep red blood cell antibody in mice. Mitotic conversion of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice was observed by the addition of PAgs in vitro. These results indicated that the biological properties of PAgs were different from those of LPS prepared from gram-negative enterobacteria, that PAgs had no endotoxic activity and that the biological safety of PAgs as vaccine was proved.^0
91083814^Fatty acid profiles in the family Leptospiraceae.^199010^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1990 Oct;274(1):16-27^Department of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.^Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L, Barbini DA^Fatty acid profiles of six leptospira strains representative of genera, species, and serogroups within the family Leptospiraceae were determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derivatives. The influence of methodological and biological variables on FAME profiles of the same strain was tested. FAME profiles were sharply affected by the fatty acid composition of the culture medium but not by the growth phase. Twenty-four FAME peaks were selected on the basis of their presence in repeated gas chromatographic runs of single strains. Inter-strain divergences of FAME profiles were quantified by linear regression analysis (LR). Step- wise divergences in FAME profiles were observed between strains at serogroup, species, and genus levels.^0
91124654^Biological effects of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide to mouse B, T and NK cells.^199010^Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1990 Oct;52(5):923-30^Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Higashi Nippon Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan.^Isogai E, Isogai H, Fujii N, Oguma K^Leptospiral lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni and hebdomadis were tested for the biological effect to mouse B, T and NK cells. Each leptospiral LPS was a potent mitogen for spleen B cells. Activation of the cells was also expressed by polyclonal B cell activation. In contrast, mitogenicity for T cells, induction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion in T cells and increase of tumor-killing activity and chemiluminescence in NK cells were not observed after stimulation with leptospiral LPS. After intravenous injection of leptospiral LPS in mice, the spleen and lymphnodes were examined by histocytochemical technique. Increase of Ig- bearing lymphocytes was recognized while decrease of T cells was observed in the lymphoid organs. Mitogenic response to PHA, Con A and PWM decreased with relation to the T cell depletion. In conclusion, it is apparent that leptospiral LPS possess marked immunological potencies on B cells but not T and NK cells. The biological effects of leptospiral LPS were common ones as LPS but the level was considered to be different from classical LPS such as Escherichia coli LPS.^0
91072617^Identification of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in DNA from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.^199011^J Clin Microbiol 1990 Nov;28(11):2561-4^Leptospirosis/Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010.^Whipple D, Kapke P, Vary C^DNAs from 34 mycobactin-dependent isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and 1 isolate of M. paratuberculosis 18 were digested with four restriction endonucleases. Southern hybridization experiments were performed with a 32P-labeled oligonucleotide DNA probe derived from the sequence of IS900, an insertion sequence present in 15 to 20 copies per M. paratuberculosis chromosome. The probe hybridized with DNA from each of the mycobactin-dependent isolates, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were detected among the isolates with each restriction endonuclease used. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis may permit identification of various strains of M. paratuberculosis, which has not been possible with other techniques.^0
91192591^The detection of genetic variation in Leptospira interrogans serogroup ICTEROHAEMORRHAGIAE by ribosomal RNA gene restriction fragment patterns.^199011^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990 Nov;60(3):329-35^Leptospira Reference Laboratory, FAO/WHO Collaborating Centre, County Hospital, Hereford, U.K.^Hookey JV^Deoxyribonucleic acid from Leptospira interrogans serogroup ICTEROHAEMORRHAGIAE reference strains together with clinical and animal isolates were cleaved with EcoRI, electrophoresed and transferred to nylon membranes. An Escherichia coli MRE 600, 16S + 23S ribosomal RNA template was used in the synthesis of a single strand biotin-labelled cDNA probe using a reverse transcriptase. Ribosomal RNA cistrons present in the DNA fragments of strains were located using the cDNA probe. Between 4 and 7 well defined ribosomal RNA restriction bands were detected for the leptospires studied that varied in size from 12.1 to 0.57 kb. The hybridisation patterns were distinctive and unique for the reference strains that allowed for their characterisation. Similar patterns were observed for I. budapest M 20, I. "icterohaemorrhagiae" Ictero I and the type strain, I. icterohaemorrhagiae RGA. Clinical isolates and a isolate from a rat were compared with reference strain DNA patterns and identified as being similar to I. copenhageni M 20, I. "icterohaemorrhagiae" Ictero I and I. icterohaemorrhagiae RGA. These results indicate that ribosomal DNA fingerprinting may be useful in the classification and molecular epidemiology of pathogenic leptospires.^0
91219808^[THe detection of leptospirosis with kidney failure cardiac arrhythmia (letter)]^199011^Rev Clin Esp 1990 Nov;187(8):429^^Quinones Ortiz L, Gonzalez Avedillo J, Guerra JL, Mostaza JL^^0
91227634^First isolation of bacteriophages for a spirochaete: potential genetic tools for Leptospira.^199075^Res Microbiol 1990 Nov-Dec;141(9):1131-8^Unite des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Paris.^Saint Girons I, Margarita D, Amouriaux P, Baranton G^Three bacteriophages of the saprophytic aquicole bacterium Leptospira biflexa were isolated from sewage waters from the outskirts of Paris, France. These phages do not infect representative strains of the pathogenic species Leptospira interrogans, and their host range is restricted to serovar patoc of the saprophytic species. The phages were found to be lytic and no lysogenic state could be demonstrated. Electron micrographs showed that the phages were morphologically identical and had polyhedral heads and contractile tails. Their genomes were sensitive to restriction enzymes and consisted of double-stranded DNA. Pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis indicated that their genomes were linear: 60 kb for LE1 and 50 kb for LE3 and LE4.^0
91052109^Murine typhus identified as a major cause of febrile illness in a camp for displaced Khmers in Thailand.^199011^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990 Nov;43(5):520-6^Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.^Duffy PE, Le Guillouzic H, Gass RF, Innis BL^Scrub and murine typhus have been identified as causes of illness among the 238,000 displaced Khmer people residing in temporary settlements on the Thai side of the Thai-Cambodian border. Still, the true extent of the problem and the relative frequency of infection with scrub typhus as compared to murine typhus are unknown. We evaluated consecutive patients with unexplained pyrexia (documented fever, no exclusionary diagnosis, and constitutional symptoms) in 1 temporary settlement over 1 month. Laboratory studies included culture of blood and assay of paired sera for rickettsial IgM and IgG antibody, for dengue IgM and IgG antibody, and for leptospiral IgM and IgG antibody. Among 37 patients (27 adults and 10 children), 28 (75%) had a rickettsiosis (26 cases of murine typhus and 2 cases of scrub typhus). No case of enteric fever, dengue, or leptospirosis was diagnosed. The illnesses of 9 patients were not identified. Signs and symptoms did not distinguish confirmed rickettsial infections from undiagnosed illnesses. The 1 month attack rate of rickettsial infection was 29/100,000 for children and 185/100,000 for adults. Murine typhus was a major cause of febrile illness in this settlement.^0
92245326^[Outbreak of human leptospirosis by recreational activity in the municipality of Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo. Seroepidemiological study]^199075^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1990 Nov-Dec;32(6):474-9^Centro de Saude I de Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brasil.^de Lima SC, Sakata EE, Santo CE, Yasuda PH, Stiliano SV, Ribeiro FA^An outbreak of human leptospirosis due to recreational activities occurred at Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil in November 1987. It involved a group of persons who had participated in a gathering in a suburb club which had a swimming pool fed with natural water. Epidemiological investigation was carried out and laboratory tests from the patients were done. It was observed that a high prevalence of the pomona serotype (91%) was found in the serological analyses, while the presence of the agent of the infection could not be found in the water club swimming pool.^0
91066332^Vaccination of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-derived immuno-conjugates from Leptospira interrogans.^199011^J Med Microbiol 1990 Nov;33(3):199-204^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Midwinter A, Faine S, Adler B^Mice were vaccinated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona or hardjo, or with the polysaccharide (PS) fraction of the LPS, or with an immunoconjugate of PS and diphtheria toxoid (DT). Maximum agglutinin titres were found 6-10 weeks after vaccination with LPS or PS-DT conjugate; the latter elicited antibody titres at least 10 times higher than those produced in response to LPS. Animals failed to react significantly to PS. Titres elicited by antigens of serovar pomona were higher than those elicited by serovar hardjo.^0
91086515^Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) complicating leptospirosis: a previously undescribed association [letter]^199011^J Clin Pathol 1990 Nov;43(11):961-2^^Laing RW, Teh C, Toh CH^^0
91131176^Lesions and immune responses produced in hamsters and guinea pigs inoculated with some strains of leptospira.^199011^Indian J Exp Biol 1990 Nov;28(11):1075-7^Department of Preventive Medicine and Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, India.^Venugopal K, Ratnam S^Pathogenic lesions and immune responses in hamsters and guinea pigs produced by three leptospiral serovars, viz. autumnalis, grippotyphosa, and pomona, and their pool were experimentally studied. Hepatic lesions precede renal localisation. The infections were documented by the demonstration of leptospires and histopathological study. The 2-Me sensitive IgM was responsible for MAT titres in the early immune response.^0
91162026^[A case of Akiyami C disease, infected in the area of Yoshino]^199012^Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1990 Dec;64(12):1572-5^Department of Internal Medicine, Hashimoto Municipal Hospital.^Kawaguchi S, Uragami K, Mizuno W, Tsuji Y, Aizawa K, Shioji N, Nishioka S, Yataka I^A 47-year-old male was admitted because of persistent jaundice. Akiyami C disease was diagnosed by serological tests using the microscopic agglutination tests. The source was considered to be a water contaminated with leptospiras which he had drunk while working at a civil engineering job. The reported cases of Akiyami C disease have recently decreased and this is the 6th case reported in the last 15 years.^0
91180950^[Etiology and occurrence of periodic eye inflammation of horses in the area of Berlin]^199012^Tierarztl Prax 1990 Dec;18(6):623-7^Klinik fur Pferde, Allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Freien Universitat Berlin.^Alexander CS, Keller H^Over 130 cases of equine periodic ophthalmia (p.o.), which were treated as in-patients at the Equine Clinic of the Free University of Berlin in the last 35 years, were examined statistically in relation to the age and gender of the animals involved as well as to the development of the illness and the season in which it arose. As regards aetiology, the extraction of 71 affected Trotters was investigated. Antibodies to toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis and intestinal parasites were found only in some of the patients. Younger animals, aged between one and four years, and male animals (63.6%) were predominantly affected. The results of the examinations of faeces showed no correlation between cases of p.o. and a vermination of the horses. The examinations for antibodies to toxoplasmosis gave no indication of a participation of the toxoplasmas in the aetiology of recurrent uveitis. In contrast, the results of the examinations for antibodies to leptospirosis, of which 58.8% were positive, showed a seven to ten times higher infection than in healthy horses in Berlin. Breed analysis showed that in certain breeds of Trotters and warm-blooded horses, p.o. illnesses were frequent, supporting the hypothesis that the occurrence of p.o. is due to a hereditary, allergic reaction, triggered by various factors, in particular an infection without clinical signs.^0
91188718^A basic study of chemotaxis of leptospiras.^199012^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1990 Dec;37(10):749-52^School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan.^Hiramune T, Shiraiwa C, Kikuchi N, Yanagawa R^Chemotaxis of leptospiras was studied using a U-tube made of a commercially available straw-shaped polypropylene tube with an uneven flexible part. The U-tube was made by folding the polypropylene tube double and binding the vertical parts by a piece of tape, thus making the uneven flexible part the bottom. Semi-solid Korthof's medium was poured into the U-tube. Preliminary experiments showed that the medium containing 0.5% agar and measuring 2 cm in in length was appropriate. Leptospiras inoculated on the top of the medium of one side of the U- tube moved toward the top of the medium of the other side. The leptospiral move toward the uninoculated top was significantly faster when 6 micrograms of hemoglobin were added to the uninoculated top. Chemotaxis of leptospiras to hemoglobin was thus shown, which is the first evidence of chemotaxis of leptospiras.^0
91274421^[Leptospirosis (editorial)]^199012^Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1990 Dec;8(10):597-601^^Lopez Brea M, Sanz JC^^0
91274422^[Severe leptospirosis. Description of a series of 10 cases]^199012^Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1990 Dec;8(10):602-5^Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Universidad de Barcelona.^Mariscal D, Trilla A, Mensa J, Pumarola T, Moya X, Soriano E, Jimenez de Anta MT^Clinical aspects of 10 consecutive patients hospitalized for acute human leptospirosis, confirmed by serology using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), between 1975 and 1988 in a 1000 beds Teaching Hospital are retrospectively analyzed. All of them were male, mean age of 55, presenting a suggestive epidemiological data to be at risk for Leptospira infection. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae was responsible for 8 cases and Leptospira canicola for 2. 7 patients were treated, after 3-4 days of admittance, with penicillin. 5 patients died. Cause of death was gastrointestinal haemorrhage in 3 and cardiogenic shock in 2. We discuss the clinical, biochemical, pathological and therapeutic aspects of the acute human leptospirosis.^0
91281298^[A comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of different methods for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis]^199012^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990 Dec;(12):73-7^^Volina EG, Mel'nitskaia EV, Bernasovskaia EP, Kiktenko VS, Arimitsu Y, Kobayachi S^In this work the comparative evaluation of the sensitivity and serological specificity of the microcapsular agglutination (MCA) test, the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test and the microagglutination (MA) test are presented. In the MCA test leptospiral antigens, adsorbed on synthetic carrier capsules produced by Japan Lyophilization Laboratory, were used and the PHA test was made with the use of polyvalent erythrocyte diagnosticum. The study of blood serum samples from 46 leptospirosis patients revealed that the values of antibody titers in the PHA and MCA tests were 5.5-8.1 times higher than the traditional MA test. In the MCA and PHA tests antileptospiral antibodies could be detected as early as on days 1-3 of the disease when the results of the MA test were negative or very low. The maximum values of antibody titers in the MCA and PHA tests were detected on days 11-15 of the disease and in the MA test, on days 21-25. The MCA and PHA tests are genus-specific and permit the detection of antileptospiral antibodies irrespective of the serogroup of the infective agent. In the study of the blood sera of 40 patients with diseases of nonleptospiral etiology the MCA and MA tests yielded false positive results in 7.5% and the PHA test, in 12.5% of cases in titers below the diagnostic level. These data are indicative of high sensitivity and specificity of the serological tests used in this study.^0
91065424^Zoonotic infections in Northern Ireland farmers.^199012^Epidemiol Infect 1990 Dec;105(3):565-70^Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland.^Stanford CF, Connolly JH, Ellis WA, Smyth ET, Coyle PV, Montgomery WI, Simpson DI^Evidence of past zoonotic infection was investigated serologically in randomly selected Northern Ireland farmers. The percentage of farmers with antibody was: Brucella abortus (0.7), Leptospira interrogans serovars (8.1), Borrelia burgdorferi (14.3), Toxoplasma gondii (73.5), Coxiella burnetii (28.0), Chlamydia psittaci (11.1) and Hantavirus (1.2). The results show that Northern Ireland farmers have been exposed in the past to zoonotic infections. It is not known if these infections contributed to ill health in farmers but it is now time for the health of farm workers and their medical services to be reassessed.^0
92096726^A new leptospiral serovar in the Pyrogenes serogroup isolated in Nigeria.^199012^Rev Sci Tech 1990 Dec;9(4):1195-6^Leptospirosis Section, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.^Ezeh AO, Kmety E, Ellis WA, Addo PB, Adesiyun AA^Five leptospiral strains were isolated from bovine kidneys during a cultural survey for pathogenic leptospires in Nigeria. Preliminary test results indicated that the five strains were identical and serologically heterologous to the other members of the Pyrogenes serogroup. Further examination of the strains by the cross-agglutinin absorption test, factor analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis confirmed that the strains constitute a new serovar. It is therefore proposed that this strain be recognised and designated as serovar nigeria, type strain Vom.^0
91281290^[The self-maintenance of natural foci of leptospirosis]^199012^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990 Dec;(12):40-4^^Agaev IA^The specificity of infection of individual species of small mammals with definite serogroups of leptospires has been shown. The intensity of the epizootic process has been found to depend on the number of animals in the population. The mechanisms of the self-regulation of the epizootic process in natural foci are explained.^0
91116173^Spirochetal infection of the central nervous system.^199012^Infect Dis Clin North Am 1990 Dec;4(4):731-46^Health Sciences Center, State University, New York, Stony Brook.^Coyle PK, Dattwyler R^Four spirochetal diseases frequently involve the central nervous system: syphilis, leptospirosis, relapsing fever, and Lyme borreliosis. In particular, syphilis and Lyme borreliosis are increasing problems. During the spirochetemic phase there is seeding of the nervous system. After a quiescent latent period, there may be late disease flareups producing a variety of neurologic syndromes. Cerebrospinal fluid examination is very helpful in these infections.^0
91126953^A field investigation of causes of abortion in dairy cattle.^199012^Vet Rec 1990 Dec 1;127(22):543-7^University of Liverpool, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral.^Murray RD^Cases of abortion on dairy farms on the Lancashire/Cumbria border were investigated by means of a systematic diagnostic procedure, using the facilities of a veterinary practice's laboratory, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food veterinary investigation centre. Among approximately 3600 animals, 149 abortions were investigated on 54 farms in two years, an annual abortion rate of 2 per cent. A diagnosis was made in 34 per cent of the cases, based on a pathological examination of aborted material and bacteriological and serological findings. The most common pathogens associated with abortion were bovine viral diarrhoea virus (39 cases), bacterial or fungal infections (20 cases), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (19 cases), and Leptospira hardjo (18 cases), either as single or multiple infections.^0
91156283^Serological reactions to Leptospira species in buffalo (Syncerus caffer) from the Kruger National Park.^199012^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1990 Dec;57(4):281-2^Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort.^Myburgh JG, Bengis RG, Bester CJ, Chaparro F^Four hundred and six serum samples from buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were tested for leptospirosis, using the microscopic agglutination test. Seven buffaloes (1.7%) reacted positive and 27 (6.6%) inconclusive. Reactions against L. tarassovi and L. hardjo were the most prevalent.^0
97175188^Serological survey for bovine leptospirosis in the Volksrust district.^199012^J S Afr Vet Assoc 1990 Dec;61(4):172-3^Reproduction section, Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa.^Myburgh JG, Otto QT^Serum samples (n = 860) from cattle in the Volksrust district were tested for Leptospira antibody titres. Seventeen (2%) of the animals were positive for leptospirosis, while 9(1%) animals showed suspect reactions. Titres against L. hardjo, L. pomona, and L. tarassovi were the most prevalent.^0
91061662^Severe respiratory and renal failure in serovar hardjo related leptospirosis [letter]^199012^Med J Aust 1990 Dec 3-17;153(11-12):743^^Chen SC, Mitchell DH, Dickeson DJ, Cunningham AL^^0
91333400^Serological studies on Leptospira strain Ictero No. I using monoclonal antibodies.^199101^Microbiol Immunol 1991;35(1):67-76^First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ehime University.^Kobayashi Y, Sada E, Tamai T^In order to elucidate the full serological characteristics of strain Ictero No. I, the first strain of Leptospira isolated by Inada and Ido in 1914, 17 monoclonal antibodies against the strain were produced by cell fusion technology. The antibody-producing hybridomas were designated IMAs 1 to 17. The reactivities of the monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybridomas were determined by the microscopic agglutination test. One of the 17 monoclonal antibodies, IMA 1, reacted with strains Ictero No. I, LT 1131 and Naam, but not with other strains of the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae including strain RGA used in the present study. Moreover, the reactivity of the antigenic determinant of IMA 1 was inactivated by treatment at 56 C for 30 min. The 16 other monoclonal antibodies, IMAs 2 to 17, showed different reaction patterns against Leptospira strains of the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. All of the 16 antibodies reacted with both Ictero No. I and RGA strains. The antigens against antibodies IMAs 2 to 17 were thermostable. The present study thus clarified the presence of a thermolabile antigen in strain Ictero No. I, and allowed correct distinction between the serotype of strain Ictero No. I and that of strain RGA using IMA 1. Therefore, we propose that strain Ictero No. I represents serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, as originally designated by Inada and Ido. Moreover, strain Ictero No. I should be designated as the type strain of Leptospira interrogans.^0
92114399^[Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of leptospirosis and acute surgical pathology of the bile ducts]^199101^Klin Khir 1991;(9):66-7^^Dekhtiar' AL, Kadyshev IuG, Roik IaI, Surmach VV^^0
92385261^Prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection in Singapore: a preliminary report.^199101^Asia Pac J Public Health 1991;5(3):236-8^Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.^Zhao LG, Yanagihara R, Mora C, Garruto RM, Wong TW, Gajdusek DC^Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection is endemic in southwestern Japan, the Caribbean basin, Colombia, Africa and in several isolated populations in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. To determine the seroprevalence of HTLV-I infection in Singapore, we tested sera from 115 hospitalized patients with acute nephritis, 50 patients with suspected leptospirosis, 34 patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis, and from 28 healthy volunteers for IgG antibodies against HTLV-I using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies were detected in sera from 6 of the 199 patients and from 3 of the 28 healthy volunteers, but these positives could not be confirmed by Western immunoblotting. Our data are consistent with other reports of low seroprevalence of HTLV-I infection despite extensive Japanese contact in Korea, Taiwan, the People's Republic of China and Micronesia. Further studies on a larger sample size, however, are necessary to confirm the absence of any focus of infection in the Singapore population.^0
91313089^[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis with acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary hemorrhage]^199101^Rev Mal Respir 1991;8(2):256-7^Service de Pneumologie et Reanimation, Hotel-Dieu, Paris.^Vuong TK, Laaban JP, Rabbat A, Capron F, Bouvet A, Rochemaure J^We report a case of the respiratory distress syndrome occurring in a patient with leptospirosis ictero-haemorrhagica (LIH). The respiratory failure was associated with pulmonary haemorrhage. There was a rapid favourable outcome after treatment with antibiotics and artificial ventilation. The diagnosis of LIH has been confirmed by serological examination. The mechanisms of the pulmonary disorder during the course of LIH were discussed.^0
91326917^[Seroepidemiological study of human leptospirosis at Reunion Island]^199101^Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1991;39(2):135-41^Unite de Reanimation, Hopital Rothschild, Paris.^Duval G, Michault A, Baranton G, Law-Koune JD, Folio G, Bertil G, Guiserix J^In order to evaluate the prevalence of human leptospirosis in Reunion island and to identify possible risk factors, a study was realised on a representative population sample of 3.338 persons. The prevalence of leptospirosis, diagnosed by ELISA and confirmed by Micro Agglutination Test, was 1.1%. Male predominance and higher prevalence in rainy parts of the island, were confirmed. It has not been possible to display risk factors such as housing conditions or professional exercise. The serological repartition showed not only icterohaemorrhagiae serovar, but also canicola, panama and sejroe, especially in women. These results, compared with clinical studies (showing nearly exclusive male repartition, in agricultural workers, due to icterohaemorrhagiae serovar), confirm the double look of human leptospirosis in Reunion island: clinical leptospirosis, severe, concerning males, often countrymen, due to icterohaemorrhagiae serovar, and infraclinical leptospirosis, concerning principally females, which is a domestic illness, due to other serovars.^0
91333406^Comparison of protective effects with tetra-valent glycolipid antigens and whole cell-inactivated vaccine in experimental infection of Leptospira.^199101^Microbiol Immunol 1991;35(3):199-208^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.^Masuzawa T, Suzuki R, Yanagihara Y^The protective antigens (PAgs), glycolipid substance, were extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovars autumnalis, hebdomadis, australis and copenhageni, which were considered as main causal serovars of human leptospirosis in Japan, with chloroform-methanol-water (1:2:0.8, [vol/vol/vol]) solution. The tetra-valent formalin-inactivated leptospiral vaccine (Weil's disease and Akiyami combined vaccine) composed of the four serovars mentioned are used as vaccine to protect human from leptospiral infection in Japan. The protective effect, agglutinating antibody-inducing activity and opsonin-inducing activity of tetra-valent PAgs were compared with those of vaccines now in use, which were supplied by two companies, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., and Denka-Seiken Co., in Japan. The tetra-valent PAgs which contained 10 micrograms of each PAg protected hamsters and cyclophosphamide- treated mice from lethal infection of serovar copenhageni and induced agglutinating antibodies against the four serovars in the same degrees as vaccines. These results suggested that the tetra-valent PAgs might be useful as a component vaccine against leptospiral infection instead of formalized whole cells vaccines for human.^0
91348183^Leptospiral antigens (L. interrogans serogroup ictero-haemorrhagiae) in the kidney of experimentally infected guinea pigs and their relation to the pathogenesis of the renal injury.^199101^Exp Pathol 1991;42(2):81-93^Sao Paulo University, Medical School, Brazil.^Alves VA, Gayotto LC, Yasuda PH, Wakamatsu A, Kanamura CT, De Brito T^The search for leptospiral antigens (L. interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae) was carried out in 24 guinea pigs experimentally inoculated with 1 ml of culture containing 10(7)-10(8) leprospires and sequentially sacrificed from the first until the 6th day of infection. Semiquantitative analysis of histopathological variables comprising kidney interstitium, tubules and glomeruli was done in 1 micron sections of tissue embedded in glycolmetacrylate. Leptospiral antigen (LAg) and its glycolipoprotein (GLP) expression were detected through PAP in paraffin embedded tissue. The mild interstitial involvement of the kidney, manifested chiefly by oedema and focal interstitial nephritis seen at the 4th day, progressed to tubular damage at the 6th day, characterized by either swelling or cytoplasmic acidophilia of epithelial cells with loss of cell cohesion and sloughing of cells into the tubular lumina. Brush border alterations and mitochondrial changes were observed. Endothelial cell injury was noted in the interstitial vessels. LAg expression was parallel to the kidney changes: small deposits of elongated forms of LAg were detected at the 4th day either within the vascular lumen or free in the interstitium. A rise in the antigen expression was observed at the 5th day when it was seen either around tubules or in their walls. LAg was detected inside the tubular lumina at the 6th day of infection when granular LAg and GLP were abundant. This sequence reproduces the pathway of leptospires in the kidney and the crescent amounts of antigens detected toward the end of the experiment, with antigen concentration in cases of major tissue damage suggesting a direct action of the microorganisms and/or their products in the pathogesis of the lesions.^0
91352559^Mononeuritis multiplex in leptospirosis [letter]^199101^Scand J Infect Dis 1991;23(3):395-6^^Hancox RJ, Karalus N, Singh V^^0
92034274^[Acute adult respiratory distress syndrome in leptospirosis]^199101^Cah Anesthesiol 1991;39(4):281-4^Centre hospitalier des Armees, Jean Prince, SP.^Hidou M^The respiratory manifestations of leptospirosis are usually benign. A case is reported of leptospirosis with serious pulmonary affection. Pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis is infrequently predominant and usually without bearing on prognosis. Clinical and roentgenological features are reviewed. Severe forms with massive hemoptysis or acute respiratory failure occur occasionally. The clinical symptoms, the radiological manifestations and haemodynamic investigation were suggestive of an acute respiratory distress by non haemodynamic pulmonary oedema. In accordance with other authors, one could be justified in including this acute respiratory failure as part of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Since leptospirosis has extremely diverse clinical features, physicians should have this diagnosis in mind in many circumstances and should request the appropriate examinations at the right moment. Carefully performed microbiological techniques may reduce the problems encountered in isolating leptospires. Serological tests requested after the 12th day of the disease and repeated several times should improve the diagnosis confirmation. The potential severity of certain forms justifies curative antibiotic therapy.^0
92070070^Potency of leptospiral vaccines and protection against chronic infection in golden hamsters.^199101^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1991;14(3):229-34^Behringwerke AG, Marburg, Fed. Rep. Germany.^Freudenstein H, Hein B^Seven vaccines prepared from pathogenic strains of different origin of Leptospira interrogans [serovars icterohaemorrhagiae (one strain) and copenhageni (6 strains)] were examined in protection tests on golden hamsters. Two of the copenhageni strains were used for challenge. The organs (kidneys, spleen, liver) in the vaccinated animals surviving challenge were protected to a varying degree. Low rates of survival were associated with a high incidence of Leptospira-positive findings, partly connected with focal lesions of the kidneys. On the other hand, in the groups in which all the animals survived, it was not possible to culture leptospires from their organs or to detect leptospiral antigen in these organs by immunohistochemical investigation. A protection of the organs that prevents vaccinated animals from shedding leptospires after infection clearly depends on the vaccine dose administered and the efficacy of the vaccine which can be measured in potency tests based on the survival rate as the relevant parameter.^0
91099981^Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis of leptospiral DNA.^199101^Infect Immun 1991 Jan;59(1):323-9^Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103.^Taylor KA, Barbour AG, Thomas DD^The genomic structures of spirochete species are not well characterized, and genetic studies on these organisms have been hampered by lack of a genetic exchange mechanism in these bacteria. In view of these observations, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to examine the genomes of Leptospira species. Live cells, prepared in agarose plugs, were lysed in situ, and the DNA was analyzed under different electrophoretic conditions. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DNA digested with infrequently cutting restriction enzymes showed that the genome of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola is approximately 3.1 Mb, while that of the saprophytic L. biflexa serovar patoc I is 3.5 Mb. DNA forms of approximately 2,000 and 350 kb which were present in samples from L. interrogans serovars were not readily detected in nonpathogenic serovars. Three distinct populations, designated type alpha, beta, and gamma, of L. interrogans DNA molecules were further analyzed with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Evidence suggested that two of these DNA forms, type alpha and gamma, were linear structures. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis has proven to be a valuable tool with which to size bacterial genomes and to take the first steps toward characterization of a form of leptospiral DNA which behaves as a linear molecule and which may be related to the virulence of L. interrogans.^0
91100341^Nucleotide sequence and analysis of a gene encoding anthranilate synthase component I in Spirochaeta aurantia.^199101^J Bacteriol 1991 Jan;173(2):541-8^Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.^Brahamsha B, Han CY, Crawford IP, Greenberg EP^A Spirochaeta aurantia DNA fragment containing the trpE gene and flanking chromosomal DNA was cloned, and the sequence of the trpE structural gene plus 870 bp upstream and 1,257 bp downstream of trpE was determined. The S. aurantia trpE gene codes for a polypeptide of 482 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 53,629 that showed sequence similarity to TrpE proteins from other organisms. The S. aurantia TrpE polypeptide is not more closely related to the other published spirochete TrpE sequence (that of Leptospira biflexa) than to TrpE polypeptides of other bacteria. Two additional complete open reading frames and one partial open reading frame were identified in the sequenced DNA. One of the complete open reading frames and the partial open reading frame are upstream of trpE and are encoded on the DNA strand opposite that containing trpE. The other open reading frame is downstream of trpE and on the same DNA strand as trpE. On the basis of the results of a protein sequence data base search, it appears that trpE is the only tryptophan biosynthesis gene in the sequenced DNA. This is in contrast to L. biflexa, in which trpE is separated from trpG by only 64 bp.^0
91130309^Treatment of leptospirosis [editorial]^199101^Cornell Vet 1991 Jan;81(1):7-12^^Prescott J^^0
91188573^[The treatment of leptospirosis complicated by severe liver-kidney failure]^199101^Vrach Delo 1991 Jan;(1):81-4^^Novikova RI, Shano VP, Logvinenko LV, Shramenko EK^The authors examined 16 patients with severe forms of leptospirosis complicated by hepato-renal insufficiency. The treatment program included the following methods: hemodialysis, hemosorption, intraportal administration of drugs, gastrointestinal sorption via a heterospleen, hyperbaric oxygenation. As a result of this complex treatment lethality decreased by 15%.^0
91218245^Serologic survey for bovine pathogens in free-ranging European bison from Poland.^199101^J Wildl Dis 1991 Jan;27(1):16-20^Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland.^Kita J, Anusz K^From 1980 to 1983, blood was taken from 60 selected European bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. Serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against Brucella abortus, 14 serovars of Leptospira interrogans, Chlamydia spp., Coxiella burnetti; foot and and mouth disease virus, bovine leukemia virus and bovine herpes virus-1. In addition, an attempt was made to isolate bovine herpes virus-1 from the prepuce of selected bulls. Serological tests suggested chlamydial infection in 28 bison, subclinical Q-fever of a 2-yr-old heifer, subclinical bovine leukemia virus infection in a 12-yr-old bull and bovine herpes virus-1 infection in five bulls and three cows. Attempts to isolate bovine herpes virus-1 were not successful. These results suggest the possibility of cross transmission of several of these bovine pathogens between free-ranging bison and domestic cattle in Poland.^0
91220609^The serological response of calves to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo vaccines and infection as measured by the microscopic agglutination test and anti-IgM and anti-IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.^199101^Vet Microbiol 1991 Jan;26(1-2):191-201^Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.^Goddard RD, Luff PR, Thornton DH^The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the anti-IgM and anti-IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to examine sera taken over the course of 16 weeks from 35 calves vaccinated and/or infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. The relationship between the IgM and IgG responses to vaccination and infection were determined. The rapid and high rise in IgM levels following challenge made the anti-IgM ELISA a potentially good indicator of recently established infection although some transitory high levels were seen where infection did not become established. The slow IgG response to infection made the anti-IgG ELISA of limited diagnostic use.^0
91223106^Differential susceptibility of two stocks of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) to Leptospira.^199101^J Exp Anim Sci 1991;34(1):1-5^Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Nihon University, Veterinary School, Japan.^Yukawa M^Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of Tumble Blook (TUM) and Japan Medical Science (JMS) stocks were compared with regard to susceptibility to Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. The TUM gerbil died 6 to 9 d after intraperitoneal inoculation with 10 organisms, showing jaundice and systemic hemorrhage. However, 25% of the JMS gerbils survived infection with 10(3) or 10(4) organisms and there was no fatal case after infection with 10(2) organisms.^0
91241769^Cloning of the recA gene from a free-living leptospire and distribution of RecA-like protein among spirochetes.^199101^Appl Environ Microbiol 1991 Jan;57(1):183-9^Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400.^Stamm LV, Parrish EA, Gherardini FC^A recombinant plasmid carrying the recA gene of Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc was isolated from a cosmid library of genomic DNA by complementation of an Escherichia coli recA mutation. The cloned serovar patoc recA gene efficiently restored resistance to UV radiation and methyl methanesulfonate. Recombination proficiency was also restored, as measured by the formation of Lac+ recombinants from duplicated mutant lacZ genes. Additionally, the cloned recA gene increased the spontaneous and mitomycin C-induced production of lambda phage in lysogens of an E. coli recA mutant. The product of the cloned recA gene was identified in maxicells as a polypeptide with an Mr of 43,000. Antibodies prepared against the E. coli RecA protein cross- reacted with the serovar patoc RecA protein, indicating structural conservation. Southern hybridization data showed that the serovar patoc recA gene has diverged from the recA gene of L. interrogans, Leptonema illini, and E. coli. With the exception of the RecA protein of L. interrogans serovar hardjo, the RecA protein of the Leptospira serovars and L. illini were synthesized at elevated levels following treatment of cells with nalidixic acid. The level of detectable RecA correlated with previous studies demonstrating that free-living cells of L. biflexa serovars and L. illini were considerably more resistant to DNA- damaging agents than were those of parasitic L. interrogans serovars. RecA protein was not detected in cells of virulent Treponema pallidum or Borrelia burgdorferi.^0
91280461^[Early diagnosis of leptospirosis]^199101^Sov Med 1991;(2):78-80^^Blazhniaia LP, Mel'nik GV, Arapov IuP^^0
91284172^Serological and cultural examination for human leptospirosis in Plateau State, Nigeria.^199101^Cent Afr J Med 1991 Jan;37(1):11-5^National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.^Ezeh AO, Adesiyun AA, Addo PB, Ellis WA, Makinde AA, Bello CS^In a serological examination of 710 serum samples collected from human volunteers in Plateau State, Nigeria, 128 (18.0pc) had leptospiral antibody titres of 1:100 and above. The prevalence of antibodies to individual serovars were: hardjo 28 (21.9pc), pomona 18 (14.1pc), canicola 17 (13.3pc), grippotyphosa 15 (11.7pc), pyrogenes 13 (10.2pc), icterohaemorrhagiae 12 (0.4pc) and autumnalis 8 (6.3pc). There was no statistical difference in the prevalence rate of leptospirosis in the different local government areas (p greater than 0.05; X2). Among the occupational groups examined, the abattoir workers were particularly at risk with a prevalence rate of 29.5pc. A leptospiral variant of strain Hardjoprajitno was also isolated from the midstream urine of an abattoir worker who was apparently healthy. The isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in man is the first such report in Nigeria.^0
91205716^Diagnosing Leptospira in pigs [letter]^199101^Vet Rec 1991 Jan 12;128(2):43^^Power SB^^0
91137919^Leptospirosis update [editorial] [see comments]^199101^BMJ 1991 Jan 19;302(6769):128-9^^Ferguson IR^^0
91283231^Evidence for (lipo) oligosaccharides in Borrelia burgdorferi and their serological specificity.^199102^FEMS Microbiol Immunol 1991 Feb;3(1):33-8^Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita degli Studi, Trieste, Italy.^Cinco M, Banfi E, Balanzin D, Godeas C, Panfili E^SDS-PAGE and Western immunoblot profiles have been determined for different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi. Major proteins of 60 kDa, 41 kDa corresponding to flagellin, 34-36 kDa and 30-31 kDa corresponding to OspB and OspA respectively, and 18-20 kDa corresponding to 'pC' fractions were detected. A "rough" lipopolysaccharide which we called lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of 8-11 kDa appeared to be present, being detected by specific silver staining, as in crude Borrelia lysates as in proteinase K digested Borrelia strains, quite similar in shape among the different strains examined. The LOS reacted in Western blotting with immune anti-B. burgdorferi rabbit serum and also with sera collected from humans affected by Lyme borreliosis. The LOS did not react with sera positive for syphilis or leptospirosis, and their immunological specificity is discussed.^0
92141520^[Acute renal failure in leptospirosis. Presentation of 2 cases (letter)]^199102^Rev Clin Esp 1991 Feb;188(3):163-5^^Perez-Requena J, Fernandez-Barrios A, Baena R, Gomez-Fernandez P^^0
91327879^[The mechanisms maintaining epidemic foci of leptospirosis]^199102^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991 Feb;(2):38-41^^Agaev IA^24,419 samples of blood serum, collected in the Azerbaijan SSR among different professional groups of the population, have been tested for leptospirosis. The comparison of the results with those obtained in the natural foci of leptospirosis and in the foci of this infection appearing as a consequence of human activities has made it possible to come to the conclusion that the epidemic foci of leptospirosis are maintained due to the existence of foci among cattle. The cases of contamination among persons professionally linked with large cattle breeding complexes have been found to exceed those among persons working at farms of a nonindustrial type.^0
91347348^[The discover of Lyme disease in Fujian Province]^199102^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991 Feb;12(1):1-4^Fujian Provincial Center of Sanitary and Epidemic Prevention, Fuzhou.^Pan LN^By means of indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA), Borrelia burgdorferi B31 strain was used for antigen, to detect the 2579 serum specimens from forest area in 9 counties of Fujian province, 47 cases in 8 counties were detected positive, positive rate was 1.82%. By epidemiological investigation, we found that peoples who infected with Lyme disease, 91.67% of them (22/24) have been bited by Ixodes, and 6 cases suffer typical clinical symptoms of Lyme disease, 9 cases have the similar or somewhat typical symptoms. We found Lyme disease could be cross-reaction to leptospirosis, in this paper the serum specimens which Lyme disease and leptospirosis all positive, we were not consider them to Lyme disease for time being, no matter the patients may be have suffer double infection. The indentification of the cross-reaction between Lyme disease and leptospirosis should be further studied.^0
91347355^[The specificity of plague antigen FI in PHA]^199102^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991 Feb;12(1):36-9^Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing.^Zhang HY^It were inoculate a total of the 15 type and 13 group Leptospira strains to the Rattus flavipetus and Rattus lose 137 rates in Lei Zhou peninsula. As the antisera acquired, it has been examined the lyso- agglutinative test in Leptospira strains. Up to standard serum it was to test for PHA of plaque, employing the sensitized blood cell by FI from 4 antiplague institutes. All of tests are negative. In addition to test for 3 immune sera, Hemorrhagic Fever antisera (Immunized animals Apodemus agraius, Rattus norvegicus, Mouse and Rabbit), anthrax antiserum, there were be negative by PHA of plague test, at same time by RIA test also be negative. Therefore all of the other antisera would not be interfering with specificity of the plague FI antiserum in PHA or RIA test.^0
91229926^Communicable disease report. July to September 1990. From the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre.^199102^J Public Health Med 1991 Feb;13(1):48-53^^^^0
91130549^Absence of epidemicity of severe leptospirosis in Barbados.^199102^Epidemiol Infect 1991 Feb;106(1):151-6^Tropical Health Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.^Bennett S, Everard CO^The possibility of micro-epidemics of severe leptospirosis occurring on the island of Barbados was investigated by examining the space-time clustering of the disease in 212 laboratory-confirmed cases admitted to Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown, over a 7-year period. A series of 109 patients with symptoms compatible with leptospirosis but shown to be otherwise by laboratory examination were also examined for comparison. No significant space-time clustering was found among the leptospirosis cases, indicating no evidence for micro-epidemics. By comparison, statistically significant clustering was apparent among the smaller non-leptospirosis series. Possible explanations for the absence of observed micro-epidemics of leptospirosis are discussed.^0
91238270^[Leptospirosis: a problem of diagnosis (letter)]^199102^Med Clin (Barc) 1991 Feb 9;96(5):194-5^^^^0
91180934^[Leptospirosis in swine; observations on the serological diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serotype bratislava (published erratum appears in Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1991 Mar 1;116(5):228)]^199102^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1991 Feb 15;116(4):173-9^Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren in Gelderland, Velp.^de Waal CA, Hartman EG, Bokhout BA, van Leengoed LA^Leptospirosis is considered to be an important cause of porcine reproductive failure. In this respect recently attention is paid to the possible role of Leptospira interrogans serotype bratislava (bratislava). In the present paper the results of serotype bratislava serology conducted on three farms are presented and discussed. On two of the farms no reproductive failure was observed. On the third farm with a high percentage of return to service a longitudinal search was done. No relation could be demonstrated between bratislava titers and reproductive failure.^0
91167813^Leptospirosis update [letter; comment]^199102^BMJ 1991 Feb 23;302(6774):471-2^^^^0
91244968^Specific immunofluorescence staining of Treponema pallidum in smears and tissues.^199103^J Clin Microbiol 1991 Mar;29(3):444-8^Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Nippon Medical School, Kanagawa, Japan.^Ito F, Hunter EF, George RW, Swisher BL, Larsen SA^To date, tissue sections prepared from Formalin-fixed tissues have not been successfully stained with Treponema pallidum subspecies-specific antibody in a direct fluorescent-antibody assay. While current methods stain T. pallidum, they do not distinguish T. pallidum from other spirochetes such as Borrelia burgdorferi (E. F. Hunter, P. W. Greer, B. L. Swisher, A. R. Simons, C. E. Farshy, J. A. Crawford, and K. R. Sulzer, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 108:878-880, 1984). Because trypsin pretreatment of tissue sections has enhanced other immunofluorescent- antibody (IFA) applications, we compared the use of the trypsin digestion method with the current 1% ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) method as a means to obtain specific staining of T. pallidum in tissues by both direct and indirect IFA techniques. Pretreated T. pallidum- infected tissues sections from rabbits, hamsters, and humans were quantitatively examined with the direct fluorescent-antibody-T. pallidum test conjugate absorbed with Treponema phagedenis, the Reiter treponeme. For indirect staining, a serum specimen from a patients with syphilis absorbed by affinity chromatography with T. phagedenis was used as the primary reagent, and a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit anti-human globulin was used as the secondary reagent. Serum specificity was established first by examining antigen smears of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. pertenue, B. burgdorferi, T. phagedenis, and Treponema denticola MRB and then by examining tissues infected with these pathogens plus those infected with four Leptospira serovars. When we stained tissue using the direct IFA method that is currently a standard method for the examination of chancre smears, we found it to be unsuitable for use with tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
92128864^[The production of human monoclonal antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by human-mouse hybridoma technique]^199103^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1991 Mar;22(1):24-6^Research Unit of Leptospirosis.^Ye D, Yan R, Li S, Peng H, Xu X^The fusion of peripheral B lymphocytes from human immunized with P. aeruginosa polyvalent vaccine and mouse myeloma cell line SP2/0 was successfully performed. The rate of fusion was 74%(71/96) and the positive rate of antibody was 19.7%. Two hybridoma cell lines (A3 and F8) secreting McAb against P. aeruginosa were obtained after three times cloning by limiting dilution. The human chromosomes together with mouse chromosomes were discovered in karyotype assay of the hybrids. A3 and F8McAbs were human IgG by class determination. These MrcAbs could recognize 43 kd and 36 kd MW specific components of P. aeruginosa antigen by enzyme linked immuno-transfer blot technique.^0
91228678^Oil immersion for identification of Campylobacter pylori [letter; comment]^199175^Acta Cytol 1991 Mar-Apr;35(2):252-3^^Robinson CR^^0
91361411^Human leptospirosis: a recent study in Madras, India.^199175^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991 Mar-Apr;85(2):304^Department of Preventive Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, India.^Venkataraman KS, Ramkrishna J, Raghavan N^^0
91147193^Changes in the surface of Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa during in vitro cultivation.^199103^Infect Immun 1991 Mar;59(3):1131-40^Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90024.^Haake DA, Walker EM, Blanco DR, Bolin CA, Miller MN, Lovett MA^Surface components of virulent and attenuated Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa were compared by using Triton X-114 solubilization and phase partitioning, immunoprecipitation of intact organisms, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Removal of the leptospiral outer membrane by using 0.1% Triton X-114 was demonstrated by whole-mount electron microscopy and by essentially complete solubilization of a lipopolysaccharidelike substance (LLS) from the outer membrane. Triton X-114 (0.1%) did not solubilize subsurface proteins, such as endoflagellar filaments or penicillin-binding proteins, which are markers for the periplasmic space and inner membrane, respectively. Triton X-114 solubilized material from both the virulent and attenuated strains, which partitioned into the hydrophobic, detergent phase, contained LLS and major proteins of 41 and 44 kDa, which were also immunoprecipitable from intact organisms. The virulent strain contained greater amounts of an LLS component with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa (R(f) = 0.57), whereas the attenuated strain contained larger amounts of an LLS component with an apparent molecular mass of 20 kDa (R(f) = 0.74). Differences in protein components between virulent and attenuated organisms were also detected; whereas the 41- and 44-kDa proteins were immunoprecipitated in equal amounts from both the virulent and attenuated strains, a 33- kDa protein was immunoprecipitated in significantly greater amounts from the attenuated strain. Quantitation of outer membrane particle density by freeze-fracture electron microscopy showed that both strains had a low transmembrane outer membrane protein content compared with that of typical gram-negative bacteria. The virulent and attenuated strains had 443 and 990 particles (P less than 0.000001) per micron, respectively, in the concave outer membrane fracture face. These findings suggest that in vitro cultivation of L. interrogans is accompanied by quantitative and qualitative changes in both LLS and outer membrane-associated proteins.^0
91228374^The cardiovascular manifestations of leptospirosis.^199103^West J Med 1991 Mar;154(3):331-4^Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.^Dixon AC^^0
91240034^Comparison between specific immunoperoxidase staining and bacteriological culture in the diagnosis of renal leptospirosis of pigs.^199103^Res Vet Sci 1991 Mar;50(2):229-32^Istituto di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Milan, Italy.^Scanziani E, Luini M, Fabbi M, Pizzocaro P^Seventy-two pigs were examined for the presence of leptospires in the kidney by both bacteriological culture and an immunoperoxidase procedure performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of tissue with a primary antibody raised in rabbits against serovar pomona. The methods were in accordance in 62 of 70 (89 per cent) of the specimens. Compared with culture the sensitivity of the immunoperoxidase procedure was 30 of 38 (78 per cent) and its specificity 100 per cent; the predictive value of a positive result was 100 per cent, of a negative result, 80 per cent. The major advantages of the immunoperoxidase procedure are specificity, speed of execution and the possibility of simultaneous visualisation of leptospiral antigen and microscopic lesion.^0
91252662^The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in leptospirosis: possible pathogenesis and review [see comments]^199175^Rev Infect Dis 1991 Mar-Apr;13(2):207-10^Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.^Friedland JS, Warrell DA^The importance of treating leptospirosis with penicillin is emphasized by two case reports and a review documenting the occurrence of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) in patients with this bacterial infection. The JHR is significant both as a cause of morbidity and mortality and as an indication of the therapeutic efficacy of penicillin. The possible etiology of the JHR is discussed, and comparisons with the changes occurring in septic shock are made; a study of either condition facilitates the understanding of the other. Tumor necrosis factor is hypothesized to play a key role in both. Current treatment of the JHR consists of general clinical support. Specific measures such as oxpentifylline therapy may play a role in the future.^0
91257387^[Leptospirosis]^199103^Feldsher Akush 1991 Mar;56(3):3-8^^Anan'ina IuV^^0
91268504^Household pets and human infections.^199103^Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991 Mar;5(1):117-30^University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles.^Goldstein EJ^Because many Americans keep a wide variety of household pets, they are exposed to the many pet-associated diseases that are transmitted in various ways, including through bites, scratches, saliva, excreta, and respiration. This article briefly describes a number of the illnesses that may be acquired from household pets.^0
91286141^Reproductive performance of sows treated with a combination of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin at weaning in the summer.^199103^J Anim Sci 1991 Mar;69(3):894-8^Dept. of Anim. Sci., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia 65211.^Bates RO, Day BN, Britt JH, Clark LK, Brauer MA^During the summer and fall of 1987, sows from eight herds in three states were assigned randomly to receive either a combination of 400 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin with 200 IU of hCG (P.G. 600) or no treatment at weaning. A treatment x parity interaction was observed for days to first estrus after treatment and percentage anestrus (percentage of sows not achieving estrus within 10 d after weaning). Relative to primiparous control sows, primiparous sows given P.G. 600 expressed estrus sooner (P less than .02) after weaning (6.0 vs 7.8 +/- .6 d) and exhibited less (P less than .02) postweaning anestrus (15.6 vs 29.2 +/- 4.0%). Second parity sows that received P.G. 600 showed estrus sooner (P less than .06) than second-parity control sows (4.7 vs 6.4 +/- .7 d). Days to first estrus after treatment did not differ between groups for parity-three and older sows, and percentage anestrus was not different between treatments for parity-two and older sows. The herd X treatment interaction was significant for percentage recycled (percentage of successfully mated sows that returned to estrus), subsequent farrowing rate, and subsequent number of pigs born dead. Number of pigs born alive was lower for sows treated with P.G. 600 than for control sows (10.55 vs 10.10 +/- .18; P less than .02). In summary, treatment of sows weaned in the summer and fall with P.G. 600 had decreased days to postweaning estrus in parity-one and -two sows and reduced frequency of postweaning anestrus in primiparous sows.^0
91247168^Development of a PCR test specific for Leptospira hardjo genotype bovis.^199103^Vet Rec 1991 Mar 23;128(12):282-3^Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey.^Woodward MJ, Sullivan GJ, Palmer NM, Woolley JC, Redstone JS^^0
92253803^[Outbreak of leptospirosis, predominantly meningoencephalitic, among children in the municipality of Moron]^199175^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1991 Apr-Aug;43(2):136-9^Centro Provincial de Higiene y Epidemiologia de Ciego de Avila.^Suarez Hernandez M, Bustelo Aguila J, Perez Gonzalez L, Gorgoy Gonzalez V^A description is made of a leptospirosis outbreak in children who bathed in the Cimarron Channel in Moron. Ciego de Avila. The outbreak started on September 25 and ended on October 20, 1986. Six cases were reported, of which four had meningoencephalic appearance. Ages ranged from 8 to 13 years. Fever, cephalalgia, arthralgia and myalgia were the most common signs and symptoms in the confirmed cases. All the patients were positive to Canicola serogroup. The results of a survey on 12 dogs in the zone surrounding the Cimarron Channel suggest that they were the reservoir which contaminated the Channel waters.^0
91352980^Prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo antibodies in milk in Belgian dairy herds.^199104^Vet Q 1991 Apr;13(2):118-20^Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Belgium.^Dom PP, Haesebrouck F, Vandermeersch R, Descamps J, Van Ommeslaeghe K^Pooled milk samples were collected from 2000 Belgian dairy herds in the autumn of 1989. Antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were detected in 9.2% of the herds, with the incidence being higher in the southern part of the country.^0
91365882^Serological follow-up of patients involved in a localized outbreak of leptospirosis.^199104^J Clin Microbiol 1991 Apr;29(4):805-9^Institute of Microbiology, University of Ancona Medical School, Italy.^Lupidi R, Cinco M, Balanzin D, Delprete E, Varaldo PE^Eighteen patients involved in a localized outbreak of leptospirosis were subjected to a serological follow-up study over a 5-year period. Four distinct sets of sera from all patients and a fifth sample obtained from 10 of them were examined by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for demonstration of leptospiral antibodies. The test was carried out by using live leptospires from reference strains of 17 Leptospira interrogans serovars known to occur in Italy. In all cases, the highest titers of agglutinins were recorded against one or more of the three Australis group serovars tested (australis, bratislava, and lora). The highest antibody levels were reached soon after the acute phase of infection in some patients but only after some months in others. Titers then tended to recede with varying rapidity, but titers against the Australis group serovars were still detectable in some patients after 5 years. Coagglutinins against serovars of other serogroups were detected, generally at low levels, in the early sets of sera of most patients, but tended to disappear in the late-set sera. Specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG against the three Australis group serovars were determined in most serum samples from 16 patients by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In general, EIA titers were considerably lower than MAT titers, but there was a certain patient-to- patient variability in both the IgM/IgG ratio and the evolution and persistence of the two immunoglobulin classes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
91370112^Diagnosis and prevalence of leptospira infection in aborted and stillborn horses.^199104^J Vet Diagn Invest 1991 Apr;3(2):148-51^Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40511.^Donahue JM, Smith BJ, Redmon KJ, Donahue JK^A study was conducted to evaluate a recently available fluorescent antibody test (FAT) conjugate for the detection of leptospires in tissues of aborted and stillborn horses, to determine the leptospira antibody titers and compare serologic test results with FAT results, and to determine the prevalence of leptospira-induced abortions and stillbirths in the equine population of central Kentucky. From July 1, 1988 through June 30, 1989, 15 (2.5%) of 594 submissions (fetuses, stillborn foals, and/or placentas) were diagnosed as leptospirosis by the FAT (14 of 15 tested) and/or microscopic agglutination test (12 of 14 tested). Of the 12 serologically positive fetal fluids, 10 had high tigers against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and 2 against serovar grippotyphosa.^0
91370113^Reproductive failure associated with Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava infection of swine.^199104^J Vet Diagn Invest 1991 Apr;3(2):152-4^National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010.^Bolin CA, Cassells JA, Hill HT, Frantz JC, Nielsen JN^Specimens from 17 swine herds experiencing reproductive failure were examined for Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava. Clinical signs observed in these herds included stillborn pigs, weak neonatal pigs, and abortion. Diagnostic tests used to determine L. interrogans serovar bratislava infection were bacteriologic culture, serologic assays to detect antibodies, and immunofluorescence. Examination of fetal serum for antibodies against serovar bratislava and a fluorescent antibody test were the most practical diagnostic procedures.^0
91375294^Characterization of outer membrane and secreted proteins of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^199104^Microb Pathog 1991 Apr;10(4):311-22^National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50010.^Zuerner RL, Knudtson W, Bolin CA, Trueba G^Outer membrane and secreted proteins were isolated from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblot and radioimmunoprecipitation techniques. The L. interrogans outer membranes were extracted with Triton X-114 and contained several proteins. The major cellular protein with a molecular mass of 31 kDa was associated exclusively with the L. interrogans outer membrane. Using a whole cell immunoprecipitation method, five hydrophobic, Triton X-114 extractable proteins (22, 26, 31, 36 and 42 kDa) were exposed on the surface of L. interrogans. The 31 kDa protein was heat labile and was a potent antigen in animals experimentally infected with L. interrogans serovar pomona. Several proteins were secreted by L. interrogans including a 60 kDa protein tentatively identified as the L. interrogans hemolysin.^0
92004995^Experimental lethal infection of Leptospira interrogans in mice treated with cyclophosphamide.^199104^Can J Microbiol 1991 Apr;37(4):312-5^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Hashiguchi Y, Nakamura R, Suzuki R, Shimizu T, Iwamoto Y, Morita T, Yanagihara Y^After preadministration of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg), BALB/c mice were lethally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar lai and a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni, and leptospiral cells were detected in both kidneys of infected mice by indirect immunofluorescent assay. Nonpathogenic leptospirae, Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc, Leptonema illini, and an avirulent strain of L. interrogans serovar copenhageni, were not parasitic to the mice treated with cyclophosphamide. The cyclophosphamide-treated mice were protected from the homologous leptospiral infection by passive immunization with anti-leptospiral monoclonal antibody or with rabbit antiserum and by active immunization with lyophilized organisms or with protective antigen. The results of active immunization in mice treated with cyclophosphamide agreed well with those in nontreated hamsters, which were sensitive to the organisms. Furthermore, these experiments were reproducible with any lot of cyclophosphamide used. These results indicated that cyclophosphamide-treated mice can be used in the experimental infection of Leptospira in place of hamsters or guinea pigs.^0
91169638^Heat shock response of spirochetes.^199104^Infect Immun 1991 Apr;59(4):1572-5^Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400.^Stamm LV, Gherardini FC, Parrish EA, Moomaw CR^We examined the heat shock response of the pathogenic spirochetes Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leptospira interrogans and certain saprophytic spirochetes. Cellular proteins synthesized after shifts to higher temperatures were [35S]methionine labeled and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Only T. pallidum failed to exhibit an obvious heat shock response. GroEL and DnaK homologs were identified in the various species, although these proteins were not thermoinducible in T. pallidum or Treponema denticola. DNA hybridization studies indicate that spirochetal groEL and dnaK genes are highly conserved.^0
91218208^Leptospires in Rattus spp. on Barbados.^199104^J Trop Med Hyg 1991 Apr;94(2):102-3^Leptospira Laboratory, St Michael, Barbados.^Taylor KD, Turner LH, Everard JD^Among 138 Rattus norvegicus and 98 R. rattus trapped on Barbados in 1964-65 and examined for evidence of leptospiral infection, seropositivity prevalence rates were similar (34 and 30%, respectively), but isolation/dark field microscopy rates were higher in R. norvegicus (27%) than R. rattus (15%). R. norvegicus carried mainly serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae and R. rattus mainly serogroup Autumnalis. These two serogroups cause 90% of severe human leptospirosis on the island.^0
91295247^Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in Minnesota wolves.^199104^J Wildl Dis 1991 Apr;27(2):248-53^Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.^Khan MA, Goyal SM, Diesch SL, Mech LD, Fritts SH^Serum samples (n = 457) from wolves (Canis lupus) in northern Minnesota were collected from 1972 through 1986 and were tested for antibodies against Leptospira interrogans using a microtiter agglutination test. Twelve serovars included in the study were: australis, autumnalis, ballum, bataviae, bratislava, canicola, copenhageni, grippotyphosa, hardjo, pomona, pyrogenes, and tarassovi. Fifty-two (11%) sera had antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:50 against one or more serovars of L. interrogans. The seroprevalence of different serovars in decreasing order was: grippotyphosa, bratislava, autumnalis, canicola, pomona, ballum, pyrogenes, hardjo, and copenhageni. No antibodies were found against australis, bataviae, and tarassovi. These results indicate that L. interrogans infection may occur in wolves of Minnesota.^0
91254718^Biotinylated probes to detect Leptospira interrogans on dot blot hybridization or by in situ hybridization.^199105^Lett Appl Microbiol 1991 May;12(5):171-6^Centre National d'Etudes Veterinaires et Alimentaires, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Veterinaires, Maisons-Alfort, France.^Fach P, Trap D, Guillou JP^Total genomic biotinylated probes which can identify leptospires by hybridization on filters or by in situ hybridization are described in this study. According to the weak G + C content of the strains studied (35-39%) and owing to the decreasing melting temperature (Tm) due to overbiotinylation, hybridization and wash temperatures were optimized at 33 degrees C and at 42 degrees C respectively. Fourteen serovars of Leptospira interrogans belonging to 11 different serogroups and three serovars of Leptospira biflexa were used in this study. Cross- hybridization results show that it is possible, by means of such probes, specifically to recognize pathogenic strains. These probes did not hybridize with the three saprophytic strains: L. buenos-aires, L. patoc and L. andamana. We also ran a total genomic probe, specific to the serovar buenos-aires which hybridizes only with homologous DNA.^0
91277205^Restriction endonuclease analysis as a taxonomic tool in the study of pig isolates belonging to the Australis serogroup of Leptospira interrogans.^199105^J Clin Microbiol 1991 May;29(5):957-61^Veterinary Research Laboratories, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.^Ellis WA, Montgomery JM, Thiermann AB^Restriction endonuclease analysis was performed on DNAs from the type strains of the Australis serogroup of Leptospira interrogans by using 20 restriction enzymes, and the electrophoretic patterns obtained were compared with patterns obtained from 162 Australis serogroup isolates from pigs. It proved to be a quick and reliable method for typing such strains. All of the pig isolates were identified as either serovar bratislava or muenchen. It also showed differences at the subserovar level which may be important in (i) understanding the epidemiology of the Australis serogroup, (ii) the development of suitable vaccines, and (iii) pathogenesis and pathogenicity studies. Two genotypes (B2b and M2) accounted for 92% of isolates from aborted or stillborn piglets, while a third genotype (B2a) was the only one recovered from the brains of piglets with meningitis.^0
91324852^Nucleotide sequence of a repetitive element isolated from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis.^199105^J Gen Microbiol 1991 May;137 ( Pt 5):1101-9^Molecular Genetics Unit, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.^Woodward MJ, Sullivan GJ^A repetitive element from the genome of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis ('L. hardjo-bovis') was identified, cloned and sequenced. Similar sequences were shown by hybridization to be encoded by a further eight of 32 other leptospiral serovars tested. An undefined number of repetitive elements were located in the L. hardjo- bovis genome; sequence degeneracy of the elements was observed and no significant open reading frames were identified within the AT-rich (60%) 1467 bp repetitive element. The termini encoded a GC-rich 8 bp repeat motif and two variants showed rearrangements centred on these motifs. The nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal regions flanking the repetitive elements were determined but showed no similarities, with one exception which had a GAAC repeat directly adjacent to both termini. Similar hybridization patterns were shown by Southern transfers of L. hardjo-bovis total genomic digests probed with the repetitive element. Oligonucleotide primer pairs designed from sequences internal to the repetitive element and adjacent chromosomal regions were used in polymerase chain reaction experiments. With one primer pair all L. hardjo-bovis isolates, but no other serovar, gave identical amplified products. Evidence that the repetitive element may have derived from an acquired insertion sequence that is now inactive and chromosomally fixed is discussed.^0
91209933^Protein and antigen profiles of prevalent serovars of Leptospira interrogans.^199105^Infect Immun 1991 May;59(5):1772-7^VM Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis 95616.^Brown JA, LeFebvre RB, Pan MJ^Whole-cell and detergent-soluble proteins, enriched for outer membrane antigens, of the Leptospira interrogans serovars present in commercially available pentavalent vaccines (hardjo, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, and canicola) were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting (immunoblotting). Protein and antigenic profiles of these serovars, representing several serogroups, were compared with similar profiles of the most common North American bovine pathogen, serovar hardjo type hardjo bovis. The reference strain of serovar balcanica and a hardjoprajitno bovine field isolate (serovar hardjo) were also assayed. Coomassie blue-stained gels revealed extensive protein similarities, and Western blots demonstrated antigenic relatedness throughout the low- and high-molecular-weight regions. Possible quantitative differences in protein expression among the strains were noted, as were similarities in the protein profiles of type hardjo bovis and the balcanica reference strain. A cocktail composed of these homologous antigens may serve as an efficacious subunit vaccine for leptospirosis.^0
91277171^Characterization of serovars of the genus Leptospira by DNA hybridization with hardjobovis and icterohaemorrhagiae recombinant probes with special attention to serogroup sejroe.^199105^J Clin Microbiol 1991 May;29(5):1042-8^N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Van Eys GJ, Gerritsen MJ, Korver H, Schoone GJ, Kroon CC, Terpstra WJ^Recombinant DNA probes derived from genomic libraries of serovars hardjobovis and icterohaemorrhagiae were applied for the characterization of leptospires. Differences in hybridization signals in combination with the banding pattern appear to provide good characteristics for strain typing. The banding patterns were easy to distinguish, since the recombinant DNA probes hybridized with a limited number of fragments. They were also indicative of genomic relationships between serovars. The probes suggested the existence of four subgroups with extensive genomic homology within the serogroup Sejroe. A number of serovars outside the serogroup Sejroe showed genomic homology with these subgroups. Amplification with the polymerase chain reaction showed a correlation with the genomic homologies demonstrated by Southern analysis. Knowledge about genomic relationships between leptospiral strains, as revealed by Southern analysis, may lead to a more rational approach for primer selection for polymerase chain reaction or cloning of particular genes.^0
91340610^Prevalence of pseudorabies virus infection and associated infections in six large swine herds in Illinois.^199106^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991 Jun 1;198(11):1927-31^Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.^Hall WF, Weigel RM, Siegel AM, Wiemers JF, Lehman JR, Taft AC, Annelli JF^Sera were collected from 6 large farrow-to-finish swine herds infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV) in Illinois. All herds were participating in the Large Herd Cleanup Study, a USDA-initiated project to evaluate the feasibility of eradicating pseudorabies from large farms (greater than 400 sows) by use of a combination of vaccination and management changes. Herd size ranged between 425 and 1,500 breeding females. Between April and July 1990, sera for measurement of PRV antibodies were obtained from 113 to 156 sows and 112 to 162 finishing pigs (body weight greater than 70 kg)/herd. Duplicate sera from 30 sows and 30 market-weight pigs/herd were obtained for measurement of serum antibodies to the following associated organisms: swine influenza virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Eperythrozoon suis, and 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. Prevalence of PRV antibodies attributable to field virus infection ranged between 53.8 and 100% for sows and between 0.7 and 97.3% for finishing pigs, as determined by the appropriate differential test for the vaccine being used on each farm. In only 1 herd, PRV seroprevalence was increased with higher sow parity. For associated infections, the risk of seropositivity attributable to PRV was not significant (for most infections) on all farms and varied among farms. Thus, pseudorabies did not appear, in general, to increase susceptibility to infection with other disease agents.^0
92149020^Lipids and fatty acids of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni virulent strain Shibaura.^199106^Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1991 Jun;44(3):87-97^Laboratory of Technology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo.^Moribayashi A, Goto N, Arimitsu Y, Himeno K, Tatsuki S^Lipids and fatty acids of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni virulent strain Shibaura were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, gas-mass spectrometry and infrared absorption spectrometry. The virulent cells possessed a characteristic lipid pattern consisting of free fatty acid (FFA) (41.8%), one major unidentified phospholipid (14.8%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (12.9%), cholesteryl ester (CE) (9.3%), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (4.9%) and diphosphatidyl-glycerol (DPG) (1.1%). Various fatty acids such as hexadecanoic (26.9%), hexadecenoic (15.4%), octadecenoic (26.5%) and octadecadienoic (27.4%) acids were detected in the FFA. The fatty acid composition of the major unidentified phospholipid distinctly differed from those of other lipids including PE, LPE, DPG and CE, and comprised mainly tetradecadienoic (53.6%), tetradecatrienoic (14.0%) and octadecanoic (13.8%) acids. This phospholipid with a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths of 14 carbon atoms was detected only in the lipids of the virulent cells.^0
91311237^The respiratory complications of leptospirosis.^199106^J Ky Med Assoc 1991 Jun;89(6):270-3^Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY 40292.^Overstreet DS, Bowen MG, Hawkins SC, Roy TM^Leptospirosis is an uncommon disease. Respiratory failure attributable to this infection is unusual, but remains a major cause of mortality. Mechanical ventilation has been required for patients with significant alveolar hemorrhage and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. We report a patient with ventilatory failure due to the severe muscle weakness associated with leptospirosis and review the pulmonary consequences of this infection.^0
91361730^[The genomic fingerprinting of the causative agents of sapronoses]^199106^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991 Jun;(6):25-9^^Shaginian IA, Anan'ina IuV, Tokarskaia ON, Grizhebovskii GM, Briukhanov AF, Ryskov AP, Tartakovskii IS, Gintsburg AL, Prozorovskii SV^The genome polymorphism of the causative agents of sapronoses (Vibrio cholerae, Legionella and Leptospira) has been studied. The use of the method of genome fingerprinting [correction of dactyloscopy] has been shown to permit the differentiation of closely related strains of such causative agents. The epidemically significant strains of the causative agents of sapronoses, isolated in different geographical regions, have been found to be genotypically related, i.e., they are probably of clonal origin. Avirulent and nontoxigenic strains are genotypically heterogeneous and differ both from one another and from epidemically significant strains. Using V. cholerae as an example, the hypothesis of the appearance of potentially dangerous variants at the epidemic period in the absence of their release at the period between epidemics is considered.^0
92005005^The use of methanol extract of Leptospira interrogans in complement fixation tests for leptospirosis.^199106^Can J Microbiol 1991 Jun;37(6):455-8^Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil.^Koury MC, Cisalpino EO, Rangel H de A^Methanol extracts were obtained from L. interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola and L. biflexa serovar patoc. Human sera from 167 normal individuals and 40 patients with different infectious diseases tested by complement fixation tests showed negative reactions. Sera from 100 patients with a suspicion of leptospirosis were tested by complement fixation tests and microscopic agglutination reactions. Agreement of 84% was found for those two reactions. Positive microscopic agglutination tests at a dilution 1:20-1:400 with negative complement fixation tests were observed in 5% of patients and negative microscopic agglutination with complement fixation tests in the range of 1:20-1:1280 were observed in 11% of the cases.^0
92029430^A comparative investigation and identification of Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae strains by monoclonal antibody and DNA fingerprint analyses.^199106^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1991 Jun;275(2):185-99^PHLS Leptospira Reference Laboratory, FAO/WHO Collaborating Centre, County Hospital, Hereford, U.K.^Hookey JV, Palmer MF^The identification of Leptospira interrogans icterohaemorrhagiae strains from a number of Reference Laboratories were confirmed using monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and DNA restriction endonuclease (EcoR1) analyses. With a few exceptions, strain fidelity was demonstrated. Three clinical isolates and one isolate from a rat (Rattus norvegicus) were identified on DNA fragment patterns and found to be similar to the reference strains, icterohaemorrhagiae copenhageni, I. "icterohaemorrhagiae" Ictero I and I. icterohaemorrhagiae RGA.^0
91267090^Further evaluation of one-point microcapsule agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis.^199106^Epidemiol Infect 1991 Jun;106(3):561-5^Chengdou Institute of Biological Products, China.^Cui JJ, Xiao GX, Chen TZ, Zhu GF, Sato T, Seki M, Kobayashi S, Arimitsu Y^A total of 100 serum samples including 22 acute phase sera and 39 paired sera collected from clinically diagnosed cases of leptospirosis in Ming-shan County, Sichuan Province, China were examined by the one- point microcapsule agglutination test (MCAT), which was developed in Japan, and by conventional microscopic agglutination tests (MAT). The one-point MCAT is more reactive to IgM antibody than MAT and is superior in detecting antibodies in the early stages of the disease.^0
91294350^Anticardiolipin antibodies in leptospirosis.^199106^J Clin Pathol 1991 Jun;44(6):517-9^University Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool Hospital.^Rugman FP, Pinn G, Palmer MF, Waite M, Hay CR^The clinical course and serology of 16 cases of leptospirosis in an area with an unusually high endemic infection rate were studied to gain further insight into the pathology of the secondary immune phase that is typical of the disease. IgG anticardiolipin antibody concentrations were measured by immunoassay and found to be increased in eight serologically confirmed cases with severe complicated disease, compared with eight patients with relatively uncomplicated leptospirosis who had IgG anticardiolipin concentrations within the control reference range. This previously unreported association suggests that leptospira may induce vascular endothelial injury in severe cases and expose crypt antigens or induce conformational change of cell surface phospholipids. Leptospirosis may provide a model for an infective origin of some cases of the antiphospholipid syndrome.^0
91361491^Bovine leptospirosis in cattle in Portugal: bacteriological and serological findings.^199106^Vet Rec 1991 Jun 8;128(23):549-50^Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisboa, Portugal.^Collares-Pereira M^^0
91312464^[A reputed leptospirosis epidemic as a consequence of swimming in the Spokeplas]^199106^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1991 Jun 22;135(25):1115-7^Erasmus Universiteit, Rotterdam.^Huisman J, Gruteke P^^0
92015584^Serologic survey for selected microbial pathogens in bison from Kansas.^199107^J Wildl Dis 1991 Jul;27(3):473-6^Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.^Vestweber JG, Merrill GL, Staats JJ, Veatch J^A serologic survey was conducted on an American bison (Bison bison) herd in Kansas for antibodies against Brucella spp., Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae, and hardjo, Anaplasma spp., bluetongue virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. There was an increase in prevalence of bluetongue antibodies from 38% in 1987 to 100% in 1989 in animals greater than or equal to 24- mo-old. Prevalences of antibodies against the other livestock pathogens were either negative or at levels associated with previous vaccination.^0
92065221^Cloning, characterization and taxonomic significance of genes for the 5S ribosomal RNA of Leptonema illini strain 3055.^199107^J Gen Microbiol 1991 Jul;137 ( Pt 7):1523-8^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan.^Fukunaga M, Horie I, Mifuchi I, Takemoto M^The genes encoding the 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for Leptonema illini strain 3055 were isolated and sequenced. The 5S RNA molecule encoded was 117 nucleotides long. The genome of strain 3055 contained two genes for 5S rRNA that were located close together. The nucleotide sequences of the Leptonema illini genes exhibited less similarity to the rRNA gene of Leptospira interrogans strain Moulton and also to those of typical eubacterial genes than did the rRNA genes of other leptospires. However, the overall secondary structure of the 5S rRNA encoded exhibited a strong similarity to that of typical eubacterial 5S rRNA. Southern hybridization of the 5S rRNA gene probe with the genomic DNA of strain 965, which is currently classified as Leptospira biflexa, showed the latter to have close similarity to that of strain 3055. The physical map of strain 965 was quite similar to that of strain 3055 and was greatly different from that of any other strains of L. biflexa. In the organization of 5S rRNA genes, strain 965 is sufficiently different from other members of the genus Leptospira to be regarded as a member of the genus Leptonema.^0
92057296^[A small-mammal study in the northeastern Kara Kum for leptospirosis infectivity]^199107^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991 Jul;(7):42-5^^Lapshov VA, Bokshtein FM, Anan'ina IuV, Leokha NK, Sosnovtseva VP, Zhukova NA^Search for natural foci of leptospirosis was carried out in 1987-1989 in humid biotopes of Tashauz Province, Turkmenistan. Such potential carriers of leptospirosis as house mice (Mus musculus) and tamarisk gerbils (Meriones tamariscinus) are widely spread in this area, and the size of their population can amount to great numbers. The sharpest fluctuations in the population size are characteristic of house mice inhabiting the shores of water collecting ponds and lakes in the regions of minimally used pastures. A moderate number of house mice was registered in spring and autumn at the area of irrigated agriculture. Only here and only in autumn a faint epizootic manifestation of the natural focus of L. grippotyphosa infection in house mice was registered for the first time in Turkmenistan. The titers in mouse blood sera, determined in the microagglutination test and the Leptospira lysis test, were 1:20 to 1:200. According to the data on the humidity and pH of the soil in the vicinity of irrigated fields, spring and summer months may be regarded as the most favorable period for the survival of leptospires in the environment. The probability of the aggravation of the epizootic situation seems to increase when irrigated fields adjoin pastures of are temporarily used as grazing ground for cattle.^0
91328337^Cellular immune response analysis of patients with leptospirosis.^199107^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991 Jul;45(1):138-45^Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Yamashiro-Kanashiro EH, Benard G, Sato MN, Seguro AC, Duarte AJ^Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from acute leptospirosis patients with and without acute renal failure were studied in order to investigate the status of cellular immunity in this disease. We analyzed the lymphocyte subsets of leptospirosis patients by immunofluorescence and their responsiveness to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Additionally, we investigated the effect of the patients' sera on normal PBMC proliferative response. We observed a decrease in the CD3+ and CD4+ cell subsets in patients with and without acute renal failure, or in percentage values alone in those who had recovered from renal failure. An increase in the number of B lymphocytes was observed in all patients, compared with controls. This increase in B lymphocytes was seen even in patients who had recovered from renal failure, when the number of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes had already returned to normal levels. The low PHA response observed only with lymphocytes from patients with acute renal failure suggests a suppressive effect. The proliferative response to PWM was comparable to controls, even in the patients with acute renal failure. This latter result and the expansion of the B cell number could be related to leptospiral-derived factor(s). We also showed that sera from patients with and without acute renal failure exerted some inhibitory activity on normal PBMC responses to PHA and PWM. Although the redistribution of lymphocyte subsets and the serum suppressor activity were related to acute renal failure and leptospiral factor(s), we suggest that the cellular immune system was not irreversibly affected, which is compatible with the good prognosis seen in the patients studied.^0
91358705^Effect of heat or formalin treatment of leptospires on antibody response detected by immunoblotting.^199107^J Clin Microbiol 1991 Jul;29(7):1548-50^Meningitis and Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.^Pope V, Johnson RC^Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae RGA (RGA), live or heated at 56 degrees C for 15 min or treated with Formalin, was injected into rabbits to prepare hyperimmune serum. The pathogens L. interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae RGA, icterohaemorrhagiae 1, canicola Moulton, grippotyphosa Andaman, hardjo Hardjoprajitno, and pomona Pomona and the nonpathogen Leptospina biflexa serovar patoc Patoc 1 were processed for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and after electrophoresis they were then transferred to nitrocellulose paper. Antiserum against RGA (live, heat killed, or Formalin killed) was used on one of each of the three blots. Formalin appeared to completely eliminate antibody response to antigens with the molecular weight of 14,000 to 20,000 (14K to 20K) but did expose an antigen at approximately 23K in the pathogens only. This same band had only slight reactivity when antiserum against heat-killed RGA was used. Heating also eliminated cross-reactivity in the 19K to 30K range and partially degraded bands in the 14K to 20K region so that one broad band rather than several discrete bands appeared. The three antiserum specimens cross-reacted with all of the serovars tested, but fewer antigens of grippotyphosa and hardjo reacted with the antisera. Against patoc, reactivity was limited primarily to the flagellar region. The most cross-reactivity was with the antiserum prepared by using live leptospires.^0
91364090^Detection and characterization of leptospiral antigens using a biotin/avidin double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot.^199107^Can J Vet Res 1991 Jul;55(3):239-45^Department de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculte de Medecine veterinaire de l'Universite de Montreal, Quebec.^Champagne MJ, Higgins R, Fairbrother JM, Dubreuil D^A biotin/avidin double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovars in experimentally inoculated bovine urine samples was evaluated. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from rabbits immunized with L. interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjobovis sonicated, whole cell, and formalinized-heated antigen preparations were purified by a protein A- superose column coupled to fast protein liquid chromatography, and evaluated for species specificity in the ELISA. The ELISA using each specific IgG detected as few as 10(4) leptospires of the homologous serovar hardjo diluted in phosphate-buffered saline solution with Tween 20 (PBSS-Tween 20). On immunoblot analysis of proteinase-K-digested whole cell leptospiral preparations, each IgG revealed the presence of bands specific to serovar hardjo, suggesting the presence of serovar- specific epitopes on the lipopolysaccharide molecules. The minimum number of cells of heterologous serovars pomona, grippotyphosa, bratislava, icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni detected by each ELISA was greater, ranging from 10(6) to 10(7). The common antigenic determinants observed on immunoblot analysis were different for each specific IgG, except for a major cross-reacting, possibly flagellar, protein doublet at approximately 36-36.5 kDa. Leptospires were equally well detected by the ELISA in both bovine urine and PBSS-Tween 20.^0
92004691^The Mongolian gerbil as laboratory animal for testing the potency of Leptospira antisera.^199175^Br Vet J 1991 Jul-Aug;147(4):390-3^Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan.^Yukawa M^^0
92008554^Retention of leptospiral agglutinins and long-term response to administration of monoclonal antibodies in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) on Barbados.^199107^Eur J Epidemiol 1991 Jul;7(4):396-402^Leptospira Laboratory, St. Michael, Barbados.^Everard CO, Baulu J, Carrington DG, Korver H, Terpstra WJ^In a study of 21 wild-caught Barbadian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus), naturally-acquired leptospiral agglutinins were found to persist for over five years. Groups of seropositive as well as seronegative vervets were given a placebo, or full-strength monoclonal antibodies MCA F12C3 (Icterohaemorrhagiae copenhageni), or diluted F12C3 MCAs. They were challenged 24 hours later with a suspension of highly virulent leptospires (copenhageni) administered intraperitoneally. Immunoprotection was evident in animals receiving full strength MCAs as measured by their failure to develop any substantial antibody response and by their lower geometric mean titres over a period of 142 weeks (maximum GMT of 113 compared with a maximum of 1280 in the placebo group). Diluted MCAs had little or no protective value. The serological response of the monkeys which were seropositive at capture to challenge with virulent copenhageni antigen was strongly anamnestic both in those given MCAs and those given placebo. None of the naturally or experimentally infected vervets showed clinical signs of leptospiral illness.^0
92022144^Pulmonary manifestations of leptospirosis.^199175^Rev Infect Dis 1991 Jul-Aug;13(4):705-9^Department of Internal Medicine, Portsmouth Naval Hospital, Virginia 23708.^O'Neil KM, Rickman LS, Lazarus AA^Pulmonary involvement in leptospiral infection is common, usually mild, and often overlooked. When pulmonary manifestations are prominent in a patient with leptospirosis, there is the potential for diagnostic confusion. We present the case of a patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to leptospirosis and review the pulmonary manifestations of leptospiral infection.^0
92065222^Molecular analysis of a Leptospira borgpetersenii gene encoding an endoflagellar subunit protein.^199107^J Gen Microbiol 1991 Jul;137 ( Pt 7):1529-36^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Mitchison M, Rood JI, Faine S, Adler B^A flagellin gene, flaB, from Leptospira borgpetersenii (formerly L. interrogans) serovar hardjo was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Expression of the 32 kDa FlaB protein was dependent upon the lacZ promoter from pUC18. Nucleotide sequence data showed an open reading frame encoding 283 amino acid residues, corresponding to a protein of molecular mass 31.3 kDa. The G + C content of the flaB gene was 54.7 mol%. Comparison of the deduced FlaB amino acid sequence with flagellins from other bacteria revealed a high level of identity with the Treponema pallidum FlaB proteins.^0
92023973^Polymyositis associated with Leptospira australis infection in a dog [letter]^199107^Vet Rec 1991 Jul 13;129(2):40^^Poncelet L, Fontaine M, Balligand M^^0
91312255^Occupation-related leptospirosis in South Australia [letter]^199107^Med J Aust 1991 Jul 15;155(2):132-3^^Weinstein P, Cameron AS^^0
92032018^Prevalence of antibodies to five selected zoonosis agents in monkeys.^199108^J Vet Med Sci 1991 Aug;53(4):553-9^Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan.^Asai T, Kinjo T, Minamoto N, Sugiyama M, Matsubayashi N, Narama I^The prevalence of antibodies against 5 zoonosis agents was determined in serum samples of 443 breeding monkeys. Of the monkeys, 296 were bred or kept for a long time at R institute, and the remaining 147 were newly imported from the Philippines and kept at S institute for quarantine. Antibodies to simian virus 40 were highly prevalent at 89.1% among monkeys of R institute, whereas no antibody could be detected in those of S institute. Antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were detected in 14.4 and 11.6% at R institute, and in 9.0 and 3.5% at S institute, respectively, evidencing a significant difference (P less than 0.05) between those of the two institutes for both agents. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira interrogans were found in 3.6 and 2.9% of the overall, respectively, showing no difference in positive rates in relation to breeding place. Even in cases positive to the latter 4 zoonosis agents, the antibody titers were low. The results obtained suggest that all zoonoses tested do not seem to be so serious diseases among monkeys at the present time except simian virus 40 infection, which is highly prevalent among breeding monkeys in Japan.^0
92075109^Use of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the IgM and IgG antibody response to Leptospira interrogans Serovar hardjo in pregnant ewes.^199108^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1991 Aug;275(3):335-42^Animal Health Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Western Australia.^Cousins DV, Robertson GM, Parkinson J, Richards RB^Fourteen pregnant ewes were inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo via intramuscular injection or inoculation via the conjunctiva. The serological response to inoculation detected by the microscopic agglutination test was compared to IgM and IgG antibody levels detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Intramuscular injection produced a better serological response than conjunctival inoculation. The mean IgM response was short lived whereas the IgG antibody response and the MAT persisted for much longer. The IgM antibody levels may be useful as an indicator of recent exposure. Although leptospiruria was not established in any of the animals, 6 of the 14 pregnant ewes failed to rear a healthy lamb.^0
92075120^Leptospires isolated from toads and frogs on the Island of Barbados.^199108^Zentralbl Bakteriol 1991 Aug;275(3):403-11^WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Gravekamp C, Korver H, Montgomery J, Everard CO, Carrington D, Ellis WA, Terpstra WJ^Four pathogenic strains of leptospires were isolated from the kidneys of toads (Bufo marinus) and seven from frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei). Isolates from two toads and one frog belonged to serovar bim, the causative agent of most cases of severe leptospirosis on Barbados. The other eight strains belonged to a new serovar within the Australis serogroup. The name bajan is proposed for this new serovar of Leptospira interrogans.^0
91310335^Characterization of Borrelia coriaceae antigens with monoclonal antibodies.^199108^Infect Immun 1991 Aug;59(8):2790-8^Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.^Blanchard-Channell M, Stott JL^Three monoclonal antibodies (F6F3, F6B11, and F6B3) were developed against Borrelia coriaceae antigens. All three antibodies appeared to be specific for this species and did not cross-react with Borrelia burgdorferi (strains B31 and IRS), Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia anserina, Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, or Treponema hyodysenteriae, as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western immunoblot analysis. Only one of these antibodies, F6B3, bound to spirochetes present in organ smears from the argasid tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus. The antigens recognized by F6F3, F6B11, and F6B3 have apparent molecular weights of ca. 37,000, 35,000, and 16,000, respectively, as determined by Western blot analysis. Antigens were analyzed by immune electron microscopy as well as Western blot and indirect fluorescent antibody staining analysis of spirochetes after enzyme (trypsin and protease K) and detergent (Triton X-100) treatments. These studies suggest that all three antigens are integral membrane proteins. The characteristics of the 37K and 35K proteins are consistent with the outer surface proteins of B. burgdorferi (OSP A and OSP B) described by Barbour et al. (A. G. Barbour, S. L. Tessier, and S. F. Hayes, Infect. Immun. 45:94-100, 1984), while data regarding the 16K protein are less conclusive but may suggest a cytoplasmic membrane location. We suggest that the 37K, 35K, and 16K antigens be designated integral membrane proteins A, B, and C, respectively, as a result of these studies.^0
91348134^Antigens recognized by the human immune response to severe leptospirosis in Barbados.^199108^Epidemiol Infect 1991 Aug;107(1):143-55^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Chapman AJ, Everard CO, Faine S, Adler B^Serum samples obtained from patients hospitalized in Barbados with severe leptospirosis were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunoblotting with leptospires that had been isolated from these patients. While serum samples taken a few days after onset of symptoms often showed no apparent correlation between MAT and EIA, later sequential serum samples produced similar profiles in both tests during the course of infection. Immunoblotting sonicate from Leptospira interrogans serovars arborea, copenhageni and bim with patients' sera, revealed reactions with a number of bands that corresponded with outer envelope components. These components included lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagella and other outer membrane proteins, in addition to a low-molecular-weight (MW) carbohydrate cross-reactive with members of the Leptospiraceae. IgM antibodies elicited in the first to second week after infection reacted mainly with LPS and the low-MW cross-reactive carbohydrate. Comparative analysis of isolates of the same serovar by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that while two serovar arborea isolates were identical, serovar bim isolates differed significantly from each other. This difference was also observed in comparative MAT testing.^0
92011082^Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava infection in two dogs [see comments]^199108^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991 Aug 1;199(3):351-2^School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.^Nielsen JN, Cochran GK, Cassells JA, Hanson LE^Two dogs with clinical histories suggestive of leptospirosis were examined serologically and culturally for evidence of leptospiral infection. Antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava were detected in serum from one dog, and the organism was isolated from urine of that dog. In a serologic survey of dogs in the state of Illinois, reactor rates to bratislava were higher than those to canicola or icterohaemorrhagiae. In cases of suspect canine leptospirosis, serovars such as bratislava, not contained in canine vaccines, should be considered in a differential diagnosis.^0
92034956^[The serogroup and serotype distribution of Leptospira in Sichuan Province from 1958-1987]^199108^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991 Aug;12(4):226-30^Sanitary and Anti-epidemic Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu.^Zhao M^This paper summarized the serogroup and serotype distribution of 7,560 strains Leptospira in Sichuan province from 1958 to 1987. At present, Leptospira 16 serogroup and 35 serotype have been found. The Icterohaemorrhagiae group Lai type is the major and stable serogroup and serotype in patients. We have proved that Rodents insectivores and domestic animals are the main reservoir host. The former carries Icterohaemorrhagiae group and the latter carries Pomona group. The serotype carried on the reservoir animal Apodemus agrarius is mostly Icterohaemorrhagiae Lai and is the principal infection source of Leptospirosis in Sichuan province. In addition, this paper discussed the reason of main serogroup change, the possible role of frog as an infection source of Hebdomadis Leptospirosis.^0
92024014^A survey of dairy farmers' decisions concerning the control of leptospirosis.^199108^Vet Rec 1991 Aug 10;129(6):118^Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, University of Reading.^Bennett RM^^0
92056437^The role of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) in the epidemiology of bovine infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^199108^Vet Microbiol 1991 Aug 30;28(4):353-61^Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, Netherlands.^Kuiken T, van Dijk JE, Terpstra WJ, Bokhout BA^Control of leptospirosis in cattle depends on the presence of other possible maintenance hosts, with which cattle may have contact. Twenty- seven common voles (Microtus arvalis) were trapped on a dairy farm where the cattle were infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (hardjo). In the sera of 11 voles, titres greater than or equal to 100 against serogroup Grippotyphosa were measured with the microscopical agglutination test (MAT). From 8 of these 11 voles, which also showed interstitial lymphoplasmacellular nephritis, Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa was isolated. We found no evidence that the common vole is a maintenance host for hardjo in this biotope.^0
92084286^[Analysis of leptospiral deoxyribonucleic acids by restriction endonucleases]^199109^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1991 Sep;22(3):249-52^^Wu N, Cheng S, Li S, Dai B^For the application of restriction endonuclease analysis in typing and identifying leptospira, we selected some serovars and isolates, and analysed preliminarily their DNA with four restriction enzymes, EcoR I, Bgl II, Hha I, and Hind III. The DNA samples were isolated from the reference strains and isolates as follows: Serovar lai 56601, 017 (the virulent strain for PDH model of guinea pig), Serovar autumnalis 56606, Serovar manhao II 67020, and isolates 87112 and 87369. Each 2 micrograms of DNA was digested with 20mu of restriction enzyme at 37 degrees C for 2h and electrophoresed in 0.8% agarose gel. The gels were stained in ethidium bromide and photographed with UV light. In our experiments, apparently different restriction patterns of serovar lai 017 were observed with four restriction enzymes. Serovar lai, serovar autumnalis and serovar manhao II showed different patterns with EcoR I, especially in high molecular regions. We also observed in serovar lai 017 a distinct 10.5kb band which was obscure in 56601, the reference strain of serovar lai, after EcoR I digestion. The three serovars showed some delicate differences in Hind III restriction pattern. The two isolates from Apodemus agrarius in Sichuan (1987) 87112 and 87369 had patterns identical to those of serovar lai 56601, 017 with EcoR I, and 87112 also had a pattern identical to 56601, 017 with Hind III. Our results indicate that selected three serovars can be identified by analysis of their DNA with EcoR I and Hind III. It is suggested that restriction endonuclease analysis be a good method in typing and identify leptospira and in studying the differences of special DNA molecules.^0
92142213^Leptospirosis, renal failure and raised amylase levels [letter; comment]^199175^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991 Sep-Oct;85(5):698-9^^Ramos-Filho CF, Rodrigues KM, Martins FS^^0
92084285^[Construction of gene bank of L. interrogans serovar lai and cloning of homological sequences of virulent leptospirosis]^199109^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1991 Sep;22(3):245-8^^Xiao J, Dai B^A gene bank of the main pathogen of pulmonary diffuse haemorrhage type leptospirosis (PDH), L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017, was first constructed with plasmid vector pUC9, which contained 610 recombinant clones and laid the foundation for further investigation of molecular characteristics of leptospires with strong virulence. Recombinant plasmids which have homological sequences of pathogenic leptospires were screened from the gene bank. A recombinant plasmid, designated pCX7, could detect 1.7 kb fragment of strain 017, 9.0 kb of strain 601 and 30.0 kb of strain 610 respectively without cross hybridization with nonvirulent leptospires such as L. biflexa strain Patoc I and Leptonema illini. pCX9, another recombinant plasmid, could detect 1.9 kb fragment of strain 017 and had no hybridization with other pathogenic or nonpathogenic leptospires. The results showed that the degree of homology between pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires was very low and the degree of homology was very high among the pathogenic leptospires.^0
92084287^[Plasma PGI2 and TXA2 levels on a model of PDH in leptospirosis]^199109^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1991 Sep;22(3):253-5^^Zhao L, Yang B, Li S, Zhou Q^Guinea pigs were intravenously injected with icterhemorrhagiae serogroup Lai serovar strain 017 leptospirosis to model the pulmonary diffuse hemorrhage (PDH) in leptospirosis. Thirty-eight hours after the injection, the jugular arteries were catheterized to collect blood sample. The plasma was prepared for radioimmunoassay of TXB2 and 6-keto- PGF1a, the stable metabolites of TXA2 and PGI2 respectively. The plasma level of TXB2 in the experimental group, 107.15 +/- 41.65 pg/ml (n = 7), almost doubled that of the control, 54.05 +/- 12.93 pg/ml (n = 7), with significant difference (P less than 0.01); meanwhile, no significant difference was observed of 6-keto-PGF1a, 67.97 +/- 16.89 pg/ml (n = 6) vs. 98.06 +/- 40.63 pg/ml (n = 9) with P greater than 0.1. The fact that TXA2 causes vasoconstriction and increases vessel permeability suggests that TXA2 elevation should play a role in the mechanism of PDH in leptospirosis.^0
92159535^Evaluation of total serum bile acid concentrations for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in cattle.^199109^Res Vet Sci 1991 Sep;51(2):133-40^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Leahurst, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral.^West HJ^Serum bile acid concentrations were measured in 41 clinically healthy cattle of different breeds. There was no diurnal variation in values and age and sex had no effect. There was no significant difference between serum and plasma bile acid concentrations in clinically healthy cattle. Serum bile acids were stable on storage at -20 degrees C. The total serum bile acid concentrations, together with other tests of hepatic disease, were evaluated in cattle with various types of hepatobiliary disease (hepatic lipidosis, hepatic abscessation, leptospirosis, biliary calculi, fascioliasis), respiratory, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, and in various other conditions not affecting the liver. Total serum bile acids were the most specific and sensitive indicators of a wide variety of hepatic diseases and were significantly correlated with the degree of clinical illness.^0
92261439^Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome--a case report.^199109^Med J Malaya 1991 Sep;46(3):283-6^Department of Medicine, General Hospital, Melaka.^Ramanathan M, Teng TL^We present a young lady who satisfied the criteria for the diagnosis of toxic-shock syndrome (TSS). The differential diagnoses of TSS in the local setting are outlined. The pertinent clinical features of TSS and its increasing association with nonmenstruating females are highlighted.^0
93255349^Isolation and characterization of partially purified leptospiral antigens.^199175^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991 Sep-Oct;33(5):391-6^Department of Microbiology, ICB/UFMg, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.^Koury MC, Rangel HA^The methanol extract of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola was purified by precipitation with acetone or acetone and chloroform. The antigenicity of the antigen was not altered by heating or treatment with pepsin and pronase. However the antigenicity was lost when the antigen was treated with periodic acid. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of 40% carbohydrate (22% methylpentose, 28% hexoses), 4% protein, 20% lipid and 2.7% phosphate. The complement fixation test with sera from patients with leptospirosis agreed with the microscopic agglutination reaction.^0
91362504^Rickettsial meningitis and encephalitis.^199109^Arch Intern Med 1991 Sep;151(9):1753-7^Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.^Silpapojakul K, Ukkachoke C, Krisanapan S, Silpapojakul K^Nine of 72 patients with scrub typhus and three of 137 with murine typhus presented with meningitis and/or encephalitis syndromes. Focal neurologic signs were rare, and cerebrospinal fluid profiles were similar to those of leptospirosis and viral and tuberculous meningitis. One patient had papilledema, and another had cerebellitis. Other major organ involvement (renal, liver, or lungs) occurred in five patients. One patient died and four spontaneously recovered, while the conditions of the rest responded well to either chloramphenicol or doxycycline. Scrub and murine typhus should be included in the differential diagnoses of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in patients exposed to endemic areas, especially when accompanied by renal insufficiency and/or jaundice. They are treatable forms of virallike meningoencephalitis.^0
92061838^The adoption of management and husbandry procedures by Western Australian pig farmers.^199109^Aust Vet J 1991 Sep;68(9):291-3^School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Western Australia.^Robertson ID, Hampson DJ, Mhoma JR^A postal survey was conducted to determine the management and husbandry procedures adopted by a sample of 101 Western Australian pig farmers. Seventy seven replies were received and analysed. Over 80% of farmers vaccinated breeding stock against leptospirosis and erysipelas, 35% vaccinated against parvo virus and 15% vaccinated against Escherichia coli. Most farmers used antibiotics: 72% incorporated them into their pig diets and 60% used parenteral antibiotics. Fifty three per cent of farmers reported that they regularly used a veterinarian. Over 59% of piggeries had another piggery located within 10 km, thus increasing the possibility for disease transmission between herds. It is concluded that there is potential for veterinarians to offer advice to pig farmers, particularly on disease control measures and adoption of technological advances.^0
92061841^The influence of maternal antibody and age of calves on effective vaccination against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^199109^Aust Vet J 1991 Sep;68(9):299-303^Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Parkville, Victoria.^Palit A, Middleton H, Sheers J, Basilone C^Twelve seronegative cows were vaccinated with an experimental bivalent Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona vaccine late in their first pregnancy. Calves born of these dams were divided into 4 equal groups that received this vaccine at 4, 6, 10 and 18 weeks of age, respectively. Before vaccination the group geometric mean titres of maternally-derived circulating antibodies ranged from 2 to 25 for the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and 3 to 35 for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a serovar hardjo outer envelope antigen. Post-vaccination peak titres were 645 to 1612 for MA and 562 to 1037 for ELISA, respectively. Calves vaccinated at the youngest age, had the highest pre-vaccination circulating maternal antibody titres, but showed the smallest rise in post-vaccination antibody titres. Circulating maternal antibody was detected in calves up to 13 weeks of age. All immunised calves were protected against a virulent challenge with serovar hardjo type Hardjobovis, regardless of their age or maternally-derived antibody titres. These findings indicate that calves as young as 4 weeks old, vaccinated in the presence of maternally- derived antibody, can be fully protected against homologous virulent challenge.^0
92061843^The prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle herds of the Western Division of New South Wales--a serological survey.^199109^Aust Vet J 1991 Sep;68(9):307-8^NSW Agriculture & Fisheries, Newcastle.^King S^^0
92020115^Physical map of chromosomal and plasmid DNA comprising the genome of Leptospira interrogans.^199109^Nucleic Acids Res 1991 Sep 25;19(18):4857-60^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010.^Zuerner RL^The size and physical structure of the Leptospira interrogans genome was characterized using contour-clamped homogenous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. The L. interrogans genome is approximately 4750 kb in size and is composed of two molecular species of DNA: a 4400 kb chromosome; and a 350 kb plasmid, pLIN1. A physical map of the chromosome was constructed with the restriction enzymes NotI and SfiI. A physical map of pLIN1 was constructed with ApaI, NotI, Sse83871, SgrAI, and SmaI. Both the L. interrogans chromosome and pLIN1 are circular.^0
92103093^Cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine fecal specimens and a suggested standardized procedure.^199110^J Vet Diagn Invest 1991 Oct;3(4):368-73^Leptospirosis/Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010.^Whipple DL, Callihan DR, Jarnagin JL^^0
92117361^Effect of vaccination with a monovalent Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis vaccine on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle.^199110^Am J Vet Res 1991 Oct;52(10):1639-43^Leptospirosis Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010.^Bolin CA, Cassells JA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G^Effectiveness of 2 concentrations of a monovalent vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis was evaluated for protection of heifers from infection with type hardjo-bovis. Nine heifers were given 2 doses of low-dose vaccine (8.32 x 10(8) cells/dose); 9 heifers were given 2 doses of high-dose vaccine (8.32 x 10(9) cells/dose); and 1 steer and 1 heifer were maintained as nonvaccinated controls. Groups of vaccinated cattle were challenge- exposed with serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis at 7 (n = 6), 11 (n = 6), or 15 (n = 6) weeks after completion of vaccination. All cattle were challenge-exposed by conjunctival instillation of 1 x 10(5) hardjo- bovis cells on 3 consecutive days. Both control and all vaccinated cattle became infected and shed serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in their urine. Leptospires were detected in 15 of 16 (94%) urine samples from control cattle and in 124 of 143 (87%) samples from vaccinated cattle. Leptospires were detected in kidneys of 17 of 18 vaccinated cattle and 2 of 2 control cattle and in the uterus or oviducts of 13 of 18 vaccinates and the 1 control heifer.^0
92117372^Mass screening of cattle sera against 14 infectious disease agents, using an ELISA system for monitoring health in livestock.^199110^Am J Vet Res 1991 Oct;52(10):1699-705^Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.^Behymer DE, Riemann HP, Utterback W, D-Elmi C, Franti CE^Mass screening ELISA methods were developed for testing cattle serum for antibodies against 14 common livestock diseases simultaneously. The absorbance values were transformed to a %ELISA (spectrophotometric antibody end point) by a computer interfaced with a microplate reader. A histogram indicating a cutoff point and a report for the veterinarian also was generated. The computer program produced a print-out of the antibody profile for each animal tested, the antibody concentration against each disease, and a histogram (antibody profile) showing the prevalence of each disease in the herd. Serum samples were obtained from 1,953 cattle, including 880 dairy cattle from 10 herds and 1,073 beef cattle from 20 herds. These samples were obtained from June 1988 through June 1989. The highest antibody prevalence was against bluetongue virus. Of the 1,953 cattle tested, 1,223 (63%) were seropositive for bluetongue virus, including 502 (57%) of the dairy cattle and 721 (67%) beef cattle. Other antibody prevalences, in descending order, were: rotavirus (44%), Pasteurella spp (25%), Leptospira spp and Haemophilus spp (22%), Mycoplasma spp (18%), parainfluenza virus (17%), Campylobacter spp (16%), Anaplasma marginale (15%), bovine leukosis virus (13%), Brucella spp (8%), Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (8%), bovine viral diarrhea virus (3%), and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (3%). Major differences in antibody prevalence between dairy and beef cattle were that only 4% of the dairy cattle were seropositive for A marginale, compared with 25% of the beef cattle, and conversely, 29% of the dairy cattle were seropositive for bovine leukosis virus, compared with 1% of the beef cattle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
92163856^A serological survey of leptospirosis in Prince Edward Island swine herds and its association with infertility.^199110^Can J Vet Res 1991 Oct;55(4):352-5^Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown.^Van Til LD, Dohoo IR^A serological survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis, and to investigate associations between leptospiral antibody titers, and herd measures of reproduction. Production records and leptospirosis serology were analyzed for 25 slaughter hogs from each of eleven randomly sampled farrow-finish operations on Prince Edward Island. The effect of selected leptospiral serovars on nonproductive sow days per parity (NPSD/P) and the proportion of pigs born dead was evaluated. The four most common serovars to which antibodies were detected were Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, L. bratislava, L. autumnalis and L. pomona, with respective prevalences of 57.1%, 35.1%, 3.4% and 1.5% of PEI slaughter hogs. None of these serovars was associated with increased frequency of stillbirths (p greater than 0.05). However, farms with a higher prevalence of L. bratislava antibody titers tended to have more infertility, as measured by NPSD/P (r = 0.738, p = 0.036 with Bonferroni adjustment). Also, farms with L. pomona antibody titers had higher NPSD/P than farms without L. pomona antibody titers (p = 0.0008 with Bonferroni adjustment). There was no association between NPSD/P and antibodies to either L. autumnalis or L. icterohaemorrhagiae (p greater than 0.05).^0
92197181^[K. N. Tokarevich and the study of leptospiral infection in the USSR (on the 90th anniversary of his birth and the achievements of his creative work)]^199110^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991 Oct;(10):81-5^^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS^^0
92340135^Canicola fever in man.^199175^Indian J Public Health 1991 Oct-Dec;35(4):121-2^Dept. of Prev. Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu.^Venkataraman KS, Nedunchelliyan S^^0
92011369^Phylogenetic analysis of the spirochetes.^199110^J Bacteriol 1991 Oct;173(19):6101-9^Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.^Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE, Weisburg WG, Tordoff LA, Fraser GJ, Hespell RB, Stanton TB, Zablen L, Mandelco L, Woese CR^The 16S rRNA sequences were determined for species of Spirochaeta, Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, Leptonema, and Serpula, using a modified Sanger method of direct RNA sequencing. Analysis of aligned 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the spirochetes form a coherent taxon composed of six major clusters or groups. The first group, termed the treponemes, was divided into two subgroups. The first treponeme subgroup consisted of Treponema pallidum, Treponema phagedenis, Treponema denticola, a thermophilic spirochete strain, and two species of Spirochaeta, Spirochaeta zuelzerae and Spirochaeta stenostrepta, with an average interspecies similarity of 89.9%. The second treponeme subgroup contained Treponema bryantii, Treponema pectinovorum, Treponema saccharophilum, Treponema succinifaciens, and rumen strain CA, with an average interspecies similarity of 86.2%. The average interspecies similarity between the two treponeme subgroups was 84.2%. The division of the treponemes into two subgroups was verified by single-base signature analysis. The second spirochete group contained Spirochaeta aurantia, Spirochaeta halophila, Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis, Spirochaeta litoralis, and Spirochaeta isovalerica, with an average similarity of 87.4%. The Spirochaeta group was related to the treponeme group, with an average similarity of 81.9%. The third spirochete group contained borrelias, including Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia anserina, Borrelia hermsii, and a rabbit tick strain. The borrelias formed a tight phylogenetic cluster, with average similarity of 97%. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
92026654^Leptospirosis on Kauai: investigation of a common source waterborne outbreak.^199110^Am J Public Health 1991 Oct;81(10):1310-2^University of Hawaii, School of Public Health, Honolulu 96822.^Katz AR, Manea SJ, Sasaki DM^During the summer of 1987, a common source waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis occurred on the island of Kauai in the state of Hawaii. Eight leptospirosis cases were identified using the microscopic agglutination test. Methodologic weaknesses in this technique were responsible for the initial missed diagnosis on six of the eight cases. All cases had repeated exposure to the Waimea River. A wide array of animal reservoirs and optimal water conditions may have been factors in this outbreak.^0
92042672^Identification of related DNA sequences in Borrelia burgdorferi and two strains of Leptospira interrogans by using polymerase chain reaction.^199110^J Clin Microbiol 1991 Oct;29(10):2338-40^Department of Pathology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.^Kron MA, Gupta A, Mackenzie CD^The suitability of a polymerase chain reaction assay for Borrelia burgdorferi in epidemiological studies of infected tick populations was evaluated by using 28 strains of Leptospira interrogans and lysates of fixed adult Ixodes tick tissues. Two false positives representing leptospires were differentiated from B. burgdorferi by using an oligonucleotide probe.^0
92058914^Hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis in leptospirosis.^199111^Am J Gastroenterol 1991 Nov;86(11):1665-8^Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown, Barbados.^Edwards CN, Evarard CO^Hyperamylasemia has been documented in up to 65% of our patients with leptospirosis and jaundice. However, pancreatitis is an uncommon complication of leptospirosis. Three patients with leptospirosis and pancreatitis are described and compared with two leptospirosis patients who had hyperamylasemia but in whom the diagnosis of pancreatitis could not be substantiated. The cause of the hyperamylasemia in the latter patients was nonpancreatic. The elevation of the amylase in these latter two patients could not be explained by renal insufficiency, because the level of the amylase was greater than three to four times the normal value, the upper limit to which amylase rises in renal failure. Thus, hyperamylasemia in patients with leptospirosis can be from pancreatic and nonpancreatic sources. Leptospirosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis.^0
92131703^Nonsyphilitic spirochetosis in second-trimester fetuses.^199175^Pediatr Pathol 1991 Nov-Dec;11(6):827-38^Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235.^Abramowsky C, Beyer-Patterson P, Cortinas E^Four female fetuses (17-23 weeks) spontaneously aborted by young women (15-19 years old) showed spirochetal microorganisms predominantly in the intestinal lumen and mucosa and to a much lesser extent in other organs. Fetal tissues showed a brisk lymphocytic-plasmacytic response in intestinal mucosa, lungs, and meninges in some cases. In all instances the placenta had chorioamnionitis and severe chronic villitis, with villous vasculitis in some. One fetus had a concomitant cytomegalovirus infection. The observed lesions were reminiscent of Treponema pallidum infections; however, the spirochetes were morphologically different by light and ultrastructural microscopy from T. pallidum and did not react with a silver-enhanced, gold-labeled anti- T. pallidum antibody. In addition, serologic tests for syphilis of the women before or after the abortions were nonreactive. On the basis of clinical pathologic considerations as well as the absence of immunostaining, it is possible also to rule out infections caused by Lyme and relapsing fever Borrelia, Leptospira, and Campylobacter. The spirochetes' prominent tropism for the intestinal tract raises the possibility of a congenital infection with gastrointestinal spirochetal species described in recent years. The placental findings suggest an ascending transamniotic infection, with initial colonization of the intestinal tract and systemic dissemination of the organisms in the fetus and placental villi.^0
92132369^Tumor necrosis factor in patients with leptospirosis [letter; comment]^199175^Rev Infect Dis 1991 Nov-Dec;13(6):1245-6^^Estavoyer JM, Racadot E, Couetdic G, Leroy J, Grosperrin L^^0
92152512^Survey to estimate prevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in mature cattle in the United States.^199111^Am J Vet Res 1991 Nov;52(11):1761-5^National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Ames, IA 50010.^Miller DA, Wilson MA, Beran GW^A total of 5,142 kidney tissue samples and 5,111 serum samples from mature cattle in 49 states and Puerto Rico were collected at slaughter. Age of cattle ranged from 1 to 16 years (mean, 6.6 years). Leptospires were isolated from 88 (1.7%) kidney tissues, and 2,493 (49%) sera contained antibodies against 1 or more of 12 Leptospira interrogans serovars. Leptospires were observed by immunofluorescence in 41 (0.8%) kidney tissues. Using agglutinin-absorption tests, 73 (83%) isolates were identified as serovar hardjo, 11 (12.5%) as serovar pomona, and 4 (4.5%) as serovar grippotyphosa. By use of restriction endonuclease analysis studies of chromosomal DNA, all isolates differed from reference serovars but were identical to strains previously isolated from cattle or swine in the United States. Of the serovar hardjo isolates, 85% were identical to restriction endonuclease analysis type (genotype) hardjo-bovis A and 11 (15%) were identical to genotype hardjo-bovis B. Serovar pomona isolates were identical to genotypes kennewicki A (64%) or kennewicki B (36%), and serovar grippotyphosa isolates were identical to the RM 52 strain. Isolation rates were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher for beef cattle than for dairy cattle and were higher (P less than 0.001) for bulls than for cows. Combined culture and immunofluorescence results indicated that 2% of mature cattle were renal carriers of leptospires.^0
92152513^Relationships between prevalence of Leptospira interrogans in cattle, and regional, climatic, and seasonal factors.^199111^Am J Vet Res 1991 Nov;52(11):1766-8^National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010.^Miller DA, Wilson MA, Beran GW^On the basis of serologic test results and isolation of leptospires from mature cattle, distribution and prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovars and genotypes were compared by state and region of the United States. Relationships between isolation rate and month of sample collection, mean regional temperature, and mean regional precipitation were examined. Isolation rate and seroprevalence were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher for southeastern, south central, and Pacific coastal regions than for other regions of the United States. Isolates of genotypes hardjo-bovis A and kennewicki A and B, and of serovar grippotyphosa appeared to be randomly distributed. Genotype hardjo-bovis B isolates came from a southern area of the country that extends from Georgia to New Mexico. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first recorded isolation of serovar hardjo from Hawaii. Although significant relationship was not documented between isolation rate and month or season of the year, seroprevalence for summer, fall, and winter was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than that for spring. Regional isolation rate was related more to mean temperature (r = 0.83; P less than 0.05) than to mean precipitation amount (r = 0.34; P greater than 0.50).^0
92180241^Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola: a causal agent of sow abortions in Arequipa, Peru.^199111^Trop Anim Health Prod 1991 Nov;23(4):233-40^Departamento de Zoonosis, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru.^Paz-Soldan SV, Dianderas MT, Windsor RS^An outbreak of abortions, stillbirths, mummified piglets and neonatal deaths in a pig herd in Arequipa, Peru is described. A total of 31 of 240 sows aborted between May and September 1988. When sera were examined 12 of 14 had very high titres of antibody to canicola PC125 and canicola Hond Utrecht, but there were also high titres of antibody to other leptospiral serovars. A detailed investigation was made and serovar canicola PC125 was isolated from the urine of four sows which had aborted and the kidney of one slaughter pig. Antibodies to various serovars of Leptospira were demonstrated in 11 of 17 sows which had aborted, two of six sows which had normal litters, nine of 18 boars, four of 39 slaughter pigs and four of 14 workers on the farm. The outbreak was brought under control by treatment and vaccination coupled with a thorough cleaning of the farm and control of the wild animal population. It is suggested that the infection was brought onto the farm by wild animals and that the disease is more common in Arequipa than was previously supposed.^0
92227487^[Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in a patient with leptospirosis]^199111^Klin Med (Mosk) 1991 Nov;69(11):91^^Ambalov IuM, Kuznetsov VP, Zhukova KI^^0
92353179^[Creatine phosphokinase in leptospirosis]^199111^Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1991 Nov;9(9):554-6^Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Verge de la Cinta, Tortosa, Tarragona.^Grau A, Pumarola T, Llort JL, Murria MJ, Bofill D, Manresa J, Pinas I, Gine J^Leptospirosis is a widely-distributed infectious disease, that usually presents with fever, headache and myalgia. Organ involvement could have very different severity degree. We evaluate 21 patients with leptospirosis looking for prognostic and diagnostic value of myalgia and/or elevated creatine-phosphokinase serum levels. Myalgia was recorded in nearly all patients (91%). Creatine-phosphokinase levels above normal limits were seen in 37% of cases, either in severe forms of leptospirosis with organ involvement or in mild forms of disease. We conclude that creatine-phosphokinase elevated levels could be of early diagnosis interest but they are not solely seen in the more severe forms of the disease.^0
93255364^[Evaluation of counterimmunoelectrophoresis with antigens of icterohaemorrhagiae and patoc serovars in the serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis]^199175^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991 Nov-Dec;33(6):497-502^Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas da USP, Depto. de Microbiologia, Brasil.^Yasuda PH, Sakata EE, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Vasconcelos S de A, Romero EC, da Silva MV, Carrasco S^Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied on paired sera from 135 patients with leptospirosis and on 69 sera from a control group. The sera from patients were subdivided in 4 groups according to the results obtained by the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). The first samples sera from 58 patients were non reagent by MAT. Six monthly samples of sera were taken from 7 patients to follow-up and to determine the level of agglutinin and precipitin antibodies present using MAT and CIE. Serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and patoc were used as antigens. Three types of antigens were compared, 1) Triton-X-100 extracted; 2) heat extracted and 3) a pool of them. The CIE using icterohaemorrhagiae derived antigens types agreed with MAT in 92.64, 92.64 and 94.11% of the leptospirosis sera. The patoc antigens types reacted with the control group in 7.24, 86.95 and 84.05% of the samples, and consequently were eliminated from the present study. The icterohaemorrhagiae CIE reaction become positive earlier than MAT negative sera, and reverted to negative earlier in the follow-up samples from the patients. The CIE was sensitive and specific, gave rapid results and was easy to perform.^0
92054788^Leptospirosis as a result of elk exposure [letter]^199111^South Med J 1991 Nov;84(11):1415-6^^Edelstein H, Rowden R^^0
92193056^Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava infection [letter; comment]^199111^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991 Nov 15;199(10):1239^^Watson AD^^0
92086965^[Changed health problems in a changing pig-farming concern in The Netherlands until 1980]^199112^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1991 Dec 1;116(23):1168-74^Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren West- en Midden-Nederland, Gouda.^Akkermans JP^In 1905 Poels published 'Disease of swine in the Netherlands'. This book dealt predominantly with swine fever, erysipelas, tuberculosis and 'pneumonia'. Between 1920 and 1940 others reported on streptococci, lobular haemmorrhagic pneumonia, bordetellosis, Aujeszky's disease and postweaning diarrhoea. After the second world war, particularly after 1960, the Dutch pig-farming industry developed at a tremendous rate. As a consequence, the health problems changed. Certain diseases became less important: tuberculosis, erysipelas, Leptospira tarrasovi, enteroviruses. Yet other diseases including postweaning diarrhoea, atrophic rhinitis and Aujeszky's disease became problems of increasing importance. At the end of the seventies the knowledge of E. coli toxin types was substantial. On the other hand, information concerning the pathogenesis and pathophysiology was very limited. Bordetella bronchiseptica was still considered to be the most important agent in AR, zootechnical factors being predisposing. However, one was aware of missing links. Aujeszky's disease was obscure until the late fifties. Until 1972 only occasional reports were made. In that year, an epidemic occurred in the Gelderse Vallei. Another epidemic occurred in 1974 in the provinces of Brabant and Limburg. By 1980 proper vaccines were available and Aujeszky's disease was not yet a political problem.^0
92098696^Sample preparation method for polymerase chain reaction-based semiquantitative detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis in bovine urine.^199112^J Clin Microbiol 1991 Dec;29(12):2805-8^Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands.^Gerritsen MJ, Olyhoek T, Smits MA, Bokhout BA^An improved method of preparing bovine urine samples was developed for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (subtype hardjobovis) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 100 leptospire-free cows, 4 experimentally infected cows, and 2 negative control cows were used. PCR results were improved by (i) using 10-ml urine samples instead of 1-ml samples, (ii) adding 10(7) to 10(8) Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc cells as a carrier to each treated sample, (iii) preventing the loss of pelleted leptospires, and (iv) minimizing the presence of PCR-inhibiting factors in the samples. The preparation method enabled us to use the PCR to reproducibly detect as few as 5 to 10 leptospires per ml of urine without the need for dot blot hybridization. In addition, we were able to estimate the number of leptospires shed by experimentally infected cows.^0
92109273^Gold immunoblot analysis of IgM-specific antibody in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.^199112^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991 Dec;45(6):672-5^Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.^Petchclai B, Hiranras S, Potha U^An immunoblot for the detection of leptospirosis was developed in our laboratory. Antigen prepared from Leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae was dotted onto nitrocellulose paper and blocked with skim milk. Test and control sera diluted 1:20 were applied to the dot, incubated, and washed. Anti-human IgM colloidal gold conjugate was added and the dots were washed. A positive reaction was shown by the development of a pink dot against a white background. The test was performed on 62 sera that tested positive for leptospirosis by a microagglutination (MA) test, on 40 sera that were positive by an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and on sera from forty healthy blood donors. Four sera from the blood donors showed a faint pink dot, but the remainder showed a colorless reaction. All 62 sera that tested positive by MA were positive by this new test, while 95% of the 20 sera that tested positive by IHA were positive. Tests for IgG antibody were performed on 20 sera positive by MA using protein A-colloidal gold conjugate, and all showed weak reactivity. The results confirmed previous findings that most antibodies present in leptospirosis patients are of the IgM type. The ELISA takes three hours to perform, but the gold immunoblot can be completed in 30 min. In addition, the test blot can be kept as a permanent record, and is a significant improvement over existing tests.^0
92248670^[A field study on the post-inoculation reaction and immunological effects in vaccinated population immunized with "Zhejiang type-D" leptospiral vaccine]^199112^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991 Dec;12(6):335-8^Sanitary and anti-epidemic Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou.^Tang YK^A comparative study on the post-inoculation and antibody responses after inoculation with two different dosage (1ml, 2ml) of "zhejiang type-D" leptospiral vaccine was carried out. There was no general reaction in all of the vaccinated people after immunization. The GMT values of antibody against leptospire were 3.08-7.91 times in 1ml dose group and 3.48-9.57 times in 2ml dose group more than pre-vaccination respectively. 3 months after immunization the levels of specific antibody still were high in most vaccinated people, whatever in 1ml dose or 2ml dose of immunization. However the antibody couldn't be detected in part of vaccinated people at that time, but there was no difference between the two different dosages. During the epidemic season, there was no leptospirosis case (0/3260) in the 1ml group, 1 case (1/625) in the 2 ml group while there was 9/3970 in the control group.^0
93004901^Organisation of veterinary public health in the south Asia region.^199112^Rev Sci Tech 1991 Dec;10(4):1101-29^National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Consulting Centre, Tahachal, Kathmandu, Nepal.^Joshi DD^In the South Asia region vast human populations are exposed daily and with considerable intensity to close contact with vast animal populations and their excreta. There is no veterinary public health unit in the World Health Organisation (WHO) South-East Asia Regional Office (SEARO) in New Delhi (India), the Western Pacific Regional Office (WPRO) in Manila (Philippines) or the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO) in Alexandria (Egypt). However, these offices do support a number of activities on zoonoses and food-borne diseases in WHO member countries of the region. Maintenance of the health of farmers and of their families (often termed "rural health") has assumed increasing importance in most member countries of the region. In most of the countries, there is no actual veterinary public health unit functioning as a national body common to the ministries of health and agriculture. Among the commonest zoonotic diseases prevalent in member countries are rabies, brucellosis, Japanese encephalitis, echinococcosis, tuberculosis, visceral leishmaniasis, taeniasis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis and leptospirosis. A national plan is necessary for each country to give priority to controlling these diseases, based on health systems research or primary health care, with intersectoral and regional cooperation through the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) under Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC). There should be a strong unit for veterinary public health in all WHO regional offices to coordinate zoonotic disease surveillance, training and control programmes in countries of the region.^0
92041671^Genome conservation in isolates of Leptospira interrogans.^199112^J Bacteriol 1991 Dec;173(23):7582-8^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Medicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Herrmann JL, Baril C, Bellenger E, Perolat P, Baranton G, Saint Girons I^Reference strains for each of the 23 serogroups of Leptospira interrogans yielded different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of NotI digestion products. This was also the case for the 14 serovars belonging to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae (with one exception). The NotI restriction patterns of 45 clinical leptospiral isolates belonging to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae were analyzed and compared with those of type strains. No differences were observed between isolates from countries of different continents, namely, France, French Guiana, New Caledonia, and Tahiti. The pattern was indistinguishable from that of the reference strain of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae.^0
93248786^[The immunochemical and biological properties of Leptospira membranes]^199201^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1992;(11-12):46-9^^Vachaev BF, Iagovkin EA^The immunochemical and biological properties of purified membrane fractions obtained from Leptospira interrogans, serovar copenhageni, strain Rat 2, and Leptospira biflexa, strain Patoc 1, were studied. The presence of genus-specific and group-specific antigens in leptospiral membranes was established by the methods of immunodiffusion analysis, the microagglutination (MA) and lysis tests. In animal experiments cell membrane preparations produced no toxic and allergic effects. Leptospiral membranes obtained from strain Rat 2 ensured the protection of golden hamsters infected with Leptospira virulent culture and induced antibody production in high titers, detected with the use of the MA test, the lysis test and the enzyme immunoassay, in rabbits immunized in two injections.^0
93361768^[Pulmonary compromise in leptospirosis]^199275^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1992 Jan-Mar;25(1):21-30^Hospital Universitario Antonio Pedro, Niteroi, RJ.^de Carvalho JE, Marchiori E dos S, Guedes e Silva JB, Netto BA, Tavares W, de Paula AV^To study the pulmonary complications in leptospirosis case records of 23 such patients admitted at the Hospital Universitario Antonio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brasil, were reviewed. Hemoptysis were seen in 21.7% and sputal blood in 30.4% of patients. Arterial gasometry detected hypoxemia and hypocapnia in most cases. Thoracic radiology showed an alveolar pattern in 60% of the patients, alveolo-interstitial in 20%, interstitial in 6%, and in 14% the lungs were considered to be normal. Necropsy of 13 cases showed edema, congestion and hemorrhage in the lungs in all cases. Hyaline membrane was found in 30% and fibrin thrombi in 46% of these cases, resulting in a diagnosis of adult respiratory distress syndrome and acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (consumption coagulopathy) in leptospirosis.^0
92246474^Muskrats as carriers of pathogenic leptospires in The Netherlands.^199201^Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1992 Jan;61(1):43-50^Royal Tropical Institute, N.H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Steinen AC, Schuurman JL, Gravekamp C, Korver H, Terpstra WJ^Leptospires were isolated from 24 of 327 (7%) muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) caught in The Netherlands. All isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans. One isolate was typed as serovar copenhageni in the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, one as serovar lora in the Australis serogroup. Twenty-one isolates showed a close relationship with serovars grippotyphosa, valbuzzi, muelleri and ratnapura from the Grippotyphosa serogroup. One isolate was lost. Sera from 196 muskrats were examined by the microscopic agglutination test. Forty-five (23%) sera reacted positively (titers greater than or equal to 1:160), 42 (21%) of these 45 sera to Grippotyphosa and 3 (2%) to Sejroe serogroup antigens. This is the first report of serological and cultural evidence of leptospira infection in muskrats in The Netherlands.^0
94023343^Antibodies to some swine diseases in commercial piggeries in Central Zambia.^199201^Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 1992;45(3-4):229-30^Samiora Machel School of Veterinary Medicine, UNZA, Lusaka, Zambie.^Stafford K, Stafford Y, Paton D, Gamble P^Blood samples were taken from 121 sows and gilts on 7 commercial piggeries located around Lusaka (Zambia). The samples tested negative for antibodies to Aujeszky's disease, transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), swine influenza, hog cholera and brucellosis. Seventy-eight pigs from 5 farms had positive titres to porcine parvovirus. Eighteen sera showed positive titres to Leptospira celledoni.^0
94100892^Chemical and biological properties of endotoxin from Leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae.^199201^Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;25(5):467-75^Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.^De-Souza L, Koury MC^1. Endotoxin-like activity was extracted with phenol-chloroform- petroleum either (PCP) from Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola. Chemical analysis of leptospiral cells obtained from the PCP extract indicated the following distribution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), protein and polysaccharide in mg/ml: 3.0, 4.5 and 1.0 for icterohaemorrhagiae and 3.3, 5.6 and 1.5 for canicola. 2. The preparations presented several biological activities: positive Limulus test (1.0 pg/ml) for icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola PCP extract and 0.5 pg/ml for E. coli O111:B4 LPS, lethality for chicken embryos (LD50 45, 25 and 1.0) for icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola and E. coli O111:B4 LPS, pyrogenicity in rabbits with an average increase in rectal temperature of 0.6 degrees C, 0.9 degrees C and 2.2 degrees C for canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and E. coli O111:B4 LPS, reacted with complement inhibiting the lysis of sheep red blood cells, 62%, 75% and 90% for 2.0 micrograms/ml of icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola PCP extract and E. coli O111:B4 LPS. The PCP extract showed no cytotoxicity on chicken embryo fibroblasts and epithelial cells. 3. These results demonstrate that Leptospira endotoxin activity is similar to E. coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide.^0
94211979^[The identification of Leptospira strains of different origins]^199201^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1992;44(1):33-6^Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri.^Regalado Segui JD, Lopez Acosta C, Saltaren A, Atienzar E^Leptospirosis is at present an ever-increasing problem in human and animal health. By means of the Korthof medium, 43 Leptospira strains were isolated from samples of human blood, water and soil. For their identification the microagglutination technique was used. The strains corresponded to the species Leptospira biflexa and Leptospira interrogans.^0
92211328^Cloning of dapD, aroD and asd of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, and nucleotide sequence of the asd gene.^199201^J Gen Microbiol 1992 Jan;138 ( Pt 1):47-53^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Medicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Baril C, Richaud C, Fournie E, Baranton G, Saint Girons I^Metabolites such as diaminopimelate and some aromatic derivatives, not synthesized in mammalian cells, are essential for growth of bacteria. As a first step towards the design of a new human live vaccine that uses attenuated strains of Leptospira interrogans, the asd, aroD and dapD genes, encoding aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 3- dehydroquinase and tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase, respectively, were cloned by complementation of Escherichia coli mutants. The complete nucleotide sequence of the asd gene was determined and found to contain an open reading frame capable of encoding a protein of 349 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 38,007. Comparison of this deduced L. interrogans aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase amino acid sequence with those of the same enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Corynebacterium glutamicum revealed 46% and 36% identity, respectively. By contrast, the identity between the L. interrogans enzyme and the Streptococcus mutans or E. coli enzymes was less than 31%. Highly conserved sequences within aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase from the five organisms were observed at the amino and carboxyl termini, and around the cysteine of the active site.^0
92241441^Seroprevalence of antibodies to hantaviruses and leptospires in selected Italian population groups.^199201^Eur J Epidemiol 1992 Jan;8(1):98-102^Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University La Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.^Nuti M, Amaddeo D, Autorino GL, Crovatto M, Crucil C, Ghionni A, Giommi M, Salvati F, Santini GF^A study of hantaviral and leptospiral antibodies in selected population groups was performed. Among high risk subjects in the Rome area, Hantaan antibody was found in mammalogists (10%) and dialysis patients (6%), while none of the trappers, oarsmen, river policemen and firemen studied tested positive for antibodies to hantaviruses. In occupationally-exposed subjects (farmers, rangers, lumbermen, hunters) from rural and densely forested areas of northern Italian regions, the prevalence of Hantaan antibody ranged from 3.3% to 8.8%. In the positive cases the comparative antibody titration using different hantaviruses showed a predominance of Hantaan virus (titer 1:128) compared to Puumala virus (titer 1:32); no reactivity was observed with Seoul or Prospect Hill viruses. In Rome, leptospiral antibodies were found in trappers (21%) and oarsmen (5%) at a titer of 1:50 or more, with a predominance for the L. icterohaemorrhagiae serotype (85%). In the Alpine areas the leptospiral antibody prevalence was 12% and L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. bratislava were the predominant serotypes. The presence of hantavirus infections, suspected after the first epidemiological survey conducted in central Italy, is now supported by the new data obtained in northern Italian regions. Furthermore, the recent observation of one case of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in the Udine area, not far from the Yugoslavian border, strongly confirms the presence of one or more hantaviruses in Italy.^0
93018603^Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for leptospirosis immunoglobulin M specific antibody using surface antigen from a pathogenic Leptospira: a comparison with indirect hemagglutination and microagglutination tests.^199201^J Med Assoc Thai 1992 Jan;75 Suppl 1:203-8^Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.^Petchclai B, Hiranras S, Kunakorn M, Potha U, Liemsuwan C^A search for a sensitive and specific test for human leptospirosis was made by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin M specific antibody (IgM ELISA) using a surface antigen from L.interrogans serovar bataviae, L. interrogans serovar pyrogenes and L.interogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. The IgM ELISA tests using each of the three antigens were evaluated in 103 sera primarily positive by microagglutination test (MA). Optical density of these IgM ELISA tests showed good correlation. The IgM ELISA using antigen from serovar bataviae was compared with MA and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) in 20 sera primarily positive by IHA, and 103 sera primarily positive by MA. IgM ELISA and IHA using antigen prepared from serovar bataviae in 103 sera positive for MA had a sensitivity of 98.06 and 92.23 per cent respectively. In 20 sera primarily positive by IHA, IgM ELISA and MA showed sensitivity of 80 and 45 per cent respectively. The surface antigen used in IgM ELISA is broadly specific making IgM ELISA a sensitive and specific test for human leptospirosis. IHA agreed more with IgM ELISA in comparison to MA. As MA is not sensitive for early infection, IHA and IgM ELISA should be in routine use in general laboratories.^0
93063652^Renal involvement in leptospirosis: a pathophysiologic study.^199201^Nephron 1992;62(3):332-9^Laboratorio de Pesquisa Basica da Unidade de Doencas Renais, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil.^Magaldi AJ, Yasuda PN, Kudo LH, Seguro AC, Rocha AS^The kidney involvement in leptospirosis appears to be a special form of acute renal failure due to a higher frequency of polyuric forms and the presence of hypokalemia with an elevated urinary fractional excretion of potassium. Using a clearance technique, we detected higher fractional urinary potassium excretion in leptospirotic guinea pigs (26.5 +/- 4.7%) than in normal animals (14.1 +/- 2.8%, p < 0.05). After blocking distal NaCl reabsorption with furosemide, it was observed that in leptospirotic animals both fractional sodium excretion (40.0 +/- 7.4%) and fractional potassium excretion (136.3 +/- 32.7%) were higher than in normal animals (20.4 +/- 3.8%, p < 0.05, and 43.6 +/- 9.0%, p < 0.05, respectively). Microperfusion studies showed that the normal and leptospirotic medullary thick ascending limb had both identical transepithelial potential difference (+3.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.2 mV) and relative sodium-to-chloride permeability. The same technique showed that the osmotic water permeability (Posm; 0.9 +/- 0.4 x 10(-5) cm/s.atm) and diffusional permeability (34.7 +/- 6.6 x 10(-5) cm/s) observed in the leptospirotic inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) in the presence of vasopressin were unchanged, as was also the case for urea permeability (3.74 +/- 0.7 x 10(-5) cm/s). These data show that acute renal failure in leptospirosis is characterized by tubular changes leading to potassium secretion probably due to a decrease in proximal sodium reabsorption. Furthermore, the inability to concentrate urine evidenced by the low P(o)sm present in leptospirotic animals is due, at least in part, to IMCD resistance to vasopressin.^0
93134915^Typing leptospira from the perspective of a reference laboratory.^199201^Acta Leiden 1992;60(2):79-87^N.H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam.^Terpstra WJ^Leptospirosis is caused by different leptospiral variants. Analysis by cross agglutination absorption tests (CAAT) led to the definition of entities called serovars to distinguish between leptospires on sub- species level, and to the designation of reference strains representing serovars. For decades CAAT has been used to classify leptospires and now approximately 200 serovars have been recognized. In the last few years, it has become increasingly more clear that the serovar concept is no longer fully satisfactory as it may fail to adequately define epidemiologically important entities. In addition, CAAT is too cumbersome and time-consuming for routine typing. Various methods have been developed based on antigenic or genetic analysis with the purpose to supplement or to replace the CAAT. Most of these methods are still in an experimental state. It is to be expected that a typing method based on genomic analysis will eventually become most important. Such a new method should have considerable advantages in order to be acceptable for the development of a new classification system replacing the system based on serovars, which is widely accepted and in many respects still satisfactory. From the new methods, analysis of leptospiral DNA fragment length after digestion with restriction enzymes (REA) has been widely used and proven to be useful for typing. Pending the development of new typing methods that have clear advantages and may lead to a new classification system, it is suggested that the classification system based on serovars is maintained and that REA is added to each description of a new serovar.^0
92383554^Serodiagnosis of bacterial diseases: problems and developments.^199201^Scand J Immunol Suppl 1992;11:91-5^N. H. Swellengrebel Laboratory of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Terpstra WJ^Serodiagnosis is useful when pathogens cannot be detected quickly or easily by conventional methods or have been eliminated by the patient. Taking the example of leptospirosis, the microscopic agglutination test to detect specific antibodies after leptospires have disappeared from the patient's bloodstream is of unsurpassed reliability. Unfortunately the test is used mainly in specialized laboratories that can culture leptospires to serve as live antigens. Freeze-dried leptospires may allow the application of the test on a wide scale. The ELISA is useful for the detection of IgM antibodies in humans as a sign of current or recent infection. ELISA results must be confirmed by the microscopic agglutination test. A simplified easy-to-read ELISA using broadly reactive antigen for the detection of all types of leptospires might be useful for a quick detection of acute human leptospirosis. Using an appropriate antigenic preparation the ELISA is useful for the detection of antibodies in animals, e.g. cattle. As for pathogen detection, DNA- based methods such as PCR are promising for an early, quick and specific diagnosis. Antigenic analysis by monoclonal antibodies and genetic analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphism are for the time being complementary methods for the characterization of leptospiral isolates.^0
92208030^Comparison of a commercial DNA probe test and three cultivation procedures for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine feces.^199201^J Vet Diagn Invest 1992 Jan;4(1):23-7^Leptospirosis/Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.^Whipple DL, Kapke PA, Andersen PR^Diagnosis of paratuberculosis using the IDEXX DNA probe test and 3 methods for cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from fecal specimens were compared. Twenty-one of 170 fecal specimens were DNA probe test positive, whereas 35 specimens were positive by 1 or more of the cultivation methods evaluated. Four specimens were DNA probe test positive but were negative by fecal culture. The probe test detected M. paratuberculosis DNA in 62.9% of the specimens positive by a sedimentation culture method, in 56.6% of those positive by a centrifugation culture method, and in 65.4% of the specimens positive by the Cornell culture method. Specificity of the DNA probe test was approximately 97% relative to all culture methods. Generally, the probe test detected M. paratuberculosis DNA in fecal specimens from animals shedding at least 10(4) M. paratuberculosis colony forming units per gram of feces. Although the probe test did not detect all of the cattle shedding M. paratuberculosis, it was possible to identify cattle shedding the greatest number of organisms in 3 days compared with a minimum of 6 weeks required for positive culture results. The centrifugation method resulted in the most isolations of M. paratuberculosis after 12 weeks of incubation. However, contamination also was greatest when the centrifugation method was used. Contamination was best controlled using the Cornell method. The sedimentation method was the least time consuming and yielded results similar to those of the other 2 methods.^0
92208047^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovars bratislava and hardjo from swine at slaughter.^199201^J Vet Diagn Invest 1992 Jan;4(1):87-9^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Ames, IA 50010.^Bolin CA, Cassells JA^^0
92224949^Human leptospirosis in the Vicenza area, Italy [letter]^199201^Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992 Jan;11(1):77-9^^Caruso G, Rigoli R, Conz P, Cinco M, Banfi E, de Lalla F^^0
92292927^[Leptospirosis in French Polynesia: 120 case reports]^199275^Med Trop (Mars) 1992 Jan-Mar;52(1):21-7^Medecin des Hopitaux, Clinique Cardella Papeete, Polynesie Francaise.^Gendron Y, Prieur J, Gaufroy X, Gras C^Because of its clinical polymorphism and the difficulties to made a bacteriological and/or serological diagnosis, leptospirosis is an affection always non-detected. Nevertheless it is daily met affection in French Polynesia. Based on a homogenous series of 120 observations gathered from 1984 to 1990, all of them bacteriologically and/or serologically confirmed, we studied the different clinical and evolutive features of that disease. Fever is present in 91.6 p.c., cephalgia in 79.16 p.c. and myalgia in 70.83 p.c. Admission was necessary once out of four times. The four syndromes we observed in Tahiti are: infections syndrome, meningeal syndrome (30 p.c.) associated to an hyperproteinic grade in the C.S.F. (40 p.c.) and a lymphocytic reaction (60 p.c.). Liver syndrome, with hepatalgia (58.33 p.c.) and pain at the mass motion of liver (65 p.c.), that is an important sign in the local context; jaundice (28.33 p.c.) on the presence of which we must not based a diagnosis of leptospirosis: Biological renal syndrome displayed by transitory renal insufficiency with proteinuria, hematuria and leucocyturia. Neurological complications are mainly of encephalitic manifestations (5.8 p.c.). Hemorrhagic syndrome is expressed in digestive hemorrhage (8.33 p.c.) epistaxis (6.66 p.c.) and hemoptysis (6.66 p.c.). Cardiovascular manifestations are expressed in collapsus in 5.83 of the cases. Pulmonary abnormalities are frequent: cough (26.66 p.c.) and non specific X Ray image (19.16 p.c.). All patients are treated by Penicillin G (10 to 20 millions per day) by parenteral route with enteral alternative for an average of 10 days. Recovery was fast (7 to 10 days). In 65.8 p.c., slower in 15 p.c. (15 to 20 days); failure at first stage was observed in 10 p.c. of the cases, and relapse at medium or long term occurred under treatment in 8 cases (6.66 p.c.). Three dead were deplored (mortality 2.5 p.c.).^0
92352690^Evaluation of cryptic fever in a traveler to Africa.^199201^Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1992;12:329-47^^Wyler DJ^^0
92129685^Polymerase chain reaction primers and probes derived from flagellin gene sequences for specific detection of the agents of Lyme disease and North American relapsing fever.^199201^J Clin Microbiol 1992 Jan;30(1):99-114^Pandex Division, Baxter Diagnostics, Inc., Mundelein, Illinois 60060.^Picken RN^By cloning and sequencing the flagellin gene of Borrelia hermsii and comparing this sequence with that of the corresponding gene from B. burgdorferi, I identified a central region within the two genes which showed a reduced level of sequence similarity. Oligonucleotide sequences selected from this region produced species-specific amplimers when used in polymerase chain reaction experiments. Thus, primers derived from the B. burgdorferi sequence amplified a 276-bp fragment from 22 strains of B. burgdorferi of diverse geographic origin but not from 5 strains of B. hermsii, 5 other Borrelia species, 16 Treponema, Leptospira, and Spirochaeta species, or representatives of 10 other bacterial genera. However, when the amplified fragments were tested for hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe derived from the nonhomologous region, seven strains from either Germany or Switzerland did not hybridize. Cloning and sequencing of the amplified fragments from these strains revealed that the 22 strains of B. burgdorferi tested could be divided into three groups based on the nucleic acid sequence of the central region of the flagellin gene. With this information, oligonucleotide probes that hybridized to the amplified fragments and were able to differentiate the three groups of B. burgdorferi were designed. The corresponding primers, derived from the B. hermsii gene sequence, were tested for their ability to amplify DNA from this collection of strains. Although no amplification was obtained with representatives of the three groups of B. burgdorferi or various Treponema, Leptospira, and Spirochaeta species, amplification was obtained with the five other Borrelia species (B. parkeri, B. turicatae, B. crocidurae, B. anserina, and B. coriaceae) in addition to the five strains of B. hermsii. Sequencing of the amplified fragments from one strain of B. hermsii as well as B. parkeri and B. turicatae allowed the design of oligonucleotide probes that were able to differentiate the three species of North American relapsing fever spirochetes into two separate groups. These studies suggest that there is sufficient diversity within the flagellin gene sequences of closely related Borrelia species to differentiate them into groups and to pursue taxonomic studies both within and between species.^0
92180281^Distemper encephalitis in pups after vaccination of the dam.^199201^Vet Rec 1992 Jan 11;130(2):27-30^Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School.^McCandlish IA, Cornwell HJ, Thompson H, Nash AS, Lowe CM^A five-year-old labrador bitch which had whelped 10 pups three days previously was given booster vaccination against distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, parainfluenzavirus and leptospirosis. Eighteen days later, signs of central nervous system disease developed in some of the pups, five of which were ultimately euthanased. The cause of the nervous disease was found to be canine distemper, and serological studies showed that the infection was limited to some members of the litter, suggesting that the vaccinal rather than a field virus was more likely to have been responsible.^0
92209988^Detection of Leptospiraceae by amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA.^199201^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992 Jan 15;69(3):267-74^PHLS Leptospira Reference Laboratory, FAO/WHO Collaborating Centre, County Hospital, Hereford, U.K.^Hookey JV^The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect Leptospiraceae. Primers were used to amplify 1 631 base-pair (bp) 5'- region of 16S rDNA. Representative strains from the species, Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto, L. borgpetersenii, L. noguchii, L. santarosai, L. weilii, L. inadai, L. meyeri and the single member strain of Leptonema were amplified. In contrast, strains representing the saprophytic species. L. biflexa, L. wolbachii and L. parva were not amplified. There was no PCR product from 23 phylogenetically unrelated species of bacteria. As little as 10-1 pg of purified DNA and as few as 10-1 leptospires could be detected using the PCR analysis. Isolates of leptospires from clinical sources gave a positive PCR band, but those from surface waters did not.^0
92298473^Comparison of flanking regions of the 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes in Leptospira biflexa and Leptospira interrogans.^199202^Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1992 Feb;40(2):544-6^Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan.^Fukunaga M, Mifuchi I, Yanagihara Y, Okuzako N^One of the genes encoding the 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) for the Leptospira biflexa strain Patoc I was isolated and sequenced. The physical maps of the 5S rRNA genes in Leptospira were constructed. The strains of Leptospira biflexa had two genes on their chromosome; these two 5S rRNA genes were located several kb apart and sequences flanking these genes were divergent. In contrast to saprophytic leptospires, maps in parasitic leptospires that had only one gene for 5S rRNA on their genome were highly conserved and the physical maps of the genes in almost all strains were similar.^0
92376831^[Infection with Leptospira interrogans, serovar mozdok, in cattle]^199202^Tierarztl Prax 1992 Feb;20(1):33-7^Staatlichen Veterinar- und Lebensmitteluntersuchungsamt Cottbus.^Zieris H, Wilhelm A^In East Germany the same serovar, Leptospira mozdok, of the Pomona serogroup is found in cattle as well as in swine populations (Zieris 1989). Nowadays cases of bovine leptospirosis caused by infection with L. pomona have no significance. There are marked epizoological differences between infection with L. mozdok and L. pomona. The main source of infection with L. mozdok for cattle is the black striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). Secondary homonomous transmission occurs among the cattle. The clinical course of both infections is the same--including peracute, acute and chronic forms. Important prophylactic measures are effective rodent control and optimising hygiene conditions both in housing and on pasture. Veterinarians in abattoirs must consider leptospirosis in the differential diagnosis in cases with icteric signs, especially when the meat is derived from emergency slaughter.^0
92213935^Comparison of diagnostic procedures for porcine leptospirosis.^199202^Vet Microbiol 1992 Feb;30(2-3):151-63^Department of Agriculture, Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Attwood, Australia.^Chappel RJ, Prime RW, Millar BD, Mead LJ, Jones RT, Adler B^Kidneys and matched serum samples were obtained from 368 pigs slaughtered at three Victorian abattoirs, and originating from 42 farms. Macroscopic lesions (white spots) were observed on 102 of the kidneys. Serum samples were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and by an IgM enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Kidneys were cultured for leptospires, examined histologically after Warthin-Starry silver staining and after immunogold silver staining (IGSS), and tested for leptospiral DNA by DNA hybridization. Forty-four infected pigs were identified by culture or immunogold silver staining of kidneys or by high MAT titres (greater than or equal to 1024). Infection was demonstrated in 7.5% of visibly normal kidneys, in 23.5% of kidneys with white spots, and in 48% of kidneys with large white spots, of 1 cm diameter or greater. The apparent (maximum) sensitivities of diagnostic procedures for detecting infection were as follows: MAT (at a titre of either 64 or 1024) 95%; IgM EIA 82%; culture 61%; presence of white spots 55%; IGSS 52%; presence of large white spots 30%; Warthin-Starry silver staining 20%. IGSS, Warthin-Starry staining and DNA hybridization all appeared to be highly specific. Of 22 kidney sections identified as positive by IGSS, 13 showed intact leptospires, and these kidneys were all culture-positive. Nine others showed leptospiral antigen in the kidney tubules but no intact leptospires. Only five of these kidneys were culture-positive.^0
92222186^Neuroretinitis: an unusual presentation of ocular toxoplasmosis.^199202^Ann Ophthalmol 1992 Feb;24(2):68-70^Department of Ophthalmology, Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, Lackland AFB, Texas 78236-5300.^Moreno RJ, Weisman J, Waller S^Neuroretinitis is a clinical condition usually seen in young healthy adults that is characterized by rapid profound unilateral loss of vision. Funduscopic findings include swollen disc, splinter hemorrhages, and macular star. Catscratch fever and leptospirosis have been suggested as possible etiologies in this condition. We report a case of a patient with neuroretinitis whose only laboratory abnormality was an elevated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay immunoglobulin G Toxoplasma titer. The patient responded favorably to treatment with clindamycin, triple sulfa, and systemic corticosteroids. We recommended toxoplasmic serology be added to the workup of patients with neuroretinitis.^0
92248244^Phospholipid catabolism enzymes of leptospires.^199202^Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 1992 Feb;276(3):347-55^Microbiology Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Patrice Lumumba Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.^Khisamov GZ, Morozova NK^Phospholipase A2, C, D activities of pathogenic (VGNCI-3, HS-26) and saprophytic (K-1028, G-80) strains of leptospires were determined. The strains used synthesized intracellular and extracellular forms of these esterases. To a considerable degree the endophospholipase activity was associated with the membrane structures. Differences in substrate specificity, Km, Vmax pH optimum values between exophospholipases of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires used in the experiments are demonstrated.^0
92251733^Leptospirosis--a cause for concern? [see comments]^199202^J R Army Med Corps 1992 Feb;138(1):40-2^Department of Medicine, Cambridge Military Hospital, Aldershot, Hants.^Sinclair DG, World MJ^A severe case of Weil's disease is presented. The particular relevance of this condition to the Armed Forces and Service physicians is discussed, together with methods of diagnosis.^0
92257564^[A quick method for the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^199202^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1992 Feb;13(1):45-6^Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing.^Shi M^Seventy-nine sero-samples from patients with leptospirosis were tested by dot-ELISA and microscopical agglutination test (MAT). Results showed that the accordance rate was 96.19%. 20 sero-samples obtained from healthy people, 4 from hepatitis B(HBV) and 4 from epidemic hemorrhage fever (EHF) were negative by dot-ELISA. We believe dot-ELISA is a simple, rapid method which can be used to diagnose those patients with leptospirosis.^0
92337543^Genetic diversity among Australian and New Zealand isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^199202^Aust Vet J 1992 Feb;69(2):29-30^Department of Agriculture, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Bairnsdale, Victoria.^Skilbeck NW, Lyon M, Stallman N^Restriction endonuclease analysis of 16 Australian and 4 New Zealand isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona showed that they could be divided into 3 genetic groups. Most of the isolates closely resembled the serovar kennewicki reference strain, and they all differed from the reference strain of serovar pomona. Based on these findings, it is suggested that vaccine manufacturers re-evaluate their choice of serovar pomona vaccine strain.^0
92157229^An investigation of some risk factors for severe leptospirosis on Barbados.^199202^J Trop Med Hyg 1992 Feb;95(1):13-22^Leptospira Laboratory, St Michael, Barbados.^Everard CO, Bennett S, Edwards CN, Nicholson GD, Hassell TA, Carrington DG, Everard JD^Between November 1979 and the end of December 1986 (7.17 years), 248 cases of leptospirosis were confirmed among hospital patients on Barbados (mean 35 per year; range 25-57). Considering the 235 who were greater than or equal to 15 years of age, the annual incidence of leptospirosis was 19.2/100,000 population (14.0 for all age groups). There were 173 males and 62 females, and for cases aged 15-34 leptospirosis was 9.6 times more common in men than women. Among men, incidence increased fairly steadily with age, and an even steadier increase was apparent in women up to age 64, with some decline in later years. The incidence of disease was much higher among agricultural than other workers and the non-employed. Highest case numbers were recorded in the parishes of St Michael (65 or 28%) and Christ Church (36 or 15%), though the incidence was lowest in these two parishes (13.1/100,000 and 17.4/100,000, respectively). The highest incidence rates were in St Andrew and St Joseph (50.2 and 36.1/100,000, respectively). The incidence in areas with rainfall greater than or equal to 1600 mm (32.6/100,000) was nearly twice that in areas with rainfall less than 1600 mm (17.3/100,000). There is a clear link between cases of severe disease and recent rainfall. Using 134 patients greater than or equal to 15 years of age with fever due to other illnesses as controls, a higher proportion of cases than controls came from rural areas. The risk of contracting leptospirosis was increased for all categories of manual workers relative to the group at lowest risk (non-manual indoor workers). Sugar-cane workers were five times more likely to contract leptospirosis than were non-manual indoor workers, while those whose families minded livestock were 2.5 times more likely, and those with rodents in their garden/yard were 1.8 times more likely to do so. Other risk factors examined did not show significant associations with the disease. Despite increasing mechanization and the use of more protective clothing, agricultural workers are still at high risk from leptospirosis. The annual range of cases is likely to stay much as it is in the foreseeable future.^0
92186729^Leptospirosis in the Seychelles.^199202^Med J Aust 1992 Feb 3;156(3):163-7^Medical Department, Bundaberg Base Hospital.^Pinn TG^OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the incidence of leptospirosis in the Seychelles, identify its sources, review diagnostic features and assess complications. DESIGN: A prospective survey over a two-year period 1988- 1990 of all cases diagnosed as having leptospirosis at Victoria Hospital, the main referral hospital for the Islands. RESULTS: Eighty cases were diagnosed on clinical grounds with serological confirmation in 58 (73%). Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae was identified in 27 (33%) and serovar autumnalis in 2 (3%), there was broad cross-reactivity in the other specimens. In a further 7 (9%), the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. Useful diagnostic aids were the finding of myalgia in 68 (85%) and a raised creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level in 61 (76%). CPK elevation was found to be a more reliable indicator of disease the earlier in the illness it was measured. Other important clinical signs are reviewed. Sixty (76%) were regular drinkers suggesting a relationship with home-brewed alcohol, 48 (60%) were in at-risk occupations; 13 (16%) deaths resulted. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospirosis in the Seychelles is likely to be rat borne. An annual incidence of 60 per 100,000 was found with significant mortality. Muscle tenderness and raised CPK levels were the most reliable early diagnostic aids.^0
92377425^[Self-maintenance of foci of bovine leptospirosis]^199203^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1992 Mar;(3):41-4^^Agaev IA^The relationship between the rate of cattle infection with leptospirosis and the total number of livestock at cattle-breeding farms has been established. The annual dynamics of this infection has been found to give two morbidity rises among the animals, occurring not due to their contacts with the natural foci of leptospirosis, but as a consequence of the animal vertical and horizontal "circulation". The mechanisms of self-maintenance of the foci of leptospirosis among cattle are discussed.^0
93013724^[Homology study of leptospires by molecular hybridization]^199203^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Mar;23(1):1-4^The Institute of Genetics, Fudan University.^Dong X, Dai B, Chai J^Nick translation and random primer labelling method were applied to prepare three genomic DNA probes from Leptospira interrogans strain 017, Leptospira biflexa strain Patoc I and Leptonema illini strain 3055, and then hybridized with DNA of 17 strains leptospires from different genus, species, serogroup and serovar. The results showed no homology between Leptospira and Leptonema, and only a low degree of homology between L. interrogans and L. biflexa but it showed a high degree of homology among L. interrogans. The study also proved the possibility to establish a DNA probe prepared from a single leptospira strain to detect different serovars.^0
93013738^[Observation of monoclonal antibody E4B7D5 inhibitory effect on leptospiral adherence using scanning electron microscope]^199203^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Mar;23(1):5-8^^Zhao H, Li S, Dai B, Gan D, Liu X^BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with outer envelopes of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae lai serovar strain 017 leptospires. Monoclonal antibody (McAb) E4B7D5 against outer envelopes (IgG1, agglutinating titre 1:25,600) was produced by hybridoma technique. Passive immunoprotection experiments have demonstrated the immunoprotection of McAb E4B7D5 against strain 017 leptospires. Effect of McAb E4B7D5 on leptospiral adherence to the surface of normal human pulmonary embryonic fibroblasts was observed by using scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that the leptospiral adherence noted in various agglutinating titre McAb E4B7D5 groups was less frequent than that in the three control groups. It was concluded that the inhibitory effect of McAb E4B7D5 on leptospiral adherence may play a role in the immunoprotection.^0
92367340^Comparative analysis of lipopolysaccharide and lipid antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovars.^199203^Yonsei Med J 1992 Mar;33(1):24-31^Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.^Cho SN, Uhm JR, Kim JD^Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or glycolipid antigens of Leptospira interrogans have been candidates as serogroup or serotype specific antigen. In this study, therefore, we prepared the LPS and lipid antigens from L. interrogans serovars lai, icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, and a Korean isolate 30R. The LPS antigens were analyzed by a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lipid antigens by thin-layer chromatography, respectively. The seroreactivity of the antigens were also examined with homologous or heterologous antisera using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The LPS antigens from serovar lai and the strain 30R were closely related but different from serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Particularly, the LPS antigens from serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa were reactive only with the homologous antisera, thus indicating serovar specificity. However, the LPS antigens of the other serovars were reactive to the heterologous antisera. The lipid antigen of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae reacted only with the homologous antisera. In contrast, lipids of other serovars reacted broadly with heterologous antisera, particularly among serovars lai, copenhageni, canicola, pomona, and the strain 30R. The results thus indicated that the LPS and lipid antigens of L. interrogans may contain serovar-specific as well as cross-reactive epitopes.^0
92399845^[Protection of the environment and veterinary public health activities]^199203^Rev Sci Tech 1992 Mar;11(1):191-203^Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud, Oficina Regional de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud, Mexico, D.F.^Cifuentes EE^The author discusses the health status of 800 million persons who live in developing countries under conditions of absolute misery, and the 450 million on the brink of starvation, taking into account environmental factors which directly affect this situation of shortages, illness and death. Data are presented on diseases directly related to environmental conditions: 200 million people infested with schistosomes and 500 million at risk of infestation. In the case of Chagas' disease, 16 to 18 million are infected and 90 million at risk. The epidemiological situation regarding plague, the epidemiological risks of leptospirosis, the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex and other infectious and parasitic diseases are discussed. A description is given of the organisation and function of veterinary public health services, with comments on, and justification of the various activities which can be undertaken to prevent, reduce and even eradicate various diseases associated with poor hygienic conditions in the environment. Finally, proposals are made to revise the academic instruction of veterinarians. There is an urgent need to promote collaboration between institutes and between disciplines if the environment is to be protected and lives saved.^0
92202397^Analysis of Leptospira spp., Leptonema illini, and Rickettsia rickettsii for the 39-kilodalton antigen (P39) of Borrelia burgdorferi.^199203^J Clin Microbiol 1992 Mar;30(3):735-8^Arthropod-Borne Diseases Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840.^Schwan TG, Schrumpf ME, Gage KL, Gilmore RD Jr^Five serovars of Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira biflexa, Leptonema illini, and Rickettsia rickettsii were examined and found not to contain the 39-kDa antigen (P39) of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. The specificity of this antigen and its reactivity with human Lyme disease sera should exclude the possibility of false- positive serum samples from patients having had either leptospirosis or Rocky Mountain spotted fever, as well as tick-borne relapsing fever and syphilis, as reported previously (W.J. Simpson, M. E. Schrumpf, and T. G. Schwan, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1329-1337, 1990).^0
92214744^Characterization of Leptospira strains HY-1, HY-2, and HY-10 isolated in Korea by means of monoclonal antibodies and restriction endonuclease DNA analysis.^199203^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992 Mar;46(3):342-9^First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan.^Shinozaki F, Sada E, Tamai T, Kobayashi Y^To analyze the characteristics of Leptospira strains HY-1, HY-2, and HY- 10, which were isolated from patients with leptospirosis in Korea in 1985, 12 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against strain HY-1 and six MAbs against serovar lai strain 017 were produced, and their properties were determined by the microscopic agglutination test. Genetic relationships among the leptospires were determined by restriction endonuclease DNA analysis. Three MAbs reacted with all strains of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, but did not react with any strains of the other 10 serogroups. All MAbs reacted with strains 017, HY-1, HY-2, and HY-10 at nearly identical titers. Two MAbs reacted only with these four strains. These four strains also had the same restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns. Based on these results, strains HY-1, HY-2, and HY-10 were identified as serovar lai, which is one of the common serovars in China. It is suggested that serovar lai is one of the prevalent serovars in Korea, and that the Mabs produced in this study are useful for the accurate and rapid identification of this serovar.^0
92283290^Cross-reactive proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi.^199203^Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992 Mar;11(3):224-32^Max von Pettenkofer Institute, University of Munich, Germany.^Bruckbauer HR, Preac-Mursic V, Fuchs R, Wilske B^The specificity of serological tests for Lyme borreliosis is impaired by cross-reacting antibodies. In order to select antigens for more specific tests, specific and cross-reactive proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi must be identified. Therefore, to analyze cross reactions of Borrelia burgdorferi with other bacteria, rabbit immune sera against heterologous bacteria (Borrelia hermsii, Treponema pallidum, Treponema phagedenis, Leptospira interrogans (serogroup grippotyphosa), Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Yersinia enterocolitica (serotypes O3 and O9), Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes O1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Legionella micdadei) were examined by Western blot using Borrelia burgdorferi as antigen. Broad cross reactivity was shown for Borrelia proteins of the 60-75 kDa range. Other broadly cross- reacting proteins were at the level of p40, p33 and two proteins in the range of 20 kDa. Some of the cross reactions were eliminated by absorption of the sera with Treponema phagedenis. The absorbed antibodies were directed mainly against bands at the level of p33 and bands of the 60 to 75 kDa range. Showing the lowest potential for cross reactivity, p100, p41, OspA and pC seem to be the most suitable antigens for serodiagnosis. In contrast to p100 and OspA, however, p41 and pC showed cross reactivity with immune sera against bacteria not belonging to the genus Borrelia.^0
92351508^[Leptospirosis in dogs in Slovakia]^199203^Vet Med (Praha) 1992 Mar;37(3):185-92^Ustav epidemiologie Lekarskej fakulty UK, Bratislava.^Bakoss P, Jarekova J, Kmety E, Kopcok M^Out of 571 serologically investigated dogs from Bratislava and all regions of Slovakia and Moravia, 26.1% presented antibodies reacting with leptospiral antigens. The lowing seropositivity in dogs from Bratislava was found in lap dogs--11.1%, the highest one in farm dogs-- 35.3% (Tab. I). The seropositivity of police dogs from different regions of Slovakia and Moravia varied from 24.0% to 47.6% (Tab. II). The age of dogs progressing, their seropositivity rose from 3.1% in animals younger than one year to 33.3% in those aged seven years and in older ones (Tab. III). The predominant serovars causing infections of dogs were L. grippotyphosa (58.9% of infections) and serovars of both Sejroe (21.0%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae groups (15.3%). The serovars bratislava/jalna, pomond/mozdok and tarassovi were only rarely involved in these infections, canicola and arborea only exceptionally (Tab. IV). At present, in the Czechoslovak conditions the dogs do not play a significant role as reservoirs of human leptospirosis, and the predominant serovars may only cause irregular and short-time lasting leptospiruria. This is why the reasonableness of actual vaccination of dogs, possibly with the exception of the vaccination against Weil's disease, is doubtful. Dog is a good indicator of the distribution of different leptospiral serovars in its environment. It seems reasonable to practice occasionally serological investigations of these animals in order to detect possible changes in infecting leptospiral serovars. Consequently, adequate epizootological measures could be taken (e. g. modification of the composition of a leptospiral vaccine for dogs).^0
92354663^Occupational hazard of unnoticed leptospirosis in water ways maintenance staff.^199203^Eur J Epidemiol 1992 Mar;8(2):228-32^Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Nantes, Service de Maladies Contagieuses, France.^Andre-Fontaine G, Peslerbe X, Ganiere JP^A serological survey was performed with M.A.T. on the maintenance staff of water ways and public works and lock keepers to study the occupational hazards of leptospirosis. The target population was 58 professional people, 40 working on French rivers and 18 on a channel in the same western area of France. When we compared serological tests between these two groups, no significant difference appeared. But when we linked fish handling to close contact with water, we found a higher number of positive tests in the channel group than in the rivers group (P less than 0.01). We conclude that people working on the channel were susceptible to unnoticed Leptospira infection.^0
92244882^[Lymphocytic meningitis caused by Leptospira panama (letter)]^199203^Presse Med 1992 Mar 21;21(11):536^^Tourbah A, Fontaine B, Veil N, Mazetti P, Lyon-Caen O^^0
92292315^A serologic survey of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) on the Channel Islands, California.^199204^J Wildl Dis 1992 Apr;28(2):223-9^Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California 95521.^Garcelon DK, Wayne RK, Gonzales BJ^The island fox is listed as a threatened species in California. A serologic survey of 194 island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) was conducted over the entire range of the species on the Channel Islands (California, USA). Antibody prevalence against canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus reached 97% and 59%, respectively, in some populations sampled. Antibody prevalence of canine herpesvirus, canine coronavirus, leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis were low. Antibodies against canine distemper virus were not detected.^0
92202726^Characterization of antigenic determinants of Borrelia burgdorferi shared by other bacteria.^199204^J Infect Dis 1992 Apr;165(4):658-66^State of New York Department of Health, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794.^Coleman JL, Benach JL^Three antigenic determinants of Borrelia burgdorferi that were shared with other spirochetes and gram-negative bacterial species, as measured by Western blot, ELISA, or both, were identified and characterized using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Two were associated with immunogenic integral membrane lipoproteins of 19- and 22-kDa, respectively, by [3H]palmitate incorporation and Triton X-114 phase partitioning. A third antigenic determinant was shown to be associated with a 72-kDa heat shock protein that was also immunogenic in human patients. MAb agglutination assays with B. burgdorferi and treatment of the spirochete with proteases indicated that none of the antigenic determinants were surface exposed. NH2-terminal sequence analysis revealed the 72-kDa protein to have 100% identity with the first 13 amino acid residues of the Escherichia coli dnaK heat shock protein. The presence of these and other shared antigenic determinants in ELISA antigen preparations could explain the high degree of serologic cross- reactivity in current diagnostic procedures.^0
92242463^Specific immunofluorescent staining of pathogenic treponemes with a monoclonal antibody.^199204^J Clin Microbiol 1992 Apr;30(4):831-8^Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Nippon Medical School, Kanagawa, Japan.^Ito F, Hunter EF, George RW, Pope V, Larsen SA^Two hybrid cell lines which produced mouse monoclonal antibody to the DAL-1 street strain of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum were established. These monoclonal antibodies strongly reacted with T. pallidum subsp. pallidum (Nichols strain, DAL-1, and two other street strains, strains MN-1 and MN-3) and T. pallidum subsp. pertenue by indirect microimmunofluorescent antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, but they did not react with normal rabbit testicular tissue. These monoclonal antibodies did not react with nonpathogenic treponemes, such as T. phagedenis Reiter, T. denticola MRB, T. refringens Noguchi, or other spirochetes, such as Borrelia burgdorferi and Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in microimmunofluorescent antibody smear slides or in Western blots (immunoblots). While unlabeled antibodies are useful for investigating the antigenic structures of T. pallidum, we labeled these monoclonal antibodies with fluorescein isothiocyanate and used them for diagnosing syphilis by direct staining of lesion exudate or T. pallidum subsp. pallidum in formalin-fixed tissues from patients suspected of having syphilis. Both monoclonal antibodies were directed against antigens of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum with a molecular weight of 37,000 as determined by the Western blotting technique.^0
92192853^Presence of putative sphingomyelinase genes among members of the family Leptospiraceae.^199204^Infect Immun 1992 Apr;60(4):1707-10^Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.^Segers RP, van Gestel JA, van Eys GJ, van der Zeijst BA, Gaastra W^The presence of multiple DNA elements in pathogenic members of the family Leptospiraceae, similar to the sphA sphingomyelinase gene from Leptospira borgpetersenii, was demonstrated by low-stringency hybridization experiments. These DNA elements were designated putative sphingomyelinase genes. Grouping of strains by similarity of hybridization patterns corresponds to the species subdivision of the family Leptospiraceae on the basis of genetic characteristics. Therefore, hybridization with the sphA gene can be used as a taxonomic tool. These hybridization experiments indicate the presence of two groups of genetically related pathogenic Leptospira species.^0
92242456^Identification of the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii by using a species-specific monoclonal antibody.^199204^J Clin Microbiol 1992 Apr;30(4):790-5^Arthropod-Borne Diseases Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840.^Schwan TG, Gage KL, Karstens RH, Schrumpf ME, Hayes SF, Barbour AG^Borrelia hermsii causes a relapsing fever in humans and is one of several species of tick-borne spirochetes known to occur in the western United States. Spirochetes observed in the peripheral blood of patients acutely ill have been presumptively identified in the past by the geographic location of exposure and the probable species of tick vector. We describe a monoclonal antibody (H9826) that bound to the flagellar protein of B. hermsii but not to those of any of the other species tested, which included B. parkeri, B. turicatae, B. coriaceae, B. anserina, B. burgdorferi, and Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum. This antibody bound efficiently to B. hermsii in an indirect immunofluorescence assay and was used to rapidly detect and identify this spirochete in the peripheral blood of experimentally infected mice and in the central ganglia of Ornithodoros hermsi ticks. H9826 can rapidly confirm the identification of B. hermsii to increase our understanding concerning the geographic distribution, vector specificity, and epidemiological significance of this zoonotic human pathogen.^0
92256164^Genetic characterization of pathogenic Leptospira species by DNA hybridization.^199204^Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992 Apr;42(2):215-9^Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.^Ramadass P, Jarvis BD, Corner RJ, Penny D, Marshall RB^A total of 66 serovars of potentially pathogenic Leptospira species were examined by slot blot hybridization, and 57 of these serovars were classified in six DNA homology groups. In cases in which common serovars were studied, the results were in general agreement with the results of previous workers, who used different DNA homology methods. However, we propose a new species, Leptospira kirschneri, comprising the following serovars: bulgarica, butembo, cynopteri, dania, grippotyphosa, kabura, kambale, ramisi, and tsaratsovo. Seven of these serovars have not had their DNAs studied by other workers.^0
92306011^Isolation and biological activities of endotoxin from Leptospira interrogans.^199204^Can J Microbiol 1992 Apr;38(4):284-9^Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil.^de Souza L, Koury MC^Endotoxins extracted with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) from Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola and Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc were tested for various biological activities characteristic of endotoxins. The presence of lipopolysaccharide biological activity was demonstrated by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test, pyrogenicity in rabbits, complement interaction inhibiting the erythrocyte lysis, and chicken-embryo lethality. The lipopolysaccharides did not induce the local Shwartzman reaction. The lipopolysaccharides of serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola were immunogenic in rabbits and were cytotoxic to chicken-embryo fibroblasts.^0
92312102^Serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in pigs using an axial filament enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay.^199204^Vet Microbiol 1992 Apr;31(1):55-70^Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.^Mendoza L, Prescott JF^The axial filament (AF) from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola was isolated by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of 2% sarcosyl treated whole cells. Isolation of AF was confirmed by electron microscopic examination, by protein-A immunogold labelling, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and immunoblotting. Analysis by SDS-PAGE of the purified preparation showed relatively weak bands of molecular size 41 kDa and 21 kDa, and strong bands of 35 kDa and 34.5 kDa. Immunoblot analysis using antiserum to the AF against sonicated leptospires of a variety of serovars showed prominent reaction against the 41, 35, and 34.5 kDa protein bands, as well as against minor bands of molecular weight 43, 39, and 37 kDa. Antisera prepared against leptospiral serovars also identified minor bands at 33 and 32 kDa. Immunoblots with antiserum to whole cells of serovar bratislava detected the 35 and 34.5 kDa AF bands of Borrelia burgdorferi moderately and of Treponema hyodysenteriae only slightly in comparison to leptospiral AF. Antibody to B. burgdorferi did not detect the leptospiral AF antigen. Immunoblots with antiserum to T. hyodysenteriae showed a marked reaction with a 41 kDa band of B. burgdorferi but only a very minor reaction with leptospiral AF. The AF was tested in an AF-ELISA against sera from 260 pigs, many of which reacted in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against one or more leptospiral serovars. A sensitivity of 97.1% and a specificity of 93.1% was determined in comparison to the MAT. Only moderate correlation was observed between titres detected in the AF-ELISA and the MAT (r = 0.4). When sonicated whole cells (WC) of serovar canicola were used in an ELISA (WC-ELISA), high correlation was observed between AF-ELISA and WC- ELISA (r = 0.97). These findings show that the AF-ELISA can be used effectively as a species-specific antigen for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in swine and that sonicated whole cells can substitute excellently for purified AF as the antigen source. These findings may be extrapolated to the use of AF in immunodiagnosis of leptospirosis in other species.^0
93289629^Prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in cattle in northern Jordan.^199205^Trop Anim Health Prod 1992 May;24(2):127-8^Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid.^el-Sukhon SN, Abo-Shehada MN, Abuharfiel N, Atmeh RF^^0
94098133^[The serovars of Leptospira interrogans isolated from cases of human leptospirosis in Sao Paulo, Brazil]^199275^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992 May-Jun;34(3):217-21^Secao de Bacteriologia, Setor de Leptospirose, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brasil.^Sakata EE, Yasuda PH, Romero EC, Silva MV, Lomar AV^Eighteen strains of L. interrogans isolated from human cases were serotyped by the agglutinin-absorption test at Instituto Adolfo Lutz in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Fourteen were identified as serovar copenhageni (icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup), 2 as canicola (canicola serogroup), 1 as castellonis (Ballum serogroup) and 1 as pomona serogroup (serovar not yet defined). The frequency of serovar copenhageni in 100% of the isolates in icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup is emphasized and more studies to verify the real serovars prevalence as subsidy to the epidemiology of this infection are suggested by the authors.^0
94098137^[An immunoenzyme test (ELISA) for the detection of circulating class- IgA antibodies in human leptospirosis]^199275^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992 May-Jun;34(3):239-42^Secao de Sorologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Saude do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil.^da Silva MV, Camargo ED^An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA was evaluated for the detection of IgA antibodies in the human leptospirosis. The assay proved to be sensitive and specific when compared with the ELISA-IgM, in the examined serum samples. The results found suggest that IgA antibodies became positive later in leptospirosis, and will can be an evolutive indicator in the development of the disease.^0
92259616^Repetitive sequences cloned from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo genotype hardjoprajitno and their application to serovar identification.^199205^J Clin Microbiol 1992 May;30(5):1243-9^Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell' Emilia, Brescia, Italy.^Pacciarini ML, Savio ML, Tagliabue S, Rossi C^We selected, from a genomic library of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo genotype hardjoprajitno, two probes containing repetitive sequences (pL1 and pL590). The hybridization patterns of these probes to DNA isolated from a variety of Leptospira serovars were examined and their ability to detect subtle differences at the genomic organization level was established. We identified the DNA fragments within pL1 and pL590 which are sufficient to yield polymorphic hybridization patterns; these results define the upper size limit of two novel repetitive elements in the Leptospira genome. The pattern and degree of hybridization observed for the serovars tested in this work were used to divide Leptospira spp. into groups which share genetic relatedness; our conclusions are consistent with previous classifications by other authors.^0
92286441^Occurrence of severe leptospirosis in a breeding colony of squirrel monkeys.^199205^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992 May;46(5):538-45^Unite des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Perolat P, Poingt JP, Vie JC, Jouaneau C, Baranton G, Gysin J^Although experimental leptospirosis has been studied in various species of monkeys, the occurrence of acute leptospirosis in a population of nonhuman primates is uncommon. We report on a number of severe cases of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis that appeared in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) colony of 109 animals at the Institute Pasteur in French Guiana. Initially, 11 animals had acute illness, with jaundice and a hemorrhagic syndrome, leading to 10 deaths. Two Leptospira interrogans strains were isolated from blood cultures of sick monkeys, and one was isolated from the urine of a rat trapped in the breeding park. All three belonged to serovar copenhageni, and tests using monoclonal antibodies showed that these three strains were extremely similar. In the following weeks, five pregnant female monkeys had miscarriages; two of them had antibodies against the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. An epidemiologic study conducted on the 93 remaining animals demonstrated a seropositivity rate of 26% (microagglutination test [MAT] titer greater than or equal to 100) primarily for the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, but also for the Ballum, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, and Panama serogroups. In addition, 12% showed lower MAT titers (50) for the same serogroups. Lastly, recently trapped feral squirrel monkeys were shown to have agglutinins against the Grippotyphosa and Sejroe serogroups. A vaccine, which was prepared from one of the strains isolated, was used in addition to antibiotic prophylaxis to control the enzootic disease. This confirms that the squirrel monkey is highly susceptible to icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis and is probably receptive to other serogroups, and that this animal may be useful in studying experimental leptospirosis and for testing new human vaccines.^0
92320056^[A clinical study of human leptospirosis. Apropos 215 cases]^199205^Rev Clin Esp 1992 May;190(8):389-92^Hospital Clinico-Quirurgico Docente Manuel Ascunce Domenech, Camaguey, Cuba.^Roura Carrasco J, Pila Perez R, Caveda Estela O, Pila Pelaez R^215 cases diagnosed of human leptospirosis in the Camaguey Province, Cuba, are studied, for the period between 1986 and 1990. The clinical and epidemiological features are studied, together with the anatomopathological study of the decreased. The most frequent complications and the treatment employed, including prophylactic measures, are analyzed. It is concluded that the disease is more frequent in young males, from a rural origin and with a farming job. Acute kidney failure was the main complication, and as for the therapeutic approach, penicillin was the antibiotic of election, prophylactic measures are important, specifically vaccination.^0
92321968^[The significance of small mammals in the epizootiology of leptospirosis in livestock]^199205^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1992 May 1;105(5):155-60^Veterinar- und Lebensmitteluntersuchungsamt Cottbus.^Zieris H^1. Favourite species of rodents in sheds and their surroundings are rats (Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus) and house mouse (Mus musculus). From the epizootiological point of view only R. norvegicus is important as the maintenance host of L. copenhageni. 2. In surrounding of sheds vole (Microtus arvalis) and back-striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) are sources of infection for livestock. 3. Transmission of leptospira occurs via infected environment. The tenacity of Leptospira mozdok and L. grippotyphosa under field conditions suffices to maintain the chain of infections.^0
92328704^Serological evidence for the presence of Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava in Australian pigs.^199205^Aust Vet J 1992 May;69(5):119-20^Department of Agriculture, Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Attwood.^Chappel RJ, Ellis WA, Adler B, Amon L, Millar BD, Zhu SS, Prime RW^^0
92320680^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans from kidneys of Zimbabwe beef cattle.^199205^Vet Rec 1992 May 16;130(20):446-8^Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare.^Feresu SB^Four hundred and eighty bovine kidneys were collected from an abattoir near Harare between December 1987 and November 1988, and leptospires were recovered from 50 (10.4 per cent) of them. The isolates were identified to serogroup level by the microscopic agglutination test; 32 belonged to serogroup Sejroe, seven were Pyogenes, four Hebdomadis, two Tarassovi, and one isolate each belonged to serogroups Australis, Bataviae, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona.^0
93046565^[Cluster and multiple regression analysis of leptospirosis epidemic factors]^199206^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1992 Jun;13(3):151-3^Sanitary and anti-epidemic Station of Fuling Prefecture, Sichuan Province.^Li Y^Ten-year surveillance of Rice-field-typed leptospirosis was carried out in high-infected foci. Twenty two parameters of epidemic data were divided into 3 categories and cluster-analyzed. 5 typical variables were selected for multiple regression equation. The equation contained four factors, i.e. rodents density, carriage rates of main animal hosts, GMT of population antibody against leptospira and quantity of rainfall in August. The expected morbidity of leptospirosis calculated by the equation were roughly identical to the real morbidity.^0
93084108^[Assay of genomic DNA homology among strains of different virulent leptospira by DNA hybridization]^199206^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Jun;23(2):122-5^^Huang N, Dai B^Nick translation labelling technique was applied to the preparation of two 32P labelled genomic DNA probes from L. interrogans serovar Lai strain 017 and Leptonema illini strain 3055, respectively. Dot-blotting and Southern-blotting with DNA of five strains leptospira from different genus and species were performed. The results showed that certain differences among the L. interrogans, L. biflexa and Leptonema illini could be detected by endonuclease assay. L. interrogans strain 017 with L. biflexa strain Patoc I and Leptonema illini 3055 strain exhibited very little homology. L. interrogans strains 017, 601, and 245 from different serogroup and serovar had a high degree of homology. Leptonema illini strain 3055 showed little homology with L. interrogans and L. biflexa. Therefore DNA hybridization may be used as a tool for the identification and classification of leptospira.^0
93084109^[Investigation of microbicidal activity of neutrophil defensins against leptospires]^199206^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Jun;23(2):126-9^^Wu Q, Xu L, Wang X, Li S, Wang B^Defensins play an important role in oxygen-independent microbicidal mechanisms of neutrophils. They are effective against many bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. However, the effect of defensins upon leptospires has not been studied. In the present report, human defensins (i.e. HNP, a mixture of HNP1, HNP2 and HNP3 were prepared from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and then on Biogel P-10. Rabbit defensin NP1 was purified from rabbit peritoneal granulocytes by preparative acid urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By using the most-probable-number procedure, HNP and NP1 were tested in vitro for the killing of leptospira interrogans serogroup icteroheamorrhagiae serovar lai strain 017. NP1 was highly effective. When leptospires of strain 017 were incubated with 1 microgram/ml of NP1 at 30 degrees C for 4 hours, > 99% of these organisms were killed. HNP was less potent than NP1, and at 50 micrograms/ml, it killed > 90% of leptospires. As is also the case for the killing of bacteria, NP1 was active against leptospires in nutrient- free buffer, whereas HNP required the addition of glucose. The data suggest that defensins could play a major role in the killing of leptospires by neutrophils.^0
93084110^[Detection of leptospira by dot blot hybridization with photobiotin- and 32P-labelled DNA]^199206^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Jun;23(2):130-2^^Zhang Y, Dai B^Photobiotin- and 32P-labelled DNA probes of L. interrogans sv. lai strain 017 were produced and the DNA and leptospires were dotted on the NC filter and hybridized. The results showed that photobiotin and 32P- labelled DNA probes could detect DNAs of homology. The smallest amount of DNA that could be detected with the probes were 5pg and 1pg, and the smallest numbers of pathogenic leptospires were 5 x 10(3) and 10(3), respectively. Nonpathogenic leptospires. L. biflexa sv. patoc strain Patoc 1, L. illini strain 3055, Escherichia coli, Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus, and Salmonella anatis, could not be detected by the probes. The study demonstrates that leptospires DNA probe could be produced by labelling the DNA with photobiotin. It has higher sensitivity and specificity and can be used for detection of leptospires in the field and clinic.^0
92318881^Kayaking as a risk factor for leptospirosis.^199206^Mo Med 1992 Jun;89(6):354-7^Family Practice Department, Ozarks Medical Center, West Plains, MO.^Shaw RD^Leptospirosis is a common zoonosis present throughout Missouri. Previously regarded as an occupational illness of farmers and sewer workers, it is now primarily acquired from exposure to water polluted with the bacteria Leptospira. We present a case report of leptospirosis acquired through kayaking and review both the disease and the risk factor associated with kayaking.^0
92336552^Biochemical analysis by SDS-PAGE and western blotting of the antigenic relationship between Leptospira and equine ocular tissues.^199206^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992 Jun;33(1-2):179-85^Laboratorio de Inmunoquimica y Biotecnologia, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Tandil, Argentina.^Parma AE, Cerone SI, Sansinanea SA^The antigenic relationship between Leptospira interrogans, equine cornea and lens was previously noted in our studies. Serum antibodies from horses inoculated with serovars wolffi, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, and tarassovi, were able to bind to five antigenic fractions from both cornea and lens, as demonstrated by immunoblotting. These antigens seem to be made up of protein and carbohydrates. After treatment with periodate for cleavage of glycoside ring structures, those fractions kept their condition of target for anti-Leptospira antibodies. Nevertheless, all fractions lost that condition after being subjected to peptide hydrolysis.^0
92349372^Leptospirosis--a cause for concern? [letter; comment]^199206^J R Army Med Corps 1992 Jun;138(2):102^^Green AD, Busuttil W^^0
92349373^Leptospirosis--a cause for concern? [letter; comment]^199206^J R Army Med Corps 1992 Jun;138(2):102-3^^Weeks DC^^0
93018315^[A case of leptospirosis manifesting acute pancreatitis and cholecystitis]^199206^Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1992 Jun 10;81(6):911-2^^Kadoya S^^0
92328423^Leptospira serology in small ruminants on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.^199206^Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992 Jun 16;653:168-71^Risk Analysis Section, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782.^Ahl AS, Miller DA, Bartlett PC^A serological survey of 16 serovars of Leptospira interrogans, previously reported in tropical small ruminants, was undertaken to determine the serovars involved and the prevalence of these antibodies in sheep and goats on St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands (USVI). Seven of eight goat herds (108 animals) had at least two seropositive animals in each herd with an individual animal seroprevalence of 26%. The 53 sheep tested (one flock only) showed a 32% seroprevalence. Antibodies against seven serovars were detected in goats (autumnalis, ballum, bataviae, bratislava, canicola, icterohemorrhagiae, and pyrogenes). In addition, hardjo antibodies were detected in sheep. Serovar autumnalis accounted for about 30% of seropositive animals in each species. Many animals showed titers against more than one serovar. The number of seropositive animals suggests Leptospira may be a factor in the health of small ruminants on St. Croix.^0
92328448^Mongoose rabies in the Caribbean.^199206^Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992 Jun 16;653:356-66^Leptospira Laboratory, St. Michael, Barbados.^Everard CO, Everard JD^Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) have been introduced into most of the larger Caribbean islands, some notable exceptions being Dominica, Tobago, and Montserrat. Rabies in Caribbean mongooses is present in Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic (and presumably Haiti), and Grenada. Bat rabies is known on Cuba, Grenada, and Trinidad, although mongooses found on Trinidad are free of the disease. None of the other islands is known to have rabies, although it could be present in sequestered bat populations. All reported case numbers of mongoose rabies in the Caribbean are underestimates, and available information is at best incomplete and at times fragmentary. Nevertheless, data are presented from the four affected islands. Mongoose reduction campaigns have been undertaken on Cuba and Grenada. In Cuba strychnine sulfate inoculated into labeled eggs is used, whereas in Grenada sodium fluoroacetate (1080) has been used in boiled cowhide baits. Mongoose poisoning is unsatisfactory and ineffective in the long-term. Because many mongooses naturally exposed to rabies virus develop serum neutralizing antibodies and are considered to be immunized, possibly for life, vaccination in the wild has been under consideration since the mid-1970s. Early attempts to produce a pill coated with ERA vaccine for enteric absorption in mongooses were not very successful, but new modified vaccines and recombinant techniques hold considerable promise.^0
92395296^The rapid serological diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.^199207^J Infect 1992 Jul;25(1):39-46^Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K.^Gray JJ, Caldwell J, Sillis M^A total of 121 samples of serum collected from 101 patients was tested to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a commercial latex agglutination test for detecting infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibody, a commercial immunofluorescence test for detecting antibody to Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen and a rapid enzyme immunoassay for detecting antibody to Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen. Although the Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen IgM indirect immunofluorescence test proved to be the most sensitive, false-positive reactions were seen when samples collected from patients with cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, parvovirus and leptospira infection were tested. False-positive reactions were also seen with samples containing rheumatoid factor.^0
94098155^[An evaluation of the ELISA-IgM test in the early diagnosis of human leptospirosis]^199275^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992 Jul-Aug;34(4):355-7^Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brasil.^Camargo ED, da Silva MV, Batista L, Vaz AJ, Sakata EE^Thirty-seven sera samples from patients with leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagic form were studied with a time interval of 2 to 12 days between the beginning of the symptoms and the collection blood samples. It was isolated leptospira of 5 patients' hemocultures (13.5%) and from 4 of these the etiological agent pertained to the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar copenhageni. Thirty-five of them (94.6%), including the four patients whose the etiological agent was isolated, showed reactivity in the enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA) IgM test. By this way, it was demonstrated that this test is important for a rapid diagnosis of human leptospirosis, even in the beginning of the disease, when there is still leptospiraemic phase.^0
93021802^[The application of DNA studies to leptospirosis]^199207^Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50 Suppl:427-32^First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ehime University.^Tamai T, Shinozaki F, Kobayashi Y^^0
93117536^Genome structure of spirochetes.^199275^Res Microbiol 1992 Jul-Aug;143(6):615-21^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Medicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Saint Girons I, Norris SJ, Gobel U, Meyer J, Walker EM, Zuerner R^The genome structures of several pathogenic spirochetes have recently been determined. The genomes of Borrelia species consist of a linear chromosome of approximately one million base pairs (Mb) and various linear and circular plasmids. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and 16S ribosomal RNA sequence data indicate the division of Borrelia burgdorferi into at least three distinct genetic groups. Leptospira interrogans has a circular chromosome 5 Mb in size and a 0.35 Mb extrachromosomal element. Repetitive sequence elements similar to insertion sequences have been identified in the Leptospira interrogans genome. The chromosome of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum is circular and has a size of approximately one Mb. Genetic studies conducted to date indicate that B. burgdorferi and L. interrogans have a high degree of genetic diversity, whereas remarkably few genetic differences have been observed among the pathogenic Treponema. Knowledge of the genomic structure of these organisms will serve as a basis for future genetic studies.^0
93117535^Genetic approaches to cell biology and metabolism of spirochetes.^199275^Res Microbiol 1992 Jul-Aug;143(6):605-13^School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.^Penn CW, Bassford PJ, Yelton DB, Dunn J, Nelson DR, Fukunaga M, Stanek G^Genetic analysis and methodology have only comparatively recently been applied to the study of spirochetes. Although genetic transfer procedures for spirochetes are not widely available, there are several examples of progress in genetic analysis of spirochetes by other approaches. Some examples of these approaches are the following. 1) Genes for synthetic pathways in Treponema and Leptospira have been cloned by complementation of Escherichia coli serving as plasmid hosts. 2) The OspA protein of Borrelia burgdorferi has been overexpressed in E. coli without the signal peptide; the recombinant product has been suitable for circular dichroism as well as other biochemical analyses. 3) The heat shock proteins of B. burgdorferi are homologous to heat shock proteins of E. coli. 4) Enzyme activity profiles of B. burgdorferi and other spirochetes show strain heterogeneity and also indicate which biosynthetic and enzymatic activities are conserved within different spirochetes. 5) The gene organization of rRNA genes have revealed differences between spirochetes and other types of bacteria.^0
93117537^Extrachromosomal elements of spirochetes.^199275^Res Microbiol 1992 Jul-Aug;143(6):623-8^Department of Microbiology, University of Umea, Sweden.^Bergstrom S, Garon CF, Barbour AG, MacDougall J^The spirochetes include some important pathogenic bacteria, Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira. The pathogeneses of these spirochetes are very diverse. In an attempt to learn more about the virulence factors among the spirochetes, their genetic organization and capacity have been studied. Structural analysis of the genome in Borrelia has shown that the genome is composed of one linear maxi-chromosome with additional linear minichromosomes as well as several supercoiled circular plasmids. Moreover, the molecular analysis of the terminal ends of one of the linear minichromosomes has revealed that this unique replicon has sequence similarities with poxviruses and particularly the viral agent of African swine fever. The presence of nucleic-acid-containing vesicles and its possible role in mediating DNA transfer between borreliae is an additional, very interesting feature of these organisms. Treponema does not contain any linear DNA, chromosomal or extrachromosomal, however molecular characterization of a 2.6-kb plasmid of Treponema denticola has been performed with the aim of establishing cloning vehicles to study the virulence properties of the genus Treponema.^0
92381849^Prevalence of antibody titers to Leptospira spp. in Minnesota white- tailed deer.^199207^J Wildl Dis 1992 Jul;28(3):445-8^Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.^Goyal SM, Mech LD, Nelson ME^Serum samples (n = 204) from 124 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern Minnesota (USA) were collected from 1984 through 1989 and tested for antibodies to six serovars of Leptospira interrogans (bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, and pomona) using a microtiter agglutination test. Eighty-eight (43%) sera were positive at greater than or equal to 1:100 for antibodies against serovars pomona and/or bratislava; none was positive for any of the other four serovars. None of the 31 sera collected in 1984-85 was positive, whereas all 54 sera collected from 1986 through 1988 had titers of greater than or equal to 1:100. During 1989, only 34 (29%) of 119 sera had titers of greater than or equal to 1:100. Based on these results, we believe there to be wide variability in exposure of Minnesota deer to Leptospira interrogans.^0
92385095^Immunodominant antigens recognized by the human immune response to infection by organisms of the species Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis.^199207^FEMS Microbiol Immunol 1992 Jul;4(5):287-97^Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita di Trieste, Italy.^Cinco M, Delneri D, Banfi E^Serum samples from patients infected by organisms of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis were tested by Western blot to determine the nature of major antigens that are involved in the immune response. Although there was some patient-to-patient variability, immunodominant genus-specific antigens were found to be proteins of apparent molecular ratio 68, 46 and 35-kDa, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sub-units in the 35-14-kDa region. Serogroup epitopes specific for Australis were exclusively saccharides of about 32 and 24 kDa: a serovar-specific antigen for serovar lora was of 38-40 kDa and behaved like a protein. Antibodies to the LPS serogroup-specific antigens and to the 38-40 kDa protein were long-lasting and consequently suggest that these immunodominant epitopes are important in resistance to re- infection.^0
92385592^Prevalence and serovars of leptospira involved in equine abortions in central Kentucky during the 1990 foaling season.^199207^J Vet Diagn Invest 1992 Jul;4(3):279-84^Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40511.^Donahue JM, Smith BJ, Donahoe JK, Rigsby CL, Tramontin RR, Poonacha KB, Wilson MA^A study to determine the prevalence of leptospira-induced abortions in the central Kentucky equine population during the 1990 foaling season and to determine the leptospira serovars responsible was conducted. From July 1, 1989 through June 30, 1990, 32 (4.4%) of 726 submissions (fetuses, stillborn foals, and/or placentas) were diagnosed as leptospirosis by the fluorescent antibody test and/or microscopic agglutination test. Attempts were made to isolate leptospires from the fetal tissues and/or the dam's urine in 31 of these cases. Leptospira interrogans serovar kennewicki was isolated from 11 (35.5%) and serovar grippotyphosa from 2 (6.5%) of the 31 cases. Of 12 cases that were culture negative with serologically positive fetal fluids, 8 had titers against serovar pomona, 1 against bratislava, 1 against grippotyphosa, 1 against hardjo, and 1 against both bratislava and pomona.^0
92391177^The isolation and identification of Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava from a pig in Germany.^199207^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1992 Jul;39(5):362-8^Institut fur Veterinarmedizin des Bundesgesundheitsamtes, Robert von Ostertag-Institut, Berlin, Germany.^Schonberg A, Hahn-Hey B, Kampe U, Schmidt K, Ellis WA^During a study on the improvement of selective media for the isolation of leptospires from clinical material, leptospires were isolated from the kidneys of a pig. Test material was cultured in EMJH-medium containing 0.4% rabbit serum and 3 inhibitory substances (Rifampicin 10 micrograms/ml, Amphotericin B 2 micrograms/ml, 5-Fluorouracil 100 micrograms/ml). The cultured leptospira-strain (Berlin 406) was identified to serogroup level using the cross agglutination method and it was further typed to serovar level by MAB's, factor analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA). MAB typing of Berlin 406 gave an agglutination pattern profile typical of serovar bratislava. Factor serum identification clearly identified this strain as serovar bratislava. On REA examination, Berlin 406 gave a profile identical to that of the serovar bratislava type strain Jez Bratislava i.e. genotype B1. This is the first report of a confirmed isolate of Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava from domestic animals in Germany. There exist a number of possibly important implications as this agent is being incriminated in the cause of clinical disease not only in pigs, but also in horses and dogs in other countries.^0
92395607^Canine leptospirosis. A retrospective study of 17 cases.^199275^J Vet Intern Med 1992 Jul-Aug;6(4):235-44^Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536.^Rentko VT, Clark N, Ross LA, Schelling SH^Seventeen dogs were diagnosed with leptospirosis on the basis of clinical findings, laboratory abnormalities, and serology. This article summarizes and characterizes the historical and physical findings, laboratory data, serology, treatment, and outcome of these dogs. All of the dogs had serologic evidence of infection with interrogans serovars pomona and grippotyphosa. These findings are compared with previous reports of canine infection with Leptospira interrogans serovars icteroaemorrhagiae and canicola. The clinical presentation of these dogs did not correspond to the classic description of the disease in dogs in which concurrent renal and hepatic diseases are present. This may be due to infection with different serovars than those previously reported. In addition, this article suggests that canine leptospirosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with acute or subacute renal failure.^0
92325069^Characterization of the periplasmic flagellum proteins of Leptospira interrogans.^199207^J Bacteriol 1992 Jul;174(14):4761-8^Leptospirosis/Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa.^Trueba GA, Bolin CA, Zuerner RL^The structure and composition of periplasmic flagella (PF) from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki were characterized. Electron microscopic observations showed that leptospiral PF were complex structures composed of an 11.3-nm-diameter core surrounded by two sheath layers with 21.5- and 42-nm diameters. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of isolated PF showed the presence of seven different proteins ranging in mass from 31.5 to 36 kDa. Rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies against PF proteins were prepared and were used to localize specific proteins to portions of the PF structure by immunoelectron microscopy. A 34-kDa protein was associated with the 11.3-nm-diameter core filament, while a 36-kDa protein was associated with a PF sheath (21.5-nm-diameter filament). The amino termini of the 34- and 35.5-kDa proteins were homologous to PF core proteins of other spirochetes. The experimental data suggested that L. interrogans PF contains 2 proteins (34 and 35.5 kDa) in the PF core.^0
92327678^[Results of studies with aborted cattle fetuses]^199207^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1992 Jul 1;117(13):375-9^Stichting Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren in West- en Midden-Nederland, Gouda.^Akkermans JP, Kreeft HJ^The laboratory of the Animal Health Service of South Holland investigated 2410 cases of spontaneous abortion (twins (112) were considered one case). Seventy-eight afterbirths without foetuses were also examined. The aim of the study was not only to find the cause of abortion but also to see whether there was a relation between the results of the different bacteriological, virological and histological tests used. The presence of IgG in the blood of foetuses older than 5 months was also determined. A micro-organism was isolated from 25% of the foetuses. On the basis of results of other tests, it is probable that microbial infection played a role in a further 21% of the abortions. BHV was isolated in 2.5% of the cases. Actinomyces pyogenes was found in 6% of the foetuses and fungi in 3.5%. More infections with Actinomyces pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes and fungi were observed when the cattle were kept indoors. It is emphasised that both foetuses as well as placental membranes should be examined, and both foetuses of twins. In stable enzooties in the Netherlands, the following infections should be taken into consideration: Brucella abortus, BHV, BVD, Chlamydia psittaci and Leptospira hardjo. The authors stress the need for a more standardised approach to research, the more so because the results could have consequences not only for monitoring activities (checks for Br. abortus) but also for liability.^0
92332703^Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of NotI digests of leptospiral DNA: a new rapid method of serovar identification.^199207^J Clin Microbiol 1992 Jul;30(7):1696-702^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Medicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Herrmann JL, Bellenger E, Perolat P, Baranton G, Saint Girons I^Fingerprints for 72 reference serovar strains of pathogenic Leptospira spp. were obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) following NotI restriction digests of the chromosome. These strains included the serovar reference strains of serogroups Australis, Ballum, Bataviae, Grippotyphosa, Panama, Pomona, and Pyrogenes. Sixty-four serovars could be identified by a unique NotI restriction profile. The remaining serovars were differentiated by chromosomal digestion with SgrAI. These included four serovars from serogroup Australis, two serovars from serogroup Ballum, and two serovars from serogroup Bataviae. Thirteen of 18 recent clinical isolates identified by microagglutination test and cross-adsorption procedure were correctly typed by PFGE. The results indicate that PFGE, which is considerably more rapid than serology, should be useful for identification and epidemiological studies.^0
92355368^Idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a calf.^199207^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992 Jul 1;201(1):97-9^Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1089.^Fenger CK, Hoffsis GF, Kociba GJ^Severe anemia was found in a 4-month-old heifer, which was admitted with a 1-day history of anorexia, signs of depression, and recumbency. A diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IHA) was made on the basis of a Coomb's titer of 1:128 and decreased resistance to osmotic stress, as determined by an RBC fragility test. Anaplasmosis and leptospirosis were ruled out as possible causes of the IHA. Other causes of hemolytic anemia, including intoxication by copper, water, Brassica spp, or drugs were ruled out. Therefore the IHA was considered idiopathic. Treatment consisted of supportive therapy, oxytetracycline, and dexamethasone. After 60 days of treatment, CBC, Coomb's test result, and RBC fragility were within normal limits.^0
93069889^Possible effect of pH on the survival of leptospires in cattle urine [see comments]^199207^Vet Rec 1992 Jul 18;131(3):53-4^Teagasc, Moorepark Research and Development Division, Fermoy, County Cork.^Leonard F, Quinn PJ, Ellis WA^^0
93031792^[Ocular manifestations of selected zoonoses in humans]^199208^Tierarztl Prax 1992 Aug;20(4):347-54^Augenklinik mit Poliklinik, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg.^Knorr HL, Weber A^A report is given on the epidemiology and clinical signs of some selected zoonoses that may be of significance for ocular infections in man: brucellosis, leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Newcastle Disease, ornithosis (chlamydiosis), rabies, Streptococcus suis infection, larva migrans ocularis by Toxocara canis or Baylisascaris procyonis, toxoplasmosis and tularemia.^0
92356415^Antigens involved in the human antibody response to natural infections with Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.^199208^J Trop Med Hyg 1992 Aug;95(4):239-45^Adolfo Lutz Institute, Secao de Imunologia, Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Ribeiro MA, Sakata EE, Silva MV, Camargo ED, Vaz AJ, De Brito T^Serum samples from patients with leptospirosis were screened by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), ELISA and by immunoblotting. The latter two tests were performed with L. interrogans serovar copenhageni isolated from human blood culture. Immunoblotting with patients' sera revealed antibodies recognizing several leptospiral components in the molecular weight range 14.5-105 kDa of both IgM and IgG response. All patients' serum samples presented IgM antibodies reacting with a diffuse band of mol. wt of 14.8-22 kDa proteinase-K resistant and most reacted with bands of 26.5-28.7, 38-39 and 43-43.5 kDa. The IgG response appeared to be at variance. Examination of sequential serum samples obtained over a 4-8-month period revealed little change in the profile of antigen recognized after the 40th day of infection. Sera from healthy individuals presented IgM antibodies reacting with several leptospiral antigens, but lacked response against those of diffuse band of 14.8-22 kDa.^0
92397493^Control of Leptospira hardjo infection in beef cattle by whole-herd vaccination.^199208^Vet Rec 1992 Aug 1;131(5):90-2^Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Weybridge.^Little TW, Hathaway SC, Broughton ES, Seawright D^A whole-herd vaccination programme to control Leptospira hardjo infection was applied to a closed herd of approximately 800 beef cattle on the island of Luing in Scotland. An experimental vaccine was produced and the herd was vaccinated annually for five years. Progress was monitored by means of a catalytic model using data for age-specific serological prevalences and geometric mean titres. Any cattle introduced to the herd were subject to antibiotic treatment and quarantine, and at the end of the trial the whole herd was treated prophylactically with antibiotics to minimise the risk of residual infection. There was a progressive right shift in age-specific serological prevalences, and by the end of the trial all young stock entering the breeding herd were seronegative. The age-specific geometric mean titres demonstrated the cessation of an endemic cycle of hardjo infection in the herd. Birth cohort analysis supported the serological evidence of a high level of control, and bacteriological monitoring at the end of the trial indicated that hardjo had been eliminated from the herd.^0
93069905^Experimental infection of pregnant gilts with Leptospira interrogans serovar mozdok.^199208^Vet Rec 1992 Aug 29;131(9):197-9^Bacteriology Department, Laboratorio Nacional de Investigacao Veterinaria, Estrada de Benfica, Lisbon, Portugal.^Rocha T, Vieira RP^Three pregnant gilts were experimentally infected with leptospires of the serovar mozdok, isolated from an aborted pig fetus from a Portuguese pig farm with abortion problems. All the gilts aborted dead or dying piglets on days 105 or 106 of pregnancy. Serovar mozdok was isolated from 12 of the 22 piglets in the three litters. Histological examination of the livers and kidneys of the gilts at the end of the experiment revealed evidence of disease, and leptospires were isolated from their kidneys. Their serological responses up to 42 days after inoculation were monitored by means of a microscopic agglutination test, using 21 antigens from 18 serogroups. Cross reactions to heterologous antigens belonging to the Grippotyphosa, Australis, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Cynopteri groups were observed in all of them.^0
93032714^[Leptospirosis. A disease with non-specific initial symptoms]^199208^Ugeskr Laeger 1992 Aug 31;154(36):2438-9^Hobro Sygehus, Medicinsk afdeling.^Norgard B, Hansen LM, Jensen BF^A case of leptospirosis in a young fish-farm worker is described. Early penicillin therapy was initiated solely on the clinical suspicion of the disease. The importance of recognition of the disease is emphasized together with early institution of penicillin therapy and effective eradication of vermin.^0
93279670^[The production and identification of partial serogroup--specific monoclonal antibodies against leptospires hebdomadis serogroup]^199209^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Sep;23(4):349-52^^Zhang M, Dai B^Hebdomadis is one of the major serogroups found in China. In Sichuan, this serogroup appears to have a close relationship with local outbreak of leptospirosis. BALB/c mice were immunized intrasplenically with outer envelope of serogroup Hendomadis serovar hebdomadis strain 245. Spleen cells were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells, two monoclonal antibodies Af2 and Bb2 were produced by hybridoma technique. McAb Af2 and McAb Bb2 were identified to be IgG1 and IgG3 by immunodiffusion respectively. Specificities of these two McAbs were determined by MAT; both reacted to 8 serovars (hebdomadis, nona, kambale, kremastos, worsfoldi, jules, maruborincana) of Hebdomadis serogroup. The agglutination titres of McAb Af2 and McAb Bb2 were 1:640-1:2,500,000 and 1:320-1:2,500,000, respectively. The two McAbs did not agglutinate with serovar kabura of Hebdomadis serogroup, they did not agglutinate with 11 serovars of Sejroe serogroup, 4 serovars of Mini serogroup, 18 representive serovars of L. interrogans in 18 serogroups, L. biflexa strain Patoc I and Leptonema illini. So it was found that McAb Af2 and McAb Bb2 showed partial serogroup specificity for Hebdomadis by agglutination.^0
93224107^[The detection and analysis of leptospiral DNA in patients' serum of early leptospirosis by polymerase chain reaction and DNA hybridization with digoxigenin-AMPPD]^199209^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Sep;23(3):251-5^WHO/FAO Collabrative and Research Centre of Leptospirosis, Royal Tropical Institute, The Netherlands.^Bao L, Dai B, Gravekamp C, Hartskeerl R, Terpstra W^We have detected and analysed the leptospiral DNA in serum of patients with early Leptospirosis from the epidemic area of China by PCR and DNA hybridization with Digoxigenin (Dig)-3-(2'-Spiroadamantane)-4-methoxy-4- (3"-phosphoryloxy)- phenyl-1,2-dioxetane (AMPPD) to develop a sensitive, specific and reliable technique for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis, and full satisfactory results have obtained. Fourteen serum specimens from patients with leptospirosis proven by blood culture and serological test were prepared according to Boom's methods for PCR test, and oligonucleotide primers, named G1 G2, were obtained from a genomic library of leptospira interrogans. PCR amplification with serum specimens was performed. Each cycle of amplification consisted of denaturation at 94 degrees C for 1 min, annealing at 55 degrees C for 1 min and elongation at 72 degrees C for 2 min. Each sample was subjected to 32 cycles. The amplified DNA were separated by electrophoresis with 2% agarose gel and hybridized with the homologous DNA probe labelling with Dig-AMPPD by means of Southern blotting. All of 14 samples revealed the presence of leptospira and the strong signals were visualized with homologous DNA probe hybridization by Southern blotting. Negative and positive controls appeared correctly. The DNA fragment generated from PCR amplification homologically hybridized with the DNA of 16 strains which are from Yasudas' genomic species and represent the different genomic groups of leptospires. The single recognized band (about 400 bps) from 6 out of the 16 strains has come out which are representative of the principal strains in Sichuan, China.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
93224108^[Detection of leptospiral DNA in the serum of 175 patients with early leptospirosis by polymerase chain reaction]^199209^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Sep;23(3):256-60^^Zhang Y, Dai B^We have developed a sensitive assay for leptospira, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On the basis of the published nucleotides sequence of 23S rRNA gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton, primers were chosen to produce an amplified fragment of 123 bp. Primer A: 5'GAT CTA ATT CGC TGT AGC AGG3' and primer B: 5'ACT TTC ACC CTC TAT GGT CGG3' Eight different svs. of Leptospira interrogans could all be detected by PCR, but the DNAs from L. biflexa. Leptonema bacteria, virus and human could not produce the specific amplified fragment. The assay detected approximately 10 fg of purified leptospiral DNA and 1 microliter serum of experimental animal. Positive results were obtained from simulated positive samples containing a single organism leptospiral DNA. The diagnostic test (proved by "gold standards": Clinical diagnosis; blood culture and MAT) showed that the sensitivity was 92.00%; the specificity 94.35%; the accuracy 92.54%; the positive predictive value 98.17%; the negative predictive value 78.13%; the positive likelihood ratio 16.25; and the negative likelihood ratio 0.0848. The diagnosis of early leptospirosis by using PCR may become a significant addition to diagnostic means.^0
93233557^[The use of Wald's sequential alternative analysis for the differential diagnosis of trichinelliasis and leptospirosis in the initial period of the disease]^199275^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1992 Sep-Dec;(5-6):21-3^^Ambalov IuM, Barinova KhG, Usatkin AV, Dotsenko VA^^0
93279671^[Marking and detection of DNA of leptospires in the dot-blot and situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled probes]^199209^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992 Sep;23(4):353-7^^Zhang Y, Dai B^DNA of Leptospira interrogans sv. lai strain 017 was labelled with digoxigenin or alpha 32P or biotin and used as probes to detect DNA of leptospires. Probes labelled with digoxigenin were able to detect 0.1-1 pg of homologous DNA and 10(2) of L. interrogans sv. lai strain 017. Probes alpha 32P and biotin detected 1 pg and 10 pg of homologous DNA and 10(3), 5 x 10(3) of L. interrogans sv. lai strain 017 respectively. These three probes couldn't detect L. biflexa sv. patoc strain Patoc I, L. illini strain 3055, Escherichia coli. Bacillus aerogenes capsulalus, Salmonella anatis, K-DNA of Leishmania, and of human WBC. Comparison of digoxigenin-, alpha 32P- and Biotin-labelled probes in the dot-blot hybridization assay on different serogroup sv. of leptospires revealed that digoxigenin-labelled probes were more sensitive than alpha 32P and biotin-labelled probes. The results indicate that digoxigenin-labelled probes DNA can be used for detection of leptospires in field and clinic. We also report procedures in situ hybridization with leptospira in tissues smear and plasma sediment of an experimentally infected guinea pig. It offers the advantage of recognizable of leptospiral morphology in combination with a hybridization signals. The results indicate that digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes of 017 strain might provide tool for routine diagnosis and classification in cases of leptospiral interrogans infection.^0
94084184^Weil's disease after a rat bite.^199209^Eur J Med 1992 Sep;1(5):315-6^Medizinische und Chirurgische Klinik, Zieglerspital, Bern, Switzerland.^Cerny A, Ettlin D, Betschen K, Berchtold E, Hottinger S, Neftel KA^^0
94098159^[The early diagnosis of leptospirosis by demonstrating antigens via an immunohistochemical exam of the hamstring muscle]^199275^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992 Sep-Oct;34(5):375-81^Divisao de Clinica de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo.^Uip DE, Amato Neto V, Duarte MS^Establishing an early and certain diagnosis of leptospirosis has been a difficult task. So, we analysed the histopathological alterations of the gastrocnemius muscle, and studied, for the first time, the usefulness of the immune histochemical method of peroxidase- antiperoxidase for the demonstration of the spirochete and of its products in this tissue. Histopathological observations have shown a picture of myositis, characterized by interstitial inflammatory infiltrate and necrotic-degenerative abnormalities of muscle fibers. The lesions were considered minimal in 69.45% of the patients, moderate in 19.45%, severe in 5.55% and absent in the remaining. On the other hand, the immune histochemical method identified the etiology in 94.45% what was considered very expressive.^0
93016756^Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Leptospira spp. in clinical samples.^199209^J Clin Microbiol 1992 Sep;30(9):2219-24^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Medicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Merien F, Amouriaux P, Perolat P, Baranton G, Saint Girons I^A sensitive assay for Leptospira spp., the causative agent of leptospirosis, was developed on the basis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A 331-bp sequence from the Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola rrs (16S) gene was amplified, and the PCR products were analyzed by DNA-DNA hybridization by using a 289-bp fragment internal to the amplified DNA. Specific PCR products also were obtained with DNA from the closely related nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa but not with DNA from other spirochetes, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia hermsii, Treponema denticola, Treponema pallidum, Spirochaeta aurantia, or more distant organisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Proteus mirabilis. The assay was able to detect as few as 10 bacteria. Leptospira DNA was detected in urine from experimentally infected mice. In addition, the test was found to be suitable for diagnosing leptospirosis in humans. Cerebrospinal fluid and urine from patients with leptospirosis were positive, whereas samples from control uninfected patients were negative.^0
93050078^Evaluation of an immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in Italy.^199209^Eur J Epidemiol 1992 Sep;8(5):677-82^Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita degli Studi, Trieste, Italy.^Cinco M, Balanzin D, Banfi E^An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was assessed to detect in humans IgM and IgG against the main serogroups/serovars of Leptospira present in Italy. Sonicated antigens from strain Wijnberg, serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Riccio 2, serogroup Australis, were used in ELISA and the results were compared to microagglutination test (MAT). IgM were confirmed to be the predominant class of antibodies; the total sensitivity obtained by Wijnberg/ELISA with the sera of patients infected by different serogroups was 81.5% in relation to MAT, better sensitivity was achieved by the use of Riccio 2/ELISA; no reaction occurred with the control sera. Cross-reactivity was noted with some sera of patients with Lyme disease (IgM) and with few sera of patients with autoimmune disease (IgM and IgG). To improve the sensitivity of the ELISA both antigens Wijnberg and Riccio 2 must be employed in the immunoenzymatic assay, since serogroup Australis must be considered as a new emerging serogroup causing human leptospirosis in our country.^0
93118146^First evidence of leptospirosis in Vanuatu.^199275^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992 Sep-Oct;86(5):557-9^Leptospira Laboratory, Institute Pasteur de Nouvelle Caledonie, Noumea, New Caledonia.^Perolat P, Reeve PA^The clinical picture of leptospirosis is often confusing and biological confirmation with reference tests (microagglutination test or isolation of the organism) is not usually possible in tropical countries where the disease remains undiagnosed. We report here the first human cases of leptospirosis in Vanuatu (South Pacific), which occurred during the 1989-1990 epidemic of dengue, and discuss the differential diagnosis of the 2 diseases.^0
93118147^Immunodiagnosis of human leptospirosis using saliva.^199275^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992 Sep-Oct;86(5):560-1^Secao de Sorologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil.^da Silva MV, Dias Camargo E, Vaz AJ, Batista L^When the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of specific immunoglobulin M class antibodies was applied to paired saliva and serum samples from 40 patients with leptospirosis, positivity was 87.5% and 100%, respectively. No positive result was obtained with any saliva or serum sample from 60 individuals used as controls. These results suggest the alternative use of saliva for diagnosis and for epidemiological studies of human leptospirosis.^0
92406018^Chemotaxis of Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and other acidophilic chemolithotrophs: comparison with the Escherichia coli chemosensory system.^199209^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992 Sep 1;75(1):37-42^Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.^Acuna J, Rojas J, Amaro AM, Toledo H, Jerez CA^Ni2+, Fe2+ and Cu2+ were attractants and aspartate was an apparent repellent for Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, a behaviour opposite to that for Escherichia coli. Membranes from L. ferrooxidans contained proteins with a molecular mass in the range of 80 kDa which were methylated in vitro. Methylation was stimulated in the presence of a membrane-free extract from E. coli, showing the response pattern expected for L. ferrooxidans, increased methylation by Ni2+, and demethylation by aspartate. This suggests the existence of sensory transducers having a common methylation domain with the E. coli methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Total chromosomal DNA digests from L. ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans hybridized with probes containing different domains of the tar gene from E. coli, implying the presence of tar type genes in the acidophilic bacteria studied.^0
93189435^[Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of leptospirosis with reference to personal observations]^199209^Pol Tyg Lek 1992 Sep 7-14;47(36-37):796-7^Kliniki Chorob Zakaznych AM, Bydgoszczy.^Halota W, Lapniewska E, Opoka J^^0
92395063^Leptospirosis in aseptic meningitis [letter; comment]^199209^Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1992 Sep 30;27(9A):19^^Scully WE^^0
94052881^[Anti-Leptospira agglutinins in different professional groups in the city of Londrina, Parana]^199275^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1992 Oct-Dec;25(4):251-5^Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.^Vasconcelos LM, Cisalpino EO, Vieira MN, Koury MC^Serum samples were obtained from 208 individuals in Londrina, Parana, Brazil. The serum were analysed for leptospiral agglutinins by agglutination microscopic tests and 28.4% were positive. The highest positivity was found for the serum of garbage collector (46.7%).^0
94052883^[Hemoptysis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome as the causes of death in leptospirosis. Changes in the clinical and anatomicopathological patterns]^199275^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1992 Oct-Dec;25(4):261-70^Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro.^Goncalves AJ, de Carvalho JE, Guedes e Silva JB, Rozembaum R, Vieira AR^Human leptospirosis, one of the main urban endemics/epidemics in Brazil, has dramatically grown in the last three decades, especially after floods caused by summer rains. This presentation describes recent changes in the clinical patterns of this pathology in our region, expressed by the emergence of massive haemoptysis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, or both conditions associated. The evident changes in the respiratory structures emerged as a serious life threat and death mechanisms, becoming the main cause of death in leptospirosis among us because of their high incidence. This new face of the disease demands a revision of current concepts about its seriousness and raises speculations about the pathogenesis of such alterations.^0
93041199^Detection of leptospiral antigen (L. interrogans serovar copenhageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae) by immunoelectron microscopy in the liver and kidney of experimentally infected guinea-pigs.^199210^Int J Exp Pathol 1992 Oct;73(5):633-42^Department of Pathology, Hospital das Clinicas, S. Paulo, Brazil.^De Brito T, Prado MJ, Negreiros VA, Nicastri AL, Sakata EE, Yasuda PH, Santos RT, Alves VA^Guinea-pigs were experimentally infected with L. interrogans serovar copenhageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae and their liver and kidney were studied by immunoelectron microscopy using the post embedding indirect immunogold labelling technique. Primary antibody was a purified rabbit anti-serum produced against the same leptospiral strain used in the inoculum. Gold-labelled leptospiral antigen (LAg) was found close to cell membranes of hepatocytes, kidney tubular cells and endothelial cells of the interstitial capillaries of the kidney. Afterwards it was internalized by hepatic and tubular cells, and eventually found in lysosomes. Phagolysosomes of Kupffer cells were also found to contain remnants of degraded leptospires and gold- labelled LAg. Gold-labelled intact leptospires were detected at the enlarged intercellular spaces between hepatocytes at the areas of hepatic cell plate disarray, showing the potential for leptospiral migration during the septicaemic phase of the disease potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of the lesions. The affinity of leptospiral antigenic material for cell membranes suggests an initial interaction with cell surface proteins followed by its internalization and cell damage. The nature of antigenic material detected, however, remains undefined; it may be a toxin, an enzyme or any other factor/s involved in leptospiral virulence.^0
93047825^Epidemiology of an outbreak of leptospirosis in man and dog.^199210^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1992 Oct;15(4):243-7^Department of Preventive Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India.^Venkataraman KS, Nedunchelliyan S^An outbreak of leptospirosis in man and dog occurred during the monsoon in Madras city, India. 48 (50.5%) of the 95 human sera tested were positive for leptospirosis. Of these, 32 showed the presence of agglutinin to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. 20 (21.3%) of the 94 canine sera tested were positive for leptospirosis. Of these, 10 had agglutinins to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and 9 to serovar canicola. Among murine reservoirs, 8 (25%) of 32 rat sera and 10 (41.6%) of 24 bandicoot sera were positive. Bandicoot and rat sera contained 70 and 50% of agglutinins to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, respectively. Urine culture lead to isolate a icterohaemorrhagiae strain from a patient and a canicola one from a dog. The changing trends of epidemiology in the transmission of leptospirosis to man and dog has been discussed.^0
93069964^C3 fixed in vivo to cornea from horses inoculated with Leptospira interrogans.^199210^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992 Oct;34(1-2):181-7^Lab. Inmunoquimica y Biotecnologia, Facultad Cs. Veterinarias, Univ. Nac. del Centro PBA, Tandil, Argentina.^Parma AE, Cerone SI, Sansinanea SA, Ghezzi M^C3 was detected bound in vivo to the opaque cornea of horses inoculated with killed Leptospira interrogans. Employing epithelial corneal cells isolated from a monolayer in tissue culture, we proved that C3 is fixed in vitro to the intact cell surface after incubation with a fresh equine anti-Leptospira serum. These findings, in addition to the infiltration of cornea with neutrophils and lymphocytes, may explain the mechanisms of tissue damage in recurrent uveitis of horses with leptospirosis.^0
93085655^Leptospirosis [letter]^199210^J R Army Med Corps 1992 Oct;138(3):151-2^^Finnegan TP^^0
93085656^Leptospirosis--a cause for concern? [letter]^199210^J R Army Med Corps 1992 Oct;138(3):152^^Leary BD^^0
93088530^Immunoblotting study of the antigenic relationships among eight serogroups of Leptospira.^199210^Vet Microbiol 1992 Oct;32(3-4):293-303^National Veterinary School of Nantes, France.^Gitton X, Andre-Fontaine G, Andre F, Ganiere JP^Seven strains of Leptospira interrogans belonging to seven different serogroups, and one strain of Leptospira biflexa were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with gradient gels and immunoblotting with hyperimmune rabbit sera raised against each strain. The molecular masses of the proteins were calculated with a polynomial regression model. The SDS-PAGE patterns of the L. interrogans strains were similar and characterized by 24 common bands. This profile was not found for L. biflexa. The immunoblots obtained either with the seven anti-L. interrogans sera or the anti-L. biflexa serum allowed a clear distinction between the two species. Taken as a whole, the L. interrogans strain patterns revealed by the seven anti-L. interrogans sera were similar, sharing eight common major bands. A serovar- or serogroup-specific antigenic zone, ranging from 21 to 26 kDa, was also identified.^0
93116169^Diseases, parasites and survival of coyotes in south-central Georgia.^199210^J Wildl Dis 1992 Oct;28(4):572-80^School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.^Holzman S, Conroy MJ, Davidson WR^Serologic testing, radio-telemetry and post-mortem diagnostic evaluations were used to investigate survival and causes of mortality among 17 coyotes (Canis latrans) in south-central Georgia (USA). Prevalence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) microfilariae was lower (P = 0.057) among fall-captured (22%) than among winter-captured (75%) coyotes. Prevalence of heartworm was higher among adults than juveniles in the fall, but no significant difference was detected between animals captured in winter. Antibodies were found against canine parvovirus (65%), canine parainfluenza virus (59%), infectious canine hepatitis virus (41%), and Toxoplasma gondii (18%). Antibodies were not found to Brucella canis, canine coronavirus, five serovars of Leptospira interrogans, or canine distemper virus. Seroprevalence of canine parvovirus was lower (P = 0.009) among fall-captured animals (33%) than winter-captured animals (100%). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of annual survival was 0.500 for all animals. Juvenile survival did not differ (P = 0.79) from adult survival, but male survival (S = 0.217) was lower (P = 0.11) than female survival (S = 0.804). Two of nine (22%) mortalities were human-caused, one was due to concurrent canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus infections, one animal died of trauma, two were considered natural mortalities of unknown cause, and no cause of death could be determined for the remaining three animals. Natural mortality may be significant for coyotes in south-central Georgia, although there was no apparent link between exposure to pathogens and the animals' subsequent fate in our small sample.^0
93136555^The chemiluminescent detection of leptospiral antigen.^199210^Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 1992 Oct;277(3):300-8^WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Research and Reference on Leptospirosis County Hospital, Hereford, England.^Palmer M, Hookey J^The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using enhanced chemiluminescence for the rapid detection of leptospiral antigen (L. interrogans serovar hardjo) in biological fluids, and to assess the suitability of such an assay for the early diagnosis of human leptospiral infections. The limit of detection for homologous antigen in phosphate buffered saline was 9 x 10(4) leptospires/ml. In human blood the sensitivity remained unchanged throughout the sampling time, (1.8 x 10(5) leptospires/ml), but decreased with time in human urine. The assay did not cross-react with other members of the Leptospira interrogans species, was unaffected by the presence of biological fluids but the sensitivity was reduced by contaminating bacteria. The assay was both rapid and sensitive, when compared with current cultural techniques, and offers a potentially valuable aid to the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.^0
93088476^Development of a control strategy for Leptospira hardjo infection in a closed beef herd.^199210^Vet Rec 1992 Oct 24;131(17):383-6^Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Addlestone, Surrey.^Little TW, Hathaway SC, Boughton ES, Seawright D^Serological evidence of infection with a leptospire belonging to the Sejroe serogroup was identified in a closed population of Luing cattle in the west of Scotland, and the geographical isolation of the population presented an opportunity to control and possibly eradicate the infection in a large beef herd farmed under extensive conditions. Serological and bacteriological studies revealed that infection was present at a high level throughout the herd, and that the infecting serovar was hardjo. Unlike endemic hardjo infection in dairy herds, new infections were still occurring in older age-groups. Investigations of other domestic and free-living species sharing the habitat demonstrated that the maintenance of an endemic focus of hardjo was restricted to the cattle. Changes in management to prevent the transmission of infection to successive cohorts of young animals were impractical and risky, and antibiotic treatment followed by removal to clean pasture failed to prevent new cases. Thus vaccination offered the only means of control and possible eradication, and the epidemiological characteristics of the infection dictated that the programme be applied to the whole herd.^0
93054010^Renal dysfunction associated with infection of Leptospira interrogans in a horse.^199211^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992 Nov 1;201(9):1391-2^Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853.^Divers TJ, Byars TD, Shin SJ^Renal failure associated with infection of Leptospira interrogans was detected in a horse. Fever, leukocytosis, pyuria, isosthenuria, and azotemia were suggestive of an inflammatory urinary tract disease. Despite persistent pyuria, no bacteria were found during routine microscopic examinations or bacteriologic culturing of urine. A fluorescent antibody examination of the urine was positive for L interrogans. Serologic testing during a 6-month period, supported an acute infection with L interrogans serovar pomona. Treatment with intravenously administered fluids and antimicrobials resulted in clinical recovery. Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona has been reported as causing fever, uveitis, or abortion in horses.^0
93076259^Stillbirths, mummies, abortions, and early embryonic death.^199211^Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1992 Nov;8(3):623-39^Department of Clinical and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul.^Christianson WT^Stillbirths, mummies, abortions, and early embryonic death have a substantial impact on the profitability of a farm in both endemic and epidemic conditions. Fetal death is highly dependent on stage of gestation. Implantation occurs around day 14 postmating in sows, and fetal death of an entire litter at this time usually results in a regular return to service. If more than four embryos remain alive, the sow may go on to farrow normally. If fetal death occurs after implantation but before calcification (around 35 days gestation), the sow will either return to estrus at an irregular interval or will farrow a normal litter of reduced size. Although fetuses are normally resorbed prior to calcification, fetal death after that stage of development leads to mummification. Abortions are more directly related to maternal control of pregnancy than fetal failure. Stillbirths are those pigs that appear normal at birth but have lungs that do not float in water. Causes of fetal death can be divided into infectious and noninfectious categories. Infectious causes perhaps are overemphasized but are certainly important in epidemic situations. Some infectious causes of fetal death are primarily systemic maternal pathogens, whereas others may attack the fetus and/or placenta, directly such as PPV, PEV, PRV, SIRS virus, and Leptospira sp. Several other infectious agents have been associated with fetal death. Noninfectious causes of stillborns, mummies, abortions, and early embryonic death are most common in endemic situations. Most stillbirths are due to difficulty at or around parturition, primarily extended duration causing fetal anoxia. Environmental factors such as increased ambient temperature and seasonal infertility affect death rates, as do specific individual sow characteristics, nutritional factors, and toxicities. The causes of stillborns, mummies, abortions, and early embryonic death are often difficult to ascertain, but the potential rewards make investigation efforts worthwhile.^0
93103178^Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of inoculating cattle with a vaccine containing Tritrichomonas foetus.^199211^Am J Vet Res 1992 Nov;53(11):2023-7^School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, University of Nevada, Reno 98557.^Kvasnicka WG, Hanks D, Huang JC, Hall MR, Sandblom D, Chu HJ, Chavez L, Acree WM^To test the efficacy of a polyvalent Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine, 130 nulliparous heifers were randomly assigned to either receive the test T foetus vaccine or to serve as nonvaccinated controls. The polyvalent test vaccine consisted of a Campylobacter fetus/Leptospira canicola- grippotyphosa-hardjo-icterohaemorrhagiae-pamona bacterine containing 5 x 10(7) killed T foetus/dose. The polyvalent control vaccine consisted of the aforementioned formulation without T foetus. Heifers were administered 2 doses of control or experimental vaccine at 3-week intervals. Heifers were bred to T foetus-infected bulls and their conception and pregnancy rates were determined throughout gestation. In addition, serum samples were analyzed to determine induced concentrations of antitrichomonal antibodies and vaginal secretions were sampled to determine T foetus infection rates in control and vaccinated animals. One week after each of the 15-day breeding periods, 60% (6 of 10) of tested vaccinates and 80% (8 of 10) of tested control animals were T foetus culture-positive. The mean duration of infection of vaccinates was 3.8 weeks (+/- 7.5 days), compared with 5.4 weeks (+/- 7.5 days) of infection for control heifers. All vaccinates developed increased immunofluorescence and serum neutralizing antibody titers following the first immunization, and had additional increases of at least fourfold in response to the second injection. In contrast, no consistent increase in immunofluorescence or serum neutralizing antibodies was observed in control animals. Conception rates were 89.2% for vaccinates and 85.9% for control animals 30 days after breeding and 80 to 90% of these remained pregnant 60 days after breeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
93111921^[Seroepidemiological studies of the detection of leptospires of the sejroe group in cattle in middle Thuringia]^199211^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1992 Nov 1;105(11):374-7^Institut fur Veterinarwesen, Bad Langensalza.^Lange S^From 1983 to 1989 14,361 head of cattle from the middle Thuringia region were investigated by means of microagglutination test for the presence of Leptospira serovars hardjo, saxkoebing and sejroe. 4,484 samples from cattle with abortion (1983-1985) and a random sample of 5,284 cattle sera (1985) were investigated giving priority to L. hardjo. Furthermore 3,293 samples from cattle with abortion (1986/87) and a random samples test of 1,300 cattle sera (1989) were tested giving priority to L. saxkoebing. 2.5 percent of the cows having aborted and 10.3 percent of cattle tested out of the whole livestock showed antibodies against L. hardjo. The test for presence of L. saxkoebing demonstrated in cattle with abortion a seroprevalence of 14 percent and in the random samples tests a portion of reagents of 11.3 percent. The degree of infection differed regionally, the highest degree was found in livestocks of the northern part of the Thuringia forest. The prevalence of L. saxkoebing in cattle with abortion from large dairy farms was 18.6 percent, which is higher than the average in the region examined. Antibodies against hardjo and sejroe were interpreted as caused by cross reactivity.^0
93088490^Duration of urinary excretion of leptospires by cattle naturally or experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^199211^Vet Rec 1992 Nov 7;131(19):435-9^Moorepark Research and Development Centre, Fermoy, County Cork.^Leonard FC, Quinn PJ, Ellis WA, O'Farrell K^The excretion of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the urine of cattle was studied in naturally and experimentally infected animals. Five of 15 naturally infected animals with microscopic agglutination test titres of > or = 1:300 shed leptospires for between 28 and 40 weeks. Twenty yearling heifers, experimentally infected by either the supraconjunctival or intrauterine routes, shed leptospires for from eight to 60 weeks; the 10 infected via the uterus shed L interrogans serovar hardjo for a mean of 26 weeks (range eight to 54 weeks) and the 10 infected by the supraconjunctival route shed the organism for a mean of 32 weeks (range 12 to 60 weeks). The results suggest that natural infection results in more prolonged excretion than experimental infection. No intermittent or seasonal excretion of the organism was observed. After the initial experimental infection, large numbers of leptospires were shed in the urine for several weeks, and thereafter there was a progressive decline in the number of organisms shed.^0
93119151^Uncultivated cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus-like inhabitants, and spirochete-like inhabitants of a hot spring microbial mat.^199212^Appl Environ Microbiol 1992 Dec;58(12):3964-9^Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717.^Weller R, Bateson MM, Heimbuch BK, Kopczynski ED, Ward DM^Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences retrieved as cDNA (16S rcDNA) from the Octopus Spring cyanobacterial mat has permitted phylogenetic characterization of some uncultivated community members, expanding our knowledge or diversity within this microbial community. Two new cyanobacterial 16S rRNA sequences were discovered, raising to four the number of cyanobacterial sequence types known to occur in the mat. None of the sequences found is that of the cultivated thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus lividus. A new 16S rRNA sequence characteristic of green nonsulfur bacteria and their relatives was discovered, raising to two the number of such sequences known to exist in the mat. Both are unique among the 16S rRNA sequences of cultivated members of this group, including an Octopus Spring isolate of Chloroflexus aurantiacus and Heliothrix oregonensis, whose sequences we report herein. Two spirochete-like 16S rRNA sequences were discovered. One can be placed in the leptospira subdivision of the spirochete group, but the other has such a loose affiliation with the spirochete group that it might actually belong to an as yet unrecognized subdivision or even to a new eubacterial line of descent.^0
93120837^Leptospiral antigens in the liver of experimentally infected guinea pig and their relation to the morphogenesis of liver damage.^199212^Exp Toxicol Pathol 1992 Dec;44(7):425-34^Department of Pathology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz (S. Paulo Health Service), Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil.^Alves VA, Gayotto LC, De Brito T, Santos RT, Wakamatsu A, Vianna MR, Sakata EE^In order to investigate the morphogenes of experimental leptospirosis by morphologic and immunohistologic methods, 24 guinea-pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. They were divided in 6 groups, sacrificed from the 1st to the 6th day of infection. Semiquantitative analyses of histopathological liver lesions were performed in 1 micron sections of tissue embedded in glycol-methacrylate. The distribution of leptospiral antigen (L. Ag) and its glycolipoprotein (GLP) was demonstrated by peroxidase-antiperoxidase on paraffin embedded tissue. Significant lesions appeared at the 4th day of infection, progressing to a peak on the 6th day. Inflammation was associated with injury of the portal triad. Liver cells showed either swelling or acidophilic degeneration and necrosis, together with loss of cell cohesion, leading to disarray of liver cell plates. Mitochondria were found progressively enlarged and irregularly distributed. L. Ag expression was parallel to the morphological changes. Portal distribution was significant at the 4th day and on later stages centrilobular localization became predominant. Spiral forms suggestive of intact leptospires were initially found but, chiefly at the 6th day, L. Ag was seen in granules, probably resulting from phagocytosis. GLP staining was similar to granular L. Ag in morphology, and distribution. Cytokeratin condensation was seen in liver cells with acidophilic necrosis and was marked in areas of disorganization of cell plates. Our findings lead us to hypothesize a direct leptospiral cytotoxic effect on endothelial and on liver-cell membranes. At first, leptospires themselves would induce subcellular changes acting mainly on membrane permeability. Afterwards, their granular forms, including GLP, would act as adjuvant factors. These findings demonstrate that the disarray of liver cell plates at the late phase of the disease is genuine.^0
93290842^Assay for measuring relative potency of leptospiral bacterins containing serovar pomona.^199212^Biologicals 1992 Dec;20(4):259-66^National Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010.^Ruby KW, Cardella MA, Knudtson WU^An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantitation of leptospiral antigen in bacterins containing Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki. A monoclonal antibody (MAb), 2D7, which is directed against a surface antigen on whole cells of L. interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki, was used in the assay. The capture of antigen in bacterins by a polyclonal antiserum was followed by the addition of the 2D7 ascites fluid, an anti-mouse conjugate and substrate. Biologicals evaluated with this system included preparations containing type kennewicki antigen (homologous) and those not containing type kennewicki antigen (heterologous). Heterologous bacterins gave optical density (OD) values comparable to those of blank wells. Homologous bacterins yielded OD values equal to or greater than those of the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) reference pomona bacterin. The relative potencies (RP) of 84 licensed commercial Leptospira pomona bacterin serials were evaluated against the NVSL reference pomona bacterin using the NVSL Relative Potency computer program. Random samples of 1, 2, 3 and 5 ml dose products were selected for evaluation with this system. All products tested passed the hamster potency assay required for leptospiral bacterins. This ELISA system enables detection of antigen in bacterins containing L. interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki and demonstrates the potential for in vitro testing of leptospiral bacterins.^0
93344556^Advances in research on leptospira and human leptospirosis in China.^199212^Chin Med Sci J 1992 Dec;7(4):239-43^Research Unit of Leptospirosis, West China University of Medical Sciences, Chengdu.^Dai B^Leptospirosis exists in 26 of 30 provinces (exclusive of Taiwan province) in China. Up to now, a total of 18 serogroups and 70 serovars of pathogenic leptospires have been identified, including 35 serovars first found in China. A great deal of work has gone into the study of the leptospires and leptospirosis, and the present paper reviews these works, concentrating on serovar lai (the major serovar in China) and pulmonary diffuse hemorrhage (PDH), a traumatic consequence of leptospirosis.^0
93077435^Scattering of the rRNA genes on the physical map of the circular chromosome of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae.^199212^J Bacteriol 1992 Dec;174(23):7566-71^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Medicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Baril C, Herrmann JL, Richaud C, Margarita D, Girons IS^Leptospira interrogans is a pathogenic bacterium with a low G+C content (34 to 39%). The restriction enzymes NotI, AscI, and SrfI cut the chromosome of L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae into 13, 3, and 5 fragments separable by one- and two-dimensional pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The genome is composed of a circular 4.6-Mbp chromosome and a 0.35-Mbp extrachromosomal element. A physical map of the chromosome was constructed for NotI, AscI, and SrfI by using single and double digests, or partial NotI digests obtained at random or by cross-protection of NotI sites by FnuDII methylase, and linking clones. rRNA genes were found to be widely scattered on the chromosome.^0
93104381^[Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. Detection of a case in an urban health center (letter)]^199212^Aten Primaria 1992 Dec;10(9):1053-4^^Herrer Castejon A, Chueca Rodriguez C, Pueyo Salavera C, Arbues Palacios J^^0
95099078^[Human leptospirosis behavior in Cuba]^199301^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1993;45(1):32-41^Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri.^Martinez Sanchez R, Cruz de La Paz R, Lopez Acosta C^A description is made of the antecedents of human leptospirosis in Cuba and the behavior of the disease from 1981. An analysis with regards lethality and incidence during the five-year period 1986-1990 was carried out; the most affected provinces, the months of highest occurrence, and the most hazardous occupations, are listed. The present situation of human leptospirosis in Cuba is described and recommendations are provided.^0
95099086^[Evaluation of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique for the serologic diagnosis of leptospirosis]^199301^Rev Cubana Med Trop 1993;45(1):67-71^Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri.^Obregon Fuentes AM, Lopez Acosta C, Perez Herrera C^The counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technic was assessed for leptospirosis serological diagnosis by using an antigenic preparation from Leptospira biflexa Patoc I strain. It was showed that the CIE technic had 82% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The antigen used showed a gender-specific reactivity on detecting antibodies in patients infected by different leptospirosis serogroups by microagglutination test. Antigen stability for CIE technic was 6 months without loss of titre.^0
94287848^Comparative pathogenicity study of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona strains.^199301^Acta Vet Hung 1993;41(3-4):315-24^Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, Hungary.^Nagy G^The comparative pathogenicity study of two Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona strains isolated from pig herds of different epizootiological status is reported. Using monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), the isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. The results obtained for the reference strain of L. pomona were identical with those of the two isolates, with the exception of monoclonal serum designated 61-7, which gave a 1:30 titre with the reference strain. In a pig herd comprising 1,000 sows, strain XVIII caused abortion in 300 animals. In the hamster pathogenicity test, this strain killed the hamsters on postinoculation (PI) days 5 or 6. The pathogen was reisolated from their organs. Strain XV did not cause abortion in a herd of 600 sows; it only elicited seroconversion in a proportion of the animals (26 out of 274 blood samples were positive, corresponding to a seropositivity rate of 9.5%). This strain did not kill the hamsters and could be demonstrated from their organs neither by isolation nor by histological examination. The blood serum of two pregnant sows infected with strain XVIII contained high titres of antibodies (1:1,600 and 1:3,200) already on PI day 10. The first urine sample of these animals, taken on PI day 10, also contained large numbers of leptospires. The pathogen was reisolated from urine samples taken at 10-day intervals and from the kidneys of the slaughtered sows. One of the two infected sows delivered four non-viable and a viable piglet. From the kidneys of the non-viable piglets, leptospires were demonstrated by histological examination. In contrast, none of the four pregnant sows inoculated with strain XV aborted. The sows did not produce antibodies detectable by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The pathogen could not be isolated from urine samples and from kidney samples taken from the sows at slaughter. Histological demonstration of leptospires from the sows' kidneys also failed.^0
94346069^[Leptospira infection under the natural conditions of the environs of Saint Petersburg]^199375^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1993 Jan-Feb;(1):28-33^^Daiter AB, Shibalov VA, Stoianova NA, Sleptsova VI, Semenovich VN^The existence of valent natural foci of leptospirosis, stable and polyhostal, under the conditions of urban agglomerations has been established. In an intensively urbanized landscape, the foci of mixed (natural and anthropic) type can be found. Depending on the character of microlandscape in a given zone, the main hosts of leptospires are different species of small mammals in whose populations, as a rule, the circulation of at least three Leptospira species is observed. Introduction of the 'carriership index' will help determine the role of different species of small mammals as the potential source of leptospires in the foci, as well as the proportion of different circulating Leptospira species and their zonal distribution.^0
93151373^Infections in an Alpine environment: antibodies to hantaviruses, leptospira, rickettsiae, and Borrelia burgdorferi in defined Italian populations.^199301^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993 Jan;48(1):20-5^Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.^Nuti M, Amaddeo D, Crovatto M, Ghionni A, Polato D, Lillini E, Pitzus E, Santini GF^From 1987 to 1991, a seroepidemiologic survey for antibodies to hantaviruses, leptospira, rickettsiae, and Borrelia was conducted in selected Italian population groups. In the mountainous areas of northeastern Italy, the prevalence of antibody to hantaviruses, as detected by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay, was 7.1%, 4.8%, 4.3%, and 4% in 265 forestry workers, 82 rangers, 395 farmers, and 75 hunters, respectively. Among 299 Alpine soldiers, the prevalence was lower (0.7%). Of those with Hantaan antibody, the reactivity pattern using Hantaan, Puumala, and Fojnica viruses suggested a prevalence of antibody to Hantaan virus, with titers reaching levels of 128. The presence of leptospiral antibodies (by microagglutination test), which included the prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, L. bratislava, and L. saxkoening serotypes, was observed in 10-12% of the farmers and forestry workers in these Alpine mountain regions. Only a few sporadic clinical cases of leptospirosis have been reported from these regions. Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi (by IFA) were observed in 19% of the rangers and forestry workers, with lower values in farmers (10%) and hunters (8%). These data suggest the presence of a large number of asymptomatic infections with B. burgdorferi and the leptospires in the densely wooded areas of the Alpine Italian regions. Furthermore, the recent identification of a case of Hantaan acute nephropathy in a man living in the mountainous northeastern area of Italy confirms the presence of hantavirus in the Italian Alpine zones, especially those near the Slovenian border.^0
93317999^Diversity of ribosomal DNA fingerprints of Leptospira serovars provides a database for subtyping and species assignation.^199301^Res Microbiol 1993 Jan;144(1):5-15^Laboratoire des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Noumea.^Perolat P, Lecuyer I, Postic D, Baranton G^Ribosomal DNA fingerprints from 103 pathogenic Leptospira strains were examined using EcoRI restriction and fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA genes. Sixty-nine new leptospiral ribotypes were described, in addition to 49 previously observed. Except for 5 strains, a good correlation between DNA homology data and ribotyping was observed. The genospecies of 31 reference strains could be presumed, since they shared 13 ribotypes with strain(s) previously studied by DNA homology. Furthermore, the definition of common rRNA hybridization fragments in each recognized DNA hybridization group provides information about the status of Leptospira reference strains yet to be classified. With 118 ribotypes now defined among the validated serovar reference strains, rRNA fingerprints constitute a database for subtyping Leptospira species.^0
94194467^Optimizing semen production for artificial insemination in swine.^199301^J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1993;48:207-15^Cooperative Pig AI-Centre, Vught, The Netherlands.^Colenbrander B, Feitsma H, Grooten HJ^Efficient production of high quality semen is of major importance to artificial insemination (AI) organizations. The semen produced should be free of contagious organisms, be of high quality, have good storage properties, fertilizing capacity and be of high genetic value. The best approach to prevent the spreading of microorganisms via semen in the process of AI is to collect semen from boars free from specific diseases, for example pseudorabies virus or leptospirosis. Antibiotics are added to the semen to suppress proliferation of microorganisms or even reduce their number. Sperm production is influenced by many factors such as season, collection frequency, breed and age. The average number of sperm cells produced per boar per week can vary more than 30% within one AI station, depending on the breed. Boar selection and boar management markedly influence the efficiency of sperm production. Sperm quality should be evaluated by fertility results obtained at breeding farms related to both farrowing rate and litter size to ensure a good quality monitoring system. A quality control system should be established to provide maximum reliability to customers.^0
94227290^Value, possibilities and limitations of the specific serological diagnosis in relation to the evolution of ocular complications in human leptospiroses.^199375^Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol 1993 Jan-Mar;52(1):15-24^Cantacuzino Institute, Bucharest, Romania.^Andreescu N^^0
94248549^[Biological diagnosis of leptospirosis by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) (letter)]^199301^Rev Med Interne 1993;14(8):805-6^^Dell'isola B, Gaillot O, Amouriaux P, Baranton G, Saint Girons I, Simonet M, Valcke JC^^0
94025533^The association between antibody titres against Campylobacter fetus and reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle.^199301^Vet Res Commun 1993;17(2):95-107^Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.^Akhtar S, Riemann HP, Thurmond MC, Franti CE^The relationship between the antibody titres against Campylobacter fetus and various indices of reproductive efficiency was studied in a cross-sectional study of 178 dairy cows from three California Dairy Herd Improvement Association herds. Blood samples were collected from the lactating cows during December 1986. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the antibody titres of the cow against Campylobacter fetus, Haemophilus somnus and Leptospira hardjo and were classified as either negative or positive. The status of a cow as either negative or positive against Campylobacter fetus and Haemophilus somnus represents serological evidence of natural exposure to the corresponding bacterial agents. However, the status against Leptospira hardjo was assumed to reflect a vaccinal titre since all the cows studied had been routinely vaccinated against this organism in September 1986. The data on demographic and reproductive parameters pertained only to the current lactation of the cows and were obtained from Dairy Herd Improvement Association individual cow records of December 1986. Five indices of reproductive efficiency were used, namely the recent calving interval, the calving-to-conception interval, the calving-to-last-service interval, the number of services per conception, and the number of services since last calving. The serological status against Haemophilus somnus, Leptospira hardjo and other covariates suggested by the results of previous studies were included in modelling the relationships of interest. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were carried out to study the adjusted relationship of Campylobacter fetus with each measure of reproductive efficiency. Multivariate analyses revealed that the adjusted relationship for Campylobacter fetus with all five measures of reproductive efficiency was non-significant (p > 0.05). Among the covariates, Leptospira hardjo had a strong and independent relationship with recent calving interval, the unstandardized partial regression coefficient being -0.77. The possible biological mechanisms of these associations are discussed.^0
94054883^[Serologic screening for the occurrence of Leptospira antibodies in small wild mammals]^199301^Vet Med (Praha) 1993;38(9):559-68^Vysoka skola veterinarni a farmaceuticka, Brno.^Treml F, Nesnalova E^During the five years (1986-1990) free living small mammals were examined serologically for the presence of antibodies to leptospires. Standardized techniques were used in the serological examinations (Sebek, 1979). A total 4634 specimens representing 15 mammalian species were examined. During the studied period, higher occurrence of small terrestrial mammals was noticed in the years 1987-1988. In these years, 61% of specimens out of the total number of trapped animals were examined. The field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis) and the common vole (Microtus arvalis) were most frequently examined species, their proportion in the total number being 35.4% and 28.4% respectively. Antibodies to leptospires were demonstrated in 557 cases, i.e. in 12.06%, in specimens representing 10 mammalian species, the higher percentage was recorded only in the year 1988, when antibodies were detected in 15.4%. In 550 cases, i.e. 98.7%, the antibodies were to leptospires of the serovar grippotyphosa and only in 7 cases, i.e. 1.3% to leptospires of the serological group Sejroe. Antibodies to leptospires of the serovar grippotyphosa were found in specimens captured in all localities studied. Antibodies were most frequently detected in the specimens of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) in 6.1% and in both species of field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis) in 3.4% of the total number of animals examined. Antibodies to leptospires of the serological group Sejroe were found only in blood sera of the house mouse (Mus musculus) and only in one locality studied. Our results confirmed some previously known facts concerning the distribution and structure of leptospirosis foci on this territory. The study of population dynamics should not be neglected because it is directly proportional to the infestation of individual species as we have evidenced. This fact is most expressive in main reservoir species.^0
94067898^[3 pediatric cases of leptospirosis]^199301^Pediatrie 1993;48(6):455-8^Service d'urgence et de reanimation pediatrique, hopital Debrousse, Lyon, France.^Giudicelli J, Lemaitre D, Fournier V, Contamin B, Hartemann E, Floret D^Three children presented with an association of pains, infectious syndrome, acute renal failure, hepatitis and meningitis, that lead to the diagnosis of leptospirosis. The clinical spectrum of this rare disease are recalled.^0
94112807^The association between antibody titres against Campylobacter fetus and milk production efficiency in dairy cattle.^199301^Vet Res Commun 1993;17(3):183-91^Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.^Akhtar S, Riemann HP, Thurmond MC, Franti CE^The association between serological evidence of exposure to Campylobacter fetus and milk production performance was studied in 178 lactating cows from three California Dairy Herd Improvement Association herds using a cross-sectional study design in December 1986. ELISAs were used to determine the antibody titres against Campylobacter fetus, Haemophilus somnus and Leptospira hardjo, which were classified as either negative or positive. The status of a cow as negative or positive against C. fetus and H. somnus represents the serological evidence of natural exposure to the corresponding bacteria. However, the status against L. hardjo was assumed to be the level of vaccinal titre against this organism since all the cows studied had been vaccinated against this agent. The data on demographic and productivity variables relating to the current lactation of the cows were obtained from Dairy Herd Improvement Association individual cow records for December 1986. Four measures of milk production efficiency for the current lactation were used. The status against L. hardjo and other covariates suggested by previous studies were included in modelling the relationships of interest. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to study the adjusted relationship of C. fetus with each measure of milk production efficiency. Multivariate analyses revealed that the adjusted relationships of C. fetus with the test-day's milk production, the extended 305-day milk production and the relative value of milk production were not significant (p > 0.1). However, after adjusting for possible covariates, C. fetus-positive cows had an average of 7.43% lower mature equivalent milk production than C. fetus-negative cows (p = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
93309659^Acute renal failure due to leptospirosis in a renal transplant patient [letter]^199301^Nephron 1993;64(2):317^^Manfro RC, Boger MV, Kopstein J, Goncalves LF, Prompt CA^^0
93392047^[The ultrasonic diagnosis of the changes in the kidneys in renal forms of acute kidney failure]^199301^Ter Arkh 1993;65(6):35-6^^Alekseev VG, Tsvigun GV, Zaikina NA^An ultrasonic investigation of the kidneys in patients with renal forms of acute renal failure (32 and 24 with ethylene glycol poisoning and leptospirosis, respectively) recorded in the oligo-anuric phase a specific ultrasonic picture of renal lesion demonstrable as long as full recovery of impaired functions. The picture was characterized by enlargement of the kidneys with good differentiation of the pyramids in enhanced parenchymal echogenicity. Ethylene glycol poisoning is characterized by limited renal mobility and an echo negative halo around them. These signs may appear helpful in the diagnosis of renal forms of acute renal failure.^0
93392060^[The clinico-epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis]^199301^Ter Arkh 1993;65(6):79-81^^Antonov VS, Stoianova NA, Semenovich VN, Rusal'chuk VV, Komarova DV^^0
94016035^Leptospirosis.^199375^J R Nav Med Serv 1993 Spring;79(1):37-8^RNH Haslar.^Lacey EJ^^0
94019982^Vascular injury in acute renal failure due to leptospirosis is not associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody [letter]^199301^Nephron 1993;65(1):156^^Abdulkader R, Sabbaga E, Meireles L, Radu A^^0
93109793^Outbreak of leptospirosis associated with swimming.^199301^Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993 Jan;12(1):48-54^Meningitis and Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.^Jackson LA, Kaufmann AF, Adams WG, Phelps MB, Andreasen C, Langkop CW, Francis BJ, Wenger JD^Between July 7 and 18, 1991, five boys from a small town in rural Illinois experienced the onset of an acute febrile illness subsequently confirmed as leptospirosis by serologic tests. A cohort study found that swimming in a small swimming hole, Steel Tunnel Pond, was associated with disease (P < 0.01), the attack rate being 28%. Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa was isolated from urine cultures from two of the case patients and from a culture of Steel Tunnel Pond water. A high seroprevalence for grippotyphosa was found in animals near the pond. Drought conditions had been present in the month before the outbreak, creating an environment in the pond which probably facilitated transmission of the organism from area animals to humans. Although leptospirosis is infrequently reported in humans in the United States, it is endemic in animals and the potential for outbreaks exists, especially when environmental conditions are favorable.^0
93132269^Leptospirosis with acute acalculous cholecystitis and pancreatitis.^199301^J Clin Gastroenterol 1993 Jan;16(1):52-4^First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.^Monno S, Mizushima Y^Severe Leptospira autumnalis infection was associated with acute acalculous cholecystitis and pancreatitis in a 66-year-old man. He was successfully treated with antimicrobial agents and supportive therapy, including hemodialysis. We review these uncommon manifestations and the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy in advanced leptospirosis.^0
93145601^Identification of species-specific, non-cross-reactive proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi.^199301^Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1993 Jan;16(1):43-51^Department of Pediatrics (S.S.A.), State University of New York, Buffalo School of Medicine.^Sayahtaheri-Altaie S, Meier FA, Dalton HP^The low specificity of diagnostic tests for Lyme disease is due to the fact that Borrelia burgdorferi possesses many antigenic proteins that are cross-reactive with other spirochetes and bacteria. The low sensitivity is a result of high (> or = 1:100) dilutions used for patient sera during testing to eliminate non-specific cross-reactivity. The present study was conducted to identify species-specific non-cross- reactive protein(s) of B. burgdorferi that might be used as antigen(s) in serologic tests. Whole-cell sonicates of B. burgdorferi were tested against pooled sera from patients with symptoms, signs, and serologic features diagnostic of Lyme disease (LD), rheumatoid arthritis, infectious mononucleosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, secondary syphilis, and from healthy individuals. Different LD pools were also tested against whole-cell sonicates of Treponema pallidum, Treponema phagedenis, Leptospira interrogans, and Escherichia coli. Comparison among patterns obtained by each serum pool revealed that IgM antibodies to species-specific 39-, 23-, and 22-kD proteins and IgG antibodies to 34- and 31-kD proteins were present only in the patients with LD and absent from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, infectious mononucleosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, secondary syphilis, and healthy individuals pools. These results suggest that 39-, 23-, and 22-kD proteins may be used in an IgM immunoassay for diagnosis of LD.^0
93151375^Active surveillance and risk factors for leptospirosis in Hawaii.^199301^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993 Jan;48(1):35-43^Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu.^Sasaki DM, Pang L, Minette HP, Wakida CK, Fujimoto WJ, Manea SJ, Kunioka R, Middleton CR^A clinic-hospital-based leptospirosis surveillance program was conducted to determine the morbidity and risk factors in nonepidemic settings. The study was conducted on two islands, Kauai and Hawaii (Big Island), in the state of Hawaii for one year during 1988 and 1989. An active, more comprehensive case detection system was used on the Big Island that enabled us to determine the incidence of clinical disease. Subjects from both islands were used to conduct a case-control study for risk factors. One hundred seventy-two subjects from the Big Island (who presented with any two of the following symptoms: fever, headache, myalgia, or nausea/vomiting) were enrolled in the study. Twenty cases were diagnosed by culture, serology, or fluorescent antibody tissue staining at autopsy. Six cases required hospitalization and two succumbed to fatal infections. We estimated that these cases represented an annual incidence rate of 128 per 100,000 person-years in our target population. For 33 cases, 77 controls were matched for island, age, sex, and time of onset of illness. Interviews were conducted retrospectively in a double-blinded fashion with cases and controls and evaluated approximately 30 risk factors. Factors that were associated most strongly with development of leptospirosis were household use of rainwater catchment systems (P = 0.003), presence of skin cuts during the incubation period (P = 0.008), contact with cattle or the urine of cattle (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively), and handling of animal tissues (P = 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
93152457^A new leptospiral serovar in the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup isolated from an ox in Zimbabwe.^199301^Int J Syst Bacteriol 1993 Jan;43(1):179-82^Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare.^Feresu SB, Bolin CA, Korver H^A strain of Leptospira interrogans that was isolated from an ox slaughtered in Zimbabwe and belonged to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae could not be identified when we compared it with 18 reference strains belonging to this serogroup by using cross-agglutinin absorption, monoclonal antibody, and restriction endonuclease DNA analyses. The name zimbabwe is proposed for the new serovar containing this strain; the type strain of this serovar is strain SBF 23.^0
93222338^Etiology and pathology of equine placentitis.^199301^J Vet Diagn Invest 1993 Jan;5(1):56-63^Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40511.^Hong CB, Donahue JM, Giles RC Jr, Petrites-Murphy MB, Poonacha KB, Roberts AW, Smith BJ, Tramontin RR, Tuttle PA, Swerczek TW^Placentas from aborted, stillborn, and premature foals were examined during the 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons, and 236 of 954 (24.7%) had placentitis. Microorganisms associated with placentitis were isolated or demonstrated from 162 of 236 (68.6%) placentitis cases. Leptospira spp. and a nocardioform actinomycete were 2 important, newly emerging bacteria associated with equine placentitis. Major pathogens identified in decreasing order were Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Leptospira spp., Escherichia coli, a nocardioform actinomycete, fungi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus equisimilis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus. Pathogens were not recovered in 64 cases (27.1%) and overgrowth by saprophytic bacteria was recorded in 10 cases (4.2%). Twenty-seven cases (16.6%) had mixed bacterial growth and 93 cases (57.4%) had bacteria cultured from both placenta and fetal organs. The majority of the placentitis cases caused by bacteria, with the exception of Leptospira spp. and the nocardioform actinomycete, occurred in 2 forms. One was acute, focal or diffuse; had an infiltration of neutrophils in the intervillous spaces or necrosis of chorionic villi; was associated with bacteremia; and frequently occurred in the placenta from fetuses expelled before or at midgestation. The other was observed from foals expelled at late gestation, was mostly chronic and focal or focally extensive, and occurred mostly at the cervical star area. Chronic placentitis was characterized by the presence of 1 or a combination of the following lesions: necrosis of chorionic villi, presence of eosinophilic amorphous material on the chorion, and infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the intervillous spaces, villous stroma, chorionic stroma, vascular layer, and allantois.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
93222339^Bacterial agents detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths.^199301^J Vet Diagn Invest 1993 Jan;5(1):64-8^Veterinary Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57006.^Kirkbride CA^In a 10-year survey started in 1980, specimens from 8,995 bovine abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the South Dakota Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory. Of these, 8,962 were suitable for some type of examination. Bacteria were determined to be the cause of 1,299 (14.49%). The 5 bacteria most commonly associated with bovine abortion or stillbirth were Actinomyces pyogenes, 378 (4.22%); Bacillus spp., 321 (3.58%); Listeria spp., 121 (1.35%); Escherichia coli, 98 (1.09%); and Leptospira interrogans, 79 (0.88%). Twelve other genera of bacteria were associated with > or = 10 abortions or stillbirths, and 12 more species were associated with < or = 10 abortions or stillbirths.^0
93231288^Evaluation of a passive microcapsule agglutination test for the screening of human leptospirosis.^199301^Eur J Epidemiol 1993 Jan;9(1):92-6^National Center for Leptospirosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.^Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L, Arimitsu Y, Sato T, Seki M^Microcapsules, absorbed with two mixed antigens--each composed of 3 sonicated leptospira serovars--were developed in the past as a microcapsule agglutination test (MCA-LS) for the screening of clinical leptospirosis. For this study, fifty serum samples, taken at an earlier and at a later stage of illness from 25 Italian in-patients with clinical symptoms of leptospirosis, were tested with both the MCA-LS one-dilution test and the microscopic agglutination (MA) test, the confirmatory test for leptospirosis, with 18 leptospira strains circulating in Italy. Compared with MA, MCA-LS showed a sensitivity of 91.7%, and a specificity of 92.3%, including leptospirosis not sustained by the diagnostic strains used in the MCA-LS kit.^0
93255789^[Occurrence of Leptospira antibodies in the blood of game animals]^199301^Vet Med (Praha) 1993;38(2):123-7^Vysoka skola veterinarni a farmaceuticka, Brno.^Treml F, Nesnalova E^The blood serum of game was examined for the presence of antibodies to Leptospiras in 1987-1989. A total of 792 blood sera from animals belonging to 14 zoo-species were examined (Tab. I). The blood serum of red deer (Cervus elephus) was examined the most often within the group of animals, in 398 cases, i.e. 50.2%, followed by 165 blood sera of wild boar (Sus scrofa), representing 20.8%, and by 136 blood sera of roedeer (Capreolus capreolus), representing 18.6%. Small numbers of blood sera of the other animals were examined. A serological reaction of microagglutination-lysion revealed the antibodies to Leptospiras in fifty examined samples, i.e. 6.31%, of the six examined zoo-species: muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) 14.28%, wild boar (Sus scrofa) 13.93%, roedeer (Capreolus capreolus) 6.76%, fox (Vulpes vulpes) 5.26%, red deer (Cervus elephus) 3.76%, mouflon (Ovis musimon) 2.50%. No antibodies to Leptospiras were found in the blood serum of the other animal species (Tab. I). Twelve strains of Leptospira were used for serological examination according to the standard method (Sebek, 1979). The examined blood sera of game reacted only with Leptospiras of the serotype L. grippotyphosa. No reaction with other Leptospira serotypes was observed. Our results have demonstrated, in comparison with the results of foreign authors, great susceptibility of the game to infection with different serotypes of Leptospira. But it is possible to say that with certain exceptions these game species do not play an important role in the epidemiology of Leptospirosis.^0
97271807^[The evolution of leptospirosis in Iasi County in 1988-1992]^199375^Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 1993 Jan-Jun;38(1-2):39-43^Inspectoratul Judetean de Politie Sanitara si Medicina Preventiva, Iasi.^Duca E, Barhala M, Florescu R, Trifan M, Fochi M, Bunea C^^0
93108996^Hantavirus infection in Brazilian patients from Recife with suspected leptospirosis [letter]^199301^Lancet 1993 Jan 2;341(8836):50^^Hindrichsen S, Medeiros de Andrade A, Clement J, Leirs H, McKenna P, Matthys P, Neild GH^^0
93158159^Decision support models of leptospirosis in dairy herds.^199301^Vet Rec 1993 Jan 16;132(3):59-61^Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, University of Reading.^Bennett RM^Following the results of a survey which found that 61 per cent of dairy farmers felt that they needed more information about leptospirosis, and the strategies for its control and the costs and benefits involved, this paper describes the construction and preliminary results of two models of the disease intended to help explore the risks and financial implications of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection for dairy producers.^0
93163062^Leptospira species categorized by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by mapped restriction polymorphisms in PCR-amplified rRNA genes.^199302^J Bacteriol 1993 Feb;175(4):973-81^California Institute of Biological Research, La Jolla 92037.^Ralph D, McClelland M, Welsh J, Baranton G, Perolat P^Reference strains from 48 selected serovars representing eight species of Leptospira were examined by two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- based strategies. First, mapped restriction site polymorphisms (MRSP) were examined in PCR products from portions of rrs (16S rRNA gene) and rrl (23S rRNA gene). Twenty MRSP and 2 length polymorphisms were used to group reference strains into 16 MRSP profiles. Species assignments were consistent with those obtained by a second method, genomic fingerprinting with arbitrarily primed PCR, in which strains within a species were characterized by many shared arbitrarily primed PCR products. The results of both of these methods were in general agreement with those of previous studies that used DNA-DNA relatedness and confirmed the high level of divergence among the recognized species of Leptospira. However, Leptospira meyeri serovar ranarum and evansi strains were indistinguishable from some strains of Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. Intervening sequences of about 485 to 740 bp were located near base 1230 in rrl of some strains.^0
93138809^Opsonization of Treponema pallidum is mediated by immunoglobulin G antibodies induced only by pathogenic treponemes.^199302^Infect Immun 1993 Feb;61(2):781-4^Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.^Shaffer JM, Baker-Zander SA, Lukehart SA^Rabbit antisera to Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia hermsii, and Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter, reactive to shared spirochetal antigens, failed to enhance phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum by macrophages, while immunoglobulin G to Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue and Treponema paraluiscuniculi promoted phagocytosis. Opsonic antibodies are directed to pathogen-restricted, not shared spirochetal, antigens.^0
93156074^Prevalence of leptospiral agglutinins among conservancy workers in Madras City, India.^199302^J Trop Med Hyg 1993 Feb;96(1):41-5^Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madras, India.^Ratnam S, Everard CO, Alex JC, Suresh B, Thangaraju P^In a study of 584 Corporation conservancy (sanitation) workers who lived mostly in slums, and who worked in four Corporation Circles of Madras City, India, 192 (32.9%) were found to be positive for agglutinins to Leptospira interrogans. Seropositivity prevalence increased with age, but was similar in males and females except in the youngest age group, where males predominated. Prevalence in the four study areas ranged between 17.8 and 40.5% (P < 0.01). Among 152 sera in which one serogroup predominated, Autumnalis was the most commonly recorded (33.6%), followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae (15.1%), Panama (15.1%), Sejroe (14.5%) and others (21.7%). Forty sera reacted to two or more serogroups at the same (highest) titre, most frequently to the first three serogroups above. The titre range was 1:50-1:3200 (geometric mean titre 149). Among a group of 46 male automobile industry workers who lived in middle-class housing, seropositivity prevalence (17.4%) was approximately half that of the sanitation workers (P < 0.05), and the titre range was lower (1:50-1:200, GMT 84). The predominating serogroups were those found in the sanitation workers. Bearing in mind that sanitation workers are the urban group probably at highest risk of leptospiral infection, the prevalence rate (< 33%) found in our study is not considered to be particularly high.^0
93186413^OSHA's bloodborne pathogens standard: analysis and recommendations.^199302^Health Devices 1993 Feb;22(2):35-92^^^Just over a year ago, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued the final bloodborne pathogens standard, "Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens; Final Rule," which requires healthcare institutions to protect their employees from all occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens." According to OSHA, the only criterion for applying the standard is the likelihood of exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIMs). Thus, the standard is designed to protect all vulnerable personnel, from the clinical engineers who service contaminated equipment to the staff in clinical laboratories, patient care or treatment areas, and housekeeping and laundry services--any location where the nature of the work poses the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. All department heads and employees must have access to the standard and should carefully review our analysis of the regulations and recommendations for implementing them, as presented in this special issue of Health Devices. The standard is aimed at protecting employees from occupational exposure to all bloodborne pathogens and, especially, to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-- the most infamous pathogens transmitted through occupational exposure to blood and body fluids. Other bloodborne diseases referenced by OSHA in the preamble to the standard include arboviral infections, babesiosis, brucellosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, hepatitis C, human T-lymphotropic virus type I, leptospirosis, malaria, relapsing fever, syphilis, and viral hemorrhagic fever. In this issue, we provide a clinical overview of HIV and HBV and the diseases they cause, as well as a brief discussion of other bloodborne pathogens; an analysis of the most significant regulations affecting hospitals; and our recommendations for compliance. The recommendations presented in this article do not exhaust the possibilities for reducing exposure and complying with the standard. We invite you to communicate your ideas and practices regarding compliance issues to the ECRI-sponsored Center for Healthcare Environmental Management (CHEM) for possible inclusion in a future update to its loose-leaf reference publication, the Healthcare Environmental Management System. We wish to acknowledge CHEM's contribution in developing this special report, which was reviewed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and OSHA. Also see "CDC's Recommendations for Hepatitis B Vaccination and Postexposure Follow-up" and "A Minimal Training Syllabus" in this issue.^0
93213953^Comparative study on cross-reaction of leptospiral antibodies in several serological tests to detect antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs.^199302^J Vet Med Sci 1993 Feb;55(1):149-51^Laboratory Animal Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.^Sugiyama Y, Sugiyama F, Yagami K^The effects by the leptospiral antibody are described at several serological tests for the detection of the antibody to B. burgdorferi in dogs. The titers at ELISA used with the ultrasonicated bacterial antigen (US-ELISA) were related with IFA. But cross reaction with the leptospiral antibody were shown in an agglutination test. Non-specific and cross-reactions were observed in ELISA used with formalin-killed bacterial antigen. This indicates that US-ELISA is a reliable serodiagnosis method for Lyme disease in dogs in eliminating the cross reaction with leptospiral antibody.^0
93278733^[The type of leptospirosis epidemic and serogroup transformation in Fujian province in recent years]^199302^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1993 Feb;14(1):26-9^Fujian Provincial Hygiene and Epidemic Prevention Station, Fuzhou.^Lin J^By analysis of investigations in recent years in Fujian province, it was found that the main type of leptospirosis epidemic was rice-field type, the other was flood type which had the tendency to shift from coastal plain area to northwest area. In the main epidemic area, Wupin county, the detection rate of Hebdomadis serogroup rate sharply declined (P < 0.01), however, that of Batavia serogroup markedly increased (P < 0.01).^0
93261977^[Double Listeria monocytogenes and Leptospira infection (letter)]^199302^Presse Med 1993 Feb 6;22(4):176^^Morillon M, Perolat P, Morlat C^^0
94035497^Leptospirosis surveillance: 1990-1992.^199302^Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1993 Feb 26;3(3):R47-8^Hereford Public Health Laboratory.^Ferguson IR^Leptospirosis remains a potential hazard to farmers, agricultural workers and those coming into contact with rats or natural inland waters. The annual reported incidence in England and Wales ranged between 29 and 48 cases during 1990-92.^0
93210079^Restriction fragment length polymorphisms distinguish Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis isolates from different geographical locations.^199303^J Clin Microbiol 1993 Mar;31(3):578-83^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010.^Zuerner RL, Ellis WA, Bolin CA, Montgomery JM^Genetic variability among Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis isolates representing several geographical regions was determined by restriction endonuclease analysis. Five previously unidentified EcoRI digestion patterns and one previously unidentified HhaI digestion pattern were seen with the various isolates. The copy number and genomic distribution of an L. borgpetersenii insertion sequence (IS1533) was determined. Hardjo-bovis isolate 033 (the type strain for hardjo-bovis) contained 40 well dispersed copies of IS1533. IS1533 probes were used to compare hardjo-bovis isolates by DNA blot hybridization analysis. Use of these probes showed the presence of additional genetic heterogeneity among hardjo-bovis isolates, which restriction endonuclease analysis did not show. Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis of DNAs from several isolates suggested that some polymorphisms arose by genomic rearrangements. All hardjo-bovis isolates were categorized into 14 distinct groups on the basis of common hybridization and endonuclease digestion patterns. Most of these groups were isolated from distinct geographical regions, suggesting that several different clonal populations of hardjo-bovis exist.^0
93236512^Restriction-endonuclease analysis of Australian isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo from cattle with agalactia and abortion.^199303^Aust Vet J 1993 Mar;70(3):98-100^New South Wales Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, New South Wales.^Djordjevic S, Hornitzky M, Ross AD, Whittington RJ^Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to resolve restriction endonuclease digests of 20 Australian Isolates of Leptospira interrogans cultured from urine samples of cattle with agalactia and abortion. The restriction endonuclease profiles of 19 isolates closely matched the profiles of L interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis reference strains. The remaining isolate had a different restriction profile from subtype hardjobovis and subtype hardjoprajitno reference strains and was serologically identified as serovar pomona. Silver staining of polyacrylamide gels gave enhanced resolution of restriction fragments compared with the traditional method of ethidium bromide staining of agarose gels.^0
93267562^Serological survey for canine leptospirosis in the Pretoria area.^199303^J S Afr Vet Assoc 1993 Mar;64(1):37-8^Reproduction Section, Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa.^Myburgh JG, Posnett SJ, Lawrence JV^Canine serum samples (n = 400) from the Pretoria area were tested for Leptospira antibodies, using the microscopic agglutination test. The prevalence of antibodies (inconclusive and positive titres) was 1.5%. Reactions were only against Leptospira interrogans serovars tarassovi and pyrogens. Leptospirosis does not appear to be an important canine disease in the Pretoria area.^0
93270329^Association between clinical lameness and Borrelia burgdorferi antibody in dairy cows.^199303^Am J Vet Res 1993 Mar;54(3):398-405^Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108.^Wells SJ, Trent AM, Robinson RA, Knutson KS, Bey RF^Results of an ELISA, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, and immunoblot analysis (western blotting) for antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi in a sample of 216 lactating dairy cows were compared. The microscopic microtitration agglutination test for antibody to 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans was also performed to evaluate possible cross-reactivity between B burgdorferi and L interrogans. Using western blotting as the standard test against which the ELISA and IFA test were compared, the ELISA had greater sensitivity (50% in summer and 38% in spring) with similar specificity (83 and 82%), compared with the IFA test (sensitivity, 6 and 5%; specificity, 90 and 83%). In addition, seropositivity to B burgdorferi, using the ELISA, was not found to be associated with seropositivity to L interrogans serovars. A matched case-control study evaluating the association between clinical lameness and antibody to B burgdorferi was performed in lactating dairy cows of 17 Minnesota and Wisconsin herds. Sera from case and control cows matched by herd, parity, and stage of lactation were evaluated, using an ELISA for B burgdorferi antibody during 2 seasons. High B burgdorferi antibody values were associated with clinical lameness in dairy cows (P = 0.006 in summer and P = 0.04 in spring).^0
93242717^Differentiation of leptospira serovars by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.^199303^Vet Rec 1993 Mar 27;132(13):325-6^Molecular Genetics Unit, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Addlestone, Surrey.^Woodward MJ, Redstone JS^^0
94269473^[Survey of anti-Leptospira agglutinins in workers from the city of Londrina-Parana, Brazil]^199375^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1993 Apr-Jun;35(2):153-7^Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil.^de Vasconcelos LM, Ramos-Vieira M das N, Osorio-Cisalpino E, Cota-Koury M^Serum samples were obtained from 249 individuals in Londrina-Parana, Brazil. The sera were analysed for leptospiral agglutinins by microscopic agglutination tests and 22.1% were positive. Of these positives per group were 24.6% for butchers, 25.9% for farm workers, 17.2% for children and 22.2% for servants. The agglutinin titers ranged from 1:200 to 1:3200. The highest titers were obtained for the serovars sejroe (butchers), grippotyphosa (farm workers), javanica, canicola, panama, wolffi and pyrogenes (children) and butembo (servants).^0
94102839^A report on the isolation of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae serovar from man.^199304^Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1993 Apr;36(2):168-9^Department of Preventive Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.^Venkataraman KS, Nedunchelliyan S^^0
93263671^Antimicrobial effects of a new carboxyquinolone drug, Q-35, on five serogroups of Leptospira interrogans.^199304^Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 Apr;37(4):901-2^Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Takashima I, Ngoma M, Hashimoto N^New carboxyquinolone drugs, including the recently developed Q-35, were evaluated for their in vitro potency against five serogroups of Leptospira interrogans. Q-35, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and tosufloxacin showed MICs (0.05 to 0.20 microgram/ml) comparable to those of tetracycline. However, MBCs of these drugs varied between 10- and 100-fold above the MIC for most strains tested. Q-35 was shown to be active against L. interrogans in vitro as judged by the MICs obtained.^0
93294543^Comparison of the fatty acid profiles of Borrelia, Serpulina and Leptospira species.^199304^J Gen Microbiol 1993 Apr;139 ( Pt 4):889-95^NERC Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, UK.^Livesley MA, Thompson IP, Bailey MJ, Nuttall PA^Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derivatives were examined as a means of characterizing Borrelia burgdorferi isolates and distinguishing them from other spirochaetes. Analysis was performed using a gas liquid chromatography column in conjunction with Microbial Identification System (MIS) software. Reproducible FAME profiles were produced which distinguished Borrelia species, Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Furthermore, the FAME profiles of four recognized Borrelia species (including two American isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi, B31 and JD1) were distinct from one another and from the BSK II medium in which they were grown. The results confirm previous reports that FAME profiles of bacteria represent a diagnostic phenotypic property and suggest that they may have applications in the chemotaxonomic classification of Borrelia species.^0
93266440^Leptospiral abortion and leptospiruria in horses from the same farm.^199304^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993 Apr 15;202(8):1285-6^Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40580.^Bernard WV, Bolin C, Riddle T, Durando M, Smith BJ, Tramontin RR^Leptospirosis was documented as the cause of abortion in a 5-year-old mare. Leptospires were detected in tissue specimens from fetal kidneys and from placenta by histologic evaluation of silver-stained sections. Antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona were detected in fetal serum at a titer of 1,600 by use of a microscopic agglutination test. The mare had serum titers of 6,400; 0; 400; 800; 3,200; and 6,400 to L interrogans serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona, respectively. A serologic survey identified titers of at least 6,400 against serovars bratislava and pomona in 5 other horses on the farm. Titers of at least 100 against serovar bratislava were detected in 53% of the horses on the farm. Leptospires were detected by direct fluorescent-antibody testing in urine samples from the mare that aborted and from 2 of the other 5 horses.^0
93323752^Molecular analysis of the hsp (groE) operon of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.^199305^Mol Microbiol 1993 May;8(4):739-51^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Ballard SA, Segers RP, Bleumink-Pluym N, Fyfe J, Faine S, Adler B^A chromosomal gene library of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain Wijnberg was constructed in phage lambda gt11. Plaque immunoassay with R alpha P64 antiserum identified one clone expressing a putative groEL homologue. DNA sequence analysis of the 2.4 kb EcoRI-Bam HI cloned fragment from strain Wijnberg revealed two open reading frames encoding polypeptides of 10.5 kDa (Hsp10) and 58 kDa (Hsp58). Sequence comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of these ORFs confirmed the operon as the groE equivalent of Leptospira. Transcriptional analysis suggested that this operon is primarily under the control of an E sigma 70 promoter element. However, both Hsp10 and Hsp58 were overexpressed under heat-shock conditions as determined by [35S]-methionine pulse labelling experiments. As no functional heat- shock promoter could be identified, a 9bp inverted repeat, located between the transcription and translation start sites, may play a role in the upregulation of this operon under heat-shock conditions, similar to mechanisms described for several Gram-positive organisms.^0
93329356^Cloning and analysis of the leuB gene of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^199305^J Gen Microbiol 1993 May;139 ( Pt 5):1093-103^Department of Microbiology and Immunology, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-9177.^Ding M, Yelton DB^The leuB gene of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona strain kenniwicki has been cloned on a 9.5 kb plasmid, pWVL1, by complementation of Escherichia coli leuB mutants. Subcloning and Tn5 mutagenesis showed that the region required for complementation was approximately 1.2 kb in length. Enzyme assays showed that the product of the cloned gene was a beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. Defects in the leuA, leuC and leuD genes of E. coli were not complemented by pWVL1. The nucleotide sequence of the leuB-complementing region and surrounding DNA has been determined. Three open reading frames were found which encode proteins of 40.9, 38.8 and 15 kDa. Analysis of subclones containing nucleotide deletions of varying sizes showed that only the 38.8 kDa protein was necessary to obtain complementation of E. coli leuB mutations. The PIR data base was searched and the enzyme 3- isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from six different micro-organisms was found to share significant amino acid sequence similarity (43-57%) with the 38.8 kDa L. interrogans leuB gene product. The organization of the leucine biosynthetic genes in L. interrogans differs from that found in E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis.^0
93239352^Chemotaxis of leptospires to hemoglobin in relation to virulence.^199305^Infect Immun 1993 May;61(5):2270-2^Department of Epizootiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan.^Yuri K, Takamoto Y, Okada M, Hiramune T, Kikuchi N, Yanagawa R^A guinea pig-lethal line of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain Shibaura, but not an avirulent line of the same strain, moved in larger numbers toward hemoglobin than toward distilled water (control) in a U-shaped polypropylene tube. L. interrogans serovar lai strains 017 and KH-1, which were also guinea pig lethal, showed a similar move to hemoglobin. No such move toward hemoglobin was shown by 14 avirulent strains of L. interrogans (with one exception) or any of the 8 strains of L. biflexa tested.^0
94003444^The search for improved methods for diagnosing leptospirosis: the approach of a laboratory in Brescia, Italy.^199306^Rev Sci Tech 1993 Jun;12(2):647-63^Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Brescia, Italy.^Pacciarini ML, Savio ML, Donini G, Tagliabue S^The authors describe work in progress at the laboratory in Brescia, Italy, on the application of molecular methods to the diagnosis of leptospirosis. This work includes the following: a) Development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays capable of amplifying specific deoxyribonucleic acid fragments from most Leptospira interrogans strains. b) Development of a microtitre-based assay for rapid detection of PCR-positive samples. c) Characterisation of Leptospira strains through restriction endonuclease analysis of PCR products and amplified fragment length polymorphism.^0
94030282^Detection of antibodies against Salmonella typhi outer membrane protein (OMP) preparation in typhoid fever patients.^199306^Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1993 Jun;11(1):45-52^Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.^Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Gam LH, Devi S, Koh CL, Puthucheary SD, Calva E, Pang T^An indirect ELISA was used to detect antibodies against outer membrane protein preparations (OMPs) from Salmonella typhi. Sera from patients with a definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever (TF) gave a mean absorbance reading, at 414 nm, of 1.52 +/- 0.23 as compared to 0.30 +/- 0.11 for sera from healthy individuals. This gave a positive to negative ratio of absorbance readings of approximately 5.1. Suspected TF patients (no isolation of S. typhi), with positive and negative Widal titers had mean absorbance readings of 1.282 +/00.46 and 0.25 +/- 0.19, respectively. Sera from patients with leptospirosis, rickettsial typhus, dengue fever, and other infections gave mean absorbances of 0.20 +/- 0.08, 0.24 +/- 0.08, 0.27 +/- 0.08, and 0.31 +/- 0.16, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 100%, 94%, 80% and 100%, respectively. The antibody response detected in the definitive TF cases was predominantly IgG in nature and no cross-reactivity was seen with OMP preparations extracted from E. coli. Variable reactivity was noted with OMP preparations obtained from other Salmonella spp. Three major OMPs are presented in the antigen preparation and strong binding of positive sera was detected to all three bands.^0
94033899^Isolation of a new serovar of the genus Leptonema in the family Leptospiraceae.^199306^Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 1993 Jun;279(2):167-72^Laboratorio Nacional de Investigacao Veterinaria (Dept. Bacteriologia), Lisboa, Portugal.^Rocha T, Cardoso EA, Terrinha AM, Nunes JF, Hovind-Hougen K, Cinco M^A leptospira-like spirochete was isolated from a lymphocyte culture from a HIV-I and HTLV-I/II-positive patient. On the basis of serological, biological and morphological characteristics of the cells of the isolated strain (strain Lisboa), we conclude that it is a member of the genus Leptonema.^0
94063800^[Antigen analysis of McAb E4B7D5 directed against outer envelope of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot]^199306^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1993 Jun;24(2):122-6^^Li Y, Dai B, Zhao H^McAb E4B7D5 was prepared by hybridoma technology in BALB/c mice immunized to outer envelope of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai. This McAb agglutinated specifically with all the 13 serovars of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup in MAT test at high titres and protected the guinea pigs against the attack of virulent strain (017) of serovar lai. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot were used to analyse the reaction of the outer envelopes of the five strains of Leptospira (Leptospira interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, serovar lai, 017 and 601 stains; L. interrogans Hebdomadis serogroup, hebdomadis serovar strain 156; L. interrogans Australis serogroup australis serovar strain 620; biflexa leptospira patoc serovar strain Patoc I; with McAb E4B7D5. Results indicated that this McAb E4B7D5 recognized specifically 34.5 kd and 39.5 kd outer envelope proteins of serovar lai, strain 017 and 601, so it might be an immunoprotective McAb directed against Leptospira interrogans serovar lai. It was suggested that 34.5 kd and 39.5 kd outer envelope proteins of serovar lai recognized specifically by McAb E4B7D5 might be immunoprotective antigens.^0
93355596^Suspected red maple (Acer rubrum) toxicosis with abortion in two Percheron mares.^199306^Vet Hum Toxicol 1993 Jun;35(3):229-30^Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078.^Stair EL, Edwards WC, Burrows GE, Torbeck K^Horses develop severe and often fatal hemolytic anemia after ingesting dried leaves from red maple (Acer rubrum) trees. Toxicosis appears related to an unknown oxidant present in the dried or wilted leaves. This case report describes 2 horses that aborted and developed fatal hemolytic anemia after consuming wilted leaves from red maple (Acer rubrum). While an absolute diagnosis was not confirmed due to lack of proper antemortem and postmortem examinations, red maple toxicosis appeared a reasonable diagnosis based on clinical signs and laboratory findings. Other differentials include equine infectious anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, piroplasmosis, leptospirosis, ehrlichiosis, and other plant or chemical sources of oxidants (onion, garlic, kale, phenothiazines).^0
93357531^Chromosomal rearrangement and serovar conversion in Leptospira biflexa strains.^199306^Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 1993 Jun;278(4):479-99^National Center for Leptospirosis, Bacteriology and Medical Mycology Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.^Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L, Hookey JV^A bacterial population change involving chromosomal rearrangement and phenotypic changes in antigens, proteins and lipopolysaccharides is described for strains of Leptospira biflexa that were previously grown in media containing homologous oligoclonal antibodies. The chromosomal rearrangement phenomenon showed that the variants differed from the parent strains, yet they were similar to phenotypically related serovars already occurring in nature. Accordingly, in vitro serovar conversion mediated by chromosomal rearrangement, due to as yet unknown genetic mechanisms, had occurred.^0
93360524^Leptospirosis in a white-lipped tamarin (Saguinus labiatus).^199306^Lab Anim Sci 1993 Jun;43(3):258-9^Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101.^Reid HA, Herron AJ, Hines ME 2d, Orchard EA, Altman NH^^0
93390675^Weil's disease as a cause of jaundice.^199306^Neth J Med 1993 Jun;42(5-6):171-4^Department of Internal Medicine, Drechtsteden Ziekenhuis Refaja, Dordrecht, Netherlands.^den Haan PJ, van Vliet AC, Hazenberg BP^Two patients are described with Weil's disease as a rare cause of jaundice. We discuss some features that can lead to early diagnosis. This concerns the apparently aspecific flu-like syndrome that precedes the icteric phase of the disease, as well as the typical pattern of liver function tests in the jaundiced patient: serum bilirubin is markedly elevated as compared with the liver enzymes. Another clue to the diagnosis can be obtained by enquiring not only about the patient's profession, but also about his leisure activities, since both patients acquired the disease in their leisure time.^0
93286008^Leptospira genomes are modified at 5'-GTAC.^199306^J Bacteriol 1993 Jun;175(12):3913-5^California Institute of Biological Research, La Jolla 92037.^Ralph D, Que Q, Van Etten JL, McClelland M^Genomic DNAs of 14 strains from seven species of the spirochete Leptospira were resistant to cleavage by the restriction endonuclease RsaI (5'-GTAC). A modified base comigrating with m4C was detected by chromatography. Genomic DNAs from other spirochetes, Borrelia group VS461, and Serpulina strains were not resistant to RsaI digestion. Modification at 5'-GTAm4C may occur in most or all strains of all species of Leptospira but not in all genera of spirochetes. Genus-wide DNA modification has rarely been observed in bacteria.^0
93376671^[Diagnosis of leptospirosis, contribution of hemoculture. 11 cases (letter)]^199306^Presse Med 1993 Jun 5;22(20):966^^Penalba C, Lanoux P, Legin C, Reksa A, Reveil JC^^0
93376681^[Human polyvalent immunoglobulins: what is their value in thrombopenia in the course of leptospirosis? (letter)]^199306^Presse Med 1993 Jun 12;22(21):1012^^Duval G, van der Linden T, Jacob F, Michault A, Law-Koune JD, Campinos L^^0
95033145^[Tiber environment and infections: antibodies to hantaviruses, Leptospira, Borrelia and hepatitis A virus in subjects active on the river banks]^199375^Ann Ig 1993 Jul-Aug;5(4):259-65^1st. di Clinica delle Malattie Tropicali e Infettive, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza.^Nuti M, Amaddeo D, Caprilli F, Crescimbeni E, Antoniazzi G, Lalli C, Prignano G, Franco E, Cristaldi M^^0
95093898^[Prognostic significance of the NBT test in patients with ichterohaemorrhagic leptospirosis]^199375^Klin Lab Diagn 1993 Jul-Aug;(4):22-5^^Avdeeva MG, Mel'nik GV, Lebedev VV, Shubich MG^The values of spontaneous NBT test significantly rise at the peak of leptospirosis in patients with an uncomplicated course of the disease (p < 0.05). Low values of the spontaneous NBT test with stimulation with Staphylococcus in patients with grave leptospirosis predict the development of life-threatening complications. Leptospirosis vaccine reduced the elevated values of the NBT in leptospirosis. The depressing effect of leptospirosis vaccine is indicative of a high risk of development of late complications.^0
94346130^[Human diseases caused by leptospirae of the canicola serogroup in the Krasnodar Territory]^199375^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1993 Jul-Aug;(4):62-5^^Gol'denshtein ZA, Reznikov MF^During the period of 34 years (1957-1990) diseases caused by leptospires of the serogroup canicola were confirmed in 2.7% of the total number of patients. The analysis revealed that in the presence of epidemic outbreaks Leptospira infection caused by bacteria of the serogroup canicola occurred 1.7 times more often than at the time when such outbreaks were absent. Periodic increases of leptospirosis caused by this serogroup were registered in individual towns and regions of the territory in different years. The analysis of 33 medical histories made it possible to state that the clinical manifestations of leptospirosis caused by bacteria of the serogroup canicola were characteristic of Leptospira infections caused not only by this serovar. As a rule, this kind of leptospirosis was registered in rural and urban areas as individual isolated cases.^0
94025460^Leptospirosis in equine fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas.^199307^Vet Pathol 1993 Jul;30(4):362-9^Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington.^Poonacha KB, Donahue JM, Giles RC, Hong CB, Petrites-Murphy MB, Smith BJ, Swerczek TW, Tramontin RR, Tuttle PA^Leptospirosis was diagnosed in 51 equine fetuses and 16 stillborn foals with gestational ages from 3 1/2 to 11 months. Diagnosis was based on one or more of the following: positive fetal antibody titer, positive fluorescent antibody test, demonstration of spirochetes in kidney and/or placental sections stained by the Warthin-Starry technique, high leptospiral titers in aborting mares, or isolation of Leptospira spp. from fetal organs. Gross lesions were observed in 80.3% of the fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas. Gross placental lesions included nodular cystic allantoic masses, edema, areas of necrosis of the chorion, and necrotic mucoid exudate coating the chorion. The liver (23 cases) was enlarged, mottled, and pale to yellow. The kidneys (seven cases) were swollen and edematous with pale white radiating streaks in cortex and medulla. Microscopic lesions were observed in 96% of fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas. Placental lesions consisted of thrombosis, vasculitis, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration of the stroma and villi, cystic adenomatous hyperplasia of allantoic epithelium, and villous necrosis and calcification. Fetal lesions included hepatocellular dissociation, mixed leukocytic infiltration of the portal triads, giant cell hepatopathy, suppurative and nonsuppurative nephritis, pulmonary hemorrhages, pneumonia, and myocarditis. Spirochetes were demonstrated with the Warthin-Starry stain in the allantochorion and/or kidney of 69 of the 71 cases. Using the direct fluorescent antibody technique, 56/60 cases tested positively for leptospires. Leptospires were isolated from fetal tissues in 20/42 cases. Sixteen of the isolates were identified by restriction enzyme analysis as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona serovar kennewicki; case Nos. 36 and 41 were serovar grippotyphosa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
94036064^The dangers of disease transmission by artificial insemination and embryo transfer [published erratum appears in Br Vet J 1994 Mar- Apr;150(2):209]^199375^Br Vet J 1993 Jul-Aug;149(4):339-69^Avoncroft Cattle Breeders Ltd, Sugarbrook, Stoke Prior, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire.^Philpott M^This review summarizes the major infectious diseases of the three major agricultural species (cattle, sheep and pigs) and horses, and presents the evidence for and against the possibility of infectious agents being transmitted between animals via the venereal route or by the use of semen or early embryos in commercial artificial insemination (AI) or embryo transfer (ET). Cattle feature most prominently in the widespread distribution of frozen semen, and national and international organizations have set out guidelines to work towards disease-free bull studs with semen free from potential pathogens. With the control of major epizootic diseases, attention has been focused on such diseases as IBR, BVD and blue tongue, where clinical signs are rarely evident but the detection of virus in semen is of great importance. New information on the relevance of bacterial disease such as Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, campylobacteriosis and leptospirosis is reviewed, along with details of the mycoplasma and ureaplasma species of the bull's genital tract. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has attracted much research and semen is not regarded as a source of infection. New work on the pathogenesis of a number of diseases and the use of new biotechnology in diagnosis is included. The International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) has encouraged a great deal of experimental work--much originating in Canada--on the risk of transmission of disease from donors to recipients via a 7-day-old blastocyst. There has been much success in demonstrating that with an approved protocol of handling the embryos, to date there is very little danger in disease transmission with both viruses and bacteria. The mycoplasma group appear more intractable and the role of BSE is still being evaluated. In sheep, scrapie, Brucella ovis infection and blue tongue feature in current work. In the pig there is a surge in international movement of pig semen, and Aujeszky's disease and the new so-called Blue Ear disease feature prominently. Much work is in progress on infectious agents likely to be found in the semen of stallions, with an expanding trade in the international movement of chilled and frozen semen. Equine embryo transfer experiments are hampered by the very limited number of embryos available. Reference is also made to the further risk of disease transmission by in vitro manipulated embryos.^0
94055026^Outer membrane proteins of three pathogenic Leptospira species.^199307^Vet Microbiol 1993 Jul;36(1-2):123-38^Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of Guelph, Ont., Canada.^Nicholson VM, Prescott JF^The outer membrane proteins of seven reference strains of pathogenic Leptospira (L. alstoni serovar grippotyphosa, L. borgpetersenii serovar hardjo, and L. interrogans serovars autumnalis, bratislava, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona) were investigated to identify common surface-exposed outer membrane proteins. Sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sodium-N-lauroylsarcosinate- insoluble outer membrane enriched fractions of the reference serovars and two field isolates of serovars hardjo and pomona revealed six common protein bands with approximate molecular masses of 77, 66, 42, 35.5, 24, and 18 kDa. At times the 35.5 kDa endoflagellar band resolved into two distinct bands, 35.5 kDa and 34 kDa. Immunoblotting of the same fractions using rabbit leptospiral antibodies showed six bands to be common (66, 59.5, 44, 42, 35.5, and 18 kDa). The 44 kDa band stained poorly with Coomassie blue but prominently by immunoblotting. Four reference strains (serovars bratislava, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona), and two field isolates of serovar pomona and one of serovar bratislava were grown in low iron media to which the iron chelators 2,2'-dipyridyl or ethylenediaminehydroxyphenylacetic acid were added. No iron-dependent expression of outer membrane proteins was observed. The only difference observed between the outer membrane proteins when reference serovars of canicola or pomona were grown in dialysis bags in the peritoneum of swine or in vitro was the loss of the 77 kDa band from in vivo grown organisms. Treatment of whole leptospires with proteinase K did not remove the 77, 66, 59.5, or 42 kDa protein; these proteins may not be surface expressed or are inaccessible to the proteinase K. The 44 kDa band could not be evaluated by this method and the 18 kDa band was proteinase K resistant.^0
94055029^Cross-reactivity between B. burgdorferi and other spirochetes affects specificity of serotests for detection of antibodies to the Lyme disease agent in dogs.^199307^Vet Microbiol 1993 Jul;36(1-2):161-74^Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14851-0786.^Shin SJ, Chang YF, Jacobson RH, Shaw E, Lauderdale TL, Appel MJ, Lein DH^Western immunoblots, the kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (KELA), and the microagglutination test were used to evaluate cross-reactivity among antibodies to serovars of Leptospira interrogans (leptospiral serovars), and B. burgdorferi from naturally infected dogs, and to Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae from vaccinated rabbits. Whole-cell lysates from Borrelia spp., leptospiral serovars, and Serpulina spp. were used for SDS-PAGE, western blots, and KELA. Crossreactivity occurred between the antibodies to B. burgdorferi and leptospiral serovars when tested on the heterologous antigens. Antibodies to leptospiral serovars tended to cross-react more strongly with antigens of B. burgdorferi spp. than did antibodies to B. burgdorferi when tested against antigens of leptospiral serovars. The antibodies against B. burgdorferi showed a lesser degree of cross- reactivity to the antigens of S. hyodysenteriae and S. innocens than they did to leptospiral serovars. We conclude that cross-reactivity occurs between B. burgdorferi and leptospiral serovars. Validation and interpretation of ELISA tests for detection of antibody activity to whole cell lysates of the Lyme agent must take this cross-reactivity into consideration. Conversely, dogs infected with the Lyme agent do not show significant cross-reactivity in the microagglutination test for antibody to the leptospiral serovars.^0
93308103^Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding OmpL1, a transmembrane outer membrane protein of pathogenic Leptospira spp.^199307^J Bacteriol 1993 Jul;175(13):4225-34^Division of Infectious Diseases, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California 90073.^Haake DA, Champion CI, Martinich C, Shang ES, Blanco DR, Miller JN, Lovett MA^Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are spirochetes that have a low transmembrane outer membrane protein content relative to that of enteric gram-negative bacteria. In a previous study we identified a 31- kDa surface protein that was present in strains of Leptospira alstoni in amounts which correlated with the outer membrane particle density observed by freeze fracture electron microscopy (D. A. Haake, E. M. Walker, D. R. Blanco, C. A. Bolin, J. N. Miller, and M. A. Lovett, Infect. Immun. 59:1131-1140, 1991). The N-terminal amino acid sequence was used to design a pair of oligonucleotides which were utilized to screen a lambda ZAP II library containing EcoRI fragments of L. alstoni DNA. A 2.5-kb DNA fragment which contained the entire structural ompL1 gene was identified. The structural gene deduced from the sequence of this DNA fragment would encode a 320-amino-acid polypeptide with a 24- amino-acid leader peptide and a leader peptidase I cleavage site. Processing of OmpL1 results in a mature protein with a predicted molecular mass of 31,113 Da. Secondary-structure prediction identified repeated stretches of amphipathic beta-sheets typical of outer membrane protein membrane-spanning sequences. A topological model of OmpL1 containing 10 transmembrane segments is suggested. A recombinant OmpL1 fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli in order to immunize rabbits with the purified protein. Upon Triton X-114 extraction of L. alstoni and phase separation, anti-OmpL1 antiserum recognized a single band on immunoblots of the hydrophobic detergent fraction which was not present in the hydrophilic aqueous fraction. Immunoelectron microscopy with anti-OmpL1 antiserum demonstrates binding to the surface of intact L. alstoni. DNA hybridization studies indicate that the ompL1 gene is present in a single copy in all pathogenic Leptospira species that have been tested and is absent in nonpathogenic Leptospira species. OmpL1 may be the first spirochetal transmembrane outer membrane protein for which the structural gene has been cloned and sequenced.^0
93355723^Rat-bite leptospirosis.^199307^West J Med 1993 Jul;159(1):76-7^Preventive Medicine Residency Program, University of Hawaii School of Public Health, Honolulu.^Gollop JH, Katz AR, Rudoy RC, Sasaki DM^^0
93293337^Antimicrobial activity of two bactenecins against spirochetes.^199307^Infect Immun 1993 Jul;61(7):3081-3^Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Biochemistry, University of Trieste, Italy.^Scocchi M, Romeo D, Cinco M^Bac5 and Bac7 are antimicrobial peptides of bovine neutrophils that act on enteric gram-negative bacteria. We report here that these two peptides immobilize and kill Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa with MBCs of 6 to 25 micrograms/ml. Conversely, although both peptides bind to Borrelia burgdorferi, the organism is resistant to their action.^0
94022109^[Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by intra-alveolar hemorrhage in leptospirosis (letter)]^199307^Presse Med 1993 Jul 3-10;22(24):1148-9^^Mohammedi I, Chaumentin G, Sab JM, Dubois JM, Mignot F, Robert D^^0
93342089^Intervening sequence with conserved open reading frame in eubacterial 23S rRNA genes.^199307^Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993 Jul 15;90(14):6864-8^California Institute of Biological Research, La Jolla 92037.^Ralph D, McClelland M^An intervening sequence (IVS) occurred in the 23S rRNA genes (rrl) of some, but not all, strains of four species of the spirochete genus Leptospira and was absent from strains in three other species. The IVS varied in size from 485 to 759 base pairs and replaced bases 1224-1245 in both copies of rrl. The two ends of each IVS shared 22-35 bases of complementarity that could form a stable double helix. The presence of an IVS correlated with a cleaved mature 23S rRNA that probably results from removal of the IVS without religation. The 3' site of cleavage was mapped within the inverted repeat of the IVS. An open reading frame of 121-133 amino acids was conserved in the IVS in all four species, oriented so that the sense strand was in the rRNA transcript. When the open reading frames were compared between species, they predicted polypeptides that showed between 51% and 78% amino acid conservation and similar DNA sequence conservation, indicating selection for protein function.^0
93348567^[Serological study of the occurrence of L. hardjo in sheep in The Netherlands]^199307^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1993 Jul 15;118(13):433-5^Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren in West- en Midden-Nederland, Gouda.^Pekelder JJ, Westenbrink F, Vellema P, Peterse DJ, Bokhout BA, Franken P^Sheep (3918) from 137 farms in the regions of North-, West- and Mid- Netherlands and Gelderland were serologically investigated for the presence of antibodies against Leptospira hardjo. Antibodies were detected in 3.3% of the sheep. There were large regional differences with respect to both the percentage of positive sheep and the percentage of positive flocks. All sera from sheep in Gelderland were negative. In West- en Mid-Netherlands there were 0.9 and 6.5% positive sera, respectively, and 19.4 and 32.7% positive flocks. The percentage of positive sheep per positive flocks varied from 1 tot 51.6. Serological positive sheep were from farms with and without cattle. On farms with cattle, there was no clear relationship between serologically sheep and the presence of hardjo antibodies in cattle. It thus seems plausible that sheep can be infected with hardjo independently of cattle.^0
94012125^Hematuria and leptospiruria in a foal.^199307^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993 Jul 15;203(2):276-8^Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40580.^Bernard WV, Williams D, Tuttle PA, Pierce S^A Thoroughbred foal that was born after 305 days of gestation was referred 6 hours after birth. On initial examination, the foal was alert, but weak and unable to stand. Heart rate was 150 beats/min, respiratory rate was 48 breaths/min, and rectal temperature was 33 C. Leukocytosis was detected (26,000 WBC/microliters). Dysuria and passage of red urine was observed approximately 30 hours after admission. Urine collected by free catch had a 3+ reaction for blood on dipstick analysis. Examination of Warthin Starry-stained sections of allantochorion revealed organisms morphologically characteristic of leptospira spp along the chorion. Results of direct fluorescent antibody tests on section of placenta were positive for Leptospira spp. Direct fluorescent antibody testing identified leptospires in the urine of the foal. Sera from mare and foal were tested for antibodies against Leptospira spp by use of the microscopic agglutination test. High titers were identified in serum from the mare and foal.^0
94014963^Characterization of Leptospiraceae by 16S DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms.^199308^J Gen Microbiol 1993 Aug;139 ( Pt 8):1681-9^PHLS Leptospira Reference Laboratory, FAO/WHO Collaborating Centre, County Hospital, Hereford, UK.^Hookey JV^Chromosomal DNA from 37 Leptospiracae representing genetic species, groups and reference strains together with five leptospire isolates and Escherichia coli were digested with the restriction endonucleases BamHI, ClaI and EcoRI. The Southern blots were hybridized with a biotinylated E. coli 1.5 kb 16S rDNA probe and gave 36 reproducible and unique patterns. With the exception of the type strain (Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae RGA) and neotype strain (serovar icterohaemorrhagiae Ictero no. 1) all the species and taxa examined could be differentiated from each other on the basis of their BamHI, ClaI and EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii reference strains were heterogeneous, whereas Leptonema illini and L. parva incertae sedis were distinct and separate. Strains representing L. biflexa sensu lato presented divergent RFLP patterns. A porcine isolate was identified to be L. interrogans pomona Pomona.^0
93364813^Leptospirosis.^199308^Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993 Aug;9(2):435-44^Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky.^Bernard WV^Equine clinical leptospirosis has been primarily related to uveitis and the often recurrent sequelae of ocular changes. Reports of equine hepatic and renal involvement are sporadic. More recently, serovar bratislava has been identified as a host-adapted serovar in the horse. More significantly, reports of equine abortion and stillbirth have become more frequent in the literature. This is more than likely a result of improved diagnostic techniques, not of increased prevalence of disease. In addition to abortion, equine neonatal disease is becoming more frequently recognized in association with leptospira infection. Whether leptospiral infection results in abortion or diseased foals may depend upon the stage of gestation when the mare is exposed and host immune status. Antibiotic of choice for treatment of equine leptospirosis remains speculative, as specific equine studies have not been performed. Extrapolation from other species suggests that the use of streptomycin remains a good choice of therapy for the chronic shedding state and may be used in combination with other antimicrobials for treatment of acute disease. Penicillin or potentiated penicillins and tetracycline at appropriate to high end dosages are logical choices for the treatment of acute leptospirosis.^0
93380997^Rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus by a passive hemagglutination assay using recombinant 56-kilodalton polypeptides.^199308^J Clin Microbiol 1993 Aug;31(8):2057-60^Department of Microbiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.^Kim IS, Seong SY, Woo SG, Choi MS, Kang JS, Chang WH^The genes encoding the 56-kDa polypeptides were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the genomic DNAs of three serotypes of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Gilliam, Karp, and Boryong. The amplified products were cloned into expression vector pIH821, and the recombinant antigens were expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins with maltose-binding protein. The recombinant 56-kDa polypeptides were purified by affinity chromatography for the sensitization of sheep erythrocytes. The recombinant 56-kDa polypeptides were evaluated with 89 serum specimens from health blood donors, 94 serum specimens from scrub typhus patients, and 31 serum specimens from patients with other febrile diseases by a passive hemagglutination assay (PHA). Among the scrub typhus patients diagnosed by indirect immunofluorescent-antibody testing, the antibodies to R. tsutsugamushi were detected in 93 patients (99%). One serum specimen from a healthy person showed a false- positive reaction by this method. The recombinant PHA showed no cross- reactions with sera obtained from other febrile patients with diseases such as murine typhus, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and leptospirosis. In conclusion, this recombinant PHA could be substituted for the conventional indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test and the immunoperoxidase test.^0
94002784^Leptospirosis in pregnancy and its effect on the fetus: case report and review.^199308^Clin Infect Dis 1993 Aug;17(2):241-3^Department of Internal Medicine F. Beilinson Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel.^Shaked Y, Shpilberg O, Samra D, Samra Y^We report the case of a pregnant woman with leptospirosis who gave birth to a healthy baby. We also review 15 previously reported cases of leptospirosis in pregnancy. Of these 15 cases, eight women had abortions, two delivered healthy babies, and four delivered babies who had signs of active leptospirosis; in one case, the fate of the fetus was not stated. It appears that women are more likely to spontaneously abort if leptospirosis occurs in the early months of pregnancy. Since congenital infection is rare, leptospirosis should not necessarily be considered an indication to terminate pregnancy. Increased awareness of the possibility of leptospirosis for pregnant women who live in areas where the disease is endemic is of utmost importance for early detection and treatment of the disease and, thus, for the safety of the fetus.^0
94014964^Detection of seven species of pathogenic leptospires by PCR using two sets of primers.^199308^J Gen Microbiol 1993 Aug;139 ( Pt 8):1691-700^NH Swellengrebel Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Gravekamp C, Van de Kemp H, Franzen M, Carrington D, Schoone GJ, Van Eys GJ, Everard CO, Hartskeerl RA, Terpstra WJ^Two sets of primers derived from genomic DNA libraries of Leptospira serovars icterohaemorrhagiae (strain RGA) and bim (strain 1051) enabled the amplification by PCR of target DNA fragments from leptospiral reference strains belonging to all presently described pathogenic Leptospira species. The icterohaemorrhagiae-derived primers (G1/G2) enabled amplification of DNA from L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. weilii, L. noguchii, L. santarosai and L. meyeri, whereas the bim- derived primers (B64-I/B64-II) enabled the amplification of L. kirschneri. Southern blot and DNA sequence analysis revealed inter- species DNA polymorphism within the region spanned by primers G1 and G2 between L. interrogans and various other Leptospira species. Using a mixture of primer sets G1/G2 and B64-I/B64-II, leptospires of serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa and bim were detected in serum samples collected from patients during the first 10 days after the onset of illness.^0
93317003^Clinical problem-solving. An abundance of options [see comments]^199308^N Engl J Med 1993 Aug 5;329(6):413-6^University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-0012.^Kreisberg RA^^0
94280818^Occupational risk linked to leptospirae in Apulia.^199375^Ann Ig 1993 Sep-Oct;5(5):301-3^Ministero della Sanita, Roma.^Squarcione S, Maggi P, Pece S, Lo Caputo S, Marcuccio L^^0
93374839^Comparison of genetic maps for two Leptospira interrogans serovars provides evidence for two chromosomes and intraspecies heterogeneity.^199309^J Bacteriol 1993 Sep;175(17):5445-51^National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010.^Zuerner RL, Herrmann JL, Saint Girons I^Genetic maps were constructed for Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona. Previously we independently constructed physical maps of the genomes for these two serovars. The genomes of both serovars consist of a large replicon (4.4 to 4.6 Mb) and a small replicon (350 kb). Genes were localized on the physical maps by using Southern blot analysis with specific probes. Among the probes used were genes encoding a variety of essential enzymes and genes usually found near bacterial chromosomal replication origins. Most of the essential genes are on the larger replicon of each serovar. However, the smaller replicons of both serovars contain the asd gene. The asd gene encodes aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme essential in amino acid and cell wall biosyntheses. The finding that both L. interrogans replicons contain essential genes suggests that both replicons are chromosomes. Comparison of the genetic maps of the larger replicons of the two serovars showed evidence of large rearrangements. These data show that there is considerable intraspecies heterogeneity in L. interrogans.^0
94029888^[The use of nonpathogenic leptospira as diagnostic antigens for the diagnosis of leptospira infections in cattle]^199309^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1993 Sep;106(9):296-9^Staatlichen Medizinal-, Lebensmittel- und Veterinaruntersuchungsamt Mittelhessen in Giessen.^Mauermann U, Wiegand D, Manz D, Weiss R^The seroprevalence of leptospira antibodies was determined in 4377 bovine sera by microagglutination assay using 11 Leptospira interrogans serovars. In 10% (439 samples) of the sera, a positive reaction was detected. These included 275 sera (62.6%) with reaction to L. grippotyphosa, 159 (36.2%) to L. saxkoebing and 5 (1.1%) sera with reactions to other serovars. Multiple reactions were found in 9.8% of the 439 positive sera, whereby the Sejroe group dominated (65%) within the possible combinations of crossreactions. To determine the suitability of nonpathogenic strains as polyvalent diagnostic antigens, two L. biflexa serovar patoc strains were compared with the above- mentioned 11 L. interrogans serovars in microagglutination testing of 1995 screen sera. The sensitivity of the test was found to be 0.3% and the specificity was 80.3%. Using the two L. patoc strains, all of the 415 positive field sera and 11 positive control sera yielded negative reactions. Based on these results, the use of L. biflexa serovar patoc cannot be recommended as polyvalent antigen in the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis by microagglutination.^0
94053048^Association between cessation of leptospiruria in cattle and urinary antibody levels.^199309^Res Vet Sci 1993 Sep;55(2):195-202^Teagasc, Moorepark Research and Development Centre, Fermoy, County Cork.^Leonard FC, Quinn PJ, Ellis WA, O'Farrell K^The shedding of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the urine of cattle and the local and systemic response to these organisms was monitored in experimentally and naturally infected animals. Twenty yearling heifers, 10 infected by the instillation of leptospires into the conjunctival sac (supraconjunctival route) and 10 infected intrauterinely, shed leptospires for up to 60 weeks after infection. Five of 15 naturally infected pregnant heifers with microscopic agglutination test titres > or = 1:300 continued to shed leptospires from 28 to 40 weeks after initial detection. Serovar hardjo was isolated infrequently from the urine of a further five naturally infected animals during the first eight weeks of the study but no leptospires were isolated from the remaining five animals for the duration of the study period (84 weeks). Cessation of leptospiruria in the 20 experimentally infected animals and in the five naturally infected persistent excretors was invariably associated with a sharp increase in urinary anti-leptospiral IgG and IgA antibody levels.^0
94116954^[Restriction endonuclease analysis of leptospiral DNA from different serogroup and serovar]^199309^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1993 Sep;24(3):258-61^^Wu W, Dai B^The DNAs of different serogroups and serovars of leptospires were analyzed with seven kinds of restriction endonuclease (Bam HI, Bgl II, Cfo I, Eco RI, Hind III, Kpn I and Pst I). The results showed that there are significant differences among the leptospiral DNAs of different serovars, especially in the high molecular-weight region, but the patterns of different strains belonging to the same serovar are similar. In addition, Cfo I and Eco RI are more effective for differentiating leptospires.^0
94116955^[Amplified 23S rRNA gene of 52 strains of Leptospira and detection of leptospiral DNA in 55 patients by PCR]^199309^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1993 Sep;24(3):262-7^^Zhang Y, Li S, Dai B^Based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), We have developed a sensitive assay for Leptospira interrogans, the agent of leptospirosis. DNA amplification was carried out using primer A: 5'GATCTAATTCGCTGTAGCAGG3' and primer B: 5'ACTTTCACCCTCTATGGTCGG3'. After 30 cycles of amplification, the product could be detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. A segment (124 bp) was amplified in all strains of L. interrogans including 20 Serogroups, 49 Serovars tested, but it was not detected in Patoc I strain, Serovar patoc of Leptospira biflexa and 3055 strain of Leptonema illini (both of which are nonpathogenic). All of the serum (first time) which proved either by blood culture or MAT showed that positive rates were 100%. Leptospiral infection in humans and some domestic animals leads to one or more of a variety of manifestation and persists through a considerable duration of time. However it is relatively difficult to demonstrate the presence of leptospires in serum. The serum (second time) obtained from 55 patients with leptospirosis (6-60 days after on set) showed that PCR positive rates were 74.55% (41/55). The PCR positive rates for healthy subjects were 15% (3/20), P < 0.001. The diagnosis of leptospirosis by using PCR may become a significant addition to the routine laboratory diagnosis and a valuable technique for the investigation of leptospirosis pathogenesis.^0
94011356^Epitope mapping of the Sta58 major outer membrane protein of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.^199310^Infect Immun 1993 Oct;61(10):4527-31^Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.^Lachumanan R, Devi S, Cheong YM, Rodda SJ, Pang T^Binding studies of 160 overlapping, synthetic octapeptides from the hydrophilic regions of the Sta58 major outer membrane protein of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi with sera from patients with scrub typhus revealed 15 immunodominant peptides which are recognized by all the sera tested. Further analysis of the specificity of peptide binding with five of these peptides indicated that the peptides showed significantly stronger binding to scrub typhus patients' sera than they did to sera from patients with other febrile illnesses common in the region, i.e., malaria, dengue fever, typhoid fever, and leptospirosis. The main antibody class binding to these peptides appears to be immunoglobulin M, and there appears to be little correlation between reactivity with peptides and antibody titers measured by the indirect immunoperoxidase test.^0
94345245^[Serologic study for detecting anti-Leptospira antibodies in Rattus norvegicus from Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]^199375^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1993 Oct-Dec;35(4):357-80^Departmento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Brasil.^Lilenbaum W, Ribeiro V, Martin E, Bispo V^Due to the high incidence of leptospirosis human cases in Duque de Caxias, state of Rio de Janeiro, the authors captured 47 rats (Rattus norvegicus) in order to search agglutinins on them. Through serological reactions, 17 positive animals (36.17%) were identified, being 16 to the serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and 1 to the serovar canicola, with titers from 1/100 to 1/400.^0
94233804^[Restriction endonuclease analysis of Pomona serogroup of Leptospira interrogans]^199310^Wei Sheng Wu Hsueh Pao 1993 Oct;33(5):374-7^Animal Quarantine Institute Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao.^Zhu S, Chappel R, Amon L^Restriction Endonuclease Analysis (REA) was performed on DNAs from the type strains of the Pomona serogroup of Leptospira interrogans by using EcoRI and HhaI restriction enzyme, and the electrophoretic patterns obtained were compared with patterns obtained from 27 isolates from pig kidneys collected at abattoirs in Victoria, which belong to Pomona serogroup previous identified by MAT. All of the isolates were identified as serovar Pomona.^0
94026622^The aseptic meningitis syndrome.^199310^Am Fam Physician 1993 Oct;48(5):809-15^Self Memorial Hospital, Greenwood, South Carolina.^Nelsen S, Sealy DP, Schneider EF^The diagnosis and treatment of acute meningitis is a challenge for the primary care physician. Differentiating between bacterial meningitis and aseptic meningitis is not always straightforward. The aseptic meningitis syndrome is usually viral in origin, and enteroviruses account for most cases. The aseptic syndrome also may be caused by unusual bacterial organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leptospira species, Brucella species, Borrelia burgdorferi and others. The classic presentation consists of the acute onset of meningismus, headache, fever, malaise with pleocytosis and normal glucose and slightly elevated protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate and serum C-reactive protein measurements may be helpful in differentiating aseptic meningitis from treatable bacterial meningitis. Aseptic meningitis of viral origin usually responds to expectant care. Other causes of aseptic meningitis must be searched for and treated if present.^0
94079567^A serological survey of dogs, cats and horses in south-eastern Australia for leptospiral antibodies [see comments]^199310^Aust Vet J 1993 Oct;70(10):389-90^Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales.^Dickeson D, Love DN^^0
94079570^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and zanoni from a dairy herd in north Queensland.^199310^Aust Vet J 1993 Oct;70(10):393-4^Department of Farm Animal Medicine and Production, University of Queensland, Kenmore.^McClintock CS, McGowan MR, Corney BG, Colley J, Smythe L, Dohnt M, Woodrow M^^0
94081523^Prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in white-tailed deer, Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA.^199310^J Wildl Dis 1993 Oct;29(4):561-7^Department of Environmental Practice, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071.^New JC Jr, Wathen WG, Dlutkowski S^We conducted a study of the population dynamics, movement, and diseases of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee (USA) from 1980 to 1984. During the study 590 blood samples were collected from 518 deer, with some deer recaptured one or two times. The estimated percent of the herd sampled each year ranged from 8% to 28%. We also collected serum samples from 56 cattle pastured in Cades Cove. Deer and cattle sera were tested using the microagglutination test for the presence of antibody to the following serovars of Leptospira: pomona, hardjo, grippotyphosa, icterohemorrhagiae, and canicola. One hundred and six deer (21%) were seropositive for only one of the serovars. We found that 57 (11%) of the deer had antibodies to serovar hardjo, 33 (6%) were positive for antibodies to serovar pomona, 15 (3%) were positive for antibodies to serovar icterohemorrhagiae, and one deer had antibodies to serovar canicola. Age class and sex of deer were associated with antibody presence. Adult (> or = 1.5 yr) male deer were more likely to have antibodies than the other age class and sex groups (P = 0.001). In recaptured deer, similar titers were found in samples from one deer taken 807 days apart. Titer declined below the screening dilution level (1:250) after 37 days in one deer.^0
94081532^Leptospirosis serology in Korean wild animals.^199310^J Wildl Dis 1993 Oct;29(4):602-3^College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea.^Rim BM, Rim CW, Chang WH, Kakoma I^A study was undertaken on wild animals to determine the seroprevalence of animal leptospirosis in Korea. Using the serum microagglutination test for 19 serogroups, it was shown that two of 26 rats (Rattus rattus) had antibodies to Leptospira canicola. When data for domestic animals were included, the most prevalent (nearly 50%) serogroup was Leptospira canicola.^0
94081534^Serologic survey for leptospirae in European brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Croatia.^199310^J Wildl Dis 1993 Oct;29(4):608-11^Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia.^Modric Z, Huber D^From 1981 to 1991, sera of 42 European brown bears (Ursus arctos) from three areas in Croatia were tested for antibodies against 12 Leptospira interrogans serovars: grippotyphosa, sejroe, australis, pomona, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, tarassovi, saxkoebing, ballum, bataviae, poi, and hardjo. Diagnostic levels of antibody were found in 17 (40%) of 42 sera. Evidence of exposure to at least one of the serovars was found in seven of 14 free-ranging bears from the Lika region, four of 12 free-ranging bears from the Gorski Kotar region, zero of six orphaned cubs from the Gorski Kotar region, and six of 10 captive bears from the Zagreb Zoo. Based on the antibody titers, we implicated the following serovars: australis in five bears, sejroe in two bears, canicola in one bear, and icterohaemorrhagiae in one bear. There was a strong correlation between serovars implicated by this survey and serovars previously isolated from small mammals in Croatia.^0
94088307^Identification of Leptospira interrogans strains by monoclonal antibodies and genomic analysis.^199310^New Microbiol 1993 Oct;16(4):315-21^Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Brescia, Italy.^Savio ML, Pacciarini ML, Cinco M, Tagliabue S^A recombinant probe derived from a genomic library of serovar hardjo strain Hardjoprajitno, and a panel of serovar specific Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) were used for the characterization of 31 Leptospira isolates from cattle and swine. The two methods performed equally well in serovar identification except for the distinction of the genotypes hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis within serovar hardjo which could only be obtained by genomic analysis. The combination of immunological and genetic information was also useful to evaluate the degree of variability of Leptospira strains. The quality of the patterns and the sensitivity provided by a digoxigenin labelled probe were comparable to those obtained with a radioactive reagent.^0
94089230^Common and specific antigens of several treponemes detected by polyclonal antisera against major cellular proteins.^199310^Oral Microbiol Immunol 1993 Oct;8(5):288-94^Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Gifu, Japan.^Nakamura Y, Umemoto T, Nakatani Y, Namikawa I, Wadood A^Thirteen polypeptide antigens with molecular weights ranging from 34 kDa to 83 kDa were selected and their antigenic behaviors and distribution were examined in 12 strains of microorganisms including Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira and Leptonema. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that 45 kDa and 83 kDa polypeptides of Treponema socranskii subsp. buccale ATCC 35534, 53 kDa antigen of Treponema denticola ATCC 33520 and 44 kDa polypeptide of the strain G7201 were strain-specific. The 34, 62, 66 and 84 kDa polypeptide antigens were detected in all 8 treponemal strains examined. T. denticola ATCC 33520 and ATCC 35404 possessed 38 kDa, 48 kDa, 52 kDa and 72 kDa common polypeptide antigens. All 12 strains possessed the 84 kDa polypeptide antigen. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the 34 kDa and 38 kDa polypeptide antigens were located on the axial flagella and that other polypeptide antigens were located on the outer envelopes or wall- membrane complexes.^0
94114614^Optimization of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in biologic specimens.^199310^J Vet Diagn Invest 1993 Oct;5(4):548-54^Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.^Kaufman AC, Greene CE, McGraw RA^This study describes the use of a newly constructed set of primers that amplifies an 85-base pair (bp) segment of Borrelia burgdorferi chromosomal DNA. This 85-bp product is not produced when other Borrelia species, Leptospira, or other bacteria are subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also describe a rapid method of optimizing the amplification of B. burgdorferi DNA from canine ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-treated blood and urine samples that circumvents some of the problems encountered due to low number of spirochetes in clinical specimens and that removes inhibiting substances, which improves the PCR diagnosis of canine Lyme borreliosis.^0
94114616^Equine abortion and stillbirth in central Kentucky during 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons.^199310^J Vet Diagn Invest 1993 Oct;5(4):560-6^Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40511.^Hong CB, Donahue JM, Giles RC Jr, Petrites-Murphy MB, Poonacha KB, Roberts AW, Smith BJ, Tramontin RR, Tuttle PA, Swerczek TW^Pathologic and microbiologic examinations were performed on 1,211 aborted equine fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas from premature foals in central Kentucky during the 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons to determine the causes of reproductive loss in the mare. Placentitis (19.4%) and dystocia-perinatal asphyxia (19.5%) were the 2 most important causes of equine reproductive loss. The other causes (in decreasing order) were contracted foal syndrome and other congenital anomalies (8.5%), twinning (6.1%), improper separation of placenta (4.7%), torsion of umbilical cord (4.5%), placental edema (4.3%), equine herpesvirus abortion (3.3%), bacteremia (3.2%), fetal diarrhea (2.7%), other placental disorders (total of 6.0%), and miscellaneous causes (1.6%). A definitive diagnosis was not established in 16.9% of the cases submitted. Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichia coli, Leptospira spp., and a nocardioform actinomycete were organisms most frequently associated with bacterial placentitis, and Aspergillus spp. was the fungus most often noted in mycotic placentitis. No viral placentitis was noticed in this series. Dystocia-perinatal asphyxia was mostly associated with large foals, maiden mares, unattended deliveries, and malpresentations. The results of this study indicate that in central Kentucky, the noninfectious causes of equine reproductive loss outnumber the infectious causes by an approximate ratio of 2:1, placental disorders are slightly more prevalent than nonplacental disorders, Leptospira spp. and a nocardioform actinomycete are 2 new important abortifacient bacteria in the mare, the occurrence of contracted foal syndrome is unusually frequent, the incidence of twin abortion has sharply declined, and torsion of the umbilical cord is an important cause of abortion in the mare.^0
94016734^A serological survey for leptospirosis in the Enugu area of eastern Nigeria among people at occupational risk.^199310^J Trop Med Hyg 1993 Oct;96(5):301-4^Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus.^Onyemelukwe NF^A serological examination of sera from 661 human volunteers in various occupations comprising 248 coal miners, 138 butchers and abattoir workers, 213 local farmers and 62 hospital laboratory personnel from various communities in Enugu and environs of eastern Nigeria was undertaken between January 1990 and March 1991. Leptospiral antibody titres of 1:100 and above were present in 89 (13.5%). The highest prevalence of antibodies to individual serovars were canicola 21 (23.6%), hardjo 17 (19.1%), pomona 13 (14.6%), icterohaemorrhagiae 11 (12.4%), pyrogenes 8 (9.0%), autumnalis 8 (9.0%) and grippotyphosa 7 (7.9%). Among the occupational groups examined, the coal miners were particularly at risk with a prevalence rate of 41 (46%), followed by the butchers/abattoir workers 26 (29.2%), farmers 18 (20.2%) and hospital laboratory personnel 4 (4.5%).^0
94008497^[A severe course of leptospirosis with acute kidney failure and extensive icterus (Weil disease)]^199310^Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1993 Oct 8;118(40):1437-41^Klinik und Poliklinik fur Innere Medizin II, Universitat Regensburg.^Notheis WF, Kramer BK, Leser HG, Ruschoff J, Kromer EP, Riegger AJ^A 77-year-old man developed a fever up to 38.4 degrees C, with diarrhoea, acute renal failure (creatinine up to 8.7 mg/dl; urea up to 308 mg/dl) and marked jaundice (total bilirubin up to 24.3 mg/dl). In addition there was thrombocytopenia, conjunctivitis and epistaxis, as well as cerebral symptoms with somnolence and general slowing up. At first he was thought to have cholangitis resulting from previously diagnosed gall-stones, and he was therefore treated with ampicillin, 2 g two times daily, and metronidazole, 0.5 g two times daily. The fewer regressed, but the renal failure required haemodialysis and haemofiltration under strict fluid control. Endoscopy excluded obstructive jaundice, but a suspicion of inflammatory liver disease or possibly cirrhosis was raised in the differential diagnosis. Serology revealed an increased titre for Leptospira interrogans var. sejroe (1:200, later 1:1600). Liver biopsy finding was compatible with the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Because of the high inflammatory activity in the liver, 2 mega units of penicillin G were administered three times daily for six days. Gradually the renal functions and jaundice improved and, on discharge on the 36th day, the patient was again in generally good health, although creatinine and bilirubin values were still slightly elevated (1.7 mg/dl each).^0
94064485^Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal death in horses: 3,527 cases (1986-1991).^199310^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993 Oct 15;203(8):1170-5^Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40511.^Giles RC, Donahue JM, Hong CB, Tuttle PA, Petrites-Murphy MB, Poonacha KB, Roberts AW, Tramontin RR, Smith B, Swerczek TW^Pathology case records of 3,514 aborted fetuses, stillborn foals, or foals that died < 24 hours after birth and of 13 placentas from mares whose foals were weak or unthrifty at birth were reviewed to determine the cause of abortion, death, or illness. Fetoplacental infection caused by bacteria (n = 628), equine herpesvirus (143), fungi (61), or placentitis (351), in which an etiologic agent could not be defined, was the most common diagnosis. Complications of birth, including neonatal asphyxia, dystocia, or trauma, were the second most common cause of mortality and were diagnosed in 19% of the cases (679). Other common diagnoses were placental edema or premature separation of placenta (249), development of twins (221), contracted foal syndrome (188), other congenital anomalies (160), and umbilical cord abnormalities (121). Less common conditions were placental villous atrophy or body pregnancy (81), fetal diarrhea syndrome (34), and neoplasms or miscellaneous conditions (26). A diagnosis was not established in 16% of the cases seen (585). The study revealed that leptospirosis (78) was an important cause of bacterial abortion in mares, and that infection by a nocardioform actinomycete (45) was an important cause of chronic placentitis.^0
94103733^The use of 16S rDNA sequence analysis to investigate the phylogeny of Leptospiraceae and related spirochaetes.^199311^J Gen Microbiol 1993 Nov;139 ( Pt 11):2585-90^PHLS Leptospira Reference Laboratory, County Hospital, Hereford, UK.^Hookey JV, Bryden J, Gatehouse L^The 16S rDNA sequences from 15 Leptospiraceae were determined by automated PCR-directed cycle sequencing. Nucleotide comparisons, including those from published sequences for Leptospira canicola Moulton and Serpulina spp., were used to construct phylogenetic trees. Serpulina hyodysenteriae and S. innocens were related to each other but were distinct from the Leptospiraceae comprising Leptospira parva incertae sedis (Turneria parva H), Leptonema illini and Leptospira spp. The pathogenic and the saprophytic leptospires were distinct and separated from each other. Leptospira inadai occupied an intermediate position between the two forms. The pathogens formed three groups. Group I was represented by L. interrogans sensu stricto and L. kirschneri, Group II by L. weilii, L. borgpetersenii and L. santarosai, and Group III comprised L. noguchii and L. meyeri. The saprophytic species, L. wolbachii and L. biflexa sensu stricto shared about 99% sequence similarity. The freshwater isolates were distinct from the marine isolate L. biflexa sensu lato ancona Ancona Porto.^0
94360675^[Dogs as the possible source of leptospirosis in people]^199375^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1993 Nov-Dec;(6):46-8^^Stoianova NA, Semenovich VN, Sergeiko LM, Rusal'chuk VV^^0
94044943^Detection of Leptospira DNA by polymerase chain reaction in aqueous humor of a patient with unilateral uveitis [letter]^199311^J Infect Dis 1993 Nov;168(5):1335-6^^Merien F, Perolat P, Mancel E, Persan D, Baranton G^^0
94086790^Rapid identification of some Leptospira isolates from cattle by random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting.^199311^J Clin Microbiol 1993 Nov;31(11):2927-32^Animal Research Institute, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Moorooka, Australia.^Corney BG, Colley J, Djordjevic SP, Whittington R, Graham GC^We compared random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting with cross-absorption agglutination and restriction enzyme analysis for typing bovine leptospires. Using RAPD fingerprinting, we examined a number of Leptospira serovars, namely, hardjo genotypes bovis and prajitno, pomona, balcanica, tarassovi, swajizak, kremastos, australis, and zanoni, which are likely to be isolated from Australian cattle. Each serovar and genotype had a unique RAPD profile. Of 26 field isolates of Leptospira, 23 were identified as hardjo genotype bovis subtype A, 2 were identified as zanoni, and 1 was identified as pomona by RAPD fingerprinting, and their types were confirmed by cross- absorption agglutination and restriction enzyme analysis.^0
94129639^The prevalence of small terrestrial mammals infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and leptospirae in the foothills of the southern Bavarian forest, Germany.^199311^Appl Parasitol 1993 Nov;34(4):283-90^Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava.^Kocianova E, Kozuch O, Bakoss P, Rehacek J, Kovacova E^In the district of Grafenau/Freyung (Bavaria, Germany), 266 specimens of small terrestrial mammals of 8 species were captured using live traps. From these mammals, Apodemus flavicollis (42.1%) and Clethrionomys glareolus (39.5%) were prevalent. All animals were tested for neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and agglutinating antibodies to leptospirae. Seropositivity against TBE virus was 14.0% and against leptospirae 7.9%, respectively. Seropositivity to leptospirae appeared to be primarily to Leptospira grippotyphosa, less to Australis and occasionally to Javanica serovars. Only one A. flavicollis specimen was positive to both pathogens tested. The parasitocoenosis of trapped micromammals with ectoparasites consisted of 69.5% from ticks (mainly Ixodes ricinus, less from I. trianguliceps), 16.1% of mites (primarily Laelaps agilis) and 14.3% of fleas (mostly Ctenophthalmus agyrtes).^0
94141247^Leptospirosis presenting as atypical pneumonia, respiratory failure and pyogenic meningitis.^199311^J Infect 1993 Nov;27(3):281-3^Department of Medicine, Blackburn Royal Infirmary, Lancashire, U.K.^Alani FS, Mahoney MP, Ormerod LP, Wright PA, Garrues M^A 20-year-old man who looked after a pack of hounds was admitted with a short history of headache, fever, haemoptysis and muscle cramps. Investigations showed type I respiratory failure with diffuse pneumonitis, pyogenic meningitis and raised liver enzymes. Leptospirosis was suspected and treated with the appropriate antibiotics leading to a full recovery. The diagnosis was confirmed by a titre of I/2560 to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. The case illustrates an unusual presentation of this infection and argues for early antibiotic treatment.^0
94098581^[Return to estrus following first insemination in sow herds (incidence and association with reproductivity and various blood parameters)]^199312^Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1993 Dec 1;118(23):769-77^Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren in Zuid-Nederland, Boxtel.^Elbers AR, van Rossem H, Schukken YH, Martin SW, van Exsel AC, Friendship RM, Tielen MJ^As no systematic study has been done to get an accurate estimate of the incidence of return to oestrus after first insemination in sows in the Netherlands, the objectives of this investigation were: 1) to obtain an estimate of the incidence of return to oestrus after insemination at the herd level; 2) to investigate the association between incidence of return to oestrus after first insemination and reproduction characteristics to get an impression of the economic importance. These objectives were investigated using the reproduction results of 240 swine breeding herds in The Southern Netherlands in 1987, using their CBK plus computerized herd management records. The average incidence of return to oestrus after first insemination on a herd level was 16.9 per 100 first inseminations. An increase of incidence with 10 returns per 100 first inseminations, corrected for confounders in a multiple linear regression model, was associated with a decrease of approximately 0.3 liveborn piglets/sow/year. Thereupon individual sows were followed in 1988 and 1989 prospectively in 37 sow herds from weaning to insemination, returning to oestrus or not after first insemination to farrowing. The investigation focused in particular on the relationship between returning to oestrus after first insemination and incident infection with porcine parvovirus (PPV) and Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava (L. bratislava). During a number of consecutive farm visits sows were blood sampled at weaning and again a blood sample was taken 6 weeks later. The final dataset that was analysed consisted of 161 animals that did not return to oestrus after first insemination and 158 animals that returned to oestrus after first insemination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
94172290^Biological activity of a peptidoglycan extracted from Leptospira interrogans: in vitro studies.^199312^J Gen Microbiol 1993 Dec;139 ( Pt 12):2959-64^Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita di Trieste, Italy.^Cinco M, Perticarari S, Presani G, Dobrina A, Liut F^Peptidoglycan (PG) has been isolated from some species of spirochaetes, including Leptospira interrogans. Although leptospiral PG has been chemically characterized, no study has been carried out on its potential biological activity. Since PG of Treponema and Borrelia is biologically active both in vivo and in vitro, we investigated the capacity of a leptospiral PG preparation to induce relevant biological effects. PG extracted from L. interrogans strain Teramo was mitogenic at 0.1 microgram ml-1 for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) since it increased the PBMC fraction positive for Ki-67, an antigen expressed by human proliferating cells; at 4 micrograms ml-1, PG was able to induce complement consumption and to stimulate leucocyte phagocytosis and the metabolic burst of resting as well as phagocytosing leucocytes. These findings indicate that Leptospira PG may play a role in modulating the immunocompetent cell functions and suggest that PG can contribute to the host response during Leptospira infection.^0
94174686^Effect of streptomycin treatment on the shedding of and the serologic responses to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis in experimentally infected cows.^199312^Vet Microbiol 1993 Dec;38(1-2):129-35^Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, Netherlands.^Gerritsen MJ, Koopmans MJ, Olyhoek T^Shedding patterns of and serologic responses to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis (L. hardjobovis) have been studied in experimentally infected cows treated with streptomycin in comparison to experimentally infected cows receiving no such treatment. Fourteen cows were experimentally infected with L. hardjobovis, and blood and urine samples were collected weekly for 24 weeks. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine serologic responses. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine bacterial shedding in urine. Six weeks after infection six cows were treated with the antibiotic streptomycin (25 mg/kg body weight/day); three cows were treated only once, and the remaining three were treated for five consecutive days. After treatment all six cows had lower serologic responses compared to the untreated cows. The treated cows became also PCR-negative two days after the first treatment, whereas the eight untreated cows remained PCR-positive for at least 70 days. Cows that stopped shedding did not resume shedding within the observation period. Since streptomycin treatment reduces the period of shedding, transmission of leptospira via contaminated urine might be prevented by a single treatment of an infected herd.^0
94174904^[The infectious causes of abortion and stillbirth in swine in Switzerland]^199312^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1993 Dec;40(9-10):641-53^Institut fur Veterinarpathologie, Universitat Zurich.^Broll S, Waldvogel AS, Rosskopf M, Corboz L, Pospischil A^Fetuses and placentae of 171 cases of porcine abortion, stillbirth and mummification were examined for pathological lesions, bacterial infections and PPV (porcine parvovirus) infection. Furthermore IgG (immunoglobulin G) levels were determined in fetal body fluids. Selected maternal sera were tested for antibodies against Leptospira, Aujeszky's disease and hog cholera. PPV infection was diagnosed in 29.2% of all cases. Bacterial abortion was diagnosed in 8.2%. Indications for an infectious agent were demonstrated in about 10% of the cases. The etiology of the abortion could not be identified in 52%. Inflammatory alterations in association with the isolation of bacteria consisted of neutrophilic infiltration and necrosis and were of particular value to differentiate bacterial contamination from infection. Infiltrations of mononuclear leucocytes in brain, leptomeninx, kidney or myocard were observed in about 50% of the fetuses with PPV infection. IgG levels were consistently elevated in fetuses serologically positive for PPV, but also in two fetuses, where no infectious agent could be identified.^0
94183977^Lung diseases in the tropics. Part 2: Common tropical lung diseases: diagnosis and management.^199312^Tuber Lung Dis 1993 Dec;74(6):359-70^Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033.^Sharma OP, Maheshwari A^This is the second of the two articles discussing clinical features, radiographic abnormalities, laboratory tests, pathogenesis and therapy of common tropical disorders affecting the lungs. We have arbitrarily selected the diseases, which are worldwide in distribution and demand urgency in addressing the problems of morbidity and mortality. The tropical physician is often reduced to administering pills, capsules or liquids. Our aim is to provide succinct and clear descriptions combining scientific information with common sense clinical wisdom.^0
94197582^[Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis. I. Evaluation of neurologic aspects]^199312^Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1993 Dec;51(4):457-63^Servico de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias do Hospital, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (SDIP/UFPE), Brasil.^Bezerra HM, Ataide Junior L, Hinrichsen SL, Travassos FM, Travassos PT, Silva MJ, Silva MB^From January 1st up to September 30th 1990, 77 patients with leptospirosis confirmed by laboratory studies were admitted at the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Clinical manifestations had sudden onset with presence of fever, headache, chills and muscle pains. Plurisystemic involvement was observed both in the icteric and in the non-icteric patients. The neurological exam was abnormal in 70 of the patients (90.91%). Neurological findings were essentially variable. Though in a transitory form, they allowed the observation of the following clinical forms: meningoencephalitis and polyneuritis in association, meningoencephalitis, polyneuritis, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.^0
94197583^[Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis. II. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation]^199312^Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1993 Dec;51(4):464-8^Servico de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias do Hospital, Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco SDIP/UFPE.^Bezerra HM, Ataide Junior L, Hinrichsen SL, Travassos FM, Travassos PT, Silva MJ, Silva MB^From January 1st up to September 30th 1990, 77 patients with leptospirosis diagnosis confirmed by laboratory studies were admitted at the Infectious and Parasitic Disease Service of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. The neurological exam was abnormal in 70 of the patients (90.91%). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was carried out on 67 (87%) of the patients; it was abnormal in 64 (95.52%) yielding hypercytosis in the majority of cases. There was no difference in the CSF behavior in report to the several neurological forms nor in relation to the icteric or non- icteric forms of the disease. Significant were the results for the microscopic agglutination tests for leptospirosis in the CSF.^0
94197584^[Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis. III. Immunologic reactions in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid]^199312^Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1993 Dec;51(4):469-74^Servico de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias do Hospital, Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (SDIP/UFPE), Brasil.^Bezerra HM, Ataide Junior L, Hinrichsen SL, Travassos FM, Travassos PT, Silva MJ, Silva MB^From January 1st up to September 30th 1990, 77 patients with leptospirosis were admitted at the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. The majority (64) were male patients, and average age was 28 years old. Serovars icterohaemorrhagic and canicola were the most frequent. CSF examination was performed in 67 (87.0%) patients and it was abnormal in 64 (95.52%). Micro-agglutination test for leptospirosis with live antigens was performed in CSF, as well as immunological tests for syphilis, cysticercosis and schistosomiasis for differential diagnosis. Concerning the serovar identification, results of microagglutination test for leptospirosis in CSF were significant considering the similitude of responses when compared to those found for blood samples.^0
94200756^[PCR amplification of the leptospiral DNAs from different genus and species with the variable sequences of 16S rRNA gene]^199312^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1993 Dec;24(4):359-63^^Wu W, Dai B^We designed a pair of primers from the variable regions (V2 and V4) of 16S rRNA gene of Leptospira interrogans, i. e. PI: 5'GGG AAC CTA ATA CTG GAT GG; PII: 5' ACA TAG TTT CAA GTG GAG GC, and amplified the leptospiral DNAs from different genus and species. When denaturing with 55 degrees C, all DNAs of L. interrogans had the same products not only in length but also with Kpn I-digested pattern. The DNA of L. biflexa could be amplified with a c. a. 280 bp-band but not digested by Kpn I, while the DNAs of Leptonema and other control bacteria had no amplification. In addition, the products of L. interrogans spp. could be hybridized with the PCR product of L. interrogans serovar lai strain Lai labelled with 32P, while the product of L. biflexa had no hybridization. It proved that the 16S rRNA gene primers is useful for the classification and detection of leptospires.^0
94211551^Genomic techniques for identification of Leptospira strains.^199312^Pathol Biol (Paris) 1993 Dec;41(10):943-50^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Medicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Herrmann JL^Within the Leptospiraceae family, the genus Leptospira is divided into the pathogenic L. interrogans sensu lato and the saprophytic L. biflexa sensu lato. Based on DNA-DNA hybridization, L. interrogans sensu lato has been shown to contain 7 different genomic species. Each genomic species contains numerous serovars. Pulsed-field genetic studies performed during this work demonstrated a great heterogeneity of serovars, within genomic species, based on restriction length polymorphism analysis. In contrast, an identified serovar, despite the time and region of isolation, has been shown to be highly stable in its genomic structure. The most likely reasons for this finding include the long generation time of these bacteria and the lack of acquisition of heterologous DNA. New identification techniques, based on gene amplification, have been used for Leptospira strains. These techniques represent the first available to facilitate the study of the epidemiology of Leptospira.^0
94219246^[Serologic diagnosis of several infectious diseases]^199312^Acta Med Port 1993 Dec;6(12):605-12^Servico de Infecciologia, Patologia Clinica, Hematologia, Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra.^Valente C, Faria MJ, Trindade L, Barros MS, Vieira AA, Albuquerque I, Rodrigues R^Serological tests are, in some situations, the only method of diagnosis of some infectious diseases. The authors make a review of the literature about the most important tests used in the most common infectious diseases and also their interpretation. It is important to point out that serology should not be considered alone but compared to clinical manifestations presented by the patient. It is also necessary, in some cases, to obtain two samples of serum, to confirm if there is an increase in the antibodies' titles. The results sent from the laboratory should be interpreted based on references given by it.^0
94117292^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa from the skin of a dog.^199312^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993 Dec 1;203(11):1550-1^Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 06504.^Anderson JF, Miller DA, Post JE, Johnson RC, Magnarelli LA, Andreadis TG^Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa was isolated from the skin of a 14-year-old male dog with deteriorating health. Necropsy revealed numerous lesions characteristic of aged dogs, but no evidence of acute hepatitis or nephritis, which are common features of pathogenic Leptospira infections. Antibody to Leptospira was not detected in the dog's serum by microagglutination. Leptospires grew slowly in Barbour- Stoenner-Kelly medium, a medium commonly used to isolate Borrelia, but then grew abundantly in Tween 80-bovine albumin leptospire medium. The isolate was pathogenic to a hamster and was identified by microagglutination and restriction endonuclease analysis.^0
94067282^Clinical problem-solving: leptospirosis [letter; comment]^199312^N Engl J Med 1993 Dec 30;329(27):2040-1^^Gordon ME^^0
94067283^Clinical problem-solving: leptospirosis [letter; comment]^199312^N Engl J Med 1993 Dec 30;329(27):2041^^Bohlmann BJ^^0
95257851^[Zoonoses in Vojvodina. II. Epidemiologic characteristics of leptospirosis in Vojvodina]^199401^Med Pregl 1994;47(5-6):164-7^Odeljenje za epidemiologiju, Pokrajinski zavod za zdravstvenu zastitu, Novi Sad.^Seguljev Z, Vukovic B, Bacic M, Stefanovic S, Petrovic M, Brcan N^On the basis of reported cases of sickness--death due to leptospirosis and the epidemiologic investigation of 38 sick individuals, epidemiologic characteristics of anthropozoonosis in Vojvodina were analyzed. It has been established that this disease is registered in the form of individual cases, mostly in persons belonging to the productive population. Infection usually happens during the summer months and due to contact with contaminated water. High lethality and antibodies of leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagiae in 55.3% of samples of the serum of the sick point to the fact that only clinically severe forms of the disease were registered.^0
95311805^[Zoonoses in Vojvodina. III. Results of a seroepidemiologic study of leptospirosis in Vojvodina]^199401^Med Pregl 1994;47(7-8):243-6^Zavod za zastitu zdravlja, Zrenjanin.^Bacic M, Seguljev Z, Vukovic B, Adamov R, Vidic B^2697 persons professionally exposed to leptospira working in contaminated waters and grounds or due to contact with infected animals or their products were seroepidemiologically examined. It was established that the presence of leptospirosis in certain categories of examined persons is three to more than ten times higher in relation with it's presence in the control groups. The most frequent serotype was Leptospira pomona. None of the seropositive persons gave data about having leptospirous infection which might be the consequence of asymptomatic infection or unidentified and not registering of the clinically manifested diseases.^0
95098376^Role of infection in the genesis of acute renal failure.^199401^Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9 Suppl 4:40-4^Department of Internal Medicine, Ruperto Carola University, Heidelberg, Germany.^Wiecek A, Zeier M, Ritz E^While most experimental models of acute renal failure (ARF) involve ischaemic or toxic damage to the kidney in non-infected animals, a surprisingly large proportion of patients with ARF exhibit signs of septicaemia or systemic reaction to local infections. This clinical observation suggests an important role of infection-related mediator mechanisms in the genesis of ARF. Another important aspect is the occurrence of ARF in the context of infections with nephrotropic viruses (e.g. hantavirus accounting for approximately 5% of non- surgical ARF in Germany) and nephrotropic bacteria (e.g. leptospirosis).^0
95128198^[First clinical and serological description of leptospirosis in Gabon]^199401^Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1994;87(3):181-2^Service de Medecine "A", Centre Hospitalier de Libreville, Gabon.^Perret JL, Moussavou-Kombila JB, Duong TH, Berthonneau JP, Nguemby-Mbina C^We report the first case of leptospirosis describe in Gabon. Several environmental factors could favour the transmission of the disease in that country.^0
95132879^[Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and myositis in icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. Rapid control by a single bolus of corticoids]^199401^Rev Mal Respir 1994;11(6):601-3^Service de Pneumologie et Maladies Infectieuses, CHG de Saint-Pierre.^Courtin JP, Carre P, Poubeau P, Di Francia M, Jarlet E, Michault A, Amat C, Arvin-Berod CA^Leptospirosis is one of the commonest causes of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage. Despite good sensitivity to penicillin and current techniques of ventilation, there remains a considerable mortality which is particularly linked to the initial pulmonary disease at presentation. The authors describe a new case of a gravely ill patient with leptospirosis and sever hypoxaemia. There was diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and myositis thus a bolus of corticosteroids was used over the first 24 hours complementary to the traditional treatment.^0
95159228^Serological tests for Lyme disease in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis and healthy Jamaicans.^199401^Trop Geogr Med 1994;46(5):329-30^Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica.^Smikle MF, Morgan OS, Barton EN, Bailey V, Blattner WA^The significance of reactive serological tests for Lyme disease in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) was assessed by examining serum samples from 128 of these patients and 200 healthy Jamaicans by Lyme indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA), enzyme immuno-assay (EIA) and Western blot analyses. Sera were also examined in serological tests for syphilis (STS), an unabsorbed fluorescent treponemal antibody test and leptospira microagglutination test. The prevalence of positive Lyme IFA and EIA results did not differ significantly between sera from TSP patients (12.5%) and healthy controls (10.0%). Western blot analyses showed that the positive Lyme IFA and EIA results observed in this study were due to false positive reactions. Seventy-five per cent of Lyme IFA/EIS positive sera from TSP patients had treponemal antibodies. Eighty per cent of those from healthy controls were negative in standard STS but 85% were positive when tested in an unabsorbed fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA). These data indicate that reactive serological tests for Lyme disease in Jamaican TSP patients and healthy Jamaicans are false positive reactions due to cross-reactivity with other spirochaetes, notably Treponema pallidum and non pathogenic treponemes.^0
95003509^Pathologic-clinical characterization of leptospirosis in a golden Syrian hamster model.^199475^Arch Med Res 1994 Summer;25(2):165-70^Finlay Institute, Havana, Cuba.^Oliva R, Infante JF, Gonzalez M, Perez V, Sifontes S, Marrero O, Valdes Y, Farinas M, Estevez L, Gonzalez I^Experimental leptospirosis was reproduced in golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus aureatus). Evaluation of three Leptospira serogroups (canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona) was carried out regarding their virulence, production of symptoms and lethal activity. Macroscopic and microscopic studies of tissue lesions were also made. Animals were inoculated with 3.75 x 10(6) to 6 x 10(7) bacteria through the intraperitoneal (IP) route. The clinical development of the disease in Syrian hamsters was characterized by the presence of general symptoms between the third and fifth day after inoculation. With highly virulent strains, the distinctive clinical picture occurred and death followed before the seventh day. The strain of the pomona serogroup proved to be more virulent than those of the other serogroups and produced the most florid picture of the disease. Pathogenic aspects of this process were also studied.^0
95025167^[Epidemiological, clinical, biological and developmental aspects of leptospirosis: apropos of 30 cases in Aquitaine]^199401^Rev Med Interne 1994;15(7):452-9^Clinique medicale et des maladies infectieuses, hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France.^Ragnaud JM, Morlat P, Buisson M, Longy-Boursier M, Monlun E, Wone C, Lebras M, Beylot J, Aubertin J^We have studied retrospectively 30 cases of leptospirosis observed in Aquitaine (South West France) from 1980 till 1992. This review was made in three internal and a nephrology department in Bordeaux hospital. Most cases occurred by indirect contact with infected animals or by occupational exposures. Onset was brutal with fever often associated with painful syndrome and sometimes conjunctival suffusion. Jaundice (70%), acute renal failure (67%), meningitis (50%) and hemorrhagic signs (50%) were among the major visceral manifestations. Diagnosis was always confirmed by micro-agglutination test. Leptospira ictero- hemorrhage was the predominant serogroup found. The outcome was favorable in 22 patients; reversible complications were seen in six cases (five acute renal failure with hemodialysis myocarditis and pulmonary edema in two hemodialysed patients, polyradiculoneuritis). Two patients died (acute respiratory failure and meningo-encephalitis with diffuse hemorrhagic syndrome). The characteristic of our series is the high frequency of hepatorenal syndrome due to the importance of our nephrologist recruitment. Furthermore our study confirm the vital prognostic characters of the pulmonary, renal, hemorrhagic and neurologic complications. No absolute relationship was found between the clinical and laboratory findings and the serotype of leptospira. Penicillin remains the treatment of choice and should be started as soon as possible the avoid the life threatening visceral complications.^0
95040893^[Characteristics of lymphocyte-monocyte-neutrophil interactions during varied-severity course of leptospirosis (a cytochemical study)]^199401^Klin Lab Diagn 1994;(4):25-7^^Shubin MG, Abdeeva MG, Lebedev VV, Shmelev SI^Correlations between neutrophilic enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatases, myeloperoxidase, NBT test) and lymphocyte and monocyte enzymes (acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase) were studied in 110 patients with icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. These correlations were changing, depending on the disease severity and period. In case of a favorable course of leptospirosis in the initial period and at the peak a great number of intercellular correlations are formed between neutrophilic, lymphocytic, and monocytic enzymes. If the disease course is grave and complicated the intercellular relationships are ruptured at the peak of the illness. Convalescence is characterized by a gradual recovery of intracellular correlations.^0
95058301^Interjunctional invasion of endothelial cell monolayers.^199401^Methods Enzymol 1994;236:447-63^Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center, California 90073.^Haake DA, Lovett MA^^0
95072389^[Current practical aspects of the use of bacteriological and serological studies in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis]^199475^Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 1994 Jan-Jun;39(1-2):3-5^Institutul Cantacuzino.^Andreescu N^^0
95090342^Decreased erythrocyte osmotic fragility during canine leptospirosis.^199475^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1994 Jan-Feb;36(1):1-5^Laboratory of Pathophysiology-Institute Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Santoro ML, Kogika MM, Hagiwara MK, Mirandola RM, Castelar IL^Erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) was carried out in nineteen dogs naturally infected by Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae/copenhagi. A decreased EOF was observed, suggesting a modification of erythrocyte components secondary to disturbances that occur during canine leptospirosis, such as renal damage and hepatic disease.^0
94278168^Leptospirosis patient with AIDS: the first case reported.^199475^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1994 Jan-Mar;27(1):39-42^Hospital Evandro Chagas, Department of Bacteriology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.^Neves E de S, Pereira MM, Galhardo MC, Caroli A, Andrade J, Morgado MG, Mendes RP^A case of renal icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis involving a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is reported. Despite the low levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes, the clinical course of leptospirosis was similar to that observed in non-immunodepressed patients, and no worsening of AIDS occurred due to the infection by the spirochete. Serologic conversion was observed in the microscopic agglutination test, with maximum titer of 1:3,200. The patient had positive urine cultures for Leptospira interrogans for two months, whereas blood cultures were negative.^0
94278170^[Leptospirosis in children in Rio do Janeiro]^199475^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1994 Jan-Mar;27(1):5-9^Servico de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.^Cruz ML, Andrade J, Pereira MM^In order to obtain data about clinical manifestations of symptomatic leptospiral infection in children, the authors reviewed 188 microscopic agglutination tests performed on sera of patients aged 0 to 12 years, made at the National Reference Laboratory of Leptospirosis (FIOCRUZ-RJ) from January 1983 to June 1991. Fifty two (27.6%) sera were positive. Twenty three (12.2%) children had serological evidence of acute infection. The most frequent signs and symptoms of these 23 cases were: fever (100%); myalgia (69.5%); headache (52.1%); jaundice (47.8%); vomit (34.8%); abdominal pain, hemorrhagic manifestations and impaired renal function (17.4%); conjunctivitis (13%); hepatomegaly (4.3%).^0
94287631^Studies on inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in culture media and in bovine semen by photosensitive agents.^199401^Vet Microbiol 1994 Jan;38(3):277-84^Agriculture Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, NEPEAN, Ont., Canada.^Eaglesome MD, Bielanski A, Hare WC, Ruhnke HL^The application of three photosensitive agents for disinfection of bovine semen was investigated. Bovine microbial pathogens suspended in tissue culture medium and/or PBS and also added to bovine semen were exposed to the photosensitive agents followed by irradiation. Hematoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin derivative and thiopyronine were effective against bovine herpes virus-1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma canadense, and Ureaplasma diversum in culture media. In addition, thiopyronine was effective against Leptospira pomona. Similar treatments were not effective against Leptospira hardjo, Mycoplasma bovis, or Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. When microorganisms were added to bovine semen, only bovine herpes virus-1 was controlled by the photosensitive agents used at concentrations which did not appear harmful to sperm cells.^0
94310260^Neuroretinitis associated with melanocytoma of the optic disk.^199401^Retina 1994;14(2):173-6^Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.^Garcia-Arumi J, Salvador F, Corcostegui B, Mateo C^BACKGROUND: Melanocytomas of the optic disk are heavily pigmented benign tumors that are most often discovered during routine examination, as they are classically asymptomatic. Although a slight impairment of visual acuity attributable to the tumor may occur in large tumors, acute profound visual loss is extremely unusual. METHODS: A case involving a 24-year-old woman with melanocytoma of the optic nervehead in the right eye, who experienced acute severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect, and optic nervehead edema, is discussed. Laboratory tests and serology for Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis, Borrelia, and Leptospira were performed. RESULTS: The severe loss of vision, optic disc swelling, exudative detachment of the peripapillary retina, macular star, and spontaneous resolution in an otherwise healthy patient were all consistent with Leber's stellate idiopathic neuroretinitis. Results of serologic testing were not contributory. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of Leber's neuroretinitis associated with melanocytoma of the optic nervehead, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of neuroretinitis. The possible mechanisms responsible for this association are discussed.^0
94313169^The effect of vaccination against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection at the time of service on pregnancy rates in dairy cows.^199401^Vet Res 1994;25(2-3):271-4^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, UK.^Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Downham DY, Dobson H^Fertility data from 16 dairy herds vaccinated against hardjo infection were used to assess pregnancy rates in cattle vaccinated around the day of mating. There was no improvement in pregnancy rates 30-60 d after vaccination. Pregnancy rates in the period 5 d before and 10 d after vaccination were statistically lower than those found in 30-60 d around vaccination.^0
94340747^Evaluation of the one-point microcapsule agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis.^199401^Bull World Health Organ 1994;72(3):395-9^Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan.^Arimitsu Y, Kmety E, Ananyina Y, Baranton G, Ferguson IR, Smythe L, Terpstra WJ^We have developed a one-point microcapsule agglutination test (MCAT) for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The MCAT kit was evaluated for use in humans by six WHO Collaborating Centres for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis. The laboratories classified their serum samples on the basis of the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the following screening tests: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), macroscopic (slide) agglutination test, or the complement fixation test. The MCAT may in some instances give a positive result earlier in the course of the disease than MAT or the ELISA IgM; on the other hand, it did not detect antibodies against some serovars, for example, those of the Sejroe or Australis serogroup in Slovakia. In contrast, however, the MCAT detected antibodies to serovar hardjo (the same serogroup as Sejroe) in patients from the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation.^0
94180923^[Development of a test system for detecting Leptospira interrogans using the polymerase chain reaction]^199475^Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 1994 Jan-Feb;(1):15-9^^Samsonova AP, Aksenov MIu, Anan'ina IuV, Markova GA, Garovnikova IuS, Gintsburg AL^Based on polymerase chain reaction a test-system has been elaborated permitting one to identify the leptospirae of the most common serogroups (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Javanica, Ballum, Pyrogenes, Pomona, Habdomadis, Sejroe, Tarassovi) of the species Leptospira interrogans. Sensitivity of the technique is 1-10 cells in a sample. The specificity of the system has been shown to depend on the temperature of the primers annealing. The elaborated system exceeds all other systems for leptospiral identification in sensitivity. It is prospective for leptospiral identification in biological liquids aimed at early diagnosis of leptospiroses and in the studies of leptospiral persistence in host organisms in the saprophitic phase of life cycle.^0
94180924^[A polymerase chain reaction method for studying host persistence of pathogenic leptospira]^199475^Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 1994 Jan-Feb;(1):19-23^^Samsonova AP, Anan'ina IuV, Aksenov MIu, Savel'eva OV, Gintsburg AL^Polymerase chain reaction has for the first time been shown to be applicable to indication of Leptospira interrogans in the organs of infected animals with acute or chronic leptospirosis (on the model of golden syrian hamsters). Polymerase chain reaction is superior to microscopic and bacteriological analyses in identification of leptospirae in organ suspensions. The sensitivity of the technique is 1- 10 cells per sample in studies of kidney or brain suspensions or 100- 1000 cells in studies of liver suspensions.^0
94202341^A serologic survey of selected viral and bacterial diseases of European wild hogs, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA.^199401^J Wildl Dis 1994 Jan;30(1):103-6^Department of Environmental Practice College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071.^New JC Jr, Delozier K, Barton CE, Morris PJ, Potgieter LN^Blood samples were collected from 108 wild hogs (Sus scrofa) from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), USA, February to July 1990. We found no antibodies for swine brucellosis, pseudorabies, bovine virus diarrhea virus or porcine rotavirus infection. Antibody titers to porcine parvovirus were found in 15 (14%) samples and antibody to one or more leptospiral serovars was found in 48 (44%) samples. Thirty-nine (89%) of the 44 positive samples reacted to all five leptospiral serovars tested.^0
94224974^Nucleotide sequence analysis of IS1533 from Leptospira borgpetersenii: identification and expression of two IS-encoded proteins.^199401^Plasmid 1994 Jan;31(1):1-11^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010.^Zuerner RL^The nucleotide sequence of IS1533, an insertion sequence-like element cloned from the spirochete Leptospira borgpetersenii, was determined. IS1533 contains imperfect terminal inverted repeats (IVR) of 31 bp flanking a 1402-bp internal sequence. A putative target sequence was identified, and insertion may result in duplication of 2 bp. The internal sequence has a single open reading frame (ORF). IS1533 encodes two proteins (43.5 and 41 kDa) initiating alternatively at either the first or the second AUG codons of the ORF. These proteins are related to a recently recognized family of IS-encoded transposases and bacterial recombinases, all which share a region of homology with the active site of the HIV reverse transcriptase. The IS1533-encoded proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. Both the 43.5- and 41-kDa proteins bound IS1533 DNA probes in a Southwestern blot assay. These data suggest that one or both proteins function during transposition of IS1533.^0
94267732^Effect of immune serum, an antibiotic, and a corticosteroid used alone or in combination on experimental leptospirosis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).^199401^J Basic Microbiol 1994;34(1):49-55^Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan.^Yukawa M, Kamata H, Ohba S, Kadoi K, Mochizuki K^We studied the effects of immune sera, an antibiotic, and a corticosteroid used alone or in combination on leptospira infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). The results suggest that the combined used of immune serum and corticosteroid (pledonizoron: PZ) inhibits the effects of serum and the marked effects of antibiotic (procaine penicillin-G: PC-G) on leptospirosis. PZ had no effects and rather shortened the survival period. PZ did not affect the effects of PC-G when used in combination. These results suggest that treatment of leptospirosis with corticosteroids requires special caution.^0
94121126^Panuveitis with papillitis in leptospirosis [letter]^199401^Am J Ophthalmol 1994 Jan 15;117(1):118-9^^Levin N, Nguyen-Khoa JL, Charpentier D, Strobel M, Fournie-Amazouz E, Denis P^^0
94227802^Immunochemical studies of opsonic epitopes of the lipopolysaccharide of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^199402^FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1994 Feb;8(2):99-107^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Vinh T, Faine S, Handley CJ, Adler B^Leptospiral lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the main antigens responsible for immunity in leptospirosis. In this investigation we studied the nature of the antigenic determinants of LPS extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (reference strain Hardjoprajitno). The reactions of anti-LPS monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) MUM/F1-4/hardjo (IgM) and MUM/F1-6/hardjo (IgG) with whole cell lysates in Western immunoblotting analysis were unaffected by proteinase K treatment. Periodate treatment of the LPS destroyed the binding of MUM/F1-6/hardjo but preserved that of MUM/F1-4/hardjo. Alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly the binding of MUM/F1-4/hardjo to the LPS but only slightly that of MUM/F1-6/hardjo. On the other hand, phosphodiesterase totally destroyed the binding capacity of both monoclonal antibodies in enzyme immunoassays (EIA). A number of mono- and oligosaccharides was used in EIA inhibition studies. Mannose-6-phosphate and galactose-6- phosphate inhibited the binding of MUM/F1-4/hardjo (50% inhibition at a concentration of 5 mM) to the antigen, but glucose-6-phosphate did not. Galactosamine and mannosamine inhibited the binding of MUM/F1-6/hardjo (50% inhibition at a concentration of 3-4 mM), whereas only a weak inhibition was observed with glucosamine. In contrast, N-acetylated amino sugars did not show any inhibition. An O-acetyl group also appears to be involved in the antigen-antibody binding process.^0
95090401^[Seroepidemiologic survey of leptospirosis among environmental sanitation workers in an urban locality in the southern region of Brazil]^199402^Rev Saude Publica 1994 Feb;28(1):76-81^Faculdade de Saude Publica da Univesidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil.^de Almeida LP, Martins LF, Brod CS, Germano PM^Sera from 386 environmental sanitation workers, concerned with water supply, drains and drainage galleries, sewers, garbage collection and road sweepers, were examined for leptospiral agglutinins by the microscopic agglutination test. Altogether 40 of the 386 workers (10.4%) were positive to one or more serovars; however, the difference in seropositivity between the professional categories was not significant (p < 0.05). Twelve serovars were recorded among the seropositive workers with predominance of L. castelonis and L. australis; but the difference between the serovars was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Of the seropositive workers, 86.9% had agglutination titres > or = 100 and < or = 400; the rates for titres 100 and 400 were higher than 800, 1,600 and 3,200 (p < 0.05).^0
94353738^[The characteristics of the course and treatment of severe forms of leptospirosis]^199402^Lik Sprava 1994 Feb;(2):84-5^^Berezovskaia ZB, Mishchuk II, Ossovskaia AB, Kochetova MV, Poberezhets SIu, Avdashkova IA^At the resuscitation clinic 27 patients suffering from hepatorenal form of leptospirosis were observed. Some features of the course of hepatorenal insufficiency were noted in this disease: relatively short period of oligoanuria, absence of hyperkalemia, dependence of the degree of hemorrhagic syndrome on the level of thrombocytes and absence of correlation with prothrombin consumption index, an apparent brain edema in autopsy tissue. Timely delivery of intensive care including hemodialysis, hemosorption, oxybarotherapy, ultraviolet irradiation of blood, corticosteroid therapy enabled the recovery to be secured in 67% of patients with grave forms of leptospirosis.^0
94148767^Physical and genetic map of the Serpulina hyodysenteriae B78T chromosome.^199402^J Bacteriol 1994 Feb;176(4):1087-92^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010.^Zuerner RL, Stanton TB^A combined physical and genetic map of the Serpulina hyodysenteriae B78T genome was constructed by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and DNA blot hybridizations. The S. hyodysenteriae genome is a single circular chromosome about 3.2 Mb in size. The physical map of the chromosome was constructed with the restriction enzymes BssHII, EclXI, NotI, SalI, and SmaI. The physical map was used to constructed a linkage map for genes encoding rRNA, flagellum subunit proteins, DNA gyrase, NADH oxidase, and three distinct hemolysins. Several flaB2- related loci, encoding core flagellum subunit proteins, were detected and are dispersed around the chromosome. The rRNA gene organization in S. hyodysenteriae is unusual. S. hyodysenteriae has one gene each for 5S (rrf), 16S (rrs), and 23S (rrl) rRNAs. The rrf and rrl genes are closely linked (within 5 kb), while the rrs gene is about 860 kb from the other two rRNA genes. Using a probe for the S. hyodysenteriae gyrA gene, we identified a possible location for the chromosomal replication origin. The size and genetic organization of the S. hyodysenteriae chromosome are different from those of previously characterized spirochetes.^0
94220007^Leptospirosis in cats and dogs [letter; comment]^199402^Aust Vet J 1994 Feb;71(2):59-60^^Watson AD^^0
94224709^The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in leptospirosis.^199402^Postgrad Med J 1994 Feb;70(820):118-21^Cork Regional Hospital, Department of Medicine, Wilton, Ireland.^Vaughan C, Cronin CC, Walsh EK, Whelton M^Three patients with leptospirosis whose condition worsened after initiation of antibiotic therapy are reported. Their clinical deterioration appeared to be due to the development of the Jarisch- Herxheimer reaction rather than to progression of their underlying infection. Relevant aspects of the management of patients with leptospirosis are discussed.^0
94158413^[Quarantine to be abolished for dogs and cats. New regulations for import of pets from EU/EFTA countries]^199402^Lakartidningen 1994 Feb 2;91(5):373-4^Virologiska enheten, Smittskyddsinstitutet, Stockholm.^Grandien M, Engvall A^Owing to its natural geographical borders and strict import restrictions, Sweden has remained free from rabies since 1886. New regulations are to come into force on May 1st, 1994, permitting pet dogs and cats from EU-EFTA countries to enter Sweden without quarantine, but only after vaccination against rabies and subsequent antibody titre control. Dogs should be at least three months old before vaccination, and cats 14 months old. Antibody titres are to be tested no earlier than four months after vaccination, though in cases of re- vaccination they may be checked already after one month for dogs and after four months for cats. The rabies antibody titre should be at least 0.5 IU to permit entry of the animal into Sweden. The owner will be required to show a Swedish import permit at customs, and some means of identifying the animal will be necessary--e.g., a tattoo in the ear. Other zoonoses could also be introduced into the country by imported animals, the most feared being echinococcosis and leptospirosis. The new regulations stipulate that, in addition to being vaccinated against canine distemper, dogs should also have been vaccinated against leptospirosis less than 12 months before entry in Sweden. This does not apply to cats, but both dogs and cats should have been dewormed less than ten days before entry or re-entry into Sweden. Although the new system should effectively prevent the introduction of rabies into Sweden, an increased demand by the public for information and advice is expected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
94188054^[Leptospirosis in Pomurje and Slovenia]^199402^Orv Hetil 1994 Feb 20;135(8):409-11^Muraszombati Altalanos Korhaz Fertozo Osztaly, Murska Sobota, Szlovenia.^Bedernjak J^In Pomurje leptospirosis is endemic. During the years 1964-1985 there were 407 leptospiral cases reported in Slovenia, 366 of which were in Pomurje. Inclusion in this study required indication of leptospirae with a fourfold increase of the titer of antibodies or the isolation of leptospirae from hemocultures. In Pomurje in this period 214 men (58.47%) and 152 women (41.53%) were infected. The average morbidity rate was 12.75/100,000 inhabitants. The highest rate was in the country of Lendava (23.14/100,000). Ten serotypes were confirmed: grippotyphosa in 122 (33.33%) of the patients, sejroe in 91 (24.86%), icterohaemorrhagie in 50 (13.66%), saxkoebing in 48 (13.11%), australis in 47 (12.84%), canicola and pomona in two cases, tarassovi and autumnalis in one patient. In one case, the serotype could not be differentiated. The disease occurs throughout the years. In contrast to Western Europe in Pomurje there exists a much larger percent of infected women and a high percentage among the elderly. Two patients have died (mortality rate is 0.55%). One of them succumbed on the 5th day of infection due to massive bleeding in the heart and other organs. The other died on the 12th day under the influence of a severe Weil's syndrome.^0
94249790^Effective treatment with dihydrostreptomycin of naturally infected cows shedding Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis.^199403^Am J Vet Res 1994 Mar;55(3):339-43^Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands.^Gerritsen MJ, Koopmans MJ, Dekker TC, De Jong MC, Moerman A, Olyhoek T^The efficacy of dihydrostreptomycin in stopping the shedding of Leptospira hardjo subtype hardjobovis was studied in naturally infected cows. Blood and urine samples were collected from dairy cows kept on a farm where the farmer had contracted L hardjobovis infection. A microscopic agglutination test and an ELISA were used to determine specific antibody responses in serum. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect bacterial shedding in urine. On the first sample collection date, 6 cows were seropositive, and 3 of those shed leptospires in the urine. These 3 cows were treated once with 25 mg of dihydrostreptomycin/kg of body weight. Within 1 week, the 3 cows stopped shedding leptospires. Six weeks later, 8 more lactating cows were found to be shedding leptospires. These cows were also treated once with dihydrostreptomycin, and they too stopped shedding leptospires within 1 week. From then on, the whole herd was examined weekly for a period of 2 months, and all cows Leptospira-positive by polymerase chain reaction were treated once with dihydrostreptomycin. Again, all cows stopped shedding leptospires in the urine within 1 week after treatment with dihydrostreptomycin. After a single treatment of the whole herd at the same time, new infections were not seen.^0
95085564^[Results of serological studies of Leptospira antibodies in foxes]^199403^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1994 Mar;107(3):90-3^Medizinal-, Lebensmittel- und Veterinaruntersuchungsamt Thuringen.^Muller H, Winkler P^1253 serum samples of foxes were checked for the presence of Leptospira antibodies. 24 serum samples (1.92%) were positive. Leptospira grippotyphosa (10 samples) was the most common serotype, which ist also widespread in other wild and domestic animals. The possibility of distribution of Leptospira in fox populations are discussed. Leptospira antibodies were found in only 0.20% of the examined serum samples of domestic animals of the same territory (South-Thuringia).^0
95090359^Is rhabdomyolysis an additional factor in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in leptospirosis?^199475^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1994 Mar-Apr;36(2):111-4^Departamento de Medicina-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil.^Martinelli R, Luna MA, Rocha H^Leptospirosis is an important cause of acute renal failure in our environment. Although several mechanisms are implicated, the role of rhabdomyolysis in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in leptospirosis has not been analysed. Sixteen patients with the diagnosis of leptospiroses consecutively admitted to the hospital were prospectively studied. The disease was characterized by sudden onset in all patients and, at admission, jaundice, conjunctival suffusion and myalgias. Mild to moderate proteinuria with unremarkable urinary sediment was recorded in 37.5% of the patients and abnormal levels of urea creatinine were found in 87.5% and 74.0%, respectively. Increased levels of aminotranspherase were documented in all 12 and CPK in all 10 patients studied. Serum myoglobin levels greater than 120 micrograms/l recorded in 56.2%. A correlation between myoglobin and renal failure or severity of disease, however, could not be established.^0
94281485^[Reflections of leptospirosis in Spain. Apropos of a case (letter)]^199403^An Med Interna 1994 Mar;11(3):151-2^^Santiago Guervos M, Martin J, Paraiso V, Fidalgo A, Chacon JC^^0
96134061^Serological and microbiological findings on 3 farms with equine leptospiral abortions [see comments]^199403^Equine Vet J 1994 Mar;26(2):105-8^Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40511, USA.^Williams DM, Smith BJ, Donahue JM, Poonacha KB^Blood and urine samples from horses on 3 central Kentucky horse farms with prior histories of leptospiral abortions were analysed. Blood samples were obtained from all available horses on each farm and tested for antibodies to 6 leptospira serovars. Urine samples were collected from non-gravid mares with serum antibody titres > or = 1:800 and examined for leptospires by dark-field microscopy, fluorescent antibody testing and culture. Adult horses had the greatest serological evidence of exposure to leptospira, followed by yearlings, then foals. Of horses with anti-leptospiral antibodies, 76.3% reacted against serovar bratislava, 49.1% against icterohaemorrhagiae, 20.1% against grippotyphosa, 16.3% against pomona genotype kennewicki, 15.9% against hardjo and 1.0% against canicola. These findings confirmed that horses in central Kentucky are exposed to multiple leptospira serovars. The seroprevalence of antibodies to the 6 selected serovars was consistent among the 3 selected farms. There was no direct correlation between the serovar that was the cause of abortion in the previous season and prevalence of positive titres to that serovar in horses tested on the farms in the following year. Furthermore, there was no evidence of long- term urinary shedding of leptospira by horses with high leptospira antibody titres.^0
96134056^How important are leptospiral infections as a cause of equine disease? [editorial; comment]^199403^Equine Vet J 1994 Mar;26(2):88^^Wood JL^^0
94256038^Leptospira hardjo infection in sheep [letter]^199403^Vet Rec 1994 Mar 12;134(11):283^^Clark AM^^0
95099690^Diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of common infectious diseases in the dog.^199404^Vet Q 1994 Apr;16 Suppl 1:2S-5S^Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.^Greene CE^^0
95113088^Survey on the prevalence of leptospira infections in the Italian population.^199404^Eur J Epidemiol 1994 Apr;10(2):173-80^National Center for Leptospirosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.^Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L, Pinto A, Apollini M, Rondinella V, Bonomi U, Benedetti E, Cinco M, Dessi S, Dettori G, et al^This investigation is the first nationwide survey on the circulation of leptospira infections in human beings in Italy. In nine out of twenty Italian regions, representative samples of the population were investigated for the presence of leptospira infections. Unexpectedly, leptospira infections were found to be widespread, the number of cases being much higher than the diagnosed clinical cases. There were found to be high, medium, and low risk areas. On the whole, the risk for the rural population was no higher than the risk for urban dwellers; leisure activities, contact with animals and residence on the plain versus residence in the hills were important risk factors. There was an unidentified risk factor in urbanites which was absent in the rural population. A changing pattern in infecting serovars was observed, with infections from serogroups Sejroe, Javanica and Australis prevailing over infections from the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Bataviae serogroups, which were the main agents of human leptospirosis during the 1950s. The mechanisms of these changes, the need for epidemiological surveys and improved diagnostic methods of screening are discussed.^0
95120020^[Human infection by Hantavirus in southern and southeastern Brazil]^199475^Rev Assoc Med Bras 1994 Apr-Jun;40(2):85-92^Departamento de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de S. Paulo.^Iversson LB, da Rosa AP, Rosa MD, Lomar AV, Sasaki M da G, LeDuc JW^The results of serological investigation on Hantavirus antibodies carried out between February 1986 and August 1990 in human populations of the States of Sao Paulo and Parana, Brazil, which had close contact with urban rats or wild rodents and others small mammals are described. OBJECTIVE--To identify the human infection caused by Hantaviruses, which are the etiological agents of Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. METHODS--Sera from 1063 persons were tested by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) to Hantaan, Seoul and Puumala antigens. Plaque reduction neutralization test to the same antigens and indirect immunofluorescent test to Hantaan antigen were performed in the positive sera. RESULTS--Antibodies to Hantaan, Seoul or Puumala viruses were detected in 32 persons by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and immunofluorescent test. Plaque reduction neutralization test performed in these 32 sera were positive in 5 (3 for Puumala and 2 for Seoul viruses). One serum reacted with high titer to Seoul virus in all tests. It was from a male resident in the rural area of Ribeira Valley, State of Sao Paulo, where he was born and has always lived. He had only travelled inside the State of Sao Paulo. CONCLUSION--There are serological evidences of Hantavirus infections in residents of the rural areas of the Amparo Island, Paranagua Bay, State of Parana and the Ribeira Valley, State of Sao Paulo; in employees of the port of Paranagua, State of Parana and in patients of the Emilio Ribas Hospital, Sao Paulo, State of Sao Paulo, who had a presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis.^0
94299780^Detection of leptospiral DNA by PCR.^199404^J Clin Microbiol 1994 Apr;32(4):1035-9^Department of Microbiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.^Kee SH, Kim IS, Choi MS, Chang WH^An EcoRI fragment (1.2 kb) which is highly conserved among Leptospira interrogans isolated in Korea was cloned into pBluescript vector from L. interrogans serovar lai WH20. The EcoRI fragment was sequenced, and a pair of primers (LP1 and LP2) was designed for PCR assay. PCR amplification of target DNA obtained from cultured L. interrogans showed that 274 bp could be detected when as little as 100 fg of leptospiral genomic DNA was used in the reaction mixture. No amplification of DNA was detected from DNA of Leptospira biflexa serovars patoc and sau paulo, Borrelia burgdorferi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Amplification of 274-bp target DNA could be detected in DNA samples purified from 500 microliters of blood collected from experimentally infected gerbils 2 days after infection, while antibodies to L. interrogans could be detected by the microscopic agglutination test 7 days after infection. The specificity and high sensitivity of the test provided valuable tools for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.^0
94299827^Detection and identification of Leptospira interrogans serovars by PCR coupled with restriction endonuclease analysis of amplified DNA.^199404^J Clin Microbiol 1994 Apr;32(4):935-41^Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Brescia, Italy.^Savio ML, Rossi C, Fusi P, Tagliabue S, Pacciarini ML^Primers for PCR were selected from a sequenced fragment of clone pL590, which contains a repetitive element present in the genome of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno (M. L. Pacciarini, M. L. Savio, S. Tagliabue, and C. Rossi, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1243-1249, 1992). A specific DNA fragment was amplified from the genomic DNAs of serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno and nine serovars also belonging to L. interrogans as a consequence of the spread of the same or a closely related repetitive element within this species (Pacciarini et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1243-1249, 1992). In addition, specific amplification was obtained from two Leptospira borgpetersenii serovars (tarassovi and hardjo type hardjobovis). Negative PCR results were observed with all of the other Leptospira serovars tested, including nonpathogenic ones (serovars patoc and andamana), another spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi), bacteria commonly found in biological samples, and swine and bovine cell lines. Direct PCR on biological samples such as kidney samples demonstrated that preliminary isolation and culture of Leptospira cells are not required for efficient detection. Furthermore, digestion of the amplified DNA with the enzymes HinfI and DdeI yielded specific polymorphic patterns, allowing discrimination among the majority of the serovars. These methods were applied to 25 field isolates of serovar pomona, leading to the conclusion that they were suitable for the simple and rapid detection of L. interrogans and for serovar identification.^0
94312998^Low-stringency PCR provides an internal control for negative results in PCR-based diagnosis.^199404^PCR Methods Appl 1994 Apr;3(5):305-7^Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil.^de Caballero OL, Dias Neto E, Koury MC, Romanha AJ, Simpson AJ^^0
94246326^Zoonotic illness--determining risks and measuring effects: association between current animal exposure and a history of illness in a well characterised rural population in the UK.^199404^J Epidemiol Community Health 1994 Apr;48(2):151-5^Public Health Laboratory Service, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Welsh Unit, Cardiff.^Thomas DR, Salmon RL, Kench SM, Meadows D, Coleman TJ, Morgan-Capner P, Morgan KL^STUDY OBJECTIVES--To recruit a representative sample of farmworkers, accurately quantify the range and extent of their animal exposures, and measure the associated risks of illness. DESIGN--Inception cohort. SETTING--The study was undertaken among farmworkers living in five local authority areas in the catchment of Hereford and Preston Public Health Laboratories, England. PARTICIPANTS--A quota sample of 404 people on 255 agricultural holdings took part. The holdings were selected at random from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food register. Altogether 58% of eligible subjects approached agreed to participate. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--The sample had the same sex distribution as the 1991 census for those giving their occupation as agriculture. The mean age was significantly (p < 0.01) higher (44.6 years v 42.2 years) than that of those giving their occupation as agriculture, forestry or fishing in the census, although the modal range (45-59 years) was the same. At enrollment interviews, subjects individually reported contact with up to nine animal species (mode 4) out of 26 reported in all. Based on the numbers contacted and the frequency and intimacy of contact, scores on a ranked ordinal scale from 0-5 were constructed for each species and frequencies for each score were plotted. Subjects also reported past operations and serious illness. A history of pneumonia was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with a pigeon loft on the farm (relative risk (RR) 7.3) and attending farrowing pigs (RR 6.6), and one of leptospirosis with a rat problem on the farm (RR 28.1). Cattle contact was associated with a significantly lower likelihood (protective) of glandular fever (RR 0.19) and rheumatic or scarlet fever (RR 0.12). These effects were significantly related to rankings of the extent of exposure. CONCLUSIONS--It is possible to recruit a representative sample of farmworkers and measure their animal exposures in great detail. Among these exposures, associations with plausible risk factors for pneumonia and leptospirosis and apparently protective factors for glandular fever, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever have been demonstrated, which further show a relationship between the extent of exposure and response. These findings can be tested further by examining the relationship of exposures to serological evidence of illness or by further prospective follow up of this and similarly well characterised cohorts, or both.^0
94259269^Phylogeny of human intestinal spirochaetes inferred from 16S rDNA sequence comparisons.^199404^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994 Apr 15;117(3):345-9^Leptospira Reference Laboratory, FAO/WHO Collaborating Centre, County Hospital, Hereford, UK.^Hookey JV, Barrett SP, Reed CS, Barber P^The sequence of 1383 nucleotides of the DNA encoding 16S rDNA was determined for strains of human intestinal spirochaetes, comprising an unnamed isolate and "Brachyspira aalborgi" NCTC 11492. A phylogenetic tree was inferred from aligned sequence comparisons between the intestinal spirochaetes, representatives of the Spirochaetales and Escherichia coli. The type strain of Brachyspira aalborgi, though related to the Serpulina spp. at approx. 96.5% sequence similarity was distinct and separated from the unnamed human intestinal isolate, HIS Oman, N26. The latter formed a separated and novel lineage that bisected the Spirochaetales.^0
95099955^Isolation of serovar-specific leptospiral antigens for use in an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) compared with the microscopic agglutination test and immunofluorescence.^199405^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1994 May;41(3):166-75^Staatliches Tierarztliches Untersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Germany.^Sting R, Dura U^A total of 10 different detergents were used with the intention of extracting serovar-specific antigens from eight leptospiral serovars for use in an ELISA. Extractions with 2% sodium taurocholate at 50 degrees C proved to be best suited for this purpose. Taurocholate extracted antigens could be separated in SDS-PAGE and antigenic activities demonstrated in immunoblotting. In comparative studies on sera taken from cattle, pigs, horses and dogs, the self-made ELISA proved to be more sensitive than the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the immunofluorescence test (IFT). The IFT gave different results from those obtained using MAT or ELISA.^0
95133303^[The prospects for using an indirect immunoenzyme method for the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^199475^Lik Sprava 1994 May-Jun;(5-6):64-6^^Mel'nitskaia EV^An evaluation was carried out of sensitivity and specificity of indirect enzyme immunoassay to be used for the identification of antileptospiral antibodies in the patients' sera. Ultrasonic antigenic preparations were used as an antigen. The test permits determining genus-specific antibodies as well as those of more restricted specificity including serogroup-specific ones. Time course of changes is presented of antibodies in different phases of the disease. In leptospiral patients the spectrum of the antibodies identified broadens with the use of polyvalent antigenic preparations.^0
94290862^[Occurrence of Leptospira serovars in old foci of leptospirosis]^199405^Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1994 May;43(2):87-9^Ustav hygieny a epidemiologie, Lekarska fakulta UPJS, Kosice.^Prokopcakova H, Peterkova J, Pet'ko B, Stanko M, Cislakova L, Palinsky M^In two old natural foci of leptospiroses in an Eastern Slovakian area an epidemiological investigation was made to detect persisting carriership in basis reservoirs-small mammals and the contact with leptospirae in population groups with an occupational risk. Using the microagglutination reaction (MAR), the authors examined 1,106 small mammals and detected in 50 cases, i.e. 4.5%, the presence of specific antibodies against leptospirae, most frequently in species Apodemus agrarius and Ap. flavicollis. Only in one instance a positive reaction was found in the main reservoir--Microtus arvalis. As to serovars, Leptospira grippotyphosa and the group L. sejroe dominated. Of 1,740 examined human sera (832 men, 908 women) 56 samples (3.2%) reacted in MAR (4.1% men, 2.4% women). The spectrum of serovars in positive subjects was the same as in the above mentioned reservoirs with a predominance of L. grippotyphosa and group L. sejroe. As compared with previous examinations made 18 years ago in small mammals, a decline of positivity to almost half was recorded (from 7.8% to 4.5%), a reduction of the number of serovars from 7 to 4 was observed, however, the positivity of dominating serovars did not decline. In humans a higher percentage of positivity to specific antibodies was found, as compared with the past, i.e. 3.0% as compared with 2.0%. The authors found differences in the frequency of different serovars. In the past serovar L. bratislava dominated in the above area, followed by L. grippotyphosa. At present the first place was held by L. grippotyphosa and the group of L. sejroe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
94301615^Leptospirosis: identification and management.^199405^Occup Health (Lond) 1994 May;46(5):164-5^^Payling K^^0
94327782^Low-stringency PCR with diagnostically useful primers for identification of Leptospira serovars.^199405^J Clin Microbiol 1994 May;32(5):1369-72^Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil.^de Caballero OL, Dias Neto E, Koury MC, Romanha AJ, Simpson AJ^Primers proposed for the diagnosis of the pathogenic spirochete Leptospira spp. (C. Gravekamp, H. V. D. Kemp, M. Franzen, D. Carrington, G.J. Schoone, G.J.J.M. Van Eys, C. O. R. Everard, R.A. Hartskeel, and W.J. Terpstra, J. Gen. Microbiol. 139:1691-1700, 1993) have been found to produce complex serovar-specific patterns under low- stringency PCR conditions. Such patterns obtained by low-stringency PCR, which maintain the specific band as an internal control, offer, an approach to the standardized identification of Leptospira serovars in clinical laboratories.^0
96134082^Borrelia burgdorferi infection in UK horses [see comments]^199405^Equine Vet J 1994 May;26(3):187-90^Department of Veterinary Pathology, Animal Husbandry University of Liverpool, UK.^Carter SD, May C, Barnes A, Bennett D^Antibody levels (IgG and IgM) to Borrelia burgdorferi were measured in the sera and synovial fluids of UK horses. Western blotting against B. burgdorferi was also used on samples from seropositive horses. A low incidence of seropositivity was shown in horses from most parts of the UK. This increased in areas that have a high incidence of human and canine borreliosis (Norfolk and south coast). Leptospira infections of horses did not cause cross reactions in the B. burgdorferi ELISA. Most horses did not display clinical signs of Lyme disease. As with dogs and man, it is apparent that B. burgdorferi infection occurs in horses in the UK but clinical Lyme disease is uncommon.^0
95023704^[Isolated meningoencephalitis revealing leptospirosis (letter)]^199405^Presse Med 1994 May 28;23(20):952^^Gouello JP, Deslandes V, Chennebault JM, Bouachour G, Perroux D, Alquier P^^0
95104814^[16S rRNA reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of leptospires]^199406^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1994 Jun;25(2):166-9^^Wu W, Dai B^We amplified the leptospiral RNAs of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain Lai and L. biflexa serovar patoc strain Patoc I, extracted by the method of SiO2-high concentration salt solution (8 mol/L GuHCl) absorption, with the 16S rRNA gene primers of Leptospira interrogans by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It demonstrated that the detecting sensitivity by naked eye after electrophoresis could be 100 times higher when we amplified DNA and RNA of leptospires at the same time by RT-PCR.^0
95027650^Deoxynucleotide sequence conservation of the endoflagellin subunit protein gene, flaB, within the genus Leptospira.^199406^Vet Microbiol 1994 Jun;40(3-4):239-51^Molecular Genetics Unit, Bacteriology R&D Discipline, Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Surrey, UK.^Woodward MJ, Redstone JS^A Polymerase chain reaction was developed to amplify the entire open reading frame of flaB, the gene encoding the endoflagellin subunit protein. The 852 bp amplified products from 23 serovars of the genus Leptospira were subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis and the profiles correlated well with phylogenetic relationships between these serovars. The flaB deoxynucleotide sequences of L. hardjo-bovis, L. hardjo-prajitno and L. grippotyphosa were determined. The deduced primary amino acid sequences of each were highly conserved with only three amino acid residue differences observed. The deoxynucleotide sequences showed genetic drift with alternative bases in the third position of codons. The PCR product derived by amplification of flaB from L. grippotyphosa was cloned into the expression vector pGEX-2T and a recombinant FlaB fusion protein made. As predicted from the deduced amino acid sequences, the recombinant FlaB cross-reacted with heterologous antiserum derived from a rabbit infected with L. hardjo- bovis.^0
95027818^[Leptospirosis: its diagnostic and treatment characteristics]^199406^Voen Med Zh 1994 Jun;(6):41-3^^Liutov VV, Alekseev VG, Kozlovskii IA, Liutov VV, Cherniak NM^^0
95045612^Aseptic meningitis caused by Leptospira australis.^199406^Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994 Jun;13(6):496-7^Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital, Varese, Italy.^Torre D, Giola M, Martegani R, Zeroli C, Fiori GP, Ferrario G, Bonetta G^Meningeal involvement in leptospiral infection is quite common, usually mild and often overlooked. In contrast, cases of isolated involvement of the central nervous system, including aseptic meningitis, have been reported only rarely. A case of a patient with acute aseptic meningitis caused by Leptospira australis serovar bratislava is reported. This is believed to be the first report of aseptic meningitis due to Leptospira australis. This case indicates the need to consider human leptospirosis in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis.^0
94273792^Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in a rural flood prone district of Bangladesh.^199406^Epidemiol Infect 1994 Jun;112(3):527-31^Department of Microbiology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan.^Morshed MG, Konishi H, Terada Y, Arimitsu Y, Nakazawa T^Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. In the present investigation, a total of 89 human sera from a flood prone district of Bangladesh was screened by a one-point microscapsule agglutination test (MCAT). MCAT-positive and -doubtful sera were further tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against 16 reference serovars of Leptospira interrogans, and the antibody titres determined. In MCAT, 34 sera were positive and 22 were doubtful. Among those positive and doubtful sera, 33 and 20, respectively were tested by MAT. Thirty-four out of 53 MCAT-screened samples were MAT-positive. The titres ranged from 20 to 1600 with antibodies to serovars copenhageni, australis, cynopteri and icterohaemorrhagiae being the most prevalent. Eleven MCAT- positive samples failed to react with any strains used by MAT, suggesting the presence of new or untested serovars. Among the MAT- positive samples, the presence of antibody against two or more serovars was more common than that of a single serovar. The present study suggests that rural people in Bangladesh are at high risk to leptospiral infection.^0
94368926^Leptospirosis complicated by a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction and adult respiratory distress syndrome: case report [see comments]^199406^Clin Infect Dis 1994 Jun;18(6):1004-6^Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.^Emmanouilides CE, Kohn OF, Garibaldi R^Leptospirosis, severe infection due to Leptospira interrogans, is a potentially lethal disease that causes multiple organ failure. In addition to hepatic, renal, and CNS involvement, which are classic complications of leptospirosis, the disease may also be complicated by adult respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment with penicillin may precipitate a severe Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. The mechanisms of Leptospira-induced toxicity remain obscure. We report a near-fatal case of leptospirosis in a patient who developed a JHR and respiratory failure immediately after initiation of therapy.^0
94338935^Veterinary public health. Leptospirosis in 1993.^199406^Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1994 Jun 17;69(24):182-3^^^^0
96001434^ELISA for the detection of human leptospirosis.^199475^Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1994 Jul-Sep;89(3):365^Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri, Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Leptospira, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba.^Fuentes AM, Gonzalez AO, Serrano JL^^0
95307597^[Leptospirosis and pulmonary hantavirus syndrome (letter)]^199475^Rev Assoc Med Bras 1994 Jul-Sep;40(3):225^^dos Santos VM^^0
95099760^Recognition of Leptospira interrogans antigens by vaccinated or infected dogs.^199407^Vet Microbiol 1994 Jul;41(1-2):87-97^Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Nantes, France.^Gitton X, Daubie MB, Andre F, Ganiere JP, Andre-Fontaine G^Antigenic recognition of leptospiral antigens by vaccinated or infected dogs was studied by microagglutination test (MAT) and by western blots. In western blots, serovar specific antigens detected by MAT migrated in the 18-31 kDa zone. The 25-31 zone seemed to be linked to antigens indicating virulence of the strain. These antigens are LPS. The first antibodies made after infection are produced against LPS migrating in the 14 kDa zone. Many protein antigens are common in leptospires belonging to different serogroups. Virulent strains exhibited specific antigens in the 45 and 32-34 kDa zones.^0
95099761^Protective effects of serum thymic factor to Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni infection in Mongolian gerbils.^199407^Vet Microbiol 1994 Jul;41(1-2):99-106^Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan.^Yukawa M, Mochizuki K, Kosaka T, Kamata H, Awaya A, Kobayashi H, Onodera T^The susceptibility to Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni in Mongolian gerbils treated with 10 micrograms of serum thymic factor (FTS) 1 day before infection was examined. Susceptibility of gerbils treated 5 times with 10 micrograms of FTS was also investigated. Mortality of FTS-treated gerbils was significantly lower than that of controls when small challenge doses were used. To analyse the FTS- induced resistance to leptospiral infection, natural killer (NK) cell activity and macrophage activity were studied. Macrophage activity was unaltered but NK cell activity was enhanced in FTS-treated gerbils, with or without leptospiral infection. Since no side-effects of FTS were observed, this compound should be considered for the treatment of leptospirosis.^0
94347618^Classification of leptospires of the pyrogenes serogroup isolated from cattle in Zimbabwe by cross-agglutinin absorption and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.^199407^Int J Syst Bacteriol 1994 Jul;44(3):541-6^Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare.^Feresu SB, Bolin CA, Korver H, Terpstra WJ^Five strains of the genus Leptospira belonging to serogroup Pyrogenes were isolated from cattle slaughtered in Zimbabwe and subjected to cross-agglutinin absorption and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. One strain, SBF 2, represents a new genetic strain of serovar kwale, while another strain, SBF 49, is a new genetic strain closely related to serovar nigeria. Three strains belong to a new serovar for which the name mombe with reference strain SBF 20 is proposed. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis indicated that each of these three strains represents a different restriction polymorphism pattern group.^0
95018864^Lyme disease spirochetes in a wild fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki) and in ticks.^199407^J Wildl Dis 1994 Jul;30(3):439-44^Department of Preventive Dentistry, Higashi Nippon Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan.^Isogai E, Isogai H, Kawabata H, Masuzawa T, Yanagihara Y, Kimura K, Sakai T, Azuma Y, Fujii N, Ohno S^Lyme disease spirochetes were demonstrated in a wild female fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki) and in Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from the fox on Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. Spirochetes were detected in I. persulcatus, as well as skin lesions, brain, heart, kidney, and liver of the fox. Five of seven isolates reacted with a monoclonal antibody against Borrelia afzelii specific Osp B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness of a brain isolate was 89% to B. afzelii, and ranged from 50 to 67% to three other species. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi sensulato, when tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were negative in the fox. There were no antibodies against seven serovars of Leptospira interrogans.^0
95018867^Survey for selected diseases in nutria (Myocastor coypus) from Louisiana.^199407^J Wildl Dis 1994 Jul;30(3):450-3^Louisiana Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803.^Howerth EW, Reeves AJ, McElveen MR, Austin FW^Thirty-two trapper-caught nutria (Myocastor coypus) from East Baton Rouge, Iberville, Tangipahoa, and St. Helena Parishes in Louisiana (USA) were sampled for several disease agents. Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydia psittaci, Francisella tularensis, Leptospira spp., and encephalomyocarditis virus were detected in 7%, 14%, 0%, 7%, and 0% of nutria, respectively. Both animals seropositive for leptospirae were positive for L. interrogans serovar canicola. No Salmonella spp. were isolated from feces, and no Giardia spp. were seen in trichrome-stained fecal preparations.^0
95031806^Seroprevalence to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in merino stud rams in South Australia.^199407^Aust Vet J 1994 Jul;71(7):203-6^Central Veterinary Laboratories, South Australian Department of Primary Industries, Adelaide.^Ellis GR, Partington DL, Hindmarsh M, Barton MD^A serological survey of 2160 Merino stud rams on 36 farms detected positive reactions greater than or equal to 1/100 in 42% of animals using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Twenty flocks had seroprevalence values greater than 30% with 15 flocks having values > or = 60%. The enzyme- linked immunosorbent assays showed that 47% and 3% of rams on the 36 farms were positive for IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Forty- five percent of hardjo reactions were in rams that had not been exposed to cattle. Significant correlations were found between IgM reactors and creek/dam water pumped into troughs, and between MAT/IgG reactors and total flock size. No statistical relationships were detected between positive reactors and two different annual average rainfall gradients, the time of the year in which samples were obtained, or agricultural regions of South Australia. Infections with an organism of the Sejroe serogroup is widespread in Merino stud rams.^0
95035606^Leptospirosis in travelers.^199407^Clin Infect Dis 1994 Jul;19(1):132-4^Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^van Crevel R, Speelman P, Gravekamp C, Terpstra WJ^Between 1987 and 1991 leptospirosis in 32 Dutch travelers was diagnosed. Infections were acquired predominantly in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. Contact with surface waters could be confirmed in all but one case. Fever, headache, and myalgia were the most common complaints. Signs included conjunctival injection and lymphadenopathy in 11 patients each, jaundice in 8, and nuchal rigidity in 3; renal function was impaired in 8. Leptospires were isolated from the blood or urine of nine patients. Thirty-one patients developed an antibody response. Classification of strains identified a variety of serogroups. Although only 14 patients received adequate treatment, all patients recovered completely. Since the number of patients with imported leptospirosis is increasing and the signs and symptoms of the disease are not specific, leptospirosis should be included in the differential diagnosis when a traveler returns from the Tropics with fever.^0
95076640^Return to oestrus after first insemination in sow herds (incidence, seasonality, and association with reproductivity and some blood parameters).^199407^Vet Q 1994 Jul;16(2):100-9^Animal Health Service in the Southern Netherlands, Boxtel.^Elbers AR, van Rossem H, Schukken YH, Martin SW, van Exsel AC, Friendship RM, Tielen MJ^As no systematic study has been done to get an accurate estimate of the incidence of return to oestrus after first insemination in sows in the Netherlands, the objectives of this investigation were: 1) to obtain an estimate of the incidence of return to oestrus after insemination at the herd level; 2) to investigate the association between incidence of return to oestrus after first insemination and reproduction characteristics in order to get an impression of the economic importance of reproductive failure. These objectives were investigated by using the reproduction results of 240 swine breeding herds in the Southern Netherlands in 1987. This information was obtained from CBK plus computerized herd management records. The average incidence rate of return to oestrus after first insemination at a herd level was 16.9 per 100 first inseminations. The occurrence of return to oestrus after first insemination was distinctly higher in the insemination months July and August compared to the rest of the year. An increased incidence, with 10 returns per 100 first inseminations corrected for confounders in a multiple linear regression model, was associated with a decrease of approximately 0.3 live born piglets/sow/year. A prospective longitudinal study was started in 1988 and 1989 in 37 sow herds. Individual sows were monitored from weaning to first insemination, to the occurrence of return to oestrus, or not, after first insemination, and to farrowing. The investigation focused in particular on the relationship between return to oestrus after first insemination and seroconversion against porcine parvovirus (PPV) and Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava (L. bratislava).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
96293079^Renal involvement in leptospirosis--our experience in Madras City.^199475^J Postgrad Med 1994 Jul-Sep;40(3):127-31^Department of Nephrology, Government General Hospital, Madras.^Muthusethupathi MA, Shivakumar S, Vijayakumar R, Jayakumar M^^0
94309852^An outbreak of leptospirosis on a single farm in east Otago.^199407^N Z Med J 1994 Jul 27;107(982):290-1^Dunedin Hospital.^Thomas MC, Chereshsky A, Manning K^AIMS. To present an outbreak of leptospirosis on a dairy farm which had an unvaccinated herd. METHODS. Nine people working or living on the farm were tested for the presence of leptospira antibody by the microscopic agglutination test. Nineteen cows randomly selected, were also tested. RESULTS. Three human cases and one suspected case were detected over a one month period (December 1992-January 1993). Seventy- nine percent of the dairy herd tested had serological evidence of infection with L hardjo. CONCLUSIONS. Leptospirosis continues to be a major occupational problem in New Zealand. The importance of herd vaccination and the use of protective clothing during milking is emphasised.^0
95097525^A neutral sugar is responsible for serovar specificity of the antigenic determinant of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola.^199408^Jpn J Vet Res 1994 Aug;42(2):103-8^Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.^Kashiwase H, Ono E, Yanagawa R, Shimizu Y, Kida H^To provide information on the chemical structures of antigenic determinants of leptospira, glycolipids of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Hond Utrecht IV (Ut-IV) and its antigenic variant selected in the presence of a serovar-specific monoclonal antibody were compared physicochemically. Gas-liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the glycolipid of Ut-IV contained 6 neutral sugar species; rhamnose, mannose, galactose, glucose, and unknown sugars III and IV, in addition to unknown sugars I and II that had been previously reported. On the other hand, the glycolipid of the variant lacked unknown sugar III, suggesting that this sugar is responsible for the serovar-specific antigenic determinant.^0
95136319^[Studies on the early serodiagnosis of leptospirosis by dot-ELISA]^199408^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1994 Aug;15(4):223-6^Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing.^Lin T, Shi M, Long J^Thirty serum samples of patients with early leptospirosis from whom cultures of leptospira were positive were tested by dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) and microscopical agglutination test (MAT). The results showed that the positive rate of dot-ELISA (40%) was higher than that of MAT (13.3%). One-hundred and ninety-eight serum samples from patients with clinical diagnosis of early leptospirosis were tested by dot-ELISA, MAT and blood culture. The results showed that the positive rate of dot-ELISA (64.6%) was higher than that of blood culture (15.2%) and MAT (14.1%). The longer the time of the illness, the lower the positive rate of the blood culture. However, the positive rate of dot-ELISA was stable in different stages of the illness.^0
95171241^Rapid and specific detection of pathogenic Leptospira species by amplification of ribosomal sequences.^199408^Mol Biotechnol 1994 Aug;2(1):1-14^Department of Bacteriology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.^Wagenaar JA, Segers RP, Van der Zeijst BA^We have developed an assay for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira that is based on the polymerase chain reaction. With the combination of agarose gel electrophoresis and blotting, pathogenic Leptospira can be discriminated specifically from nonpathogenic Leptospira and other bacterial species. This method, based on the amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences, is able to detect 10 leptospiral cells/mL in cattle urine samples and 100 leptospiral cells/mL in pig urine samples. Using this assay leptospires were detected in urine samples from cattle that were experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjobovis.^0
95022518^Zoonotic infections: the animal connection.^199408^Occup Health (Lond) 1994 Aug;46(8):278-80^^Williams N^^0
95081362^Detection of leptospires in urine by PCR for early diagnosis of leptospirosis.^199408^J Clin Microbiol 1994 Aug;32(8):1894-8^Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Bal AE, Gravekamp C, Hartskeerl RA, De Meza-Brewster J, Korver H, Terpstra WJ^We tested urine samples from patients at different stages of current leptospirosis and thereafter to determine whether use of the PCR for detection of leptospires in urine can be a valuable alternative to culturing. The procedure of DNA extraction and subsequent PCR applied to 15 freshly voided urine samples proved to be twice as sensitive as culturing. Overall, we were able to detect leptospires in approximately 90% (26 of 29) of the urine samples. Urine and serum samples were obtained from seven patients, before the eighth day of illness. Although it is generally assumed that leptospiruria starts approximately in the second week of illness, we were able to detect leptospires in all of these early urine samples. In contrast, only two of seven corresponding serum samples gave positive PCR results, which suggests that PCR analysis of urine can be more successful for early diagnosis of leptospirosis than PCR analysis of serum. Urine samples from six patients who had been treated with antibiotics at the time of illness were positive by PCR, implying that the patients were still shedding leptospires in their urine despite treatment. Some of these samples were even taken years after the infection, indicating that shedding of leptospires in urine may last much longer than is generally assumed. We conclude that detection of leptospires in urine with PCR is a promising approach for early diagnosis of leptospirosis and may also be useful in studying long-term shedding.^0
95081373^Characterization of Leptospira isolates from serovar hardjo by ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and mapped restriction site polymorphisms.^199408^J Clin Microbiol 1994 Aug;32(8):1949-57^Laboratoire des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Noumea, New Caledonia.^Perolat P, Merien F, Ellis WA, Baranton G^Leptospira serovar hardjo isolates of the hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis genotypes were characterized by ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) fingerprinting, and the study of mapped restriction site polymorphisms (MRSPs) in rrs and rrl genes. After restriction of chromosomal DNA with BglII, EcoRI, or HindIII, each genotype was individualized with a distinct ribotype. The fingerprints produced by AP-PCR with seven primers clearly separated the two groups; primers KF and RSP produced species-specific products which assigned hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis isolates to the species L. interrogans sensu stricto and L. borgpetersenii, respectively. Furthermore, AP-PCR fingerprints gave evidence of a considerable genomic heterogeneity at the strain level among the hardjobovis group. Conversely, the hardjoprajitno group was homogeneous. MRSP profiles in ribosomal genes indicated that hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis isolates belonged to L. interrogans MRSP group B and L. borgpetersenii group C, respectively. AP-PCR and determination of MRSPs in ribosomal genes proved to be quick and reliable methods for typing Leptospira strains and for studying intraspecific population structures.^0
94352658^[The role of the kallikrein-kinin system in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis]^199408^Orv Hetil 1994 Aug 28;135(35):1913-7^Pavlov Orvostudomanyi Egyetem, Szentpetervar, Fertozo Betegsegek Tanszeke.^Kecskes B^The author studied the clinical and biochemical characteristic of leptospirosis in 101 patients and the changes of the components of the kallikrein-kinin system during the dynamics of the disease and the valuation of its prognosticated importance. In 26 patients she determined the level of prekallikrein and kallikrein in serum. Furthermore author measured level of components of kallikrein-kinin system in 16 guinea-pigs, infected with different virulence L. icterohaemorrhagie. She determined the serum prekallikrein and kallikrein in 20 control persons and 10 healthy guinea-pigs. At the peak of the disease the decreased level of prekallikrein with increased kallikrein activity at the same time was evaluated as in one respect its reduced synthesis in the liver, on the other hand by change of proenzyme into active form. In the phase of reconvalescence the normalization of the level of prekallikrein was missing. In these patients who got over the illness of icteric leptospirosis with acute renal failure at the controlled examination increased prekallikrein were found that supposed the absence of normalization of metabolism of kinins. On the basis of these data and experimental results author can establish that the components of kallikrein-kinin system in the high degree reflect the functional condition of liver and kidney at different phase of the disease.^0
96015880^Dot-ELISA-IgM in saliva for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis using polyester fabric-resin as support (preliminary report).^199475^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1994 Sep-Oct;36(5):475-8^Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brasil.^da Silva MV, Nakamura PM, Camargo ED, Batista L, Vaz AJ, Brandao AP, Ferreira AW^In order to improve the diagnosis of human leptospirosis, we standardized the dot-ELISA for the search of specific IgM antibodies in saliva. Saliva and serum samples were collected simultaneously from 20 patients with the icterohemorrhagic form of the disease, from 10 patients with other pathologies and from 5 negative controls. Leptospires of serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, hebdomadis, brasiliensis and cynopteri grown in EMJH medium and mixed together in equal volumes, were used as antigen at individual protein concentration of 0.2 micrograms/microliters. In the solid phase of the test we used polyester fabric impregnated with N-methylolacrylamide resin. The antigen volume for each test was 1 microliter, the saliva volume was 8 microliters, and the volume of peroxidase-labelled anti-human IgM conjugate was 30 microliters. A visual reading was taken after development in freshly prepared chromogen solution. In contrast to the classic nitrocellulose membrane support, the fabric support is easy to obtain and to handle. Saliva can be collected directly onto the support, a fact that facilitates the method and reduces the expenses and risks related to blood processing.^0
95100664^Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that uses the 41-kd flagellin as the antigen for detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in cattle.^199409^Am J Vet Res 1994 Sep;55(9):1213-9^Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102.^Ji B, Thomas CB, Collins MT^An ELISA was developed to detect antibodies to the 41-kd flagellin (P41) of Borrelia burgdorferi in serum obtained from cattle. Absorption studies, immunoblot analysis, immunoelectron microscopy, and correlation of results of the P41-ELISA and the P39-ELISA as well as measurement of the antibody to P41 in calves challenge-exposed with Borrelia theileri were used to assess the specificity of the P41-ELISA. Antigens derived from Escherichia coli, Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, and B burgdorferi were used for absorption studies and immunoblot analysis. Antibodies to P41 of B burgdorferi cross-reacted with antigens of E coli, but were not cross-reactive with L hardjo. A value 3 SD higher than the mean of the negative-control population of cattle was defined as the minimum value (cutoff value) for a positive result by the P41-ELISA. Use of this value for classification of test results reduced the predicted rate of false-positive results attributable to E coli cross-reactivity to 1%. Immunoblot analysis revealed that test-positive serum from cattle reacted mainly with 41-, 39-, 34-, and 31-kd proteins of B burgdorferi, as well as several smaller proteins. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that serum from cattle that was test-positive by the P41-ELISA bound to the flagellin and outer membrane of B burgdorferi. Results of absorption studies, immunoblot analysis, and immunoelectron microscopy were correlated and indicated that serum from cattle that was test-positive by P41-ELISA had stronger reactivity to B burgdorferi antigens than to antigens of E coli or L hardjo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)^0
95100667^Sheep as maintenance host for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis.^199409^Am J Vet Res 1994 Sep;55(9):1232-7^Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands.^Gerritsen MJ, Koopmans MJ, Peterse D, Olyhoek T^Transmission of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis from naturally infected sheep to uninfected sheep and calves was studied. A microscopic agglutination test and ELISA were used to determine specific antibody responses in serum. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect bacterial shedding in urine. Six sheep were derived from a dairy farm where cows were infected with L hardjobovis. Three of these sheep were seropositive for L hardjobovis, and 1 also shed leptospires in the urine. The other 2 sheep shed leptospires in the urine 7 days after the first observation date. The 6 sheep were placed on an isolated pasture together with a second group of 6 noninfected sheep. During the observation period of 140 days, 1 sheep of the second group became infected with L hardjobovis. On 5 consecutive days, a urine mixture from the 4 infected sheep was sprayed on the heads of 4 noninfected calves. Within 56 days, all calves that had been sprayed with urine shed L hardjobovis in the urine and became seropositive for L hardjobovis.^0
95118248^A review of laboratory techniques and their use in the diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in cattle.^199409^Aust Vet J 1994 Sep;71(9):290-4^Department of Farm Animal Medicine and Production, University of Queensland, Dayboro.^Smith CR, Ketterer PJ, McGowan MR, Corney BG^This paper reviews the laboratory diagnosis of Leptospira hardjo infection in cattle. Two genotypes of L hardjo, Hardjoprajitno and Hardjobovis, have been identified in cattle, but only Hardjobovis has been isolated in Australia. There are problems with diagnosis and control of bovine leptospirosis. Infection is usually subclinical and the serological titres vary greatly in peak and duration. Leptospires may be excreted in urine for up to 18 months. Low microscopic agglutination test titres may be significant in unvaccinated herds as indicators of endemic infection. Vaccines differ in their composition, and their efficacy is difficult to evaluate. The serological response after vaccination is difficult to differentiate from the response after infection. Pregnant cows that become infected may abort, but this is usually after the serological response has peaked. Therefore, paired serum samples are of little use in diagnosing abortion caused by L hardjo. Fluorescent antibody techniques are more sensitive than dark field microscopy for detection of leptospires in urine and tissue samples. Techniques for culture have improved but are still difficult to perform and take 3 months or longer for results to be known. DNA probes and polymerase chain reaction tests are very sensitive and specific, quick to perform, and can be used on fluid and tissue samples.^0
95135620^[The use of an indirect immunoenzyme method in the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^199475^Mikrobiol Z 1994 Sep-Oct;56(5):24-8^^Mel'nitskaia EV^Sensitivity and specificity of indirect immunoenzyme method for determining antileptospirosis antibodies have been studied. Supersound antigenic preparations are used as antigens. Determination of genus- specific antibodies and antibodies of more narrow specificity including serogroup specific ones is possible in the elaborated test. A spectrum of revealed serogroup specific antibodies expends in patients with leptospirosis when using polyvalent antigenic preparations.^0
95203837^[Analysis on early serum samples from patients with leptospirosis by polymerase chain reaction]^199409^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1994 Sep;25(3):245-7^^Wu W, Dai B^Fifty-five serum samples from patients with leptospirosis treated by the method of high SiO2 concentration salt solution absorption were analysed with the variable sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of Leptospria interrogans as primers. It is shown that the 16S rRNA gene primer is useful for the clinical detection and the epidemic investigation of leptospirosis, and the detecting effect by PCR is superior to that by the blood culture and MAT (P < 0.01).^0
95203838^[Characterization of leptospiral DNA by southern hybridization serovar lai recombinant probe pCX7]^199409^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1994 Sep;25(3):248-52^^Shen C, Baomin D^The recombinant probe pCX7, derived from genomic library of serovar lai strain 017, was applied for the characterization of DNA from 20 strains of leptospires in different genus species, sero-groups and serovars by southern hybridization. The probe, specific to partial species L. interrogans, did not hybridized with DNA of L. biflexa strain Patoc I and L. illini strain 3055, neither with DNA of serovars javanica, manhao 2 and ranarum which had shown very weak virulence, but hybridized with DNA of the other 15 strains of L. interrogans in 8 serogroups. It was easy to distinguish the banding patterns, since the pCX7 probe hybridized with a limited number of DNA fragments. Different leptospires showed different banding patterns. A few differences between strain 017 (strain of strong virulence) and strain 601 (strain of weak virulence) of serovar Lai were observed although their hybridization banding patterns were very similar. Differences in hybridization signals in combination with the banding pattern appear to provide good characteristics for identification of leptospiral serogroups and serovars, even strains. The result indicated that southern hybridization with the probe pCX7 might provide good tools for identification of leptospira.^0
95036568^Survey of antibodies against various infectious disease agents in racing camels in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.^199409^Rev Sci Tech 1994 Sep;13(3):787-92^Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.^Afzal M, Sakkir M^Prevalence of antibodies against some important disease agents in sera from racing camels in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) is reported. Antibodies against Brucella abortus were detected in 1.5% of racing camels, but only 0.76% had titres sufficient for the animals to be considered infected. The complement fixation test revealed antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (causative agent of Q fever) in 7.9% of camels (with a geometrical mean titre of 13) and against parainfluenza virus type 3 in 5.6% of camels (with a geometrical mean titre of 20). Serological evidence did not show the presence of Aspergillus spp., while antibodies against Leptospira interrogans were seen in 4.1% of camels. Antibodies against Echinococcus polymorphus were observed in 2.6% of the animals, while a large number of racing camels (30.9% and 36.4%) possessed antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, as determined by direct agglutination and indirect haemagglutination, respectively.^0
95216416^Prevalence of antibodies to different Leptospira interrogans serovars in pigs on large farms.^199410^Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1994 Oct;41(7-8):512-6^Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, Spain.^Perea A, Garcia R, Maldonado A, Tarradas MC, Luque I, Astorga R, Arenas A^A seroepidemiological survey was carried out in the province of Badajoz (south-western Spain) in order to determine the presence and spread of Leptospira interrogans. The 521 sera tested were drawn from breeding sows on 28 large farms (15 with fewer than 60 and 13 with over 60 breeders). Immunological testing was performed using the Martin-Pettit micro-agglutination technique. Pigs with titres equal to or greater than 1:100 were considered positive. Haemolysed and/or contaminated test sera were reprocessed following filter-paper treatment. A total of 10.56% of pigs tested proved positive, 39.28% of farms being affected. The following L. interrogans serovars were detected: pomona (6.53%), castellonis (1.15%), sejroe (1.15%), grippotyphosa (0.96%), australis (0.38%), hebdomadis (0.19%) and icterohaemorrhagiae (0.19%).^0
95163072^[An investigation on the distribution of leptospirae interrogans in water and soil in southwest of Yunnan Province]^199410^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1994 Oct;15(5):289-91^Yunnan provincial institute of epidemic disease control and research, Dali.^Yang W, Pang J, Li C^The conservation of pathogenic leptospirae in water and soil is one of the important problems of geography-epidemiological survey of leptospirosis. We have conducted this investigation by using of filtration-culture isolation method in five counties in the west and southwest of Yunnan during 1988-1992. The results showed that the isolates from samples of water and soil collected between July and September in Menglian and Huaping county were leptospirae biflexa while in the samples of water and soil collected between November and December in three counties, 8 strains of L. interrogans were isolated from the samples of Gengma and Baoshan county. The total positive rate was 3.31% (8/242). The positive rate of water and soil was 2.14% (3/140) and 4.9% (5/102) respectively. Strains obtained in this investigation belong to six serogroups: Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes in 2 respectively. Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe and Australis in 1 respectively. These serogroups of leptospirae obtained from water and soil were corresponded with the serogroups obtained from the patients and animals with leptospirosis in local area. This survey provided new data for expounding the structure of the focus of leptospirosis.^0
95014031^Phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transfer of an intervening sequence between species in a spirochete genus.^199410^J Bacteriol 1994 Oct;176(19):5982-7^California Institute of Biological Research, La Jolla 92037.^Ralph D, McClelland M^The 23S rRNA genes (rrl genes) of some strains of certain species of the spirochete genus Leptospira carry an intervening sequence (IVS) of 485 to 759 bases flanked by terminal inverted repeat and encoding an open reading frame for a putative protein of over 120 amino acids. The structure and the sporadic distribution of the IVS suggest that it might be a mobile element that can be horizontally transferred within or between species. Phylogenetic hypotheses based on the sequences for six IVS open reading frames from various species were compared with hypotheses constructed by using DNA sequences from the 16S rRNA gene (rrs), which is not closely linked to rrl in this genus. The predicted phylogenies for the IVS and rrs differed in a major respect: one strain that claded with L. weillii in the tree based on the rrs data claded with L. noguchi in the tree based on the IVS data. Neither set of data supported a tree in which this strain was constrained to be in the same clade as was supported by the other set of data. This result indicates a probable horizontal transfer of the IVS from a recent ancestor of L. noguchi to a recent ancestor of one of the L. weillii strains. This observation is the first indication of horizontal transfer of elements encoded on the chromosomes of spirochetes.^0
95080929^Leptospirosis: a consequence of the Iowa flood.^199410^Iowa Med 1994 Oct;84(10):449-50^University of Iowa Occupational Health Service.^Fuortes L, Nettleman M^^0
95087000^Titers to Leptospira species in horses in Alberta.^199410^Can Vet J 1994 Oct;35(10):636-40^Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Lethbridge, Alberta.^Lees VW, Gale SP^Sera from horses in Alberta, submitted to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada for routine testing for equine infectious anemia from January 1987 to June 1989, were tested for antibody against 13 serovars of pathogenic Leptospira spp., using the microscopic agglutination test. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of serum titers to those serovars in horses in Alberta, and to analyze the associated risk factors. Descriptive statistics were compiled and logistic regressions were computed. Titers to L. interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, bratislava, copenhageni, and autumnalis were common (94.6%, 56.6%, 46.5%, and 43.5%, respectively). The prevalence of titers to other serovars ranged from 0.8% to 27.2%. Age was almost always significantly associated with the presence of titers. In general, the chances of being seropositive rose by approximately 10% with each year of life. Horses managed individually (eg, track horses) were approximately half as likely to be seropositive as were horses managed in groups (eg, rodeo horses).^0
95091346^Comparison of cellular and extracellular proteins expressed by various isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and other mycobacterial species.^199410^Am J Vet Res 1994 Oct;55(10):1399-405^Leptospirosis/Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010.^White WB, Whipple DL, Stabel JR, Bolin CA^Protein expression profiles of 10 isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, M avium 18 (formerly M paratuberculosis 18), and 1 isolate each of M avium serotype 2, M avium serotype 8, and M bovis BCG were examined. Protein expression profiles of M paratuberculosis and M avium were similar. However, two-dimensional gel analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled cellular proteins resolved 4 proteins, with molecular mass of 28,000, 32,000, 32,000, and 42,000 daltons, which were expressed in greater amounts in M paratuberculosis than in M avium. Two proteins, with molecular mass of 43,000 and 60,000 daltons, were identified, which were expressed in greater amounts in M avium than in M paratuberculosis. Immuno (western)-blot analysis, using antiserum from 2 cows clinically infected with M paratuberculosis as the primary antibodies, suggested that the 42,000-dalton protein may be specific for M paratuberculosis. Comparison of protein expression profiles may be useful as a tool for differentiating isolates of M paratuberculosis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled extracellular proteins revealed variability among the isolates. Sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled cellular proteins divided the M paratuberculosis isolates into 2 groups on the basis of a difference in the amount of expression of a 28,000-dalton protein. This information may be useful in epidemiologic studies.^0
95245896^Leptospirosis as a cause of reproductive failure.^199411^Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1994 Nov;10(3):463-78^Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture, Belfast, Northern Ireland.^Ellis WA^Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by members of the genus Leptospira. Veterinarians' perceptions of leptospirosis as a disease of domestic animals has undergone considerable modification in the past decade or so because they have increasingly appreciated the role of the host-maintained leptospires as causes of reproductive wastage in their respective host species kept under modern intensive management systems.^0
95185235^[Leptospirosis in Bangladesh]^199475^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1994 Nov-Dec;(6):60-1^^Volina EG, Chandra DS, Kiktenko VS, Levina LF, Sarukhanova LE^^0
95202097^[The connection of the antigenic activity of Leptospira to its virulence]^199475^Mikrobiol Z 1994 Nov-Dec;56(6):46-50^^Bernasovskaia EP, Kondratenko VN, Mel'nitskaia EV^Virulence of Leptospira cultures isolated in leptospirosis centres of different regions of Ukraine has been studied. It is shown that certain strains of leptospiras with high virulence several times exceed in their antigenic activity the standard strains and their introduction into the set of strains for the reaction of microagglutination and use for making diagnostic and, probably, prophylactic preparations are promising.^0
95010874^Hypothalamic-pituitary deficiency after Weil's syndrome: a case report.^199411^Fertil Steril 1994 Nov;62(5):1077-9^Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece.^Panidis D, Rousso D, Skiadopoulos S, Vavilis D, Kalogeropoulos A^A case of male hypogonadism after Weil's syndrome is described. Hypogonadism was the result of complete hypothalamic-pituitary deficiency. The relationship between leptospirosis and the endocrinopathy, the incidence that leptospira attacks hypothalamic- pituitary axis, and the mechanism with which the microorganism may cause damage to the pituitary and/or the hypothalamus are discussed.^0
95263032^[Transcript expression of the CPL 5x, BMD-3A, BMD-10 Interrogans leptospira]^199412^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1994 Dec;25(4):365-8^^Zhang M, Bao L, Yan R, Li S^Total RNA of Leptospira interrogans SV Lai strain 017 was prepared by the method of Licl-Urea, and was used in dot hybridization with biotin- labelled DNA probes. The probes included BMD-3A, BMD-10, which were the leptospirial protective antigen genes, and CPL 5x, which was the genus specific gene of interrogans Leptospira. All of the three probes have shown various degrees of hybridization signs, proving that they all have transcript expression in leptospira. The transcript expression is the main way of regulating the gene expression in procaryotae, and it is significant in molecular genetics of Leptospira. The results indicate that the antigens encoded by the BMD-3A, BMD-10 may play an important role in immune reaction against leptospiral infection and provide a clue to the development of gene-engineering vaccine. The results also suggest that the antibody against the antigen encoded by CPL 5x is a useful tool in the classification of Leptospira interrogans.^0
95397252^Evaluation of the quantitative buffy coat analysis (QBC) system for the detection of Leptospira in human blood.^199412^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1994 Dec;25(4):788-9^Department of Tropical Medicine and Medical Microbiology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA.^Kramer KJ, Pang LW, Minette HP, Perrone JB^^0
95235006^Identification of pathogenic leptospires by recombinant DNA probes.^199412^Chin Med Sci J 1994 Dec;9(4):209-14^Department of Pathophysiology, West China University of Medical Sciences, Chengdu.^Dai B, Xiao J, Shen C^Early diagnosis of leptospirosis of pulmonary diffuse hemorrhage type (PDH) is of crucial importance in saving patients. To develop a sensitive and specific method for diagnosis, a genomic library of the main pathogen of PDH, L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017, was constructed with the plasmid vector pUC9. Recombinant plasmids which have homologous fragments of pathogenic leptospires were screened from the bank. A recombinant plasmid, designated pCX7, could detect 1.7 kb fragment of strain 017, 9.0 kb of strain 601 and 30.0 kb of strain Hebdomadis, respectively, without cross hybridization with nonpathogenic leptospires such as L. biflexa strain Patoc I and Leptonema illini. The recombinant plasmid pCX7 could detect pathogenic leptospires which are the main pathogens endemic to Sichuan Province.^0
95247516^Leptospirosis.^199412^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994 Dec 1;205(11):1518-23^Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1249.^Heath SE, Johnson R^^0
95263033^[Specificity of the recombinant DNA pCX7 and its restriction enzyme map]^199412^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1994 Dec;25(4):369-74^^Shen C, Dai B^The recombinant DNA pCX7 derived from L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017 was applied for hybridization with 17 strains (8 serogroups of L. interrogans, L. biflexa strain Patoc I and Leptonema strain 3055); meanwhile 15 restriction endonucleases were used for analysis of the restriction enzyme map of pCX7. The result showed that the recombinant DNA probe is specific to species L. interrogans and its homology with DNA from different leptospires. A restriction enzyme map of pCX7 was constructed. Unique site for Bgl II and 3 sites for Bst BI were located within the cloned fragment (1.7 kb).^0
95048783^Characterization of an antigenic oligosaccharide from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and its role in immunity.^199412^Infect Immun 1994 Dec;62(12):5477-82^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Midwinter A, Vinh T, Faine S, Adler B^An antigenic oligosaccharide fraction derived from the lipopolysaccharide of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was isolated by endo-glycosidase H digestion and column chromatography. The oligosaccharide contained rhamnose, ribose, glucose, and glucosamine and inhibited the binding of opsonic, protective monoclonal antibodies directed against the lipopolysaccharide. When conjugated to diphtheria toxoid, the oligosaccharide elicited the production of agglutinating, opsonic antibodies.^0
95208180^Feline stillbirths associated with mixed Salmonella typhimurium and leptospira infection [letter]^199412^Vet Rec 1994 Dec 17;135(25):608^^Reilly GA, Bailie NC, Morrow WT, McDowell SW, Ellis WA^^0
96090557^[The serological diagnosis of human leptospirosis]^199575^Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 1995 Jan-Mar;40(1):51-8^Institutul Cantacuzino.^Andreescu N^^0
95378594^[Leptospirosis and pregnancy. Eleven cases in French Guyana]^199501^J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1995;24(4):418-21^Service de Gynecologie-Obstetrique, Centre Hospitalier Andre-Bouron, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane Francaise.^Carles G, Montoya E, Joly F, Peneau C^The incidence of leptospirosis, a widespread antropozoonosis, is underestimated due to variable clinical presentations. The abortive effect of this disease, well known in animals, is only reported rarely in humans although transplacental transmission has been demonstrated. We report 11 cases of leptospirosis in pregnant women in French Guiana. The diagnosis was made on identification of the germ in maternal urine samples and/or on specific serology tests. Fetal death occurred in more than 50% of the cases due to premature abortion or in utero death. The rate of maternal-fetal transmissions is not known, but leptospirosis could be a not uncommon cause of perinatal deaths in endemic zones.^0
95277034^[Clinical features and cellular immunity in patients with icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^199575^Klin Lab Diagn 1995 Jan-Feb;(1):29-31^^Mel'nik GV, Lebedev VV, Avdeev MG, Degtiar' LD, Korotaeva OA^Time course of cellular immunity parameters was followed up in 56 patients with different forms of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis of various severity. A grave course of the disease was associated with development of secondary structural immunodeficiency manifesting by reduction of E = RFC count, of immunoregulatory index, and of the count of T lymphocytes. The course of convalescence was found related to the immune response: if immunodeficiency persisted during the early convalescence period, the patients developed late complications.^0
95280752^Comparative study of the enzyme activities of Borrelia burgdorferi and other non-intestinal and intestinal spirochaetes.^199501^New Microbiol 1995 Jan;18(1):13-26^Institute of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Parma, Italy.^Dettori G, Grillo R, Cattani P, Calderaro A, Chezzi C, Milner J, Truelove K, Sellwood R^Comparative analysis of the enzymatic profiles of 58 spirochaetal isolates clearly differentiated borrelias from leptospires, serpulinas and a treponeme. Strains of both Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia hermsii characteristically produced significant amounts of leucine arylamidase. This enzyme activity was not unique to borrelias but was also detected amongst pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospira serovars. This fact, however, did not hamper a correct differentiation of borrelias from these spirochaetes, because leptospires possessed unique enzyme profiles. The API ZYM system could not differentiate the human strains of B. burgdorferi from those isolated from ticks, or from B. hermsii. Treponema phagedenis could be differentiated from all the other spirochaetes by the production of alpha-fucosidase. Our results confirm and extend previous studies indicating that human and animal intestinal spirochaetes have many common enzyme activities. All strains produced reactions of maximum intensity when tested for the presence of beta-galactosidase activity. However the avian strains lacked esterase (C4) which was present in human and swine intestinal spirochaetes. All strains of Serpulina hyodysenteriae, and Serpulina innocens as well as the human intestinal spirochaete strain HRM-14 showed alpha and beta glucosidase activity. Both enzyme activities were absent or insignificant in most other intestinal spirochaetes examined: 25 different human strains, non-pathogenic swine strain M1 and the avian strain 4742. However, swine strain LL3 and avian strain 1380 showed some beta-glucosidase activity.^0
95298941^Prevalence and serovars of leptospira involved in equine abortions in central Kentucky during the 1991-1993 foaling seasons.^199501^J Vet Diagn Invest 1995 Jan;7(1):87-91^Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40511, USA.^Donahue JM, Smith BJ, Poonacha KB, Donahoe JK, Rigsby CL^In this study, the prevalence of leptospira-induced abortions/stillbirths for the past 3 foaling seasons (1991-1993) was determined, and fetal tissues and/or the mare's urine from positive cases were cultured in an attempt to isolate and identify the leptospira serovars responsible for the abortions. The sensitivity and specificity of the primary diagnostic tests, the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), used for the diagnosis of leptospirosis were also determined. For the 3 years, 74 (3.3%) of 2,264 abortion/stillborn submissions were diagnosed as leptospirosis. Twelve cases occurred in the 1991, 19 in the 1992, and 43 in the 1993 foaling seasons. Leptospires were isolated from 45 (60.8%) of the 74 cases, and they were identified as serovar kennewicki (43 cases), serovar grippotyphosa (1 case), and a serovar similar to pomona (1 case). Of the 29 culture-negative cases, serologic results indicated that leptospires in the Pomona serogroup (kennewicki is a member of this serogroup) were responsible for 25 abortions, leptospires in the Grippotyphosa serogroup for 1 abortion, and leptospires in the Sejroe serogroup for 1 abortion. The specificities of the FAT on fetal tissues and mare's placenta and of the MAT on fetal fluid were 100%. The sensitivity of the FAT was 98.7%, and that of the MAT was 81.3%.^0
95196448^Fatal disease mimicking leptospirosis in a dog, caused by Aeromonas hydrophila.^199501^Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1995 Jan;18(1):69-72^Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Nantes, France.^Andre-Fontaine G, Monfort P, Buggin-Daubie M, Filloneau C, Ganiere JP^A dog was treated for leptospirosis on clinical and epidemiological arguments. The amoxicillin treatment was not successful. Pure culture of Aeromonas hydrophila was then obtained from liver and kidney, indicating that the septicemia was due to this bacteria commonly found in waters.^0
96141162^[Leptospirosis and vaccination]^199501^Med Trop (Mars) 1995;55(3):208^^^^0
96171828^[A trichinelliasis outbreak in Samara Province]^199501^Klin Med (Mosk) 1995;73(3):55-6^^Roshchupkin VI, Suzdal'tsev AA, Iakimakha GL, Baranov BA, Vekhova EV, Serbina VA, Eroshevskaia MI^^0
96118292^[Seroepidemiologic investigations in the Alpine ibex (Capra i. ibex) of Piz Albris in the canton of Grigioni (Switzerland)]^199501^Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1995;137(12):537-42^Untersuchungsstelle fur Wildtierkrankheiten, Institut fur Tierpathologie der Universitat Bern.^Giacometti M, Tolari F, Mannelli A, Lanfranchi P^Sero-epidemiological investigations in wild animals may allow to assess distribution of selected pathogens that sometimes seem to be involved in sanitary interrelationships between wild and domestic ungulates sharing the same areas. Serological studies were carried out to investigate the prevalence of antibody against 8 pathogens in Alpine ibex of Albris colony (Grisons, Switzerland). Investigated sera came from 89 animals shot by gamekeepers in 1990-1991. Antibody against smooth Brucella, Coxiella burnetti, Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia Burgdorferi, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, BHV-1 and ovine-caprine lentiviruses were not detected in the tested sera. However, 31% of sera analysed were found to be positive for Chlamydia psittaci. Three sera showed high antibody titres ( > or = 1/128) suggestive of active infection in the animals. Any influence of Chlamydia psittaci in reproductive performance of free-ranging alpine ibex should be investigated through isolation of the agent. Results are discussed with reference to methods used and with epidemiological picture in Switzerland and were compared with results of serological investigations carried out in ibex in Italy and France.^0
96203266^[Leptospirosis at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases in Novi Sad 1984- 1993]^199501^Med Pregl 1995;48(9-10):323-5^Klinika za infektivne i dermatoveneroloske bolestic, Medicinski fakultet, Novi Sad.^Canak G, Vukobratov Z, Dordevic M, Madle-Samardzija N, Ilic A, Doder R^We examined the clinical picture and course of leptospiral infections in 50 patients treated at the Clinic during the period 1984-1993. Most patients were 11-20 years of age (9 years the youngest and 77 years the oldest, mean age being 25.16). The disease more often occurred in male patients, 44 (88%). There were 30 (60%) patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, while 21 (42%) had liver and kidney infections. Meningeal syndrome was established in 25 (50%) and serous meningitis in 13 (26%). Leptospiral infections represented average and serious infections with complications in 8 (16%) patients, successful treatment in 47 (94%) patients while 3 (6%) patients died due to hematorenal insufficiency.^0
96348314^[Leptospirosis, Weil's disease]^199501^Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1995;(7):115-7^Division of Gastroenterology, Kantoh-Teishin Hospital, Japan.^Sakurai Y^^0
96238395^[Severe leptospirosis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection (letter)]^199501^Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1995;146(7):522^^Zylberberg H, Nebut M, Hagege H, Geslin P, Chousterman M^^0
96381038^T cell response to Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia japonica in various congenic mouse strains.^199501^Microbiol Immunol 1995;39(12):929-35^Department of Dermatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan.^Ishii N, Isogai E, Isogai H, Kimura K, Nishikawa T, Fujii N, Nakajima H^The infectivity and T cell response to Borrelia garinii SIKA2, Borrelia afzelii BFOX, and Borrelia japonica 0612, the organisms that cause Lyme disease in Japan, were examined in various inbred and congenic strains of mice. Infectivity differed among the species: B. garinii SIKA2 and B. afzelii BFOX were each able to infect 90% to 100% of C3H/He mice; B. japonica 0612 was able to infect only 20% of C3H/He mice. The pattern of infectivity to various inbred and congenic strains of mice may influence the pathogenicity of the organism and the clinical signs of Lyme disease. Cross-reactivity between Borrelia antigens was observed, but there was no cross-reactivity between Borrelia antigens and Leptospira antigens. We evaluated the genetic control of the delayed- type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the form of footpad swelling produced by Borrelia antigens using viable or sonicated bacteria as sensitization. Differences in strains of mice infected by viable antigen were observed. However, all strains of mice showed a strong DTH reaction using sonicated antigens without genetic background. A DTH reaction in the form of footpad swelling did not appear to be associated with genetic background. The footpad reaction was mediated by CD4+8- and Ia- T cells, as revealed by in vitro monoclonal antibody treatment. However, CD8+ T cells did not suppress footpad swelling. These results indicate that many antigenic epitopes of the Borrelia spirochete can stimulate the DTH reaction.^0
95133100^[Leptospirosis]^199501^Ugeskr Laeger 1995 Jan 9;157(2):153-7^Esbjerg Centralsygehus, medicinsk afdeling.^Biegel E, Mortensen H^Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis. When human beings are infected the clinical spectrum varies from a mild, febrile illness to severe, icteric disease with multiorgan failure and fatal outcome. The illness falls into two phases, the septicaemic and the so-called immune. The diagnosis is confirmed by culture of blood and spinal fluid during the first phase, by culture of urine during the second and by serology. It is recommended that penicillin be given as quickly as possible. Prevention is important e.g. effective rat control and individual protection such as wearing protective clothing in contaminated work areas.^0
95133101^[Leptospirosis in the Ribe County 1980-1991]^199501^Ugeskr Laeger 1995 Jan 9;157(2):157-61^Esbjerg Centralsygehus, medicinsk afdeling.^Biegel E, Mortensen H, Gaub J^Though only 4.2% of the Danish population live in Ribe County, 12 cases of leptospirosis (22% of the Danish total) were found in the county between 1980-1991. Nine cases were associated with fresh water angling or fish farming. The patients were typically young or middle-aged formerly healthy men, who suddenly became ill with acute febrile disease. Eleven patients survived, one died. Cases were most often seen in late summer and autumn. Four patients required dialysis, and these patients also had relatively high serum levels of bilirubin. Case history and simple laboratory findings are helpful in leading to the diagnosis. Three patients were admitted with the correct diagnosis, and by the third day in hospital all 12 were being treated with relevant antibiotics, eight on suspicion of leptospirosis. Three patients had positive blood cultures on day 4, 6 and 9, and nine patients had late positive serology, two of whom also belonged to the group with positive blood cultures. In two patients the diagnosis was based on clinical findings alone. For these reasons, penicillin should be commenced on clinical suspicion alone.^0
96104941^Comparison of the clinical and serologic diagnosis of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and leptospirosis [letter]^199502^Eur J Epidemiol 1995 Feb;11(1):91-2^^Antoniadis A, Alexiou-Daniel S, Fidani L, Bautz EF^^0
95172169^Prevalence of Leptospira spp. in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) on UK farms.^199502^Epidemiol Infect 1995 Feb;114(1):195-201^Department of Zoology, University of Oxford.^Webster JP, Ellis WA, Macdonald DW^Wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are frequently implicated in the carriage and spread of Leptospira spp. Wild brown rats (n = 259) were trapped from 11 UK farms and tested for Leptospira spp. using a number of diagnostic tests. The prevalence of leptospiral infection was low, but there was variation in the results obtained with the different diagnostic tests. Estimates of prevalence ranged between 0% by silver- staining of tissues, 1% by the microscopic agglutination test, 4% by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 4% by culture, and 8% by fluorescent antibody technique. In total, 37 (14%) rats were positive by at least one of the tests, which contrasts with the frequently reported prevalences of 50-70% for wild rats in the UK. Serovar bratislava was a prevalent as icterohaemorrhagiae, although it was present only on farms with larger rat populations.^0
95381660^[The effectiveness of immunological methods in the diagnosis of leptospirosis]^199575^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1995 Mar-Apr;(2):84-6^^Shamardin VA, Rud' NV, Il'iasov BK^The effectiveness of Leptospira antigenic erythrocyte diagnosticum increases 4- to 8-fold due to the preliminary activation of erythrocytes and Boivin's antigen with 0.001-0.002 M solution of potassium periodate. ELISA with the use of conjugate based on antiglobulin serum and catalase is twice as sensitive as ELISA with conjugate on the basis of penicillinase, 3 times as sensitive as ELISA with conjugate on the basis of Leptospira hyperimmune serum and catalase and 10-20 times as sensitive as the passive hemagglutination test and the microagglutination and lysis test.^0
95386166^[Identification of pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospires by recombinant DNA probe]^199503^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1995 Mar;26(1):1-5^^Jiang N, Jin B, Dai B, Zhang Y^A gene bank of L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017 was constructed with plasmid vector pUC 18. Recombinant plasmids designated pDJ 6 and pDJ 8 were screened from the gene bank. Inserted fragments of them are 1.9kb and 2.2kb respectively. Diglabelled 1.9kb inserted fragment of pDJ 6. Results showed that the probe had hybridization with pathogenic leptospires, but it did not have hybridization with nonpathogenic leptospires such as L. biflexa strain Patoc I and Leptonema illini. The probe did not have hybridization with nonhomologous DNA (e.g. human leucocyte and E. coli JM 103), either. So, the recombinant probe is a good tool for distinguishing and identifying genus, species, pathogenic leptospires and nonpathogenic leptospires.^0
95234471^Serum nitrogen oxides during nitric oxide inhalation.^199503^Br J Anaesth 1995 Mar;74(3):338-9^Dialysis Unit, Middlesex Hospital, London.^Valvini EM, Young JD^A patient with acute respiratory failure secondary to leptospirosis was treated with 40 and 90 volumes per million inhaled nitric oxide. His serum nitrogen oxide concentration (nitrates and nitrites combined) increased 13-fold. The mechanisms for the formation and elimination of nitrates are discussed.^0
95314407^An etiologic study of hemoglobinuria and blackwater fever in the Kivu Mountains, Zaire.^199503^Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1995 Mar;75(1):51-63^Lutte contre les Maladies Transmissibles et Carentielles, Bujumbura, Burundi.^Delacollette C, Taelman H, Wery M^Between January 1985 and March 1986, in the high altitude area of Kivu, Eastern Zaire, 38 patients presenting with hemoglobinuria as main manifestation were investigated. Profound glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was detected in 4 patients, leptospirosis in 2 and Hantaan virus infection in 2. Hemolysis was doubtful (haptoglobin > 40 mg/dl, Hemoglobin > 12 g/dl) in 2 patients. Other potential causes of hemoglobinuria such as hemoglobinopathy, toxic agents, infectious diseases or blood transfusion incompatibility were carefully screened and excluded. The syndrome observed in the remaining 28 cases was strongly suggestive of blackwater fever (BWF) as described in malaria patients by several authors under the french name "fievre bilieuse hemoglobinurique". Quinine was used as curative treatment of malaria before admission in a significant greater proportion (p < 0.01) of patients with BWF compared to patients with uncomplicated malaria, suggesting that this drug might have played a triggering role in the genesis of BWF. However, quinine was usually administered at inadequate doses to malaria patients non responding to chloroquine and belonging to a population of whom 50% are non immune. It may thus also be hypothesized that BWF in our patients could result from a hyperparasitemic state that remained undetected because of an unusual synchronous lysis of infected erythrocytes. In the latter case BWF would correspond to a major complication of falciparum malaria only coincidentally related to the use of quinine.^0
96029118^[Human leptospirosis in Romania in 1985-1994]^199575^Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 1995 Apr-Jun;40(2):131-4^Institutul Cantacuzino.^Andreescu N, Filiu P^^0
95407078^Temporal effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on intracellular survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.^199504^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1995 Apr;45(3-4):321-32^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA.^Stabel JR^The causative agent in Johne's disease is Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, an intracellular pathogen which causes enteritis in ruminants. Little is known about interactions between the host cell (macrophage) and M. paratuberculosis; however, this bacterium is able to evade normal host immune defenses and cause a chronic infective state. In the present study, we evaluated whether activation of a murine macrophage cell line (J774.16) by pretreatment with recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) prior to infection with M. paratuberculosis would affect their ability to restrict growth and kill the ingested bacteria. A murine cell line was utilized owing to difficulty in obtaining bovine reagents and lack of a continuous bovine macrophage cell line for repeated experimentation. After 4 h of infection, numbers of viable bacteria in cell lysates were significantly lower for macrophages pretreated with 1000 IU TNF ml-1. The rate of bacterial growth as assessed by BACTEC radiometric culture system was also reduced at this time point. Upon further extension of the infection period to 72 h, we observed that moderate doses of TNF (10-1000 IU ml-1) significantly increased the number of viable M. paratuberculosis recovered whereas the highest dose of TNF (4000 IU ml- 1) effectively reduced bacterial numbers. These data indicate that TNF can either enhance or reduce macrophage mycobactericidal and mycobacteriostatic activity depending upon both the level of TNF to which cells are exposed and the duration of infection.^0
95220526^Hantavirus infections in The Netherlands: epidemiology and disease.^199504^Epidemiol Infect 1995 Apr;114(2):373-83^Department of Clinical Virology, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands.^Groen J, Gerding MN, Jordans JG, Clement JP, Nieuwenhuijs JH, Osterhaus AD^A serological survey for the prevalence of hantavirus infections in The Netherlands was carried out on > 10,000 sera, from selected human populations, and different feral and domestic animal species. Hantavirus-specific antibodies were found in about 1% of patients suspected of acute leptospirosis, 10% of patients with acute nephropathia, and in less than 0.1% haemodialysis and renal transplant patients. Among individuals with a suspected occupational risk, 6% of animal trappers, 4% of forestry workers, 2% of laboratory workers and 0.4% of farmers were seropositive. The majority of the seropositive individuals lived in rural and forested areas. The main animal reservoir of the infection was shown to be the red bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings seen in serologically confirmed human cases were similar to those associated with nephropathia epidemica.^0
95234973^Salmon farming: occupational health in a new rural industry.^199504^Occup Med (Oxf) 1995 Apr;45(2):89-92^Tweedale Medical Practice, Fort William, UK.^Douglas JD^The medical hazards of salmon farming can be grouped into those related to marine safety, fish husbandry, fish-farm diving and disease treatments. The hostile water environment requires thermal protection and personal buoyancy aids as workers frequently fall in the water from boats or cages. Feedstuffs may generate respirable dust and attract rats, creating a risk of leptospirosis. Musculo-skeletal injuries are common from lifting nets. Fish-farm diving has particular risks which can be minimized. Organophosphorous pesticides are used to treat sea lice and employees require health surveillance. Fish immunization is required to reduce the incidence of Aeromonas salmonitica. Needlestick injuries when using oil-based vaccines are a serious hazard to employees. The occupational health problems of salmon farming are predictable and preventable with primary safety measures. This new industry is safer than land-based agriculture on current evidence.^0
95259739^Evaluation of the immunofluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.^199504^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Apr;52(4):340-3^Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.^Appassakij H, Silpapojakul K, Wansit R, Woodtayakorn J^Sera from 175 patients with clinically suspected leptospirosis were tested with the immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay and compared with the microscopic agglutination (MA) method. Overall, the IFA test recognized all 58 MA-positive patients with leptospirosis. On acute sera testing, the IFA titer > or = 1:100 was 0.97 specific and more sensitive than the conventional MA method (sensitivities = 0.48 versus 0.17, respectively). None of the 117 MA-negative patients, 101 healthy blood donors, and 93 patients with five diseases commonly confused with leptospirosis had IFA titers > or = 1:400. However, cross-reactivity was seen with sera from patients with syphilis. On serial testing, the IFA antibody first appeared during the first week of illness, peaked by the fourth week, and generally decreased below 1:400 after the fourth month. The IFA test appears to be moderately sensitive and specific for the initial diagnosis of leptospirosis. It could replace the more complicated and less sensitive MA assay.^0
95303743^Peritonitis complicating leptospirosis [letter]^199504^Postgrad Med J 1995 Apr;71(834):250^^Handa R, Sood A, Wali JP^^0
95305353^Comparison of the sensitivity of the caudal fold skin test and a commercial gamma-interferon assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.^199504^Am J Vet Res 1995 Apr;56(4):415-9^Leptospirosis/Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA.^Whipple DL, Bolin CA, Davis AJ, Jarnagin JL, Johnson DC, Nabors RS, Payeur JB, Saari DA, Wilson AJ, Wolf MM^A study to determine and compare the sensitivity of the caudal fold tuberculin test (CFT) and a commercial gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis was conducted. A dairy herd with approximately a third of the cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis was chosen for this study. All cattle from this herd were slaughtered, and tissue specimens for bacteriologic culturing and histologic examination were collected. Results of the CFT and gamma-IFN assay were compared with results of bacteriologic culturing and histologic examination to determine test sensitivity. Results were analyzed, using each of the following 4 standards to classify cattle as infected: positive test result by bacteriologic culturing only; histologic examination only; bacteriologic culturing and histologic examination; and bacteriologic culturing or histologic examination. Sensitivity of the CFT ranged from 80.4 to 84.4%, depending on the standard of comparison. Sensitivity of the gamma-IFN assay ranged from 55.4 to 97.1%, depending on the standard of comparison and on the method of interpretation. The CFT was significantly (P < 0.001) more sensitive than the gamma-IFN assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis when the gamma-IFN assay was conducted and interpreted as instructed by the manufacturer. Maximum overall sensitivity was achieved when results of the CFT and gamma-IFN assay were interpreted in parallel.^0
96164788^[Leptospirosis in animal reproduction: III. Role of the hardjo serovar in bovine leptospirosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]^199575^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1995 Apr-Jun;37(2):87-92^Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.^Lilenbaum W, Dos Santos MR^Four hundred and five serum samples were drawn from cows with reproductive problems which were not vaccinated against leptospirosis from 21 dairy farms. Three distinct geographic regions were determined and the farms were also classified considering the production system, based on technological, zootechnical and sanitary resources. A total of 277 positive reactions were observed, corresponding to 68.39% of the samples. The predominant serovar was hardjo, reactive on 85 samples (20.98%), predominant on nine farms and observed on 17 farms (80.95%). It was observed the predominance of hardjo in all studied regions and on properties classified as type "A" (22 samples) and type "B" (49 samples). The role of this serovar on bovine leptospirosis in Brazil compared with other countries is discussed.^0
97078172^Studies on the incidence of leptospirosis and possible transmission of Leptospira during leptospiraemia.^199504^Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1995 Apr;38(2):133-7^Institute of Microbiology, Madurai Medical College.^Chandrasekaran S, Mallika M, Pankajalakshmi VV^During the year 1991 and in the first half year of 1992 a total of 179 cases and 288 cases respectively were tested for the presence of Leptospira by dark ground microscopy and 86 cases (48%) and 157 cases (54.5%) were found to be positive for Leptospira in their blood samples only. The disease was endemic and more prevalent in the age group of 5 to 14 years and 15 to 54 years and affected both sexes. Clinical categorisation of 169 cases in 1991 and 266 cases in the first half of the year 1992 along with the dark ground microscopy results showed that there was no strict correlation between the concentration of Leptospira in the blood and the severity of infection. Epidemiological data regarding the occupation and the contacts indicated that students and medical staff accounted for more than fifty percent of leptospiral infection and there was the possibility of transmission of Leptospira during leptospiraemia. Dark ground microscopy studies on blood samples from 20 cases who came for repeat testing showed the presence of Leptospira in blood up to 43 days and suggested that the convalescent carrier may have a role in the transmission of Leptospira during Leptospiraemia.^0
95249954^[Scientific raisins from 125 years SMW (Swiss Medical Weekly). A brief report on the discovery of the pathogen (Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae nov. sp.) of so-called Weil's disease in Japan and on current studies of the disease. 1916 (classical article)]^199504^Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1995 Apr 22;125(16):816-26^^Inada R, Ido Y, Kaneko R, Hoki R, Ito H, Wani H, Okuda K^^0
95345334^Leptospirosis and the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction [letter; comment]^199505^Clin Infect Dis 1995 May;20(5):1437-8^^Watt G, Warrell DA^^0
95400903^Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by an endotoxin extracted from Leptospira interrogans: a possible mechanism for the physiopathology of leptospirosis.^199505^C R Acad Sci III 1995 May;318(5):619-25^Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire, College de France, Paris.^Younes-Ibrahim M, Burth P, Faria MV, Buffin-Meyer B, Marsy S, Barlet-Bas C, Cheval L, Doucet A^Clinical manifestations of leptospirosis include disorders of the electrolytical balance which might be related to inhibition of Na,K- ATPase. Although the physiopathological cellular mechanism of leptospirosis remains unknown, a bacterial endotoxin has been incriminated. Therefore, we evaluated whether a glycolipoprotein fraction extracted from Leptospira interrogans and known to be cytotoxic might inhibit Na,K-ATPase. This glycolipoprotein fraction (GLP) inhibited Na,K-ATPase activity in rabbit kidney epithelial cells as well as Na,K-ATPase purified from rabbit kidney medulla. Inhibition was dose-dependent, and at maximum it almost abolished Na,K-ATPase activity whereas it had no effect on other enzymes. The GLP did not change the apparent affinity of Na,K-ATPase for potassium whereas it increased that for sodium, revealing a mechanism of inhibition different from that of ouabain. Finally, the inhibitory principle present in the GLP preparation was thermostable and was curtailed by the presence of albumin. In conclusion, a glycolipoproteic fraction extracted from Leptospira interrogans contains a specific inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase. This glycolipoproteic fraction which is present in diseased tissues might induce, through this inhibitor, cellular dysfunctions responsible for the symptoms, in particular those associated with electrolytical disorders such as disturbances of renal electrolyte handling, cardiac arrhythmia or diarrhoea.^0
95270622^Characterization of the 23S and 5S rRNA genes of Coxiella burnetii and identification of an intervening sequence within the 23S rRNA gene.^199505^J Bacteriol 1995 May;177(10):2946-9^Department of Microbiology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164- 4233, USA.^Afseth G, Mo YY, Mallavia LP^Characterization of the rRNA operon from the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii has determined the order of the rRNA genes to be 16S-23S-5S. A 444-bp intervening sequence (IVS) was identified to interrupt the 23S rRNA gene beginning at position 1176. The IVS is predicted to form a stem-loop structure formed by flanking inverted repeats, and the absence of intact 23S rRNA molecules suggests that the loop is removed. An open reading frame in the IVS has been identified that shows 70% similarity at the amino acid level to IVS open reading frames characterized from four species of Leptospira.^0
95271636^Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting for rapid identification of leptospiras of serogroup Sejroe.^199505^J Med Microbiol 1995 May;42(5):336-9^Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands.^Gerritsen MA, Smits MA, Olyhoek T^Eight leptospiral and three non-leptospiral primers were examined in the development of a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting method for identification of leptospiral serovars within the serogroup Sejroe. The strains examined comprised 19 reference strains of serogroup Sejroe, five field strains and 17 Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjobovis strains. Unique DNA banding patterns were obtained for each of the 17 reference strains with L. hardjo type hardjobovis-derived primers, and all clinical isolates were identified as L. hardjo type hardjobovis. Although the profiles were specific for each serovar, most serovars within serogroup Sejroe clustered into previously recognised genetic groups. RAPD fingerprinting is a simple, rapid method suitable for the identification of some Leptospira serovars.^0
96137338^[Significance of human leptospirosis in Mexico. Detection of Leptospira antibodies in a blood donor population]^199575^Gac Med Mex 1995 May-Jun;131(3):289-92^Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Departamentos de Atencion a la Salud y Produccion Agricola y Animal, Coyoacan, Mexico D.F.^Gavaldon DG, Cisneros MA, Rojas N, Moles-Cervantes LP^The presence of specific serum antibodies has been used as a diagnostic test for human leptospirosis. The presence of these antibodies in humans is indicative of an active natural infection. Its detection after exposure denotes the presence of immunity. Serum samples from 206 adult blood donors were analyzed with a microscopic agglutination assay against 7 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. A total of 7% were positive with the following serovar distribution; shermani 53%, canicola 33%, pyrogens 20%, pomona 13% and icterohaemorrhagiae 6%. The highest frequency of seropositivity was found in the 20 year to 39 age group. These results in asymptomatic individuals show that leptospirosis is a frequent zoonosis in Mexico.^0
96022509^A twelve-year study of leptospirosis on Barbados.^199506^Eur J Epidemiol 1995 Jun;11(3):311-20^Leptospira Laboratory, St. Michael, Barbados.^Everard CO, Edwards CN, Everard JD, Carrington DG^Between November 1979 and December 1991, 398 cases of severe leptospirosis were confirmed on Barbados (range for 1980-1991 23-56; mean 32.7; incidence 13.3/100,000/year). For the six-year periods 1980- 1985 and 1986-1991 there was no significant change in incidence with time. Incidence is unlikely to change significantly in the next decade. Monthly average case numbers ranged from 1.4 (July) to 4.3 (November). The average (2.8) for June to December (the 7 wetter months) was not significantly higher than that (2.5) for January to May (the 5 drier months). The age range was 7-86. There were three times as many male cases (302) as female (96), and nearly 10 times as many in those < 35. Although the highest number of cases (69) was in males aged 15-24, the highest incidence was in the older age groups, particularly the male 65- 74 year-olds, and the female 55-64 year-olds. Leptospirosis was the proven cause of death in 55 (13.8%) hospital patients (annual range 0- 13, mean 4.5). Some of a further 39 fatalities might have been cases. Death from leptospirosis was nearly twice as common among the women as among the men. Only one patient under 20 years of age died. Leptospira were isolated and identified from 117 (29.4%) of the 398 sick patients. The infecting organisms were bim (serogroup Autumnalis--75), copenhageni (Icterohaemorrhagiae-26), arborea (Ballum-14) and bajan (Australis-2). These infecting serovars could not be distinguished clinically, but infection was milder in children than in adults. Despite its predominance in surveyed children, serogroup Panama was virtually absent in this study. Rainfall is the major factor affecting the distribution of cases; not surprisingly, sanitation workers and agricultural workers appear to be the groups at highest risk. The general lack of clear-cut risk factors reflects the ubiquity of leptospires in the environment and the fact that the disease is not entirely occupational.^0
95383123^Veterinary public health. Leptospirosis.^199506^Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1995 Jun 16;70(24):173-5^^^^0
96083192^The hemorrhagic syndrome of leptospirosis: an experimental study in guinea pigs.^199575^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1995 Jul-Sep;28(3):169-77^Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Anatomia Patologica, Hospital Evandro Chagas do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz da Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.^da Silva JJ, Netto BA, Lilembaum W, Alvim ME, de Oliveira AV^The hemorrhagic syndrome of leptospirosis was studied in guinea pigs. The study correlates hematological, histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations in sixty animals inoculated by the intraperitoneal route with 1ml of the culture of virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. Leptospirae antigens were detected by immunoperoxidase, chiefly in liver, kidney and heart muscle capillaries. Possible pathogenic mechanisms responsible for hemorrhagic syndrome are discussed with emphasis on toxic and anoxic attacks causing damage to endothelia, platelet depletion and alterations to hemostasia rates: prothrombin time [PT], partial thromboplastin time [PTT] and fibrinogen concentrations. The clinical-laboratory picture is compatible with the histopathological observation of disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC] in most of the guinea pigs from day 4 of infection.^0
96007053^Outbreak of leptospirosis with pulmonary involvement in north Andaman.^199507^Indian J Med Res 1995 Jul;102:9-12^Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, Andaman Island.^Sehgal SC, Murhekar MV, Sugunan AP^An outbreak of acute febrile illness with haemorrhagic manifestations and pulmonary involvement occurred in Diglipur of North Andaman during October-November 1993. Investigations were carried out to see whether leptospires were responsible for this outbreak. Serum samples were collected from suspected cases and tested for presence of antibodies to leptospires by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using a battery of 19 antigens representing 16 serogroups. 66.7 per cent of the specimens showed significant titres of antibodies against leptospires, 18 of 23 paired sera (78.3%) showed sero-conversion or four-fold rise in antibody titres. The commonest serovar involved was Leptospira grippotyphosa followed by L. canicola and L. JEZ bratislava. In 7 patients L. grippotyphosa was the sole serovar against which antibodies were detected. Clinical and epidemiological observations of this outbreak were similar with that of earlier seasonal outbreaks of acute febrile illness with haemorrhagic manifestations occurring in the same area, indicating that the past outbreaks may also have been due to leptospires. This is the first report of pulmonary leptospirosis from India.^0
96047605^Leptospira interrogans serovar sejroe infection in a group of laboratory dogs.^199507^Lab Anim 1995 Jul;29(3):300-6^Istituto di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Milan, Italy.^Scanziani E, Crippa L, Giusti AM, Luini M, Pacciarini ML, Tagliabue S, Cavalletti E^Interstitial nephritis was seen histologically in 19 (59%) out of 32 pure-breed beagle dogs (16 males and 16 females) subjected to standard safety tests. In these animals no clinical abnormalities were observed and all the tested parameters (haematology, biochemistry and urine analysis) were within the normal ranges. Leptospiral antibody titres ranging from 1 : 100 to 1 : 6400, against a serovar (hardjo) belonging to the Sejroe serogroup, were detected by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in the serum of the 19 dogs with interstitial nephritis. All animals without renal lesions were seronegative. Leptospiral antigen was detected immunohistochemically in the kidneys of 4 dogs; leptospires were detected in Warthin-Starry stained sections of one dog. Leptospires were isolated from the kidneys of 3 of the 4 dogs examined by bacterial culture. The isolated strains were typed as serovar sejroe by restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern blot hybridization analysis of their DNA. It was concluded that Leptospira interrogans serovar sejroe, was responsible for an asymptomatic chronic renal infection which was widespread in this group of laboratory dogs.^0
96014721^Prevalence of leptospiral infections in humans in Cordillera Province, Bolivia.^199575^Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995 Jul-Aug;89(4):385-6^Department of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.^Ciceroni L, Bartoloni A, Pinto A, Guglielmetti P, Barahona HG, Roselli M, Paradisi F^^0
96065607^Leptospirosis.^199507^Clin Infect Dis 1995 Jul;21(1):1-6; quiz 7-8^Department of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506, USA.^Farr RW^^0
96082433^Seroepidemiologic study of three zoonoses (leptospirosis, Q fever, and tularemia) among trappers in Quebec, Canada.^199507^Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1995 Jul;2(4):496-8^Centre de Sante publique de Quebec, Ste-Foy, Canada.^Levesque B, De Serres G, Higgins R, D'Halewyn MA, Artsob H, Grondin J, Major M, Garvie M, Duval B^This study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii, and certain serovars of Leptospira interrogans among trappers in Quebec, Canada. Muskrat trapping was identified as a risk factor for F. tularensis infection, whereas having a cat at home apparently protected trappers against infection by L. interrogans. High percentages of control sera were positive for antibodies against C. burnetii (15%) and L. interrogans (5%), most frequently serovar bratislava. This is the first report of human infection by serovar bratislava in North America.^0
95397028^[A clinico-epidemiological study of leptospirosis in adults in the province of Ciego de Avila]^199507^Rev Clin Esp 1995 Jul;195(7):459-62^Hospital Provincial Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola, Ciego de Avilo, Cuba.^Suarez Hernandez M, Santisteban Mota R, Cabrera Cabrera J, del Risco Alard, Pelaez Martinez R^A clinical epidemiological study of reported leptospirosis cases in adults in the period 1984-1988 in the province Ciego de Avila, Republic of Cuba, was conducted. The most frequent symptoms and signs were: fever, headache and arthralgia. Eighty-two percent of patient were anicteric. The most frequent presumptive diagnosis included leptospirosis, virosis, and febrile syndrome. Sporadic cases predominated over cluster cases. The incidence of cases was higher from October to December. Sixty-five percent of patients were 36 years old or less. The serogroups detected more frequently were Leptospira interrogans var. Australia and Leptospira interrogans var Pomona. The high range of diagnostic and presumptive approaches with cases show that most cases would go undetected if an active surveillance is not implemented.^0
95318544^Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with microagglutination test and culture for diagnosis of leptospirosis.^199507^J Infect Dis 1995 Jul;172(1):281-5^Laboratoire des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Noumea, New Caledonia.^Merien F, Baranton G, Perolat P^Polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) amplifying a fragment of the Leptospira rrs gene was compared with culture and microagglutination test (MAT) for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in a study of 200 patients with various clinical syndromes compatible with leptospirosis. For the first group of samples tested, PCR identified the 14 cases that later were unequivocally confirmed to be leptospirosis. Thirteen other systemic cases presenting decreasing leptospiral antibody titers were also detected by PCR. The average persistence of leptospiral DNA in serum was estimated at 12 days, with a maximum of 56 days in a culture- confirmed case. The possibility of detecting leptospires in aqueous humor during the ocular complications of the disease was confirmed. The results suggest that PCR is an efficient tool for early diagnosis of leptospirosis during the first 10 days of the disease, especially when the clinical expression of the disease is confusing.^0
96131135^Identification of leptospires of the Pomona and Grippotyphosa serogroups isolated from cattle in Zimbabwe.^199507^Res Vet Sci 1995 Jul;59(1):92-4^Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.^Feresu SB, Bolin CA, Korver H, Van de Kemp H^Two strains of the genus Leptospira, isolated from kidneys of oxen slaughtered in Zimbabwe, one belonging to serogroup Pomona (strain SBF 8) and the other to serogroup Grippotyphosa (strain SBF 32), were identified by using cross-agglutinin absorption, monoclonal antibody, restriction fragment length polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction analyses. The identification of the two strains was equivocal. Strain SBF 8 showed a close similarity to both serovars mozdok and proechimys by cross-agglutinin absorption tests and to serovar pomona by monoclonal antibody analysis, but had a distinct DNA restriction pattern. Strain SBF 32 showed a close antigenic similarity to serovars ratnapura, grippotyphosa and valbuzzi by the cross-agglutinin absorption test, and to serovar ratnapura by monoclonal antibody analysis but also had a distinct DNA restriction pattern. Both strains SBF 8 and SBF 32 reacted as members of species Leptospira kirschneri by the polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that strains SBF 8 and SBF 32 represent new genetic strains in the Pomona and Grippotyphosa groups, respectively.^0
96205206^[A severe form of leptospirosis]^199575^Vojnosanit Pregl 1995 Jul-Aug;52(4):411-5^Vojnomedicinska akademija, Institut za mikrobiologiju ZPM, Beograd.^Trnjak Z, Dokic M, Marinkovic V, Lako B, Begovic V, Milosevic N, Milanovic M, Kupresanin S^^0
96287937^Leptospirosis in Madras--a clinical and serological study.^199507^J Assoc Physicians India 1995 Jul;43(7):456-8^Dept of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, India.^Muthusethupathi MA, Shivakumar S, Suguna R, Jayakumar M, Vijayakumar R, Everard CO, Carrington DG^Leptospirosis was confirmed by Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) and/or ELISA in 57 patients admitted to the Government General Hospital, Madras, India, during November and December of 1990 and 1991 with symptomatology suggestive of the disease. Fifty (88%) of the 57 cases were males; the mean age of all the cases was 39.6 years (range 17-72). The main clinical features were: fever 100% jaundice 84%, Myalgia 82%, acute renal failure 72% and conjunctival suffusion 58%. Non-azotemic jaundice occurred in 19% of cases. Renal failure was non- oliguric in 24% of cases. 3.5% of patients died. 23 patients underwent peritoneal and/or hemodialysis. ELISA IgM titres ranged from 1:80 to 1:10240 (geometric mean tire 911). MAT titres > or = 1:1600 and > or = 1:800 occurred in 39 of 54 and 51 of 54 cases respectively. Autumnalis was the serogroup most commonly recorded serologically, and Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis was isolated from one patient. This study shows that leptospirosis is a significant health problem in Madras, though normally grossly underestimated due to the absence of routine laboratory diagnostic facilities for the disease. Gross under- reporting is also likely in other high rainfall third world areas.^0
97003006^[Comparison of 4 microscopy techniques for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in wild rodents in a rural area of Valdivia, Chile]^199575^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1995 Jul-Sep;37(3):267-72^Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia.^Zamora J, Riedemann S, Cabezas X, Vega S^Kidneys of six different species of 93 wild rodents captured in the rural area of Valdivia (Chile) were simultaneously examined for leptospira infection by means of Levaditi silver stain, dark ground microscopy in wet smears, and immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques using pooled antiserum against hardjo and pomona serovars. Leptospira was shown to be present in 40 (43.0%) rodents. They were detected in five of the six species: Akodon olivaceus, Akodon longipilis, Rattus rattus, Oryzomis longicaudatus and Mus musculus. Levaditi's technique detected the highest number of positive samples (67.5%) and the dark field microscopy the lowest (32.5%). The detection of leptospira in the kidneys of these wild rodents suggests that their urine may play an important role in the dissemination of leptospirosis in this area of Valdivia.^0
96010546^[The anthropogenic transformation of natural foci of leptospirosis]^199575^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1995 Jul-Aug;(4):64-7^^Agaev IA^The problems connected with epizootic consequences of the anthropogenic transformation of the landscape with respect to leptospirosis are discussed. The conclusion on changes produced by hydromelioration in the terrain, specific and etiological features of natural foci is made. Irrigation farming facilitates the formation and spread of natural foci, while drainage of a humid territory leads to the localization and suppression of such foci.^0
95354946^Cloning of the pfaP gene of Leptospira borgpetersenii.^199507^Gene 1995 Jul 4;160(1):133-4^Leptospirosis/Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA.^Trueba GA, Bolin CA, Zuerner RL^A lambda gt11 library constructed with Leptospira borgpetersenii DNA was screened with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognizing a periplasmic flagella-associated protein. A plaque expressing a fusion protein (lambda F15) which reacted with the mAb was isolated and the nucleotide sequence analyzed. The deduced amino-acid (aa) sequence indicates that the pfaP gene belongs to a group of bacterial genes whose products share aa sequence and possibly functional homologies with sppA, an Escherichia coli signal peptidase-encoding gene.^0
95357256^Preventable damage.^199507^Nurs Times 1995 Jul 19-25;91(29):61-2^^Edwards M^^0
95347813^Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae and leptospire peptidolgycans induce endothelial cell adhesiveness for polymorphonuclear leukocytes.^199508^Infect Immun 1995 Aug;63(8):2995-9^Institute of General Pathology, University of Trieste, Italy.^Dobrina A, Nardon E, Vecile E, Cinco M, Patriarca P^We have examined the effect of the virulent Leptospira interrogans strain Teramo, serotype icterohemorrhagiae, on the adherence of human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HEC). Selective pretreatment of HEC with intact or sonicated leptospires caused a dose- and time-dependent increase of HEC-PMN adhesion (13.2% +/- 2.5% adherence to untreated HEC versus 46.3% +/- 5.6% adherence to HEC pretreated for 4 h with 10(8) intact leptospires per ml [mean +/- standard error of six experiments; P < 0.001]). In contrast, selective leptospire pretreatment of PMN or the addition of leptospires during the adherence assay did not alter HEC-PMN adherence. Leptospire induction of endothelial-cell adhesiveness occurred without detectable HEC damage and was prevented by RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors and by monoclonal antibodies to the CD11/CD18 adhesion complex of neutrophils and to the endothelial- leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) of endothelial cells. Similar results were obtained with pretreatment of HEC with interleukin-1 or with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. The possibility that contamination by the LPS of gram- negative bacteria could be involved in the induction of HEC adhesiveness was ruled out by the observation that the LPS inhibitor polymyxin B, which abolished the proadhesive effect of E. coli LPS, was ineffective in inhibiting leptospire- as well as interleukin-1-induced adherence. Similarly, leptospire LPSs seemed to have no role in the increase of endothelial-cell adhesiveness, since pretreatment of HEC with a leptospire LPS extract (phenol-water method) or with a leptospire total lipid extract failed to induce the proadhesive phenotype for neutrophils. Instead, peptidoglycans extracted from our leptospires actively stimulated the endothelial proadhesive activity for neutrophils (16.5% +/- 2.1% adherence to untreated HEC versus 51.2% +/- 2.9% adherence to HEC pretreated for 4 h with 1 microgram of peptidoglycan per ml; [mean +/- standard error of four experiments; P < 0.001]). This peptidoglycan-induced activity was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to the CD11/CD18 adhesion complex and to ELAM-1 but not by polymyxin B. We conclude that peptidoglycans from pathogenic leptospires are among the molecules that can directly activate vascular endothelial cells to increase their adhesiveness for neutrophilic granulocytes. These observations may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms whereby non-gram-negative bacteria modulate the local and systemic inflammatory reaction.^0
96041481^[A discussion on setting up target age group for immunization against leptospirosis]^199508^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1995 Aug;16(4):228-30^Guang-xi Autonomous Regional Hygiene and Epidemic Prevention Station, Nanning.^Zhuo JT, Wang SS, Lan WL^This paper presented the lesson of setting up a false immunization priority age group for leptospirosis which failed to prevent the leptospirosis outbreak. Our experience was that in the rice paddy field type endemic area the priority age group for the vaccination against leptopirosis should be 15 to 34 year olds followed by 35 years old or above. There was no preventive effect in the vaccination for the children 14 years old or yaunger, to our observation.^0
95347839^The rare outer membrane protein, OmpL1, of pathogenic Leptospira species is a heat-modifiable porin.^199508^Infect Immun 1995 Aug;63(8):3174-81^Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024, USA.^Shang ES, Exner MM, Summers TA, Martinich C, Champion CI, Hancock RE, Haake DA^The outer membranes of invasive spirochetes contain unusually small amounts of transmembrane proteins. Pathogenic Leptospira species produce a rare 31-kDa surface protein, OmpL1, which has a deduced amino acid sequence predictive of multiple transmembrane beta-strands. Studies were conducted to characterize the structure and function of this protein. Alkali, high-salt, and urea fractionation of leptospiral membranes demonstrated that OmpL1 is an integral membrane protein. The electrophoretic mobility of monomeric OmpL1 was modifiable by heat and reduction; complete denaturation of OmpL1 required prolonged boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 8 M urea, and 2-mercaptoethanol. When solubilized in SDS at low temperature, a small proportion of OmpL1 exhibited an apparent molecular mass of approximately 90 kDa, indicating the existence of an SDS-unstable oligomer. OmpL1 dimers and trimers were demonstrated by nearest neighbor chemical cross-linking. In order to generate purified protein for functional studies, the ompL1 gene was ligated into the pMMB66 expression plasmid under control of the tac promoter. Although expression in Escherichia coli was toxic, most of the OmpL1 produced was found in the outer membrane, as determined by subcellular fractionation. Purified recombinant OmpL1 was reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers, demonstrating an average single channel conductance of 1.1 nS, similar to the major porin activity of native leptospiral membranes. These findings indicate that OmpL1 spans the leptospiral outer membrane and functions as a porin.^0
95356205^Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for early diagnosis of leptospirosis.^199508^J Med Microbiol 1995 Aug;43(2):110-4^University of the West Indies, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Barbados.^Brown PD, Gravekamp C, Carrington DG, van de Kemp H, Hartskeerl RA, Edwards CN, Everard CO, Terpstra WJ, Levett PN^Early diagnosis of leptospirosis is important because severe leptospiral infection can run a fulminant course. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated for the detection of leptospires in clinical samples from patients with acute leptospiral infection. Blood and urine samples from 71 patients with leptospirosis were examined by PCR, culture or serology. Samples from 44 (62%) patients with the diagnosis of leptospirosis were positive by PCR as compared to 34 (48%) by culture. The presence of leptospires was demonstrated by PCR in 13 patients before the development of antibodies, as well as in two patients who were seronegative during their illness and at autopsy. Samples from 16 patients without leptospirosis were seronegative and culture negative, and also negative by PCR. We conclude that PCR is a rapid, sensitive and specific means of diagnosing leptospiral infection, especially during the first few days of the disease.^0
95363887^Behaviour of specific IgM, IgG and IgA class antibodies in human leptospirosis during the acute phase of the disease and during convalescence.^199508^J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Aug;98(4):268-72^Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Silva MV, Camargo ED, Batista L, Vaz AJ, Brandao AP, Nakamura PM, Negrao JM^The behaviour of specific IgM, IgG and IgA class antibodies in human leptospirosis was studied by ELISA. Two groups of patients were followed up, 57 of them in the acute phase and 10 during convalescence, the latter with a mean follow-up of 10.5 months. IgM class antibodies were detected starting on the 2nd day of symptoms and were observed in 100% of patients up to the 5th month, in 66.7% up to the 7th month and in 50% up to the 12th month after the onset of symptoms. IgG class antibodies were first detected on the 7th day of symptoms in 9.1% of patients, with maximum reactivity (87.5%) between the 2nd and 3rd month, and were not detected at all in one patient. IgA class antibodies were detected starting on the 5th day of symptoms in 7.7% of patients, and in all patients on the 15th day, persisting in 100% of cases up to the 9th follow-up month. During the 12th month, they were observed in 83.3% of patients. The results indicate that an anti IgA ELISA could be of great value in seroprevalence studies on human leptospirosis.^0
95392692^Need for vaccination of sewer workers against leptospirosis and hepatitis A [see comments]^199508^Occup Environ Med 1995 Aug;52(8):505-7^Centre de sante publique de Quebec, Canada.^De Serres G, Levesque B, Higgins R, Major M, Laliberte D, Boulianne N, Duval B^OBJECTIVES--This study compared the prevalence of Leptospira interrogans and hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies in serum samples from sewer workers and controls. METHODS--A blood sample was obtained from 76 of the 101 municipal sewer workers (75%) of Quebec City and from two controls matched to each for age and sex. Testing was done for antibodies against serovars of Leptospira icterohaemorragiae, bratislava, hardjo, grippotyphosa, and kennewicki (pomona) and hepatitis A. RESULTS--Sewer workers had a greater prevalence of antibodies against leptospirosis than controls (12% v 2%, P = 0.003). In contrast, antibodies to HAV were not significantly more prevalent among workers than among controls (54% v 49%, P = 0.51). Prevalence of HAV antibodies increased significantly with age both among workers and controls (chi 2 for trend, P < 0.001). In contrast with younger workers, prevalence of HAV antibodies was greater among workers > or = 40 years than among their controls (81% v 65%, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION-- Leptospirosis continues to be a problem to sewer workers but hepatitis A is apparently no longer a risk. The likely explanation is that leptospira are still abundant in the sewage system in contrast with HAV, which is only rarely to be found in sewage as a result of the generalised decrease in incidence of hepatitis A in the past three decades. The decision to vaccinate sewer workers against hepatitis A should take into account that it is impossible to avoid all contact with sewage fluid and, despite the fact that the actual incidence of hepatitis A is low, there is a real possibility of sporadic exposure during a future outbreak.^0
96157446^Use of nondenaturing silver-stained polyacrylamide gel analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplification products for the differential diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans infection.^199508^Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995 Aug;22(4):343-8^Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.^Oliveira MA, Caballero OL, Dias Neto E, Koury MC, Romanha AJ, Carvalho J, Hartskeerl RA, Simpson AJ^A 285-bp DNA fragment was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction from 38 Leptospira serovars of six different genomic species. The fragments amplified exhibited differential mobilities on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels resulting from sequence-dependent conformational alterations. Leptospira interrogans serovars could be distinguished from those of other species on this basis.^0
96048701^Prevalence of leptospire infections in buffalo herds in Italy.^199508^Vet Rec 1995 Aug 19;137(8):192-3^National Centre for Leptospiroses, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Regina Elena, Rome, Italy.^Ciceroni L, D'Aniello P, Russo N, Picarella D, Nese D, Lauria F, Pinto A, Cacciapuoti B^^0
95385651^[Hair analysis in the diagnosis of toxic hepatitis after Ecstasy abuse]^199508^Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1995 Aug 25;120(34-35):1165-8^Institut fur Rechtsmedizin, Universitat Heidelberg.^Skopp G, Aderjan R, Koster J^HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: A young man, aged 18 years, was admitted to hospital for suspected hepatitis, having developed increasing jaundice without any pain. His urine was light brown in colour and the stools often liquid and pale. Every 14 days for the last 4 months he had been taking 2 tablets of "ecstasy" (methylenedioxyamphetamine; MDMA). Physical examination was unremarkable and the patient was in good general condition. TESTS: The activities of GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase were raised (to 903, 744 and 270 U/l, respectively) as was the bilirubin concentration (16.8 mg/dl). Tests were negative for: leptospira and the viruses of mumps, HI, varicella zoster, picornavirus, cytomegaly, Coxsackie and hepatitis, A, B and C. Ultrasound revealed hepatomegaly, with a normal echo pattern. Hair analysis demonstrated, in two different hair segments (0-2 cm and 2-4 cm, respectively) both MDMA (6.4 and 4.3 micrograms/g hair) and its metabolite MDA (0.7 and 5.0 micrograms/g hair). TREATMENT AND COURSE: No specific treatment was required. After intake of the drug had been stopped the transferase activities and bilirubin concentration became essentially normal. CONCLUSION: Hair analysis can be valuable in confirming "ecstasy" abuse, especially when it is denied, and thus contribute to clarifying the cause of toxic hepatitis.^0
96118697^IS1500, an IS3-like element from Leptospira interrogans.^199509^Microbiology 1995 Sep;141 ( Pt 9):2165-73^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Medicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Boursaux-Eude C, Saint Girons I, Zuerner R^Copies of an insertion-sequence (IS)-like element were isolated from two closely related serovars of Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 1236 bp element showed a characteristic IS structure with terminal imperfect inverted repeats (IRs) flanking a 1159 bp central region. This element was designated IS1500. Four open reading frames (orfA-orfD) were found in the central 'unique' region of IS1500. Similarities were detected between ORFA and ORFB and the putative transposases from members of the IS3 family of transposable elements. IS1500 or IS1500-like sequences were also detected in all other pathogenic leptospiral serovars, but not in the saprophytic species L. biflexa. Differences in IS1500 copy numbers in members of the same species suggest that this element can transpose. Physical mapping of IS1500 insertions in L. interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona showed insertions were only on the large chromosomal replicon. The location of some IS1500 insertions coincides with regions of the genome that have undergone large rearrangements.^0
95385438^Leptospiral pneumonia.^199509^Chest 1995 Sep;108(3):874-5^Epidemiology and Radiology Department, Sanatorio Parque, Rosario, Argentina.^Teglia OF, Battagliotti C, Villavicencio RL, Cunha BA^Leptospirosis is an uncommon zoonosis. As a systemic infectious disease, leptospirosis usually is characterized by multisystem involvement. Pulmonary involvement with leptospirosis often is manifested by respiratory symptoms, but pneumonia commonly is not a prominent clinical manifestation of the illness. We report a case of fulminant leptospiral pneumonia in which pulmonary manifestations were primary clinical features of the illness.^0
96147935^[Homology of the recombinant DNA of plasmid pDJH2 with the recombinant DNA probe of L. alstoni and analysis of its expression in Escherichia coli]^199509^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1995 Sep;26(3):241-7^Chengdu Institute of Biological Product, Ministry of Public Health.^Jiang N, Dai B, Li S, Zhao H, Liu J, Song S, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Tu Y, Yang H, et al^Dig-labeled recombinant DNA probe of L. alstoni which contains the entire structural OmpL1 gene was hybridized with the recombinant DNA of the plasmid named pDJH2 of the gene library of L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017. The result showed a high degree of homology among them; expression of recombinant DNA of pDJH2 was achieved by beta-D- galactosidase (IPTG) induction in E. coli. The molecular weight of this product is 68kd. Then they were treated with proteinase K and subjected to SDS-PAGE. The results showed it is a protein in nature. Using the specific monoclonal antibody E4B7D5 on immunoblotting and specific polyclonal antibody on dot-ELISA assay, we investigated the immune reaction and noticed that protein 68kd might be an antigen in character. E. coli which contains the recombinant plasmid pDJH2 were injected into BALB/c mice. Then the mice were challenged by leptospires of the strong virulence strain 017, but all the infected mice survived. In this paper, we first report the expression of recombinant DNA of L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017 in E. coli when injected with IPTG, and immunoprotection of BALB/c mice which were injected with the expression against the infection of L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017. pDJH2 may be the first recombinant for which the gene has been cloned and its expression product 68kd may be the immunoprotective antigens.^0
96147936^[Homology study of leptospires in China with the OmpL1 gene]^199509^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1995 Sep;26(3):248-51^Department of Pathophysiology, Sichuan University.^Chen Z, Dai B, Zhang Y, Li S^Southern hybridization analysis with the OmpL1 gene was performed. The results of probing EcoRI-restricted genomic DNA from 18 strains in China showed that the homology fragments of OmpL1 gene were presented in 12 pathogenic Leptospira strains: sero-group Icterohaemorrhagiae (2 strains), Canicola, Ballum, Pyrogenes, Autumnalis, Australis, Pomona, Grip-potyphosa, Hebdomadis, Bataviae, and Sejroe, but they were not presented in the nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa strain Patoc I, Leptonema illini strain 3055 and pathogenic Leptospira Serogroup Javanica, Tarassovi, Manhao and Mini.^0
96317775^Is CK-MB isoenzyme useful for diagnosis of cardiac involvement in icteric leptospirosis?^199575^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1995 Sep-Oct;37(5):461-5^Servico de Doencas Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janiero, Brasil.^Machado ES, Feres JG, Feijo LA, Andrade J, Nogueira SA^In the absence of heart failure or cardiogenic shock, cardiac involvement diagnosis in icteric leptospirosis is possible on the basis of abnormal electrocardiograms. As metabolic and electrolytic disorders are frequently seen during acute leptospirosis infection, they may be responsible for some electrocardiograms changes. We conducted a study to assess if creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme determinations are useful in selecting patients with a high cardiac involvement suspicion. Sixty- nine patients were studied prospectively. Ten patients out of 16 with cardiac involvement and 25 without had high CK-MB levels (p > 0.05), although mean values of abnormal CK-MB levels were higher in the group with cardiac involvement (p < 0.05). Our analysis indicates that serum CK-MB determination does not provide a specific indicator of myocardial involvement in the course of icteric leptospirosis.^0
96072386^Pitfalls in the diagnosis of jaundiced patients in the tropics [letter]^199510^Trop Doct 1995 Oct;25(4):191^^Ahasan HA, Chowdhury MA, Azhar MA, Rafiqueuddin AK^^0
96167429^The AK Sutherland oration [see comments]^199510^Aust Vet J 1995 Oct;72(10):361-3^School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane.^Hughes KL^^0
96229861^[Leptospirosis in slaughter cattle--serologic and bacterial study]^199510^Vet Med (Praha) 1995 Oct;40(10):305-9^University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.^Treml F, Nesnalova E^Antibodies to leptospiras were demonstrated in 91 cases (7.4%) out of 1,239 animals examined by serological assays of blood sera of cattle slaughtered in slaughter-houses and coming from 21 farms of one district. The antibodies were detected in animals coming from eleven out of the farms investigated (52.4%). The most frequent reactions were proved with leptospiras of the serovar L. grippotyphosa (61.8%) and with leptospiras of the serological group Sejroe (18.9%), rarely with leptospiras of the serovar L. icterohaemorrhagiae or copenhageni (5.7%). Antibodies to leptospiras of other serovars (L. canicola, L. bulgarica and L. hardjo) were demonstrated only as coagglutionations with the above-mentioned leptospira serovars. We failed to demonstrate leptospiras in the animals examined by culture examinations as well as by bacterioscopy. The results of examinations have shown that the cattle on Czech farms is also exposed to infections by various serovars of leptospiras. The infections are not accompanied by manifest clinical symptoms in many cases nor do they cause significant elimination of leptospiras in urine in the serologically positive animals. On the Czech cattle farms the occurrence of antibodies to leptospiras of the serovar L. grippotyphosa is prevailing; this serovar seems not to be expressly pathogenic to cattle and does not cause the formation of anthropurgic foci. Reduction in the occurrence of antibodies to leptospiras of this type is possible to achieve by preventing the contact with natural foci of this type. Hence the prognosis of epizootologic situation in bovine leptospirosis in the conditions of this country is relatively favorable. But special attention should be paid to animals bought and imported from foreign countries. These animals could be a source of some highly pathogenic serovars of leptospiras to cattle.^0
96329730^[Study on geographical distribution of leptospirosis in China]^199510^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1995 Oct;16(5):259-62^Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing.^Shi MH, Tu YR, Li QJ^Since 1955, Leptospirosis has been recognized as a notifiable infectious disease in China. According to the data gathered from 26 provinces of China (except for Taiwan) in 1955-1993, the average morbidity and mortality were 7.08/10(5) and 1.02% respectively. Distribution of the disease involved 26 provinces in China (not including Taiwan). The trend of the disease has been steady for recent years but outbreaks occasionally occurred, especially in several southern provinces of China. Potential risk factors may exist in these areas. Distribution of endemic areas of this disease is located between 25 degrees-35 degrees latitude and 100 degrees-120 degrees longitude i, e. those provinces along with drainage areas of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River.^0
96341139^[Leptospirosis in Gastroenterology. Study of 14 cases in the Hospital Universitario de Caracas 1984-1994]^199575^G E N 1995 Oct-Dec;49(4):273-7^Servicio de Gastroenterologia Hospital Universitario de Caracas.^Candia P, Pinto A^14 cases that were admitted to the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, between 1.989 and 1.994, with a definitive diagnosis of Leptospirosis by microaglutination of live antigens were studied. Most of them hospitalized at the gastroenterology service. The serovar most frequently found was icterohemorragiae 11 cases. There was a predominium for the male gender 12/2 and the majority of patients belonged to the range of age between 31 and 40. The most common forms of presentations were: fever (14), jaundice (10) and myalgias (10) while the most relevant findings at physical examination were: jaundice (12), fever (11) and hepatomegaly (8). All patients had abnormal laboratory tests and among these, aminotransferases, bilirrubin, creatinin, CPK, platelets and urinary sediment were more frequently altered. Only half of the patients were diagnosed as Leptospirosis at the moment of admission. We conclude that even though Leptospirosis is an infectious disease distributed worldwide only few cases are hospitalized and differential diagnosis is difficult because of diversity of clinical presentations and lack of laboratory resources. It is important for gastroenterologists because most of complicated cases present as jaundiced patients.^0
96137591^Respiratory failure in leptospirosis (Weil's disease).^199511^Neth J Med 1995 Nov;47(5):224-9^Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Leiden, Netherlands.^de Koning J, van der Hoeven JG, Meinders AE^Two patients with leptospirosis (Weil's disease), with acute respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation, are described. Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in one patient and profuse pulmonary bleeding in the other were the respective causes of respiratory failure. One patient died after developing the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), the other patient recovered completely. Respiratory failure is an uncommon complication of leptospirosis and is due to severe pulmonary bleeding and/or ARDS.^0
96136430^[A comparative study of the DNAse activity of leptospirae on solid nutrient media]^199575^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1995 Nov-Dec;(6):11-2^^Sarukhanova LE, Volina EG, Levina LF^^0
96136442^[The systematization of leptospirosis foci]^199575^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1995 Nov-Dec;(6):26-7^^Shikulov VA^^0
96136483^[The development and evaluation of a leptospiral polyvalent antigenic erythrocytic diagnostic agent]^199575^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1995 Nov-Dec;(6):79-80^^Mel'nitskaia EV, Bernasovskaia EP, Kondratenko VN^^0
96092135^[Leptospira infected rat population as probable cause of a fatal case of Weil's disease]^199511^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1995 Nov;108(11):405-7^LUA Oberschleissheim.^Brem S, Radu O, Bauer T, Schonberg A, Reisshauer K, Waidmann R, Kopp H, Meyer P^In the summer of 1992 a patient died of a leptospiral infection which he probably had contracted while he was swimming in an artificial lake in the region of Tubingen/Reutlingen. Regarding the epidemiological role of leptospirosis the rodent population was investigated, because rats and mice were often seen in the surrounding area. 11 rats and 20 mice could be trapped. From their urine or kidneys two leptospiral serovars were isolated: Serovar copenhageni from Rattus norvegicus and serovar saxkoebing from Clethrionomys glareolus. Leptospiral antibody titers were not detected in one of these infected animals. It may be supposed that the Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni out of the Serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae had caused the leptospiral infection of the patient.^0
96402740^Acute outbreak of porcine parvovirus infection in Mozambique.^199511^Trop Anim Health Prod 1995 Nov;27(4):217-20^National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.^Rivera E, Concha C, Braganca M, Gunnarsson A, Karlsson KA^Investigations were made to determine the causal agent of an acute outbreak of abortions recorded in a swine herd in Mozambique. Isolation of porcine parvovirus and demonstration of its specific antibodies accomplished by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, haemagglutination inhibition and immunofluorescent tests, indicated that porcine parvovirus was the causal agent of the abortions. Other pathogenic agents causing reproductive failure, e.g. pseudorabies virus, Leptospira or Brucella species, were ruled out because investigations of these agents proved to be negative.^0
96131013^Leptospirosis identified in Nicaragua.^199511^Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1995 Nov 10;70(45):322^^^^0
96064875^Climate and disease in Colombia.^199511^Lancet 1995 Nov 11;346(8985):1243-4^Harvard School of Public Health New Disease Group, Cambridge Hospital, MA, USA.^Epstein PR, Calix Pena O, Blanco Racedo J^^0
96062672^Association of leptospiral seroreactivity and breed with uveitis and blindness in horses: 372 cases (1986-1993).^199511^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Nov 15;207(10):1327-31^Genesee Valley Equine Clinic, Scottsville, NY 14546, USA.^Dwyer AE, Crockett RS, Kalsow CM^Recurrent uveitis, a leading cause of blindness in horses, often develops as a sequela to systemic leptospirosis. Over a 7-year period, 63 of 112 (56%) horses with uveitis were seropositive for Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, but only 23 of 260 (9%) horses without uveitis were seropositive. Odds-ratio analysis revealed that seropositive horses were 13.2 times more likely to have uveitis than were seronegative horses. Of the 63 seropositive horses with uveitis, 59% developed blindness, compared with only 24% in the 49 seronegative horses with uveitis that lost vision in 1 or both eyes during the same period. Odds-ratio analysis revealed that seropositive horses with uveitis were 4.4 times more likely to lose vision than were seronegative horses with uveitis. Of the 112 horses with uveitis, 28 (25%) were Appaloosas, compared with only 10 of the 260 (4%) horses without uveitis (odds ratio, 8.3). In addition, 19 of the 28 (68%) Appaloosas with uveitis developed blindness, compared with only 30 of the 84 (36%) non-Appaloosas with uveitis that lost vision in 1 or both eyes (odds ratio, 3.8). This field study therefore confirmed a strong positive relationship between uveitis and leptospiral seroreactivity in horses. Furthermore, the data suggested that seropositive horses with uveitis were at increased risk of losing vision, compared with that in seronegative horses with uveitis, and that Appaloosas were at increased risk of developing uveitis and associated blindness, compared with that in non-Appaloosas.^0
96135116^Dot-ELISA for human leptospirosis employing immunodominant antigen.^199512^J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Dec;98(6):452-6^Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo Health Service, Brazil.^Ribeiro MA, Souza CC, Almeida SH^A dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which uses a proteinase-K resistant antigen (PK-Dot-ELISA) to detect antileptospiral IgM antibodies was compared to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The assay was evaluated in serum samples from patients with leptospirosis (n = 89), typhoid fever (n = 10), malaria (n = 19), syphilis (n = 20), hepatitis (n = 16) and clinically healthy individuals (n = 92). The PK-Dot-ELISA presented a sensitivity of 92.1% and a specificity of 97.5%. The overall results of the PK-Dot-ELISA were similar to those of the MAT. However, the PK-Dot-ELISA was capable of detecting antibody activity in 43% of acute-phase sera which were negative by the MAT. Our data suggest that PK-Dot-ELISA can be used as an important portable field serodiagnostic assay for acute leptospirosis.^0
96156144^IS1533-based PCR assay for identification of Leptospira interrogans sensu lato serovars [published erratum appears in J Clin Microbiol 1997 Mar;35(3):802]^199512^J Clin Microbiol 1995 Dec;33(12):3284-9^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA. rzuerner@asrr.arsusda.gov^Zuerner RL, Alt D, Bolin CA^A PCR-based assay was developed for typing L. interrogans sensu lato serovars. The assay is designed to exploit the presence of many copies of the leptospiral insertion sequence IS1533 and IS1533-like sequences present in the genomes of most leptospiral serovars. The PCR primers were designed to amplify DNA of unknown sequence between closely placed IS1533 or IS1533-like sequences. Amplification reactions primed with IS1533-based primers generated products of different sizes. When few copies of IS1533 were present in the genome, amplification of a few products was still detected. These results suggest that IS1533 elements may be found close together. Analysis of DNA amplified from different serovars showed the presence of differently sized products, thus enabling the serovars to be identified. Genetic variation among isolates within the same serovar was also demonstrated with the IS1533- based primers. Amplification reactions using DNA extracted from the urine of infected animals generated specific products which were similar to the products generated from purified bacterial DNA. These results demonstrate that this assay is selective enough to be used for typing leptospiral serovars from clinical material and thus allows leptospiral typing without isolation of the bacteria in pure culture.^0
96193080^Serological prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in pigs in South Africa.^199512^Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1995 Dec;62(4):281-4^Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa.^Potts AD, Lotter C, Robinson JT^A serological survey for leptospiral antibodies was carried out on 5 041 abattoir pigs from different regions in South Africa. Antibodies to at least one serovar were detected in 22,2% of the animals. The serovars showing the highest prevalence were: icterohaemorrhagiae (12,6%), hardjo (12,1%) and bratislava (7,5%). The serum dilution level at which 90% of the sera reacted was 1/80 or 1,160.^0
96329728^[The sero-epidemiological investigation of leptospirosis in Hainan Province]^199512^Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1995 Dec;16(6):369-71^Hygiene and Anti-epidemic Station of Hainan Province, Haikou.^Pan ZA, He QY^This paper reported that 529 serum samples were collected from healthy people in ten townships of nine cities or counties of Hainan Province in 1993 and anti-leptospira antibody was examined. Results showed that 274 cases were positive (51.8%), indicating the natural infection rates were from 25.9% to 72.2% in different areas. The infection was irrelevant to sex, but was interrelated to age and occupations. There were 15 serogroups of anti-leptospira antibody identified in this study. Bataviae, Grippotyphosa and Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroups were the dominant serogroups, different from that the Grippotyphosa and Autumnalis serogroups as the superior serogroups in the 1970s. Data shows that the main epidemic serogroups are likely to change, which suggests that the surveillance of leptospirosis needs to be strengthened.^0
96331959^[Construction of genomic library of L. interrogans serovar lai and preliminary study of recombinant plasmid pDC38]^199512^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1995 Dec;26(4):357-60^Department of Pathophysiology, Sichuan University.^Chen Z, Dai B, Zhang Y, Li S^A genomic library, consisting of approximate 12 000 recombinants, has been constructed for the Leptospira interrogans serovar lai in E. coli. using pUC18 as the vector. Hybridization analysis with the DNA fragment containing OmpL1 gene was performed and 10 positive clones were screened from the genomic library. One of the positive clones, designated pDC38, showed hybridization signal with the DNA of 7 serovars 8 strains of pathogenic leptospires, but not with the DNA of nonpathogenic leptospires (L. biflexa), Leptonama illini, E. coli., and 2 strains of L. interrongans.^0
96357851^A serological survey of four Leptospira serovars in dairy cows on Prince Edward Island.^199512^Can Vet J 1995 Dec;36(12):769-70^Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown.^Richardson GF, Spangler E, MacAulay EB^^0
97015025^Human leptospirosis in Italy, 1986-1993.^199512^Eur J Epidemiol 1995 Dec;11(6):707-10^National Center for Leptospirosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.^Ciceroni L, Pinto A, Benedetti E, Pizzocaro P, Lupidi R, Cinco M, Gelosa L, Grillo R, Rondinella V, Marcuccio L, et al^In the eight-year period 1986-1993, the Italian National Center for Leptospirosis and the Regional Leptospira Laboratories confirmed 312 cases of clinical leptospirosis by using the microscopic agglutination (MA) assay. The majority of cases was observed in Northern regions of the Country. Cases were reported in all age groups, but were most common in the working-age population. Of 312 cases, 291 (93.3%) occurred among males. The largest number of infections was ascribed to occupational activities (45.8%). The typical leptospiral seasonal course, with a peak during the summer, was observed. Involvement of the liver was the most frequent manifestation. Influenza-like symptoms were the only signs of illness in 11.1% of cases. Anti-leptospira antibodies, cross-reacting with two or more serovars, were found in 28.2% of sera. The most frequent serovar-specific antibodies were those against poi, icterohaemorrhagiae, bratislava, copenhageni and sejroe.^0
97206475^Adult respiratory distress syndrome in Thai medical patients.^199512^Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995 Dec;26(4):774-80^Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.^Kiatboonsri S, Vathesatogit P, Charoenpan P^Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been a well recognized severe form of acute respiratory failure of multiple causes, which is characterized by intractable hypoxemia and an extremely high mortality rate. Forty-six cases of ARDS admitted to the Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital during a 39 months period were studied prospectively to explore the etiologic risk, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) profiles, complications and outcome of treatment. There were 19 females and 27 males with the mean age of 40 years. Risks of ARDS included intra- and extra-pulmonary disease conditions and also tropical diseases such as malaria and leptospirosis. At the time of diagnosis, patients in this group were extremely hypoxic with a mean arterial/alveolar oxygen tension (PaO2/PAO2) of 0.125 +/- 0.04. After the application of appropriate PEEP, the mean PaO2/PAO2 ratios increased significantly in both survivor and non-survivor groups (0.277 and 0.199). The levels of PEEP used were below 16 and 11 cmH2O in 93.46% and 67.38% of cases, respectively. Complications of PEEP which included barotrauma and hypotension were found in 11 cases (23.9%) with a very high mortality rate (81.8%). There were 28 deaths of patients in this study, giving an overall 60.8% group mortality rate. Despite the similarities in most clinical profiles, the survivors, when compared to the non-survivors, showed a greater extent of improved oxygenation in response to the application of PEEP, with fewer PEEP complications. The present study would, hopefully, provide the Thai clinicians with valuable informations in the management of ARDS.^0
96140524^[Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in leptospirosis (letter)]^199512^Presse Med 1995 Dec 2;24(37):1753^^Swiader L, Disdier P, Retornaz F, Pauzier F, Harle JR, Weiller PJ^^0
96088922^From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary hemorrhage--Nicaragua, 1995.^199512^JAMA 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1668^^^^0
96144301^Sequence of the Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc recA gene.^199512^Gene 1995 Dec 29;167(1-2):339-40^Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.^Stamm LV, Frye JG, Hardham JM^The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the recA gene of Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc strain Patoc I has been determined. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of the RecA protein is 387 aa long with a predicted molecular mass of 42,355 Da. The aa sequence has a high degree of identity to the aa sequences of many bacterial RecA, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. This is the first recA sequence reported for a bacterium in the order Spirochaetales.^0
96165151^Need for vaccination of sewer workers against leptospirosis and hepatitis A [letter; comment]^199601^Occup Environ Med 1996 Jan;53(1):71^^Nicol AG, Wright ME, Prentice AC, Carroll A, Kemp S, Reed JM^^0
96208194^Leptospira interrogans exposure in free-ranging elk in Washington.^199601^J Wildl Dis 1996 Jan;32(1):121-4^Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Vancouver 98663, USA.^Bender LC, Hall PB^Exposure to one or more serovars of Leptospira interrogans was observed in five of six sampled elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) killed in November 1993, from an isolated herd in southwest Washington, USA (46 degrees 45'N, 123 degrees 6'W). In April 1994, exposure to L. interrogans serovars was documented in nine of 11 captured cow elk from the same herd. Leptospires were not isolated from any of the exposed elk, and 10 of the 11 cows were pregnant. The high seroprevalence is evidence that exposure is widespread in the herd. Local productivity of elk was high, however, and the surrounding topography was not conducive for transmission to other elk populations.^0
96222190^[Clinical assessment of autoimmune and immunocomplex reactions in patients with leptospirosis]^199601^Klin Med (Mosk) 1996;74(1):68^^Frolov VM, Peresadin NA, Baklanova AV^^0
96207758^Peculiar electrolytic and hormonal abnormalities in acute renal failure due to leptospirosis.^199601^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996 Jan;54(1):1-6^Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Renal, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Abdulkader RC, Seguro AC, Malheiro PS, Burdmann EA, Marcondes M^Hypokalemia in leptospirosis acute renal failure (ARF) was studied in nine patients with severe leptospirosis ARF and five patients with moderate leptospirosis ARF and compared with five patients with severe acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and eight healthy individuals. Urinary volumes of both the severe and moderate leptospirosis groups were higher than those of the severe ATN group. Leptospirosis groups had serum potassium levels lower than those found in the healthy and severe ATN groups. Serum sodium levels were lower in the severe leptospirosis group than in the moderate leptospirosis, the severe ATN, and the healthy groups. There was a positive correlation between the fractional excretion of sodium and potassium in the severe leptospirosis group as well as between serum creatinine and potassium levels in the pooled leptospirosis groups. Urinary pH in the severe and moderate leptospirosis groups was lower than in the severe ATN group. Aldosterone levels were higher in the severe leptospirosis group than in the healthy individuals. Cortisol levels were higher in the leptospirosis groups than in the healthy subjects. These results strongly suggest that hypokalemia in leptospirosis ARF is due to renal potassium wasting potentialized by aldosterone and cortisol, requiring that special attention is given to potassium replacement as well as to volume repletion in the treatment of leptospirosis ARF.^0
96233345^[The epidemiological and epizootiological characteristics of leptospirosis in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)]^199675^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1996 Jan-Mar;(1):48-51^^Egorov IIa, Maramovich AS, Makeev SM, Cherniavskii VF, Trop IE, Tugutov LD^Among zoonotic infections with natural foci in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), leptospiroses have assumed greater importance. Their morbidity is sporadic, mainly afflicting rural adults. The serogroups pomona, grippotyphosa, and icterohaemorrhagiae are prevalent in the etiological structure of leptospiras. An epizootiological survey has revealed natural and anthropurgic leptospirosis foci which present a hazard primarily to rural inhabitants who deal with animal husbandry, fur-bearer breeding, hunting, and fishing. The vole (Microtis) and root vole (Microtis oeconomus) serve as the major reservoir and source of leptospiroses in the natural foci, while cattle and caged Arctic foxes do in the anthropurgic ones. High sizes of house and grey mice which are carriers of the Leptospira javanica and icterohaemorrhagiae, have been recorded in the residential and domestic constructions of localities. A complex of antileprospirotic measures that limits the influence of the leading factors of infection transmission and the risk of human infection is substantiated.^0
96241237^Identification and characterization of genus-specific epitopes of Serpulina species using monoclonal antibodies.^199601^Vet Microbiol 1996 Jan;48(1-2):73-85^Departement de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.^Achacha M, Mittal KR^Four murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) designated as C9E8, A10, G12, and G8 which recognized both Serpulina hyodysenteriae and S. innocens were produced and characterized. The mAbs reacted with whole cell antigens in ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays. The mAbs did not show any cross reactivity in rapid dot ELISA or immunoblot assay with Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. Treatment of whole cell suspension with proteinase K and sodium periodate indicated that the reacting epitopes of the mAbs were protein in nature. The genus-specific antigens were identified as heat-stable proteins with molecular weight in the range of 26 to 45 kDa. Immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling studies showed that the antibody-binding epitopes were exposed on the outer- surface of the spirochaetal cell wall. The mAbs inhibited growth of reference strains of both S. hyodysenteriae and S. innocens in vitro but failed to cause agglutination. The detection of spirochaetal forms directly in fecal smears or paraffin-embeded tissue sections from experimentally infected pigs indicated that such mAbs were potentially useful for the diagnosis of swine spirochaetosis. This is the first report of mAbs identifying and characterizing common antigens of porcine Serpulina.^0
96351913^Preliminary evaluation of antimicrobial agents for treatment of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in hamsters and swine.^199601^Am J Vet Res 1996 Jan;57(1):59-62^National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA.^Alt DP, Bolin CA^OBJECTIVE: To evaluate antimicrobial agents for treatment of models of acute and persistent leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. DESIGN: Randomized trials comparing dosages and regimens of various antimicrobial agents for treatment of acute and persistent leptospirosis. ANIMALS: 245 Golden hamsters to model acute leptospirosis and 121 mixed-breed swine to model persistent leptospirosis. PROCEDURE: Hamsters and swine were inoculated with L interrogans serovar pomona. Antimicrobial agents were given to hamsters for 3 or 5 days after inoculation, with necropsy at 14 days after inoculation. Swine were treated for 1, 3, or 5 days beginning at 3 weeks after inoculation, and were necropsied 7 to 10 days after completion of antimicrobial agent treatment. Hamster tissue and swine tissue and urine specimens were examined by culture, fluorescent antibody testing, and histologic examination for presence of leptospires. RESULTS: All untreated control hamsters became infected and manifested clinical signs and lesions of acute leptospirosis. Leptospires were not detected in hamsters treated with dihydrostreptomycin/penicillin G (25 mg/kg of body weight). Administration of ampicillin at all dosages reduced the number of hamsters infected, as confirmed at necropsy; the other agents tested required dosages greater than label recommendations to reduce the number infected. All untreated control swine became infected and shed leptospires in urine through the time of necropsy. Leptospires were not detected in kidneys or urine of swine treated with dihydrostreptomycin/penicillin G (25 mg/kg) for 1, 3, or 5 days, or in swine treated with oxytetracycline (40 mg/kg for 3 or 5 days), tylosin (44 mg/kg for 5 days), or erythromycin (25 mg/kg for 5 days). Treatment with ceftiofur and ampicillin was not effective in elimination of L interrogans serovar pomona in swine. CONCLUSIONS: Dihydrostreptomycin/penicillin G is effective for treatment of acute and persistent leptospirosis. Differences between the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in the acute and persistent model of leptospirosis emphasize the importance of using the appropriate model for treatment evaluation. Antimicrobial agents evaluated for treatment of persistent leptospirosis in swine required the use of dosages above those recommended by the manufacturer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of antimicrobial agents at extra-label dosages for treatment of persistent leptospirosis may cause residue problems in food animals; however, these regimens may be useful for treatment of breeding stock or animals destined for import/export.^0
96333780^Bacterial L-forms research in China.^199601^Chin Med J (Engl) 1996 Jan;109(1):18-20^Department of Microbiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui.^Huang G, Lin T^^0
96319068^Intestinal spirochetosis: first cases reported in Brazil and the use of immunohistochemistry as an aid in histopathological diagnosis.^199675^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1996 Jan-Feb;38(1):45-52^Institute of Tropical Medicine and University Hospital, University of S. Paulo Medical School, Brazil.^De Brito T, Sandoval MP, Silva AG, Saad RC, Colaiacovo W^Colonization of the colon and rectum by intestinal spirochetes is detected for the first time in Brazil in 4 of 282 (1.41%) patients who had undergone sigmoidoscopy and/or colonoscopy with a histopathological diagnosis of chronic non specific-colitis. This frequency is probably underestimated, since surgically obtained specimens were not considered in the present study. Histopathological diagnosis was performed using routine stains like hematoxylin-eosin which showed the typical, of 3- microns thick hematoxyphilic fringe on the brush border of the surface epithelium, and by silver stains like the Warthin-Starry stain. Immunohistochemical procedures using two, polyclonal, primary antibodies, one against Treponema pallidum and the other against Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae cross-reacted with spirochetal antigen/s producing a marked contrast of the fringe over the colonic epithelium, preserving the spiral-shaped morphology of the parasite. In one case with marked diarrhea, immunohistochemistry detected spirochetal antigen/s within a cell in an intestinal crypt, thus demonstrating that the infection can be more widely disseminated than suspected using routine stains. Immunohistochemical procedures, thus, greatly facilitate the histological diagnosis of intestinal spirochetosis and may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy performed in one case showed that the spirochete closely resembled the species designated as Brachyspira aalborgi.^0
96378314^Experimental immunization of hamsters with an EDTA extract of Leptospira interrogans, serovar icterohaemorrhagiae.^199675^Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1996 Jan-Mar;38(1):39-43^Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.^de Queiroz-Leite LT, Resende M, Ramos-Vieira M das N, Cota-Koury M^The EDTA extract was prepared from the Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. When inoculated subcutaneously in hamsters it conferred protection from challenge with virulent leptospires with a low dose (10 micrograms/ml) and low agglutinating antibody (40). The protection of animals obtained by the EDTA extract opens up the perspective of its use as a component of a vaccine for the control of leptospirosis.^0
96244696^Evaluation of the Leptospira pomona ELISA and its correlation with the hamster potency assay.^199601^Dev Biol Stand 1996;86:340^National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA/APHIS, Ames, IA 50010, USA.^Ruby KW^^0
96244697^Development of an in vitro assay for measuring the relative potency of leptospiral bacterins containing serovar canicola and its correlation to the hamster potency assay.^199601^Dev Biol Stand 1996;86:341^National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA/APHIS, Ames, IA 50010, USA.^Ruby KW, Walden DM, Wannemuehler MJ^^0
96244650^USDA: progress toward in vitro tests and other trends.^199601^Dev Biol Stand 1996;86:41-7^USDA, APHIS, BBEP Veterinary Biologics, Hyattsville, MD, USA.^Goodman SA^The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture has demonstrated a commitment toward replacement, reduction and refinement of animal use in the development and control of biological products. This presentation describes some specific approaches with which APHIS has reduced the number of animals used in testing by replacing host or laboratory animal potency tests with validated in vitro tests, reduced the number of animals required for tests by allowing sequential use of animals for tests of immunologically distinct entities, and replaced host or laboratory animal challenge studies with serological tests. It also describes APHIS' plans to reduce pain and suffering of animals by allowing euthanasia when death from causes unrelated to the test is expected. Finally, it reports on refinements in extraneous agent testing, which began when host animal tests were replaced with an in vitro test method and continued when the in vitro test was replaced with a more sensitive status of these approaches is discussed in the context of APHIS' current regulatory framework.^0
96417901^[The results of the study of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the leptospiral infectious process and its clinical manifestations]^199675^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1996 Jan-Feb;(1):100-4^Novocherkassk, Russia.^Pupkevich-Diamant IaS^^0
97003907^[The frequency of agglutinins for Leptospira seen in the inhabitants of Uberaba, Minas Gerais]^199675^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1996 Jan-Feb;29(1):55-8^Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA.^Tavares-Neto J, Andrade J, Hofer E, de Oliveira GF, Couto-Junior A^^0
97064072^Infectious diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean: are they really emerging and increasing? [editorial]^199675^Emerg Infect Dis 1996 Jan-Mar;2(1):59-61^^Brandling-Bennett AD, Penheiro F^^0
96402598^Emerging & re-emerging bacterial pathogens in India.^199601^Indian J Med Res 1996 Jan;103:4-18^Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore.^John TJ^In spite of major successes against infectious diseases in the 20th century, new infectious diseases have emerged and old ones re-emerged in recent decades in different parts of the world. A brief survey of emerging and re-emerging bacterial diseases of public health importance in India is presented in this paper. Plague re-appeared in two outbreaks in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1994, indicating a breakdown of the public health measures that had prevented its occurrence for several decades. Leptospirosis appears to be on the increase in Kerala, Tamilnadu and the Andamans during the last 2 decades, probably due to increased farming and inadequate rodent control. It is suggested that melioidosis due to the soil organism Burkholderia pseudomallei may be prevalent in many parts of India, but is under-diagnosed and under- reported. Since 1991, a completely new choleragenic Vibrio cholerae, designated 0139 has emerged in southern India and spread to other parts of India and to neighbouring countries, setting in motion the 8th cholera pandemic. Animal anthrax is very common in many parts of India, but human anthrax is recognised in only certain limited locations. In the Chittoor and North Arcot districts, its prevalence had increased in recent years. Since 1990, a multi-drug resistant variety of typhoid fever had been prevalent in many parts of India, caused by Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole. Nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection seems to be widely prevalent in hospitals in many regions in India, and its prevalence seems to be on the rise. These pathogens pose new threats to public health, and call for appropriate responses. Microbiological expertise and epidemiological surveillance are deficient in the health care and public health systems in India; therefore even infections and diseases that have been under control elsewhere remain prevalent in the country, but are also under-diagnosed and under-reported. Without improving microbiological expertise and application as well as epidemiological skills and practices, emerging and re-emerging diseases may not be recognised, identified or intercepted in their early stages.^0
96402605^Leptospiral antibodies in patients with recurrent ophthalmic involvement.^199601^Indian J Med Res 1996 Jan;103:66-8^Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai.^Rathinamsivakumar, Ratnam S, Sureshbabu L, Natarajaseenivasan K^Leptospiral antibodies could be demonstrated by microscopic agglutination test in 14 of 15 (93%) patients with acute panuveitis and retinal vasculitis in a preliminary study undertaken during the postmonsoon period at Madurai in Tamilnadu, India. The predominant serogroup was Pomona followed by Autumnalis, Australis and Javanica, the titres being between 1:160 and 1:10240. Titres in the normal controls were 1:20 to 1:80 in 8 of 20 mostly to the endemic serogroup Autumnalis. The involvement of leptospires particularly Pomona as a cause of ophthalmic complications in the patients studied is likely.^0
97087723^Leptospirosis in wild animals.^199601^Vet Q 1996;18 Suppl 3:S149-50^Royal Tropical Institute, N.H. Swellengretel-laboratorium, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Hartskeerl RA, Terpstra WJ^^0
97088771^Immunochemical characteristics and localization on cells of protective antigen (PAg) prepared from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai.^199601^Microbiol Immunol 1996;40(3):237-41^Department of Microbiology, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Nakamura R, Beppu Y, Yanagihara Y^Immuno-electron microscopic methods revealed that the protective antigen (PAg) of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai exists on the outer envelope sheathing the leptospiral cell body. PAg lost its protective activity after treatment by hydrolysis with 2 M formic acid at 100 C for 2 hr, or oxidation with periodate at 4 C for 40 hr. The antigenic oligosaccharide fraction was further purified from the hydrolyzed PAg by immunoaffinity column coupled with protective monoclonal antibody, LW2, and by gel filtration of HPLC. The antigenic oligosaccharide fraction contained two unknown sugars and 4-O-methylmannose (molar ratio 3:5:1). These findings suggested that these sugars are components of an antigenic determinant contributing to the protective immunity against serovar lai infection.^0
96425912^[The receptivity to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae infection in the Romanian population]^199675^Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 1996 Jan-Jun;41(1-2):29-31^Institutul Cantacuzino.^Andreescu N^^0
97114161^[Leptospirosis: a cause of pseudo-malarial fever in Gabon]^199601^Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1996;89(3):217-9^Service de medecine interne et pathologie infectieuse et tropicale, HIA Laveran, Marseille-Armees.^Perret JL, Velasque L, Morillon M, Martet G^A first case of leptospirosis has been recently described in Gabon where bioclimatological characteristics could favour the transmission of that disease. Therefore, a search for antibodies to leptospirae was conducted among 55 military Frenchmen with unexplained fever during a four-month stay in Gabon. Three (5.5%) were positive with IgM levels attesting for recent contamination. A screening antigenic battery identified L. bataviae in two cases and L. sejroe in one case. The three patients were employed outside in the precedent weeks. Travelers are exposed to leptospirosis in numerous Third-World countries. Clinical and biological similarities between leptospirosis and P. falciparum malaria could induce misdiagnosis. Co-infection could also be encountered. Doxycycline, whose activity against P. falciparum is well known, is also effective against leptospirae. Therefore, this drug seems valuable for prophylactic and therapeutic actions in areas exposed to the both diseases.^0
97147402^[The significance of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis and its complications]^199601^Ter Arkh 1996;68(11):38-40^^Shuvalova EP, Antonova TV, Alekseeva EA^Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant plasma activity were evaluated in 39 patients with leptospiral jaundice. At the height of the disease LPO proceeded more actively, being the highest in cases of severe complications. Early in the disease course general antioxidant activity of plasma was inhibited significantly more noticeably in complicated versus uncomplicated leptospirosis. This confirms pathogenetic implication of membrane LPO in leptospirosis. The approaches to prognostication of the disease course and completeness of the response are proposed.^0
97199885^[Spirochaeta! myocarditis]^199601^Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1996;(14):158-60^Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine.^Shimizu K, Morimoto S^^0
97213307^Weil's disease: report of 12 cases.^199601^Scand J Infect Dis 1996;28(6):637-9^Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, Samsun, Turkey.^Leblebicioglu H, Sencan I, Sunbul M, Altintop L, Gunaydin M^The epidemiological distribution and clinical features of 12 cases of Weil's disease from Turkey, are reviewed. The disease is most common in male farmers from rural areas. Myalgia and jaundice were recorded in all patients. Signs included vomiting in 9 patients, haemorrhages in 6, and renal function was impaired in 6. Creatine phosphokinase levels were found above normal limits in 75% of the cases. Leptospires were demonstrated with dark-field microscopy in the blood of 9 and in the urine of 5 of these patients. The diagnosis was confirmed with microscopic agglutination test (MAT) as well as with ELISA. Ig M antibodies were detected in 11 (92%) of the patients and is an accurate marker for acute leptospirosis. Penicillin was used for therapy and the outcome was favorable in 10 patients. Two patients died. It should be kept in mind that leptospirosis is an extremely severe disease which requires appropriate examinations at the right moment.^0
96261263^Genotypes of Leptospira isolated from Queensland cattle.^199602^Aust Vet J 1996 Feb;73(2):75-6^Rockhampton Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland.^Corney BG, McClintock CS, Colley J, Elder JK^^0
96381015^Correlation between DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki and host animal source.^199602^J Clin Microbiol 1996 Feb;34(2):424-5^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA. a03rllmr@attmail.com^Bolin CA, Zuerner RL^Isolates (n = 147) of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki from cattle, swine, horses, and wildlife were analyzed by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified in DNA digested with HpaII, and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms were correlated with the host animal source of the isolates. These results will be useful in understanding the epidemiology of serovar pomona infections in livestock.^0
97036419^Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in leptospirosis.^199602^J Rheumatol 1996 Feb;23(2):411^Centre Hospitalier General, Toulouse, France.^Constantin A, Marin F, Oksman F, Bouteiller G^^0
96252848^Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis for detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs. The impact of serum absorption with homologous and heterologous bacteriae.^199602^Vet Microbiol 1996 Feb;48(3-4):257-68^Institut fur Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig- Universitat Giessen, Germany.^Wittenbrink MM, Failing K, Krauss H^Sera from 665 apparently healthy dogs were examined for antibodies to the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi by using an ELISA with a whole cell sonicate of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto reference strain B31 (ATCC 35210) as antigen. To discover false positive reactions due to the unsatisfactory specificity of conventional enzyme- linked immunosorbent assays for B. burgdorferi, sera were absorbed in parallel with both B. burgdorferi and a heterologous sorbent consisting of whole cells of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and eight serovars of Leptospira interrogans. The difference between optical densities obtained in the ELISA after serum absorption with the heterologous sorbent and the B. burgdorferi sorbent was defined as a new value, "ODdiff", for ELISA reactivity specific for B. burgdorferi. ELISA results were confirmed by immunoblot studies. By testing unabsorbed sera, 48 of 665 serum samples (7.2%) were considered ELISA positive. 37 of these 48 sera (77.1%) were apparently false positive: here a similar reduction of ELISA reactivity was obtained after absorption with B. burgdorferi antigen and with the heterologous sorbent (ODdiff approximately equal to 0). None of these 37 sera gave immunoblot patterns characteristic for canine B. burgdorferi infection.^0
96174716^Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995. The Epidemic Working Group at Ministry of Health in Nicaragua [letter] [see comments]^199602^Lancet 1996 Feb 24;347(9000):535-6^^Zaki SR, Shieh WJ^^0
96215527^Prevalence of sand fly fever, West Nile, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and leptospirosis antibodies in Pakistani military personnel.^199603^Mil Med 1996 Mar;161(3):149-53^Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.^Bryan JP, Iqbal M, Ksiazek TG, Ahmed A, Duncan JF, Awan B, Krieg RE, Riaz M, Leduc JW, Nabi S, Qureshi MS, Malik IA, Legters LJ^To determine the prevalence of antibodies to viral diseases known or suspected to be present in Pakistan, we studied 570 sera from three groups of adults; two of the groups were involved in outbreaks of hepatitis, and the third included men admitted to a hospital for evaluation of febrile illnesses. Immunoglobulin G antileptospiral antibody was found in 1 to 6% of the subjects, with the highest rate in enlisted military personnel hospitalized for febrile illness. One man in the group with febrile illness had significantly elevated immunoglobulin M antileptospiral antibody titers. However, in a group of recruits experiencing suspected non-A, non-B hepatitis, 19 (11%) of 173 had a 4-fold rise in immunoglobulin M antibody to leptospirosis. Antibody to sand fly fever viruses was found in 27 to 70%. Antibody to West Nile virus was present in 33 to 41% of subjects. Antibody reactive with Japanese encephalitis virus was present in 25%, but plaque reduction neutralization tests suggested this to be cross-reaction with West Nile virus. All 212 specimens tested for antibody to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and Hantaan viruses were negative. This study indicates that diseases known to be prevalent in other areas of southwest Asia and the Middle East are also prevalent in northern Pakistan and may impact on those traveling or working in this area.^0
96261275^Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa from a heifer in New South Wales.^199603^Aust Vet J 1996 Mar;73(3):109-10^Department of Animal Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales.^Abdollahpour G, English AW, Tasler J^^0
96247808^Investigation of possible leptospiral infection in cats in Scotland.^199603^J Small Anim Pract 1996 Mar;37(3):126-9^Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School.^Agunloye CA, Nash AS^Eighty-seven cats from the Glasgow area were investigated to determine the prevalence of leptospiral infection and possible resultant disease. Eight (9.2 per cent) of the cats reacted serologically with the antigens of three serovars. Five of the cats were seropositive to Leptospira hardjo, two to L autumnalis and one cat seroconverted to L icterohaemorrhagiae. A paired serum sample indicated a recent infection in one of the cats. The major clinical sign shown by this cat was ascites. Four of the cats were from rural areas. This appears to be the first report of a serological survey of leptospiral infection in cats in the Glasgow area.^0
96244144^Presence of antigen and antibodies in serum and genital discharges of heifers after experimental intrauterine inoculation with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^199603^Res Vet Sci 1996 Mar;60(2):157-62^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral.^Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Dobson H, Montgomery J, Ellis WA, Baker JR^The excretion of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in cervico- vaginal mucus (CVM) or urine and the local and systemic immune responses to the organism were monitored in eight susceptible heifers after intrauterine inoculation while six similar heifers served as controls. All the heifers were inseminated at the subsequent oestrous periods. The overall percentage pregnancy rate (the number of pregnancies divided by the total number of inseminations) was lower in the infected heifers than in the controls though not significantly (33.3 v 50.0 per cent). Leptospires were detected, in either the urine or the CVM of six of the eight infected heifers during the study period of 15 weeks, either by direct immunofluorescence or dark ground microscopy; the bacteria did not grow in culture from any of the CVM samples. The control heifers remained free from evidence of infection. In the infected heifers, mean titres of at least 1:100 in a microscopic agglutination test were maintained for one to two weeks before declining to 1:10 to 1:30, whereas in serum IgG-ELISA tests (developed by using either protein or carbohydrate antigens), antibody titres of at least 1:100 were maintained throughout the study. During oestrous periods, IgA antibodies were detected more frequently in CVM with titres which were usually higher than the titres of IgG.^0
96244145^Presence of antigen and antibodies in serum and genital discharges of cows from dairy herds naturally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.^199603^Res Vet Sci 1996 Mar;60(2):163-7^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral.^Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Dobson H, Montgomery J, Ellis WA^Samples of cervico-vaginal mucus from 163 bulling cows (group 1) and post calving discharges from 59 newly calved cows (group 2) in five dairy herds naturally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were examined for the presence of antigen and IgG and IgA antibodies by using two ELISA systems which were protein or carbohydrate based. Corresponding serum samples were examined for systemic immune responses by using a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and IgG-ELISA tests. Antigen was detected by direct immunofluorescence in six of the 163 samples of cervico-vaginal mucus. Both IgG and IgA antibodies were detected by ELISA in the genital discharges with a prevalence much higher than that obtained by the MAT but lower than that observed with the serum IgG-ELISA. Combining both groups, none of the MAT-positive cattle was negative by serum-ELISA. By using the protein or carbohydrate fraction serum IgG-ELISA assays, respectively, 29 or 41 per cent of the MAT-negative cows were positive at a titre of at least 1:40. Similarly, eight or 23 samples (10 or 27 per cent) had titres of at least 1:20 in the genital discharge ELISA for IgG and IgA antibodies, respectively. The serum IgG-ELISA was the most efficient in detecting hardjo antibodies, but in group 2 the IgG- and IgA-ELISA of the post calving discharge proved to be equally effective.^0
96217073^[Changes in the epidemiology of human leptospirosis in the Slovak Republic]^199603^Bratisl Lek Listy 1996 Mar;97(3):123-30^Ustav epidemiologie Lekarskej fakulty Univerzity Komenskeho v Bratislave, Slovakia.^Bakoss P, Machacova E, Slacikova M^BACKGROUND. The epidemiologic patterns of infectious diseases are liable to change in the course of time. References to such changes in leptospirosis are very rare and of low systematic value. OBJECTIVES. The study is aimed at the detection of changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis within the 20 years in Slovakia. METHODS. Basic epidemiologic characteristics of leptoospirosis were compared within two chronological periods. 598 registered cases were analyzed during the first period (1970-1976), and 200 cases of leptospirosis were analysed during the second period (1986-1991). MAIN RESULTS. The second period yielded a decrease in total incidence to approximately 50% (yearly average was 0.9/10(5) of the population). At the same time the cyclic character of morbidity has almost entirely disappeared. The incidence of leptospirosis has significantly decreased in the group of population between 40 and 59 years of age, thus causing a particular shift in morbidity towards the younger population. Cases of leptospirosis caused by L. tarassovi and L. canicola ceased to occur, however one case of infection caused by L. hardjo has been registered in the Slovak population. A significant decrease in the incidence of diseases caused by the Sejroe group serovars was detected, especially in housewives, retired people, industrial and agricultural workers. In contrast to the latter, the proportion of leptospirosis cases caused by L. icterohaemorrhagiae/copenhageni increased particularly in pupils and students, as well as those caused by L. pomona in slaughter-house workers. Consequently, the most dominating disease is represented by field fever (L. gripotyphosa), the second highest incidence is ascribed to Weil disease (L. icterohaemorrhagiae/copenhageni), while the incidence of infections caused by the group of Sejroe serovars dropped from the first to the fourth place. The possible reasons of these changes are presented. No changes in the incidence of leptospirosis according to sex and seasonal occurrence were registered. CONCLUSION. The results of this study are in accordance with the current knowledge of the development of epidemiologic signs of infectious diseases, including leptospirosis. The results provide a pattern of the current situation in the field of leptospirosis epidemiology in the territory of Slovakia and emphasize the importance of systematic surveillance enabling the assessment of appropriate measures suppressing these infections. (Fig. 7, Ref. 7.).^0
96247935^[Infectious pathology of Canidae and Felidae in zoological parks]^199603^Rev Sci Tech 1996 Mar;15(1):115-40^Centre national d'etudes veterinaires et alimentaires, Nancy, France.^Artois M, Claro F, Remond M, Blancou J^The Canidae (36 species) and Felidae (34-37 species) are two families of carnivores represented by numerous exotic species in zoos or wildlife reserves. To some extent, the diseases of these species are similar to those of dogs and cats, and are therefore relatively well known. However, there are differences in sensitivity to infectious agents, treatments and vaccines. Canidae and Felidae may also act as carriers or even vectors of zoonoses, such as leptospirosis, rabies, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis. Due to their behaviour patterns and morphological adaptations, these species are capable of transmitting various opportunistic infections by biting or scratching. These characteristics mean that Canidae and Felidae are difficult to keep in captivity, and require special health precautions, particularly protection from contact with stray carnivores.^0
97161846^[Systemic leptospirosis as a cause of multiple organ failure. Report of a case]^199603^Rev Med Chil 1996 Mar;124(3):359-62^Departamento de Anestesiologia, Hospital Clinico, P Universidad Catolica, Santiago de Chile.^Garrido R, Castillo L, Hernandez G, Abarca J, Montes JM, Monsalve V, Espinoza R, Valenzuela S, Perez G^Leptospirosis is a world-spread zoonosis that is incidentally acquired by humans. It causes a diphasic febrile illness in which the Weil syndrome is its severest form, with renal, hepatic, clotting and central nervous system involvement. We report a 73 years old male, that was admitted to an intensive care unit with multiple organ failure due to leptospirosis. The clinical picture initially resembled a sepsis due to biliary tract obstruction and was operated, not finding a biliary tract obstruction. Considering the history of a fall to sewed waters, leptospirosis was suspected and treatment with penicillin was started, obtaining a full recovery of the patient.^0
97224652^Application of anti-leptospira ELISA-IgM for the etiologic elucidation of meningitis.^199675^Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1996 Mar-Apr;38(2):153-6^Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Silva MV, Camargo ED, Batista L, Vaz AJ, Ferreira AW, Barbosa PR^Leptospirosis is one of the causes of meningitis, although its importance is not well known. In the present study we contributed to this knowledge by demonstrating specific IgM class anti-leptospira antibodies by the immunoenzymatic method ELISA in 14.6% of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 171 patients with meningitis considered to be of indeterminate etiology. The frequencies of positivity were similar in cases with predominance of polymorphonuclear or lymphomonuclear leucocytes in the CSF. Age distribution showed a predominance of the 5 to 15 year age range (72%), and sex distribution showed a predominance of males (68%). The authors discuss the contribution of this method to the etiologic elucidation of meningitis.^0
97013633^Low calcium diet and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) infusion modulate immune responses during Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in beige mice.^199603^Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996 Mar;50(1-2):127-43^Leptospirosis and Mycobacteriosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA.^Stabel JR, Goff JP, Whipple DL, Ackermann MR, Reinhardt TA^A 12-month study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding a low calcium (Ca) diet or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3) infusion on the persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection using a mouse model. Male beige mice 6-8 weeks of age were assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) non-infected, (2) infected,(3) non- infected/1,25(OH)(2)D(3), (4) infected/1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and (5) infected/low Ca (0.15 percent) diet. Infected mice were inoculated intravenously with live M. paratuberculosis. At 1, 6 and 12 months postinfection, mice in Treatments 3 and 4 were implanted subcutaneously with mini-osmotic pumps to deliver 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Infusion with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) exacerbated M. paratuberculosis infection in most tissues at all time points. Mice infused with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) had higher bacterial counts in spleen, liver, and ileum compared with control infected mice after 1 month of infection. In contrast, feeding a low Ca diet reduced the number of viable organisms cultured from the liver and ileum of infected mice. Plasma Ca and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) were increased in mice infused with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) at all time points but values for low Ca mice were not different than for non-infused mice. Splenocyte production of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 was higher for mice fed the low Ca diet compared with control infected mice after 1 month of infection. Inducible IL-6 activity remained higher for this treatment at 6 months postinfection. These results suggest that feeding a low Ca diet to mice chronically infected with M. paratuberculosis appears to enhance their ability to clear the infection in a manner distinct from any effect of 1,25(OH)2D3.^0
97352332^[The PCR amplification, cloning, sequencing, expression in E. coli of gene encoding endoflagella subunit protein (fla B) from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai]^199603^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1996 Mar;27(1):10-6^Research Group of I. West China University Medical Sciences, Chengdu.^Chen Z, Dai B, Yan H, Li S, Zhao H, Liu J, Song S, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Liu F, Tu Y, Yang H, Huang Z, Liang L, Hu L, Zhao M^A pair of oligonucleotide primers were designed by ourselves to amplify the endoflagella gene of L. interrogans serovar lai. A fragment about 840 bp was generated with PCR and inserted into plasmid pUC8 after the fragment and pUC8 were digested respectively with Bam HI and Pst I. A recombinant plasmid (designated as pLF1) was obtained. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that a 33 kd was expressed in E. coli JM103 harboring pLF1 and the expression level of the protein was 11% of total bacterial soluble proteins. Western blot analysis showed that the protein band could be recognized by the antiserum against the endoflagella (Axiall filament) of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai. Nucleotide seguence data showed an open reading frame encoding 282 aminoacids residues, corresponding to a protein of molecular weight 33.6 kd. The G + C content of endoflagella subunit protein gene was 48 mol%. Therefore, the G + C content of the leptospiral fla B Gene is significantly higher than the reported 39 mol% G + C content of leptospiral genome of L.interrogans serovar lai but similar to the G + C of the Treponema pallidum genome. Comparison of the deduced endoflagellar subunit protein (fla B) amino acid sequence with flagellins from other bacteria revealed a high level of identity with the Treponema pallidum fla B proteins. Immunization/protection experiment was performed on the model of BALB/c mice and showed that the survival rate in the group JM103-pLF1 was higher than that in the group JM103-pUC8, but statistically the difference between them was significant (P < 0.05) and pLF1 did not induce significant levels of agglutinating antibodies against L.interrogans serovar lai.^0
97352333^[16S rRNA gene PCR-SSCP analysis of the reference strains from 15 serovars (14 serogroups) of pathogenic leptospires in China]^199603^Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1996 Mar;27(1):17-20^Research Unit of Leptospirasis, Chengdu.^Wu W, Bao L, Wu Q, Li S, Huang W, Wan B, Zhang M, Xiong Q, Fang Z^The DNAs of reference strains from 15 serovars (14 serogroups) of pathogenic leptospires in China were amplified with 16S rRNA gene primers, and then single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) of the products were analyzed in 12.5% nondenaturing mini polyacrylamide gel (containing 5% glycerol) combining with silver-staining. All products showed two bands on electrophoresis at different parameters of voltage or current and concentration of gel. It proved that serovar lai, serovar canicola, serovar pyrogenes, serovar autumnalis, serovar australis, serovar pomona, serovar linhai, serovar hebdomadis, serovar haemolytica, serovar wolffi and serovar paidjan have the identical pattern (Leptospira interrogans), while serovar javanica, serovar ballum, serovar tarassovi and serovar manhao I belong to another pattern (L. borgpetersenii). The result was consistent with the classification of genetic species by Yasuda et al (1987) and Ramadass et al (1992).^0
96260134^Leptospirosis in farm animals [news]^199603^Vet Rec 1996 Mar 23;138(12):268^^^^0
96260136^Reproductive performance of dairy herds infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo relative to the year of diagnosis.^199603^Vet Rec 1996 Mar 23;138(12):272-6^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, Neston, South Wirral.^Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Ellis WA^To assess the impact of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection on the reproductive performance of nine dairy herds with evidence of infection, forty years' fertility data were analysed relative to the year of first diagnosis. Fifty per cent of various fertility variables had their lowest values only in the year of diagnosis. Culling rates were highest during the year of diagnosis in five of the herds, and were above 22 per cent in five of nine (55-6 per cent) of the diagnosis years considered compared with seven (22-6 per cent) of the 31 non- diagnosis years. An assessment of the fertility status of the herds by means of a formula with incorporated the first service conception rate, the number of services per conception for cows conceiving, the calving to conception interval and the culling rate, revealed low reproductive performance during the year of diagnosis in six of the nine herds. Abortion rates were highest in four of the herds during the year of diagnosis, and these included the herds in which the fertility status was not lowest. It was concluded that L. interrogans serovar hardjo affected reproductive adversely by causing both abortions and low fertility, but that the effect was temporary.^0
96306467^[Myopericarditis and atrial fibrillation disclosing leptospirosis septicemia (letter; comment)]^199603^Presse Med 1996 Mar 30;25(11):555^^Constans J, Gosse P, Cottarre M, Ansoborlo P, Mercie P, Etienne G, Conri O^^0
96332682^Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the kidneys and genital tracts of naturally infected sheep.^199604^New Microbiol 1996 Apr;19(2):175-8^Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.^Cerri D, Nuvoloni R, Ebani V, Pedrini A, Mani P, Andreani E, Farina R^A bacteriological study was carried out to identify possible renal and/or genital carriers of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. L. hardjo was found at slaughter in the kidneys of three seropositive ewes, but not in uterus or salpinges of these animals.^0
96363986^Novel indirect fluorescent antibody test for Lyme disease.^199604^J Vet Diagn Invest 1996 Apr;8(2):196-201^Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, AL 36088, USA.^Chambers MA, Swango LJ, Wright JC^An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was developed using a novel format of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms adhered to a monolayer of cultured endothelial cells derived from an equine tumor. Sensitivity and specificity of the new IFA test for detecting anti-B, burgdorferi antibodies were evaluated using sera from dogs inoculated with live B. burgdorferi or vaccinated with B. burgdorferi bacterin or leptobacterins and from unvaccinated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) dogs. To compare the new IFA test with existing tests, serum samples were submitted to independent laboratories to be tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a traditional IFA test. Samples were also tested with 2 commercially available membrane-bound ELISA kits. Both Borrelia-inoculated dogs and dogs vaccinated with B. burgdorferi bacterin developed levels of antibody detectable by the new IFA test. Dogs vaccinated with a combination canine vaccine or leptobacterin for food animal use developed detectable levels of antibody against Leptospira but remained seronegative for Borrelia by the new IFA test, as did the unvaccinated SPF dogs. The new IFA test was sensitive, detecting antibodies against B. burgdorferi as early as 7 days postinoculation. It was also specific, showing no cross-reactivity with anti-Leptospira antibodies induced by vaccination with leptobacterins. The new IFA test compared favorably with both the standardized traditional IFA test and ELISA. Results from both membrane-bound ELISA kits were not consistent when compared with each other or with the new IFA test. The new IFA test had low nonspecific fluorescence, which made it easier to evaluate and reduced the human error and variability of test results.^0
97014134^Protective activity of rabbit polyclonal anti-idiotype antibody against Leptospira interrogans infection in hamsters.^199604^Biol Pharm Bull 1996 Apr;19(4):613-5^Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.^Masuzawa T, Suzuki R, Yanagihara Y^We prepared an anti-idiotype (Id) antibody against leptospirosis. Serum from rabbit immunized with monoclonal antibody (MAb) LW2, which reacted to the main protective antigen prepared from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai, inhibited agglutination of the organism by MAb LW2. The immune rabbit serum was applied to a column coupled with normal mouse IgG as a ligand (first column), and the unbound fraction eluted was applied to a column coupled with MAb LW2 as a ligand (second column). The bound fraction (anti-Id antibody) eluted from the second column inhibited the binding of MAb LW2 to sonicated leptospiral cells in ELISA. Mice produced antibodies against Leptospira by intraperitoneal immunization with the anti-Id antibody at doses of 2 mu g/mouse or more. Hamsters were protected by immunization with the anti-Id antibody at doses of 2 and 20 mu g/hamster from the lethal infection of Leptospira. This is the first report concerning the use of an anti-Id antibody against leptospirosis.^0
96390318^[The epidemiologic-epizootiologic characteristics of leptospirosis in the Moscow region]^199675^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1996 Apr-Jun;(2):32-6^^Cherkasskii BL, Shumilov PK, Manenkova GM^^0
96290852^Effect of vaccination against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo on milk production and fertility in dairy cattle.^199604^Vet Rec 1996 Apr 6;138(14):334-5^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral.^Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Dobson H, Montgomery J, Ellis WA^^0
96312659^Determination of the lifespan of erythrocytes from greyhounds, using an in vitro biotinylation technique.^199605^Am J Vet Res 1996 May;57(5):739-42^Department of Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA.^Novinger MS, Sullivan PS, McDonald TP^OBJECTIVE--To determine the RBC lifespan of Greyhounds, using an in vitro labeling technique. DESIGN--RBC from dogs were labeled with NHS- biotin and their disappearance measured over time to determine RBC lifespan. SAMPLE POPULATION--5 Greyhounds that had been vaccinated against distemper, adenovirus 1 and 2 infections, parainfluenza, leptospirosis, parvovirus, and coronavirus infections, Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and rabies the previous year; 3 sexually intact 14-month-old Beagles served as controls. PROCEDURE--After venipuncture for CBC, catheters were inserted in the cephalic vein of each dog. Butorphanol was then administered to achieve mild sedation and analgesia, and glycopyrrolate was administered to ensure maintenance of adequate heart rate during phlebotomy. Dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency; blood was removed via jugular venipuncture, using a standard laboratory donor blood bag containing citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution. Blood was transferred aseptically into sterile polystyrene containers and NHS-biotin was added. After incubation, the labeled RBC were reinfused into the dogs and the blood was allowed to recirculate for 1 hour before the first postinfusion sample was taken. At frequent intervals, blood to be analyzed was taken by jugular venipuncture, and the percentage of labeled cells was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS--The mean RBC lifespan of non- Greyhounds was significantly longer than that of Greyhounds (104.3 +/- 2.2 days vs 53.6 +/- 6.5 days; P = 0.001). A negative linear correlation was also found between age of the Greyhounds and their RBC lifespan (P = 0.01, R2 = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS--The shorter RBC lifespan of the Greyhounds may explain the finding of macrocytosis reported in earlier work. The reason for the shorter RBC lifespan in Greyhounds may be caused by differences in Greyhound RBC membrane structure or accelerated RBC removal from the circulation.^0
96292911^[Leptospirosis in Gran Canaria: report of 2 cases (letter)]^199605^Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1996 May;14(5):335-6^^Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Elcuaz R, Lafarga B, Mosguera M, Apolinario R, Jimenez P^^0
96367608^[The molecular genetic and biological aspects of the ecology of pathogenic Leptospira (Leptospira interrogans)]^199675^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1996 May-Jun;(3):19-21^^Anan'ina IuV^The results of recent investigations on the application of some genotyping methods (genomic fingerprinting, analysis of restriction length fragment polymorphism of DNA, etc.), made in order to study the population structure of pathogenic leptospires and to evaluate their intraspecies heterogeneity with regard to their main ecological features, are reviewed. New data on the use of PRC-based amplification test systems for the study of specific features of host persistence of leptospires are presented. The relative role of the parasitic and saprophytic phases of existence for populations of pathogenic leptospires belonging to different intraspecies taxa is discussed.^0
97149953^The role of the National Institute of Public Health in the field of infections with natural focality.^199605^Cent Eur J Public Health 1996 May;4(2):123-6^National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.^Rosicky B, Minar J^In the post-war period the National Institute of Public Health, later Institutes of Epidemiology and Microbiology, headed by K. Raska, ranked among famous laboratories in the world due to its priority findings and original results. Research results of the Institute stimulated further research not only in Czechoslovakia but also abroad, in laboratories of Europe and America. The authors emphasize the significance of certain results in the epidemiology and ecology of infections characterized by natural focality. In the first place they discuss the isolation of TBE in 1948 and 1949 by Gallia et al., and the study of the role of birds and bats as hosts of TBE. Significant for the recognition of zoonotic influenza viruses are papers by Tumova, and as regards rabies in rodents the studies of Sodja et al. The institute paid attention to the introduction of Coxiella burnetii into the north-west of Bohemia. The institute's activities in the study of tularaemia, leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, and toxoplasmosis are also described. Raska's concept of epidemiological surveillance in the prevention of zoonoses with natural focality was fully enforced by workers of the institute. Many results of the Institute have been adopted by the WHO; it was demonstrated that it is possible by appropriate methods not only to detect human diseases in places where they are known but also to discover them in nature extensively altered by man.^0
96242320^Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira peptidoglycans induce the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from human monocytes.^199605^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996 May 1;138(2-3):211-4^Institute of Microbiology, University of Trieste, Italy. cinco@univ.trieste.it^Cinco M, Vecile E, Murgia R, Dobrina P, Dobrina A^Elevated plasma concentrations of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) have been observed in patients affected by leptospirosis. In this study we found that a preparation of peptidoglycan of Leptospira interrogans, serovar copenhageni, was able to induce the release of TNF alpha from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TNF alpha induction occurred in a dose dependent manner and was not affected by the endotoxin inhibitor polymixin B. This is the first report on induction of TNF alpha release by a peptidoglycan of spirochetes. Our findings are consistent with existing clinical data and provide a potential mechanism for TNF alpha production.^0
96225375^Bronchoalveolar lavage in rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis [letter; comment]^199605^Lancet 1996 May 25;347(9013):1483-4^^Paganin F, Gauzere BA, Lugagne N, Blanc P, Roblin X^^0
96239055^Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding LipL41, a surface-exposed lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira species.^199606^Infect Immun 1996 Jun;64(6):2322-30^Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.^Shang ES, Summers TA, Haake DA^We report the cloning of the gene encoding a surface-exposed leptospiral lipoprotein, designated LipL41. In a previous study, a 41- kDa protein antigen was identified on the surface of Leptospira kirschneri (D. A. Haake, E. M. Walker, D. R. Blanco, C. A. Bolin, J. N. Miller, and M. A. Lovett, Infect. Immun. 59:1131-1140, 1991). We obtained the N-terminal amino acid sequence of a staphylococcal V8 proteolytic-digest fragment in order to design an oligonucleotide probe.A Lambda ZAP II library containing EcoRI fragments of L. kirschneri DNA was screened, and a 2.3-kb DNA fragment which contained the entire structural lipL41 gene was identified. The deduced amino acid sequence of LipL41 would encode a 355-amino-acid polypeptide with a 19-amino-acid signal peptide, followed by an L-X-Y-C lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site. A recombinant His6-LipL41 fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli in order to generate specific rabbit antiserum. LipL41 is solubilized by Triton X-114 extraction of L. kirschneri; phase separation results in partitioning of LipL41 exclusively into the detergent phase. At least eight proteins, including LipL41 and the other major Triton X-114 detergent phase proteins, are intrinsically labeled during incubation of L. kirschneri in media containing [3H] palmitate. Processing of LipL41 is inhibited by globomycin, a selective inhibitor of lipoprotein signal peptidase. Triton X-100 extracts of L. kirschneri contain immunoprecipitable OmpL1 (porin), LipL41, and another lipoprotein, LipL36. However, in contrast to LipL36, only LipL41 and OmpL1 were exposed on the surface of intact organisms. Immunoblot analysis of a panel of Leptospira species reveals that LipL41 expression is highly conserved among leptospiral pathogens.^0
96228170^Bronchoalveolar lavage in rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis [letter; comment]^199606^Lancet 1996 Jun 1;347(9014):1562-3^^Paganin F, Gauzere BA, Lugagne N, Blanc Ph, Roblin X^^0
97038612^Prospective serological study of leptospirosis in southern Spain.^199606^Eur J Epidemiol 1996 Jun;12(3):257-62^Family Medicine, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.^Dastis-Bendala C, de Villar-Conde E, Marin-Leon I, Manzanares-Torne L, Perez-Lozano MJ, Cano-Fuentes G, Vargas-Romero J, Pumarola-Sune T^This article reports data concerning a serosurvey carried out in Southern Spain to assess the current epidemiological status of a population exposed to risk of leptospirosis. Microagglutination and IgM- EIA tests were carried out on sera from a sample of workers in agriculture-related occupations, exposed to marsh waters. A cohort of 197 workers were followed for a year in an active surveillance program to evaluate seroconversion (laboratory confirmed leptospirosis). The results have shown for the cohort a density of incidence: 6.4 x 100 persons per year, and for the reference population an accumulated incidence of 41.25/100,000. Prevalence rates (P) were 21.3 x 100 and 144 x 10(5) for the cohort and population respectively. Rates were higher in cray-fishers (P: 62.7%), rice-workers, and butchers. This is the first report identifying cray-fishers as a high risk group for leptospirosis, and the reporting of human contamination by Australis serogroup in Spain.^0
97223699^Evaluation of diagnostic tests for human leptospirosis.^199606^Braz J Med Biol Res 1996 Jun;29(6):773-7^Secao de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil.^Ribeiro MA, Brandao AP, Romero EC^The IgM-PK-ELISA, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin M employing a proteinase K-treated antigen, and the "Leptoteste-S" macroagglutination test were evaluated for use in a rapid serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used as reference. The three serological tests were applied to serum samples from patients with leptospirosis (N = 89), typhoid fever (N = 8), malaria (N = 19), syphilis (N = 20), hepatitis (N = 16) and from clinically healthy donors (N = 92). The overall results of the IgM-PK-ELISA and the "Leptoteste-S" are comparable to those of the MAT. However, both tests differed statistically from MAT in terms of the positivity of the acute-phase sera, with approximately 38% of the patients with leptospirosis being identified earlier than when MAT was used. The IgM-PK-ELISA, with 89.9% sensitivity and 97.4% specificity, could be the test of choice for those laboratories which are equipped to perform ELISA. The "Leptoteste- S", with 89.9% sensitivity and 94.8% specificity, seems to be easier to perform and the most accessible to peripheral laboratories for rapid screening of human sera. Both techniques present the important characteristic of detecting early antibodies against leptospires, thus providing a diagnosis during the early stages of the disease.^0
96387715^Effect of management systems on the prevalence of bovine leptospirosis.^199606^Vet Rec 1996 Jun 8;138(23):570-1^Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University Federal Fluminense, Brazil.^Lilenbaum W, Santos MR^^0
96331629^[Isolated febrile intra-alveolar hemorrhage detected in leptospirosis]^199607^Rev Mal Respir 1996 Jul;13(3):310-2^Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon.^Labalme MJ, Chaabane-Masmoudi S, Mathieu L, Perol M, Nesme P, Guerin JC^We report observation of a patient of 25 years who presented with an isolated intra-alveolar haemorrhage occurring during the course of an illness suggestive of septicaemia. Considering the epidemiological context of inhalation of water from the River Saone, the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis ictero-haemorrhagica was considered and was confirmed by serological tests. Several publications draw attention to the pulmonary manifestations of acute leptospirosis which remains rare and poorly understood. Pulmonary disease is characterised not by an infectious alveolitis but by the occurrence of intra-alveolar haemorrhage whose pathogenetic mechanism remains under discussion.^0
96376816^Two new leptospiral serovars in the Hebdomadis serogroup isolated from Zimbabwe cattle.^199607^Int J Syst Bacteriol 1996 Jul;46(3):694-8^Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. feresu@zimbix.uz.zw^Feresu SB, Korver H, Riquelme N, Baranton G, Bolin CA^Four strains belonging to the genus Leptospira serogroup Hebdomadis were isolated from Zimbabwe cattle at slaughter. These isolates were subjected to cross-agglutinin absorption tests and to restriction fragment length polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses of their genomic DNAs. One of these strains represents a new serovar, for which the name mhou is proposed; strain SBF 40 is the reference strain of this serovar. The other three strains belong to a second new serovar, for which the name marondera is proposed; the reference strain of this serovar is strain SBF 5. The three strains of serovar marondera could be differentiated by their restriction fragment polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoretic patterns.^0
96415689^Leptospiral abortion in horses following a flooding incident.^199607^Equine Vet J 1996 Jul;28(4):327-30^California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.^Kinde H, Hietala SK, Bolin CA, Dowe JT^^0
96415690^Acute renal disease due to Leptospira interrogans in a weanling.^199607^Equine Vet J 1996 Jul;28(4):331-3^Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky 40580-2070, USA.^Hogan PM, Bernard WV, Kazakevicius PA, Fitzgerald MR^^0
96438679^Leptospira interrogans in the genital tract of sheep. Research on ewes and rams experimentally infected with serovar hardjo (hardjobovis).^199607^New Microbiol 1996 Jul;19(3):235-42^Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.^Farina R, Cerri D, Renzoni G, Andreani E, Mani P, Ebani V, Pedrini A, Nuvoloni R^To verify if Leptospira hardjo can colonize the male and female genital organs of sheep, 9 animals (6 non pregnant ewes and 3 mature rams) were infected with a strain of L. hardjobovis recently recovered from the kidneys of a seropositive ewe. Postinfection controls (bacteriologic, serologic, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy) failed to disclose the presence of leptospires in the uterus and oviducts, testicles, epididymis, prostate and bulbourethral glands of animals used for the experiment and slaughtered from 37 to 242 postinfection days. All animals showed a renal localization of L. hardjobovis lasting for the entire period of the study (over 8 months). These results emphasize the important role of sheep as maintenance hosts of the serovar.^0
97062001^[Study of acid lability of DNA in patients with leptospirosis]^199675^Klin Lab Diagn 1996 Jul-Aug;(4):25-6^^Shubich MG, Evglevskii AA, Lebedev VV, Avdeeva MG^Measurements of DNA and study of chromatin status in blood cell nuclei help solve numerous basic problems of biology and medicine. Acid lability of DNA was assessed in 5 patients with grave icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. The distribution of fluorescence peaks on the curve of neutrophil DNA hydrolysis in patients with grave leptospirosis indicates that functionally low-active acid-resistant DNA fraction predominates in their chromatin. Assessment of acid lability of DNA is proposed to be used for assessing the severity of the pathological process.^0
96416388^Stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome: a study of calves with an abnormal thyroid gland.^199607^Vet Rec 1996 Jul 6;139(1):11-6^Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Stormont, Belfast.^Smyth JA, Goodall EA, McCoy MA, Ellis WA^Data collected from 365 calves dead from stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome were analysed to determine the predictive value of thyroid gland weight as an indicator of abnormality of the thyroid gland, and to examine the relationships between abnormality of the thyroid gland and other findings in the calves and also the parity of the dam. There was a significant relationship (P < 0.001) between the thyroid gland weight and bodyweight for the calves with a histologically normal thyroid gland, but there was no such relationship for calves with an abnormal thyroid gland. Only 1.1 per cent of the histologically normal thyroid glands weighed more than 30 g, indicating that there is a very high probability that glands weighing more than 30 g are abnormal. However, 76.0 per cent of moderately to severely affected glands weighed less than 30 g. The following significant differences between calves with an abnormal and those with a normal thyroid gland were established. Abnormal thyroid glands were significantly heavier (P < 0.01), constituted a significantly greater percentage of the calf's bodyweight (P < 0.01) and had a significantly lower iodine concentration (P < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of calves with an abnormal thyroid gland had uninflated lungs (P < 0.01), and a significantly higher proportion had pneumonia (P < 0.01). Abnormal thyroid glands were associated with a low selenium concentration in the kidneys. There were no associations between abnormalities of the thyroid gland and the parity of the dam, the presence of skeletal fractures, the weight or sex of the calf, infection with leptospira, Salmonella dublin, Bacillus species, Actinomyces pyogenes or Aspergillus species, the quantities of hepatic iron pigment, liver vitamin E concentration or serum cholesterol concentration.^0
96378955^Serological survey of leptospirosis in livestock animals in the Lesser Antilles.^199607^Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996 Jul 23;791:369-77^University of the West Indies, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Barbados.^Levett PN, Whittington CU, Camus E^A serological survey was performed of 1788 cattle, goats and sheep on 13 islands in the Lesser Antilles. Sera were tested by microscopic agglutination (MAT) using a panel of 22 live antigens. Evidence of past exposure, at a titer of > or = 100, was found in 101 animals (5.6%). Antibodies were more common in cattle and goats (7.2% in each) than in sheep (1.7%). Seroprevalence was highest in cattle in Martinique (20%) and in goats in St. Vincent (23%). The predominant serogroups were Sejroe (largely confined to cattle in Martinique), Autumnalis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, and Cynopteri. Eleven cattle from Martinique and 2 sheep with titers of > or = 800 showed evidence of recent infection.^0
96374165^Public health importance of human leptospirosis in the South Pacific: a five-year study in New Caledonia.^199608^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996 Aug;55(2):174-8^Leptospira Laboratory, Institute Pasteur, Noumea, New Caledonia.^Merien F, Perolat P^A retrospective study of 192 cases of human leptospirosis in New Caledonia (South Pacific) diagnosed between 1989 and 1993 showed that the disease was endemic throughout the territory. The annual incidence rate was 30 per 100,000 population, and the disease was more frequent in males (67.5%). Cases occurred mainly in March each year. Forty isolates were obtained (20.8%) and identified as belonging to serovars icterohaemorrhagiae (28), pomona (6), pyrogenes (3), ballum (2), and javanica (1). Most cases (54.7%) presented as influenza-like illnesses, while classical Weil's syndrome (fever, jaundice, and renal involvement) occurred in only 15.6% of the patients. Severe ocular complications were found in 3.6% of the patients. Local differences in climate, environment and socioeconomic conditions determined the epidemiologic features. These data emphasize the potential public health importance of leptospirosis in the other insular states in the South Pacific.^0
97023875^The development of a ligase mediated PCR with potential for the differentiation of serovars within Leptospira interrogans.^199608^Vet Microbiol 1996 Aug;51(3-4):351-62^Bacteriology Department, Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.^Redstone JS, Woodward MJ^A ligase mediated polymerase chain reaction (LMPCR) was developed to amplify between the repetitive element, IS1533, of Leptospira and adjacent chromosomally located Bg/II restriction endonuclease enzyme sites. To do this, complimentary oligonucleotide linkers designed to anneal together with an overhanging Bg/II end were ligated to Bg/II digested DNA from 35 leptospiral reference strains and field isolates. This ligated DNA was used as template for PCR with oligonucleotide primers specific for the linker and for the repetitive element IS1533. The resultant amplicon profile hybridised a 102 bp region derived from the terminus of IS1533 thus confirming that amplicons generated by LMPCR contained part of IS1533. The number of fragments generated containing IS1533 was significantly fewer than that generated by RFLP but the LMPCR method has the potential to use far less template DNA and be quicker than standard RFLP. Obvious and reproducible interserovar differences were demonstrated by LMPCR whereas for 20 of 21 L. hardjo- bovis isolates tested no intraserovar differences were observed. Of those serovars known to possess IS1533 homologues and tested here by LMPCR, each produced a unique amplicon profile which hybridised the IS1533 terminus probe. The limited heterogeneity amongst hardjo-bovis isolates is discussed as is the potential contribution of this method to diagnosis, differentiation and the phylogenetics of the Leptospires.^0
97049296^Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Australian and New Zealand isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.^199608^Aust Vet J 1996 Aug;74(2):156-7^Rockhampton Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland.^Corney BG, Colley J^^0
97097648^Diagnosis of leptospirosis: a reemerging disease of companion animals.^199608^Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1996 Aug;11(3):166-71^Zoonotic Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.^Bolin CA^Canine leptospirosis has been known since 1899. Widespread use of canine leptospiral vaccines decreased the incidence of infection dramatically and reduced clinical attention to the disease. However, leptospirosis recently has reemerged as an important cause of febrile illness, and hepatic and renal disease in dogs. Feline leptospirosis is rare although the incidence of infection is higher than is recognized. Diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult and no single diagnostic test provides optimal sensitivity or specificity. A combination of procedures, including serological assays and tests to detect the presence of leptospires in tissues or body fluids, is recommended.^0
97009784^Reduced conception rates in dairy cattle associated with serological evidence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection.^199608^Vet Rec 1996 Aug 3;139(5):110-4^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral.^Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Dobson H, Montgomery J, Ellis WA^Fertility data from 673 cows in five dairy herds with a moderate to high seroprevalence of microscopic agglutination titres (MAT) of > or = 1:10 against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were collated to assess the relationship between pregnancy rates and antibody titres to serovar hardjo. A significant proportion of failures of conception (10 to 13 per cent, P < 0.001) were associated with MATs of 1:10 to 1:100; the overall pregnancy rate of the seronegative cows was 28.5 per cent higher (P < 0.001) than that of the cows with MATs of > or = 1:100. First service pregnancy rates showed a similar trend but the differences were significant (P < 0.05) only in cows with antibody titres > or = 1:30. An assessment of other possible risk factors for reduced pregnancy rates, such as lactation number and calving to first service interval, had no effect on the statistical results of the study or its conclusions.^0
96327145^Rapid distinction between Leptonema and Leptospira by PCR amplification of 16S-23S ribosomal DNA spacer.^199608^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996 Aug 15;142(1):85-90^School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.^Woo TH, Smythe LD, Symonds ML, Norris MA, Dohnt MF, Patel BK^The PCR amplification of the genomic DNA of Leptonema illini strain 3055 using primers directed against conserved regions of the rRNA operon provided evidence that the 16S and 23S rRNA genes were linked via an intergenic spacer region. The sequencing of the intergenic spacer region indicated that it was 435 nucleotides in length and sequence similarity searches revealed that it bore no homology to any known sequences including tRNA available in databases. Further investigations using Southern blot hybridization revealed that there were two copies of these linked genes in the genome. However, similar PCR studies on a representative strain from each of the 23 serogroups of Leptospira interrogans, which are pathogenic, and eight strains from the 6 serogroups of Leptospira biflexa, which are non-pathogenic, revealed that the 16S and 23S rRNA genes were not linked.^0
97039132^Vaccine-associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in the dog.^199675^J Vet Intern Med 1996 Sep-Oct;10(5):290-5^Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6010, USA.^Duval D, Giger U^Vaccination has been incriminated as a trigger of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in dogs and in people, but evidence to support this association is lacking. In a controlled retrospective study, idiopathic IMHA was identified in 58 dogs over a 27-month period. When compared with a randomly selected control group of 70 dogs (presented for reasons other than IMHA) over the same period, the distribution of cases versus time since vaccination was different (P < .05). Fifteen of the dogs (26%) had been vaccinated within 1 month (mean, 13 days; median, 14 days; range, 1 to 27 days) of developing IMHA (P < .0001), whereas in the control group no marked increase in frequency of presentation was seen in the first month after vaccination. The dogs with IMHA were divided into 2 groups based on time since vaccination: the vaccine IMHA group included dogs vaccinated within 1 month of developing IMHA; the nonvaccine IMHA group included dogs that developed IMHA more than 1 month after vaccination. The recently vaccinated dogs with IMHA (vaccine IMHA group) had significantly lower platelet counts (P < .05) and a trend towards increased prevalence of intravascular hemolysis and autoagglutination when compared with the nonvaccine IMHA group. Similar mortality rates were seen in teh vaccine IMHA group (60%) and the nonvaccine IMHA group (44%), with the majority of fatalities (> 75%) occurring in the first 3 weeks after presentation. Persistent autoagglutination was a negative prognostic indicator for survival in both groups (P < .05). Presence of icterus and hyperbilirubinemia were negative prognostic indicators for survival in the nonvaccine IMHA group (P < .0001 and P < .01, respectively) but not in the vaccine IMHA group. In the recently vaccinated dogs, combination vaccines from various manufacturers against canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, leptospirosis, parainfluenza, and parvovirus (DHLPP) were involved in each case. Vaccines against rabies virus, Bordetella spp, coronavirus, and Lyme Borrelia were administrated concomitantly to some dogs. This study provides the first clinical evidence for a temporal relationship of vaccine-associated IMHA in the dog.^0
97040290^Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the EDTA extract of Leptospira interrogans, serovar icterohaemorrhagiae.^199675^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1996 Sep-Oct;29(5):483-9^Departmento de Microbiologia e Morfologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte.^Leite LT, Resende M, de Souza W, Camargos ER, Koury MC^Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) were produced against an ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) extract of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae being characterized by gel precipitation as IgM and IgG (IgG1 and IgG2b). The EDTA extract was detected as several bands by silver staining in SDS-PAGE. In the Western blot the bands around 20 KDa reacted with a monoclonal antibody, 47B4D6, and was oxidized by periodate and was not digested by pronase, suggesting that the determinant is of carbohydrate nature. Immunocytochemistry, using colloidal gold labeling, showed that an EDTA extract determinant recognized by monoclonal antibody 47B4D6, is localized under the outer envelope of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. The MAB raised against the EDTA extract was not able to protect hamsters from lethal challenge with virulent homologous leptospires.^0
97040296^Experimental leptospirosis (L interrogans serovar copenhageni) of the guinea pig.studies on the pathogenesis and immunohistochemistry of hepatic lesions.^199675^Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1996 Sep-Oct;29(5):511-2^^de Silva JJ^^0
97053879^Detection of leptospiral plasmid and comparison of plasmid profiles between virulent and avirulent leptospires.^199609^J Vet Med Sci 1996 Sep;58(9):915-7^Department of epizootiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan.^Kikuchi N, Hiramune T, Takahashi T, Yanagawa R^Detection of plasmid from leptospires and a comparison of the plasmid profiles between virulent and avirulent strains were performed to investigate whether leptospires contained plasmid(s) associated with virulence. Virulent strains of Leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni, lai, canicola and pomona, which were virulent for the guinea pig and/or hamster and which showed chemotaxis toward hemoglobin, contained approximately 370 kilobases (kb) plasmid. Avirulent strains of L. interrogans also contained identical plasmid. Similar plasmid profiles in virulent and avirulent strains of L. interrogans were observed. These data showed that no plasmids associated with virulence or chemotaxis were detected. Strains of saprophytic leptospires, L. biflexa and Leptonema illini, did not possess any plasmid.^0
97128425^An investigation of leptospirosis in a laboratory animal house.^199609^J Commun Dis 1996 Sep;28(3):153-7^TN Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Madras, Tamilnadu.^Natrajaseenivasan K, Ratnam S^A study was undertaken to investigate the possible involvement of leptospires in causing infection and persistent deaths among albino mice and wistar rats of a laboratory animal house. The serological study revealed that 79.2% of mice, 90% of wistar rats, 71.4% of guinea pigs and 81.8% of rabbits had leptospiral antibodies to one or more of serogroups. Autumnalis predominated in guinea pigs and mice, while Javanica predominated in wistar rats. Rabbits exhibited equal seroprevalence of Autumnalis and Javanica. The animal house workers had 91.0% sero positivity, predominantly Autumnalis while control human group had only 20%. All isolations made from a mice (M2) and six wistar rats (W1, W4, W8 W9, W12 & W13) were serovar javanica and incidentally the isolate from a trapped house rat (R1) also belonged to the same serovar javanica. The house rat was perhaps the source of virulent leptospires for causing infection and mortality among laboratory animals like mice and wistar rats.^0
97105284^An atypical case of atypical pneumonia.^199609^Br J Clin Pract 1996 Sep;50(6):346-8^Department of Medicine, Leicester General Hospital.^Lawrence IG, Dalby RJ, Lad NR, Shepherd RJ^A 23-year-old man, previously fit and well, presented with an atypical pneumonia, associated with microangiopathic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, rhabdomyolysis and renal impairment. Despite administration of intravenous fluids and antibiotics, his condition rapidly deteriorated, and the possibility of an aggressive connective tissue disorder was raised. Thus he was treated with high-dose oral steroids and plasma exchange until autoantibodies were shown to be negative. At this stage it transpired that the patient had swallowed water from a stream three weeks earlier, and leptospira antibody titres were subsequently found to be elevated. Antibiotics were continued, and after a protracted course he made a full recovery. Leptospirosis should be remembered as a rare cause of atypical pneumonia, particularly if there is associated hepatic or renal impairment.^0
97007425^[Rhabdomyolysis and kidney insufficiency in van Weil syndrome]^199609^Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1996 Sep 7;140(36):1820-2^Sint Elisabethziekenhuis, Afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Tilburg.^van de Wouw AJ, Buiting AG, van Boven WP, van der Heul C^In two men, aged 20 and 23 years, who suffered from fever, jaundice, severe muscle pain and decreased renal function, Weil's syndrome was diagnosed, accompanied by severe rhabdomyolysis. Haemodialysis was needed temporarily in one patient. Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by spirochaetes. It is a rare disorder in the Netherlands. In 5-10% of the patients so-called icteric leptospirosis is seen: Weil's syndrome. The diagnosis of Weil's syndrome is supported by the presence of high fever, intense muscle aching and jaundice. Renal involvement is frequent and haemodialysis is sometimes required. The pathogenesis of the tubular necrosis is unclear. Adequate therapy can prevent irreversible renal damage.^0
97048660^Effect of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection on milk yield in endemically infected dairy herds.^199609^Vet Rec 1996 Sep 28;139(13):319-20^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral.^Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Dobson H, Montgomery J, Ellis WA^^0
96434723^Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa infection in dogs.^199610^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996 Oct 1;209(7):1265-7^Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.^Brown CA, Roberts AW, Miller MA, Davis DA, Brown SA, Bolin CA, Jarecki-Black J, Greene CE, Miller-Liebl D^Leptospirosis attributed to infection with serovar grippotyphosa was diagnosed in 11 dogs. In naturally and experimentally infected dogs, a stereotypic serologic response to infection with Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa was detected. Although the highest serum antibody titers developed against serovar grippotyphosa, most dogs also had lower titers against serovars bratislava and pomona. Acute renal failure was evident in 10 dogs. One dog died prior to initiation of treatment; the remaining 10 dogs were treated with antibiotics and fluids. Two dogs were euthanatized, 2 dogs recovered without clinical or biochemical evidence of residual renal dysfunction, and 6 dogs recovered but had varying degrees of renal insufficiency. Hepatic involvement appeared to be a minor component of the disease in these dogs. Our results indicate that Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa infection is an important problem in dogs and should be considered when evaluating a dog with renal failure.^0
97061285^Use of enzyme-labelled protein G assay for the detection of anti Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in wild animal sera.^199610^Eur J Epidemiol 1996 Oct;12(5):515-9^Unite d' Ecologie des Systemes Vectoriels, Institut Pasteur, Paris; France.^Deruaz D, Eid P, Deruaz J, Sempere A, Bourgouin C, Rodhain F, Perez-Eid C^A modified ELISA was developed for the detection of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) IgG antibodies in wild animal sera based on an Enzyme- Labelled-protein G Assay (ELGA). Microplates were coated with an extract of Bb sensu stricto strain (SVI) as antigen. Specific antibodies of the serum samples were detected by a peroxidase-labelled- protein G. Using comparative immunodiagnosis by means of a passive hemagglutination test (HA), ELGA was tested on 82 roe-deer blood samples. A correlation was found between the two methods (r = 0.66). Good reproducibility of titers was observed by ELGA technique. A minimal cross-reactivity was discovered with Leptospira. ELGA could facilitate the recognition of specific antibodies in collections of wild animal sera.^0
97139361^[Spontaneous mixed infection in rodents with Borrelia and Leptospira]^199675^Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1996 Oct-Dec;(4):53^^Gorelova NB, Bellenger E, Postic D, Kovalevskii IuV^This study was performed in a natural ITBB focus located in Perm' region of Russia. In 1993-1995, 73 root voles (Microtus oeconomus), collected in the forests, were examined by means of inoculation of internal organs on BSK-II medium. Borrelia were found in 13 animals (17.8%). According to the results in RLFP analysis 11 isolates were classified as B. garinii, 1 as B. afzelii and 1 as mixture of B. garinii and B. afzelii. In one case Leptospira, which was identified by PFGE analysis as grippotyphosa serovar, was found simultaneously with B. garinii in the BSK-II culture from urinary bladder. Our data testify to the fact of existence of mixed foci of leptospirosis and borreliosis. Moreover, one animal may serve as a reservoir host simultaneously of two different spirochetal agents.^0
98023988^Leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded along the central California coast, 1981-1994 [In Process Citation]^199610^J Wildl Dis 1996 Oct;32(4):572-80^Marine Mammal Center, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Sausalito, California 94965, USA.^Gulland FM, Koski M, Lowenstine LJ, Colagross A, Morgan L, Spraker T^Prevalence of leptospirosis was determined in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded live along the central California (USA) coast between January 1981 and December 1994. Clinical signs of renal disease were seen in 764 (33%) of 2338 animals examined; 545 (71%) of these 764 animals died, with similar gross lesions of nephritis. In silver impregnation stains of sections of formalin-fixed kidney, numerous loosely coiled spiral organisms were observed. Leptospira pomona kenniwicki was cultured from four kidney samples in 1991. Epizootics of leptospirosis occurred in 1984, 1988, 1991, and 1994, and were more common in the autumn, typically affecting juvenile males. In 1991 and 1994, 47 animals sampled had antibody titers to L. pomona greater than 1:3200. In 1992, 20 animals sampled were seronegative, and in 1993 three of 20 animals sampled had low titers to L. pomona.^0
97055509^Infectious causes of acute pancreatitis.^199611^Pancreas 1996 Nov;13(4):356-71^Division of Infectious Diseases, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.^Parenti DM, Steinberg W, Kang P^A wide variety of infectious agents has been associated with acute pancreatitis. Strict diagnostic criteria were developed to assess with relationship between individual microorganisms and acute pancreatitis. Pathologic or radiologic evidence of pancreatitis associated with well- documented infection was noted with viruses (mumps, coxsackie, hepatitis B, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus), bacteria (Mycoplasma, Legionella, Leptospira, Salmonella), fungi (Aspergillus), and parasites (Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Ascaris). Clues to the infectious nature of pancreatitis lay in the characteristic signs and symptoms associated with the particular infectious agent. How often these agents are responsible for idiopathic pancreatitis is unclear.^0
97062988^Canine leptospirosis in New Jersey and Michigan: 17 cases (1990-1995).^199675^J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1996 Nov-Dec;32(6):495-501^Oradell Animal Hospital, New Jersey 07649, USA.^Harkin KR, Gartrell CL^The clinical, laboratory, and serological findings in 17 dogs with disease resulting from leptospiral infection were evaluated retrospectively. Acute renal failure was the most common syndrome, but cholestatic hepatic disease also was common. The most prevalent serovars identified were pomona, grippotyphosa, and autumnalis. Paired serology was available on 10 dogs. Aggressive fluid therapy in combination with ampicillin or amoxicillin resulted in a good survival rate. Canine leptospirosis may be more common than suspected, and paired serology often is necessary to confirm a diagnosis.^0
97081581^Association of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha with severity of disease and mortality among patients with leptospirosis.^199611^Clin Infect Dis 1996 Nov;23(5):1177-8^Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Tajiki H, Salomao R^^0
97215690^Cardiovascular involvement in leptospirosis.^199675^Indian Heart J 1996 Nov-Dec;48(6):691-4^Department of Medicine, Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala.^Rajiv C, Manjuran RJ, Sudhayakumar N, Haneef M^Cardiovascular involvement was studied in 50 patients with serologically proved leptospirosis. Twelve (24%) patients had dyspnoea and 18 (36%) had transient hypotension during the illness. None of them had cardiac enlargement, development of new murmur or pericardial rub. Various electrocardiographic abnormalities occurred in 70 percent of patients. Atrial fibrillation was the most common major arrhythmia (14%). Conduction system abnormalities were seen in 36 percent of patients. T-wave changes were observed in 30 percent of patients. Left ventricular function as assessed by echocardiography and Doppler examination was normal. Three (6%) patients died due to renal failure. In conclusion, even though ECG abnormalities were frequently seen in leptospirosis, there was no data to support associated left ventricular dysfunction. Dyspnoea and hypotension occurring in patients of leptospirosis must be due to a noncardiac mechanism.^0
97155391^[Weil's disease and necrotizing herpes pneumonia as the cause of death of a 39-year-old sewage drain worker]^199611^Pathologe 1996 Nov;17(6):471-6^Abteilung Allgemeine Pathologie, Universitat, Freiburg i. Br.^Bek M, Koppl H, Schwarzkopf G, Freudenberg N^Acute leptospirosis in Europe (Weil's disease) is a rare and in more than 90% of the cases undiagnosed febrile, self-limited disease. We report the case of a 39-year-old sewerage worker, who was admitted to our hospital with fever, jaundice, pain in his calves and acute renal failure. Serology revealed elevated antibody titers against Leptospira canicola, L. icterhaemorrhagica and L. sejroe. The patient developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with diffuse gastrointestinal bleeding due to thrombocytopenia. The ECG showed atrial fibrillation with irregularly irregular rhythm. Cardiac arrest developed, most likely due to hypoxia, with a drop in the blood pressure. Despite immediate resuscitation efforts the patient developed severe hypoxic brain damage and died a few days later. Autopsy disclosed histologic signs of a generalized leptospiral infection, signs of shock and within the lungs a necrotizing herpes simplex virus pneumonia causing the death of the patient. The virus pneumonia most probably was caused by retrograde canalicular dissemination of oral secretions since herpetic tracheitis and esophagitis were found and herpetic lesions were readily identified on the lips and tongue. A medical opinion asked for by the professional association having liability for occupational safety and insurance was given, the disease being recognized as an occupational disease.^0
97211571^[Immunological monitoring and the epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in Saint Petersburg]^199675^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1996 Nov-Dec;(6):120-2^^Stoianova NA, Sergeiko LM, Sleptsova VI^^0
97037752^Sporadic urban leptospirosis.^199611^Ann Intern Med 1996 Nov 15;125(10):794-8^Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.^Vinetz JM, Glass GE, Flexner CE, Mueller P, Kaslow DC^BACKGROUND: Surprisingly, many inner-city residents have antibodies to Leptospira interrogans. The manner in which these persons acquire this organism in the absence of recognized occupational, recreational, or epidemic risk factors is not known. OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of patients with leptospirosis who acquired L. interrogans in inner-city Baltimore, Maryland. DESIGN: Epidemiologic investigation. SETTING: Inner-city university hospital. PATIENTS: Three inner-city residents who developed leptospirosis. MEASUREMENTS: Trapping rats in alleys where the patients may have acquired L. interrogans; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of patients serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens and rat tissues to determine the presence of leptospiral DNA; and serologic testing of serum from patients and rats by microagglutination assay to confirm L. interrogans infection. RESULTS: Three patients developed leptospirosis after probable percutaneous exposure to rat (Rattus norvegicus) urine in Baltimore alleys. A PCR assay detected L. interrogans DNA in samples of body fluid obtained from the first two patients at presentation (one in cerebrospinal fluid, the other in serum). Results of PCR done on serum drawn from the third patient after antibiotic therapy began were negative. A microagglutination test showed that all patients had high levels of antibodies to the L. interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae. In 19 of 21 rats that were trapped in the alleys where the patients had sustained lacerations before illness developed, kidney or brain tissues were positive by PCR for the presence of L. interrogans. CONCLUSIONS: A population was discovered to be at risk for acquiring L. interrogans: urban residents who are sporadically exposed to rat urine in the inner city. Inner-city rats often carry L. interrogans. Polymerase chain reaction can quickly establish the diagnosis of leptospirosis and is useful for epidemiologic study. An endemic substrate for the transmission of the organism is present in inner-city Baltimore. Leptospirosis may become increasingly recognized in deteriorating inner cities in which rat populations are expanding.^0
97150663^[Myopericarditis and auricular fibrillation disclosing septicemic leptospirosis (letter; comment)]^199611^Presse Med 1996 Nov 23;25(36):1805^^Lucht F, Lafond P, Bertrand JC^^0
97171463^Free-living spirochetes from Cape Cod microbial mats detected by electron microscopy.^199612^Microbiologia 1996 Dec;12(4):571-84^Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003-5018, USA.^Teal TH, Chapman M, Guillemette T, Margulis L^Spirochetes from microbial mats and anaerobic mud samples collected in salt marshes were studied by light microscopy, whole mount and thin section transmission electron microscopy. Enriched in cellobiose- rifampin medium, selective for Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis, seven distinguishable spirochete morphotypes were observed. Their diameters ranged from 0.17 micron to > 0.45 micron. Six of these morphotypes came from southwest Cape Cod, Massachusetts: five from Microcoleus-dominated mat samples collected at Sippewissett salt marsh and one from anoxic mud collected at School Street salt marsh (on the east side of Eel Pond). The seventh morphotype was enriched from anoxic mud sampled from the north central Cape Cod, at the Sandy Neck salt marsh. Five of these morphotypes are similar or identical to previously described spirochetes (Leptospira, Spirochaeta halophila, Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis, Spirosymplokos deltaeiberi and Treponema), whereas the other two have unique features that suggest they have not been previously described. One of the morphotypes resembles Spirosymplokos deltaeiberi (the largest free-living spirochete described), in its large variable diameter (0.4-3.0 microns), cytoplasmic granules, and spherical (round) bodies with composite structure. This resemblance permits its tentative identification as a Sippewissett strain of Spirosymplokos deltaeiberi. Microbial mats samples collected in sterile Petri dishes and stored dry for more than four years yielded many organisms upon rewetting, including small unidentified spirochetes in at least 4 out of 100 enrichments.^0
97174690^[Leptospira antibodies in small mammals in Eastern Slovakia]^199612^Vet Med (Praha) 1996 Dec;41(12):373-7^Institute of Zoology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic. stankom@saske.sk^Stanko M, Prokopcakova H, Fricova J, Pet'ko B^During the five years (1991-1995) mostly free living small mammals were examined serologically for the presence of antibodies to leptospira. Serological examinations were used by Kmety and Bakoss (1978). Altogether, 2493 individuals of 22 species were examined, an important part of host material (69.6%) was caught in two lowland areas which are intensively cultivated landscapes (East Slovakian Lowland and Kosicka kotlina basin). The remaining material comes from submontane areas with less agricultural activities. Apodemus flavicollis, A. agrarius, Clethrionomys glareolus were the most frequently examined species. Antibodies to leptospira were demonstrated in 123 mammals (i. e. in 5.0% of hosts) of eleven species. The highest percentage of positive hosts were recorded in 1993 (8.8%) and the lowest (2.6%) in 1995, but the examined samples were different in size and structure of host species. In six most dominant species higher values of antibodies to leptospira were detected in Microtus arvalis (9.2%), followed by Apodemus flavicollis (5.6%), A. agrarius (5.4%) and A. microps (4.9%). The lowest values were found in Clethrionomys glareolus (2.5%) and Sorex araneus (2.3%). In examined hosts we found antibodies to six serovars of leptospira. The most frequently observed antibodies were to leptospira of the serovar L. grippotyphosa (63.2%) and leptospira of the serovar L. sejroe (26.4%). We recorded nonsignificant differences between the values of prevalence to antibodies in small mammal communities from lowland and submontane areas, resp. Our results confirmed differences in the leptospira serovar structure in small mammals of Bohemia and Slovakia, they were connected with different historical development of both areas. Comparing our results with previous examinations (about 20 years ago) in small mammals from eastern Slovakia, a decline of positivity and lower number of leptospira serovars were recorded.^0
97123639^LEPTO dipstick, a dipstick assay for detection of Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in human sera.^199701^J Clin Microbiol 1997 Jan;35(1):92-7^Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.^Gussenhoven GC, van der Hoorn MA, Goris MG, Terpstra WJ, Hartskeerl RA, Mol BW, van Ingen CW, Smits HL^We studied a dipstick assay for the detection of Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in human serum samples. A high degree of concordance was observed between the results of the dipstick assay and an IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Application of the dipstick assay for the detection of acute leptospirosis enabled the accurate identification, early in the disease, of a high proportion of the cases of leptospirosis. Analysis of a second serum sample is recommended, in order to determine seroconversion or increased staining intensity. All serum samples from the patients who were confirmed to be positive for leptospirosis by either a positive microscopic agglutination test or a positive culture but were found to be negative by the dipstick assay were also judged to be negative by the IgM ELISA or revealed borderline titers by the IgM ELISA. Some cross-reactivity was observed for sera from patients with diseases other than leptospirosis, and this should be taken into account in the interpretation of test results. The dipstick assay is easy to perform, can be performed quickly, and requires no electricity or special equipment, and the assay components, a dipstick and a staining reagent, can be stored for a prolonged period without a loss of reactivity, even at elevated temperatures.^0
97123670^Rapid identification of pathogenic Leptospira species (Leptospira interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, and L. kirschneri) with species- specific DNA probes produced by arbitrarily primed PCR.^199701^J Clin Microbiol 1997 Jan;35(1):248-53^Laboratoire des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Noumea, Nouvelle- Caledonie, France.^Letocart M, Baranton G, Perolat P^Arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) assays can be used to discriminate between species of Leptospira. Comparative analysis of the fingerprints obtained from representative sets of serovar reference strains of Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto, L. borgpetersenii, and L. kirschneri and the reference strains of the other Leptospira spp. revealed species-specific DNA fragments. These species-specific sequences were reamplified in order to produce digoxigenin-11-dUTP- labeled genomic DNA probes that could be used to identify Leptospira species. Three probes (specific for L. interrogans sensu stricto, L. borgpetersenii, and L. kirschneri) were selected and tested with 72 representative serovar reference strains, all of which had previously been studied by DNA-DNA hybridization. The two techniques were in general agreement, and hybridization with AP-PCR-derived probes was shown to be a useful approach for rapid species determination of leptospires, without the prior need for DNA sequence information. These nonradioactive probes can be used to identify Leptospira species in nonspecialized laboratories, and this should contribute to a better knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of leptospirosis.^0
97161585^A polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Leptospira spp. in bovine semen.^199701^Can J Vet Res 1997 Jan;61(1):15-20^Animal Diseases Research Institute, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta.^Masri SA, Nguyen PT, Gale SP, Howard CJ, Jung SC^A rapid and specific method for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in bovine semen using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described. The primers used were derived from an EcoR1/BamH1 fragment that hybridized strongly to chromosomal DNA from the hardjobovis serovar. Three different extraction methods were evaluated in this study: phenol-chloroform extraction method, proteinase K (PK) in 1% SDS, followed by phenol-chloroform, and phenol-chloroform followed by 1% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). A PCR product of approximately 500 base pairs (bp) in length was obtained when DNA from pure Leptospira culture was used as a template for PCR, regardless of the DNA extraction method used. The product was consistent with that predicted from the gene sequence. However, in semen seeded in vitro, as well as in semen from infected bulls, a PCR product was obtained only when the leptospiral DNA was extracted from the specimen using the CTAB method. In contrast, other methods used for DNA extraction did not generate suitable templates for the PCR procedure. This is the first PCR protocol developed to detect Leptospira in bovine semen. The PCR protocol provided a direct and unequivocal demonstration that Leptospira can be detected in semen of infected animals. The CTAB method was also used successfully in detecting Leptospira in the urine of infected animals. The PCR procedure was shown to be more sensitive than either the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) or culture for detecting the organism in urine.^0
97171238^Superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation in the liver of guinea pig infected with Leptospira interrogans.^199701^Free Radic Res 1997 Jan;26(1):1-6^Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Kwangju, Korea.^Kim YG, Jeon DY, Yang MK^Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the degree of lipid peroxidation were studied over a two week period in guinea pigs infected with Leptospira interrogans derived from wild mice. The total SOD activity in infected host liver increased by four-fold two days after infection; this was followed by a 20% decrease resulting in levels comparable to normal, uninfected liver. During the period of decreasing SOD activity after day two, the levels of TBA-reactive material (TBARS) are increased by three-fold in infected guinea pig, liver, compared to uninfected liver. The results indicate that SOD attenuates intracellular superoxide-mediated toxic effects in guinea pigs infected with L. interrogans. In addition, electron microscopy structure demonstrates correlated pathogenic shrinkage of mitochondrial and Kupffer cell structures.^0
97179404^Serological survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.^199701^J Wildl Dis 1997 Jan;33(1):47-56^Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.^Gese EM, Schultz RD, Johnson MR, Williams ES, Crabtree RL, Ruff RL^From October 1989 to June 1993, we captured and sampled 110 coyotes (Canis latrans) for various diseases in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA). Prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) was 100% for adults (> 24 months old), 100% for yearlings (12 to 24 months old), and 100% for old pups (4 to 12 months old); 0% of the young pups (< 3 months old) had antibodies against CPV. Presence of antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) was associated with the age of the coyote, with 88%, 54%, 23%, and 0% prevalence among adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. Prevalence of CDV antibodies declined over time from 100% in 1989 to 33% in 1992. The prevalence of canine infectious hepatitis (ICH) virus antibodies was 97%, 82%, 54%, and 33%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. The percentage of coyotes with ICH virus antibodies also declined over time from a high of 100% in 1989 to 31% in 1992, and 42% in 1993. Prevalence of antibodies against Yersinia pestis was 86%, 33%, 80%, and 7%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively, and changed over time from 57% in 1991 to 0% in 1993. The prevalence of antibodies against Francisella tularensis was 21%, 17%, 10%, and 20%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. No coyotes had serologic evidence of exposure to brucellosis, either Brucella abortus or Brucella canis. No coyotes were seropositive to Leptospira interrogans (serovars canicola, hardjo, and icterohemorrhagiae). Prevalence of antibodies against L. interrogans serovar pomona was 7%, 0%, 0%, and 9%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. Antibodies against L. interrogans serovar grippotyphosa were present in 17% of adults and 0% of yearlings, old pups, and young pups. Many infectious canine pathogens (CPV, CDV, ICH virus) are prevalent in coyotes in Yellowstone National Park, with CPV influencing coyote pup survival during the first 3 months of life; eight of 21 transmitted pups died of CPV infection in 1992. The potential impact of these canine pathogens on wolves (C. lupus) reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park remains to be documented.^0
97189436^Serological survey of leptospiral infections in sheep, goats and dogs in Cordillera province, Bolivta.^199701^New Microbiol 1997 Jan;20(1):77-81^Department of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology, Istituto Superiore di Santia, Rome, Italy^Ciceroni L, Bartoloni A, Pinto A, Guglielmetti P, Valdez Vasquez C, Gamboa Barahona H, Roselli M, Giannico F, Paradisi F^A serological survey for antibodies to Leptospira spp. was conducted on sheep, goat and dog serum samples collected in three localities in Cordillera province in the southern part of the Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) in 1992. A total of 98 sheep, 218 goats and 43 dogs were tested against 29 leptospiral serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. At the time of blood collection all of the examined animals appeared healthy and presented no clinical sign suggestive of leptospirosis. Antibody prevalences, as determined by positive results at a 1:100 dilution or higher, was 14.3% in sheep, 19.7% in goats, and 14.0% in dogs. Agglutinins against six serovars (poi. shermani, pomona, canicola, javanica, djasiman) were found in positive animals. The highest serological prevalence in sheep and goats was recorded for serovar poi, followed by pomona in sheep and shermani in goats. Titres to shermani were the commonest in dogs. The results of this survey indicate that leptospiral infection is common in south-east Bolivia and that serovars of several serogroups concur in the etiology.^0
97216907^[Relationship between cytochemical activity of leukocytes and autorosette formation phenomenon and its clinical significance in patients with leptospirosis]^199701^Klin Lab Diagn 1997 Jan;(1):13-4^^Subich MG, Avdeeva MG, Moisova DL^The content of autorosettes in the peripheral blood forming from red cells round neutrophils and monocytes was found increased during the acute period of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. Autorosette-forming cells are characterized by a high activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases and low NBT-test values. The content of autorosettes directly correlates with the disease severity, bilirubin level, and presence of anemia. Assessment of autorosette-forming cells in patients with leptospirosis may be used as an additional test for evaluating the severity of intoxication, disease course, and for predicting the complications and disease outcome.^0
97177819^[Significance of causes of infectious abortion in sheep flocks in northern Baden-Wurttemberg with special reference to Chlamydia psittaci]^199701^Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1997 Jan;110(1):5-11^Staatliches Tierarztliches Untersuchungsamt Stuttgart.^Sting R, Nagel C, Steng G^Investigations on the reasons of infectious abortion cases in sheep flocks in northern parts of Baden-Wuerttemberg eludicate the wide- spreading of Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) and its significance as the most frequent cause of abortions in sheep. Another important pathogen agent causing abortions is Salmonella abortus ovis (S. abortus ovis) which could be demonstrated by using a serological ELISA test. A less important role than C. psittaci and S. abortus ovis plays Coxiella burnetii in abortion of sheep. A high prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and border disease infections in sheep flocks could be revealed by serological studies, too. Statistical evaluations of the obtained results demonstrate a significantly increased number of positively reacting female sheep in flocks suffering from abortions in comparison to those deriving from flocks devoid of abortion cases. Serological studies on leptospirosis and brucellosis exclude a participation of these pathogen agents in abortion cases in the investigated flocks at present. The significance of zoonosis originated from sheep is emphasized.^0
97269809^Detection of an antigenic protein of Leptospira interrogans which shares epitopes with the equine cornea and lens.^199701^Vet J 1997 Jan;153(1):75-9^Department of Animal Health, Immunochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of the Centre, Tandil, Argentina.^Parma AE, Sanz ME, Lucchesi PM, Mazzonelli J, Petruccelli MA^A protein epitope which is involved in an antigenic relationship between equine ocular tissues and Leptospira interrogans was detected in homogenates of the bacterium. The antigenic determinant was harboured on a peptide structure which was shown to be sensitive to the action of denaturing and reducing agents by means of Western blotting. The outer surface of the leptospires appeared to be free of this epitope as was proved by dot-blot and electron microscopic studies.^0
97271526^Risk factors for severe leptospirosis in the parish of St. Andrew, Barbados [letter]^199775^Emerg Infect Dis 1997 Jan-Mar;3(1):78-80^^Douglin CP, Jordan C, Rock R, Hurley A, Levett PN^^0
97276487^Role of platelet-activating-factor (PAF) on cellular responses after stimulation with leptospire lipopolysaccharide.^199701^Microbiol Immunol 1997;41(3):271-5^Department of Preventive Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan.^Isogai E, Hirose K, Kimura K, Hayashi S, Kubota T, Fujii N, Isogai H^Leptospire lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated the adherence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Enhanced PMN adherence in response to leptospire LPS can be mediated by platelet-activator-factor (PAF), because a PAF antagonist reduced adherence. Leptospire LPS also induced the adherence platelets or U937. The second experiment involved leptospire LPS elicited platelet aggregation in a PMN-platelet mixture, because leptospire LPS stimulated human PMN but not the human platelets. The platelet response was observed only in the mixture system and was inhibited by a PAF antagonist. PAF could be an important pathogenic factor in human leptospirosis.^0
97295160^[Community-acquired pneumonia--current status of pathogen diagnosis]^199701^Acta Med Austriaca 1997;24(1):8-9^Institut fur Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, A.o. Krankenhauses der Elisabethinen, Linz.^Mittermayer H^Procedures for the microbiological diagnosis of acute community- acquired pneumonia are based on the expected pathogens. Although a great variety of microorganisms are able to cause community-acquired pneumonia only a few pathogens play an important role in daily practice. The most important investigations are blood cultures and sputum cultures to detect bacteria like pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus as well as antibody tests for Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia. According to anamnesis and clinic presentation tests such as for Legionella or viruses have to be added. Sometimes also rare pathogens have to be considered such as Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira, Hantaviruses, cryptococci or Chlamydia psittaci. The standard procedure for diagnosis of tuberculosis is the microscopical examination and the standardized culture in liquid and on solid media. Amplification methods such as PCR are also useful for a rapid diagnosis. However, the application of amplification procedures alone without culture is not recommended.^0
97301422^[The importance of myoglobin in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis]^199701^Ter Arkh 1997;69(4):69-72^^Mel'nik GV, Avdeeva MG, Piskunov OV^Measurements were made of serum and urine myoglobin in 48 patients with leptospiral jaundice (LJ) and 56 patients with various acute infections. At the height of LJ blood myoglobin level reached 28.96 +/- 4.3 micrograms/l (normal concentration 0.315 +/- 0.002 microgram/l). Compared to acute pneumonia, acute viral hepatitis, tonsillitis, erysipelas, diphtheria, health values, the ratio of serum myoglobin to urine myoglobin in leptospirosis made up 45.25 against 5.4, 4.8, 6.8, 3.7, 1.8 and 1.3, respectively. A relationship was found between concentrations of myoglobin, bilirubin, creatinine in the blood and leptospirosis severity. Elevation of serum myoglobin as a manifestation of specific myositis is pathognomic for leptospirosis and contributes to the onset of acute renal failure and disturbance of bilirubin metabolism. Quantitation of blood myoglobin may be helpful as an additional test for leptospirosis severity.^0
97424079^[Spirochetosis]^199701^Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1997;(17 Pt 2):668-71^Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University.^Sakumoto M, Sakuma S, Kumazawa I^^0
97436969^Quantification of bovine albumin fraction V in cellular antigens of antileptospirosical Cuban vaccine vaxSpiral.^199775^Arch Med Res 1997 Autumn;28(3):373-6^Finlay Institute, La Habana, Cuba.^Valdes Gonzalez T, Gonzalez Perez M, Gonzalez Gonzalez M, Cabrera Arias RA, Munoz Carnago E, Lastre Gonzalez M, Sierra Gonzalez G^A solid phase immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for quantification of bovine albumin fraction V (Bov.Alb.FV) in antileptospirosical Cuban vaccine vaxSpiral is described in the present work. Anti-Bov.Alb.FV IgG raised against rabbit purified by affinity chromatography was used as first antibody. Anti-rabbit IgG labeled by Chloromine-T reaction was used as a tracer and the method has demonstrated to be sensitive with high intra- and inter-assay reproducibility. Eight lots of vaccinal antigens were evaluated and in all of the cases, the bovine albumin fraction V concentration was lower than 1 microgram/mL, as the World Health Organization (WHO) establishes. This IRMA is a simple and sensitive assay and could be used as control method for all human vaccines that use Bov.Alb.FV in their production process, even cellular vaccines.^0
97412486^[Frequency and cost of health problems in Swiss dairy cows and their calves (1993-1994)]^199701^Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1997;139(8):343-53^Institut fur Viruskrankbeiten und Immunoprophylaxe, Mittelhausern.^Stark KD, Frei-Staheli C, Frei PP, Pfeiffer DU, Danuser J, Audige L, Nicolet J, Strasser M, Gottstein B, Kihm U^Between July 1993 and July 1994 morbidity and management information related to dairy cows and their calves up to the age of 8 weeks were recorded in 113 randomly selected dairy herds. Also recorded were any costs incurred through disease and prevention. Blood and faeces were analysed with respect to selected pathogens. The health problems most frequently diagnosed in cows were reproductive and udder diseases. Calves suffered most often from diarrhea, omphalitis and pneumonia. The directly disease-related costs per cow-year on average amounted to CHF 139.44 and CHF 4.18 per calf. For prevention, farmers spent on average CHF 10.18 per cow-year. Results from the laboratory analyses indicate that in 68.1% of the farms antibodies against Leptospira hardjo and in 61.9% against Coxiella burnetii were detected. In 8.0% of the farms antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were found. Antibodies against BVD virus was present in 99.4% of the farms. Cows from 63.7% farms were infected with gastrointestinal strongylids. Veterinary assistance was required on average 1.96 times per cow-year. In almost all reproductive and puerperal disease cases a veterinarian was consulted while lameness in the majority of cases was treated by the owner. The veterinary profession was hardly ever involved in disease prevention.^0
98017336^Usefulness of dark field microscopy after differential centrifugation in the early diagnosis of leptospirosis in dog and its human contacts.^199701^Indian J Med Sci 1997 Jan;51(1):1-4^Institute of Microbiology, Madurai Medical College.^Chandrasekaran S, Pankajalakshmi VV^1. We found leptospira in the blood of two out of three police dogs by dark field microscopic examination after high speed centrifugation. One dog had fever and the other was asymptomatic. Leptospira could not be seen in the urine of one police dog which died of jaundice. 11 out of 21 human contacts were found to be positive for leptospira after low speed centrifugation and 5 after high speed centrifugation. One child had jaundice and an another child had fever. Others had mild symptoms of headache to none. Dark field microscopy after differential centrifugation is useful in the early diagnosis of leptospirosis and thereby could prevent later complications like jaundice.^0
98002365^[Incidence of sporadic hepatitis E in Ivory Coast based on still problematic serology]^199701^Bull World Health Organ 1997;75(4):349-54^Institut Pasteur de Cote d'lvoire, Service des Hepatites virales et des Retrovirus, Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire.^Rioche M, Dubreuil P, Kouassi-Samgare A, Akran V, Nordmann P, Pillot J^The first well-documented outbreak of viral hepatitis E in Africa was described in 1986 in Cote d'lvoire. Subsequently, no other outbreaks have been observed in the country. Cote d'lvoire therefore offers an excellent opportunity to evaluate the prevalence of sporadic viral hepatitis E in a country where the frequency of non-A, non-B, non-C viral hepatitis appears to be high. The study was carried out in Abidjan, the most populous city, and involved 111 hospitalized patients suffering from non-A, non-B and presumed non-C acute viral hepatitis. Screening for leptospirosis or a toxic etiology was carried out and the risk of including such patients eliminated. Diagnosis of viral hepatitis A was excluded from the absence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies. Patients with HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies were not included in the study, although co-infection in asymptomatic HBV carriers or subsequent infection in patients who had recovered from a past HCV infection remained possible. There was a risk that some patients with late appearance of anti-HCV antibodies were included since PCR tests could not be performed. Cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus was not involved, since no specific IgMs against these viruses were detectable. Large discrepancies between the two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) available for serological diagnosis of hepatitis E (Abbott and Genelabs) were observed. Among the 53 sera screened using both tests, only 20 gave positive results in both, and all such sera were confirmed using a domestic immunological test involving inhibition of labelled, well-documented anti-HEV-specific human IgG. Immunological confirmation was obtained for only half of the sera with discordant results in the commercial ELISAs. Full agreement between both commercial tests was observed for only 59% of the sera studied. The minimal incidence of sporadic viral hepatitis E among hospitalized patients in Abidjan with an acute hepatitis was estimated to be 27%.^0
97158205^Effect of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection on progesterone concentrations in heifers.^199701^Vet Rec 1997 Jan 4;140(1):19-20^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral.^Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Dobson H, Ellis WA^^0
97234287^Review of leptospirosis notifications in Queensland 1985 to 1996.^199701^Commun Dis Intell 1997 Jan 23;21(2):17-20^World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Laptospirosis, Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland.^Smythe L, Dohnt M, Norris M, Symonds M, Scott J^To provide an overview of leptospirosis in Queensland, the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis undertook a study of notifications of the disease from 1985 to 1996. The review encompassed information drawn from notifications to Queensland Health and questionnaires sent to doctors. Notifications were highest between February and July and the highest population rates were identified in the Central West and Peninsula Health Regions. Ninety-one per cent of notifications were for males. At risk population groups included meat workers, those working with farm animals and banana workers. The study found the incidence of leptospirosis was higher in 1996 than in previous years. Improved diagnosis and surveillance will aid our understanding of the preventable risk factors for leptospirosis, especially in geographic areas not considered at high risk and in groups not in occupations traditionally linked to the disease.^0
97167231^Leptospirosis presenting as haemorrhagic fever in visitor to Africa [letter]^199701^Lancet 1997 Jan 25;349(9047):254-5^^Monsuez JJ, Kidouche R, Le Gueno B, Postic D^^0
97162349^Invasion of Vero cells and induction of apoptosis in macrophages by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans are correlated with virulence.^199702^Infect Immun 1997 Feb;65(2):729-38^Laboratoire des Leptospires, Institut Pasteur, Noumea, New Caledonia, France.^Merien F, Baranton G, Perolat P^Interactions of virulent Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae strain Verdun with Vero cells (African green monkey kidney fibroblasts) and a monocyte-macrophage-like cell line (J774A.1) were assayed by a double-fluorescence immunolabelling method. Infectivity profiles were investigated according to (i) the duration of contact between leptospires and eukaryotic cells and (ii) the number of in vitro passages after primary isolation from lethally infected guinea pigs. Comparative experiments were conducted with the corresponding high-passage avirulent variant and the saprophytic leptospire Leptospira biflexa Patoc I. In Vero cells, virulent leptospires were quickly internalized from 20 min postinfection, whereas avirulent and saprophytic strains remained extracellularly located. In addition, the virulent strain demonstrated an ability to actively invade the monocyte- macrophage-like J774A.1 cells during the early stages of contact and to induce programmed cell death, as shown by the detection of oligonucleosomes in a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay. In both cellular systems, subsequent in vitro subcultures demonstrated a progressive decrease of the invasiveness, pointing out the necessity of using primocultures of Leptospira for virulence studies. Invasiveness of virulent leptospires was significantly inhibited with monodansylcadaverine, indicating that internalization was dependent on receptor-mediated endocytosis. Invasion of epithelial cells and induction of apoptosis in macrophages may be related to the pathogenicity of Leptospira, and both could contribute to its ability to survive in the host and to escape from the immune response.^0
97175555^Identification and characterization of the dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis and transfer genes of the lipopolysaccharide-related rfb locus in Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni.^199702^J Bacteriol 1997 Feb;179(4):1262-7^Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.^Mitchison M, Bulach DM, Vinh T, Rajakumar K, Faine S, Adler B^Immunity to leptospirosis is principally humorally mediated and involves opsonization of leptospires for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils. The only protective antigen identified to date is the leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which biochemically resembles typical gram-negative LPS but has greatly reduced endotoxic activity. Little is known about the structure of leptospiral LPS. A 2.1-kb EcoRI fragment from the chromosome of serovar Copenhageni was cloned in pUC18 in Escherichia coli, after which flanking regions were cloned from a genomic library constructed in bacteriophage lambda GEM12. Sequence analysis identified four open reading frames which showed similarity to the rfbC, rfbD, rfbB, and rfbA genes, transcribed in that order, which encode the four enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose for the assembly of LPS in Salmonella enterica, E. coli, and Shigella flexneri. An additional open reading frame downstream of the rfbCDBA locus showed similarity with the rhamnosyltransferase genes of Shigella and Yersinia enterocolitica but not Salmonella. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequences showed up to 85% similarity of the leptospiral proteins with those of other gram-negative bacteria. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of recombinant clones identified the putative RfbCDBA proteins, while reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR analysis indicated that the rfbCDBA gene cluster was expressed in Leptospira. Moreover, it could restore normal LPS phenotype to a defined rfbB::Tn5 mutant of S. flexneri which was deficient in all four genes, thereby confirming the functional identification of a part of the leptospiral rfb locus.^0
97180301^Alterations in specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in laboratory rats after leptospiral exposure followed by triiodothyronine administration.^199702^Am J Vet Res 1997 Feb;58(2):143-5^Department of Anatomy/Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.^Dobrosielski-Vergona K^OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of leptospirosis on thyroid hormone induction of the specific activity of hepatic microsomal glucose-6- phosphatase in laboratory rats. ANIMALS: Male Fisher 344 rats, 6 and 24 months old, healthy and infected with leptospirosis. PROCEDURE: The maximal velocity of glucose-6-phosphatase in intact and detergent- disrupted hepatic microsomes was assayed in duplicate or triplicate at 5 substrate concentrations, by monitoring the release of inorganic phosphate at 0-, 5-, and 10-minute intervals. The method of least squares was used to determine the velocity of the reactions. The level of statistical significance was determined, using the Student's t-test for unpaired data. Thyroid hormone (40 micrograms of T3/ 100 g of body weight) was administered for 5 consecutive days prior to sacrifice. RESULTS: Leptospirosis significantly increased the specific activity of the translocase component of glucose-6-phosphatase in old, but not young, rats. The activity of the translocase increased more than three- fold in untreated, infected old animals, compared with untreated, healthy old animals. Thyroid hormone induced a two- and threefold increase in the specific activities of the translocase in young and old healthy animals, respectively. Thyroid hormone did not increase the activity of the translocase in old animals infected with leptospirosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Leptospirosis alters the specific activity and induction by thyroid hormone of the translocase component of hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase in old male Fisher 344 rats. It is necessary to be aware of possible alterations in hepatic membrane-bound enzymes after leptospiral infection of older laboratory animals.^0
97189938^Leptospirosis on Oahu: an outbreak among military personnel associated with recreational exposure.^199702^Mil Med 1997 Feb;162(2):101-4^Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Hawall, Honolulu 96822, USA.^Katz AR, Sasaki DM, Mumm AH, Escamilla J, Middleton CR, Romero SE^In December 1992, a common-source waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis occurred on the island of Oahu in the state of Hawaii. Two male service persons were hospitalized with culture-confirmed leptospirosis. Eighteen others had similar histories of exposure to the same freshwater swimming site. Although six men developed signs and symptoms comparable to those of the two confirmed cases, none manifested culture or serologic evidence of leptospirosis. The increased incidence of leptospirosis in Hawaii coupled with an increased risk in young males characterize the military population in Hawaii as a high-risk population with respect to leptospirosis.^0
97214499^Differentiation of Leptospira species and serovars by PCR-restriction endonuclease analysis, arbitrarily primed PCR and low-stringency PCR.^199702^J Med Microbiol 1997 Feb;46(2):173-81^School of Clinical Medicine and Research, University of the West Indies, Barbados, West Indies.^Brown PD, Levett PN^Reference strains from 30 serovars representing seven species of Leptospira and 48 recent isolates from human patients, dogs and rats, were characterised by polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease analysis (PCR-REA), arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) and low stringency PCR (LS-PCR). PCR-REA analysis yielded seven groups among 29 serovars of pathogenic Leptospira; the non-pathogenic L. biflexa serovar patoc was not amplified with the primer pairs studied. AP-PCR and LS-PCR fingerprinting resulted in 25 and 21 distinct profiles, respectively, among the 30 reference strains. The results of the three PCR-based techniques were highly concordant and were in general agreement with those from previous DNA studies, confirming the high level of polymorphism among Leptospira species and serovars, and supported the concept of the serovar as the basic taxonomic unit of leptospiral classification. Results of the PCR-based typing methods for 11 randomised leptospiral strains, 36 clinical isolates from human patients and dogs and 12 survey isolates from trapped rats agreed with those from serological identification. With one exception, isolates of the same serovar gave identical profiles irrespective of the source. AP- PCR and LS-PCR are simple to perform and interpret, and appear to be useful for characterising isolates of Leptospira spp. for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.^0
97219690^Serological survey for antibodies to infectious agents in beef cattle in northern South Australia [published erratum appears in Aust Vet J 1997 Apr;75(4):273]^199702^Aust Vet J 1997 Feb;75(2):139-40^Central Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Adelaide, South Australia.^Durham PJ, Paine GD^^0
97235959^Lung lesions in human leptospirosis: microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features related to thrombocytopenia.^199702^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997 Feb;56(2):181-7^Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil.^Nicodemo AC, Duarte MI, Alves VA, Takakura CF, Santos RT, Nicodemo EL^Lung fragments from 12 patients were collected immediately after death and studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunohistochemistry to describe the main morphologic and ultrastructural aspects of the lung and platelets in leptospirosis (Weil's syndrome), to search for the possibility of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and to assess the relationship between endothelial lesions and local platelet aggregation and the leptospiral antigen distribution, as well as its relationship with the intensity of the lesions. The immunohistochemical results for fibrin aggregates were positive in the lumen and/or on the vascular endothelium in nine cases and on the alveolar surface in seven cases, leading to the diagnosis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in these seven cases. Test results for leptospiral antigen by immunohistochemistry were positive in eight cases with no direct relationship between antigen deposits in the pulmonary vascular endothelium and intensity of the lesions. The ultrastructural findings were uniform and constant. Capillary lesions were characterized by swelling of endothelial cells, an increase in pinocytotic vesicles, and giant dense bodies in the cytoplasm of these cells. No necrosis, rupture, nor exposed subendothelial collagen was observed outside the hemorrhagic areas, and the intercellular junctions were preserved. The lung involvement in severe human leptospirosis presents as hemorrhagic pneumopathy with septal capillary lesions that are the usual cause of death. The thrombocytopenia that was verified in 11 of 12 patients in our study seems to bear no relationship to DIC and seems to be determined by activation, adhesion, and aggregation of platelets to the stimulated vascular endothelium, with an amorphous electron-dense substance between the endothelial cells and the adherent platelets in places where the subendothelial collagen was not exposed.^0
97239337^Epidemiology of leptospirosis in New Caledonia (South Pacific): a one- year survey.^199702^Eur J Epidemiol 1997 Feb;13(2):161-7^Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.^Perrocheau A, Perolat P^We describe a series of 144 cases of leptospirosis diagnosed in 1989 in New Caledonia. The incidence rate was 90 per 100,000 person-years, with a specific mortality rate of 4% patients. Those affected (100 males, 44 females) were mainly aged 20 to 40 years. Incidence in rural areas (112 per 100,000 person-years) was seven times higher than in urban settlements. Two periods with higher incidence were noticed corresponding to highest rainfall. Twenty-nine of the cases occurred in individuals with professions commonly associated with leptospirosis. Contacts with rats, dogs and ditch or river water were the most frequently mentioned. The clinical expression of the disease was polymorphic: 60% of the patients had mild symptoms, 40% were acute forms including Weil's disease. Of 57 hospitalized, 23% were admitted with an initial diagnosis of dengue, and 37% with leptospirosis. Main clinical syndromes were: icterus and/or renal syndrome in 50% of patients, cardiac syndrome in 65%, acute myalgies in 58% and pulmonary syndrome in 50%. Although hemorrhages were uncommon (17%), 40% of the cases demonstrated thrombocytopenia (< 50,000/m3). Pancreatic involvement with hyperamylasemia was evidenced in 50% of cases. Twelve serogroups of Leptospira were implicated, Icterohaemorragiae predominated (41%), but was not associated with severe forms. In New Caledonia, like in all tropics, leptospirosis must be considered as an environmental diseases, professional activities being just an additional risk factor. Use of serology as a reliable tool for confirmation of cases in areas of high environmental contamination is discussed.^0
97382119^Na,K-ATPase: a molecular target for Leptospira interrogans endotoxin.^199702^Braz J Med Biol Res 1997 Feb;30(2):213-23^Laboratoire de Biologie Integree des Cellules Renales, CNRS URA 1859, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Saclay, France.^Younes-Ibrahim M, Buffin-Meyer B, Cheval L, Burth P, Castro-Faria MV, Barlet-Bas C, Marsy S, Doucet A^On the basis of our report that a glycolipoprotein fraction (GLP) extracted from Leptospira interrogans contains a potent inhibitor of renal Na,K-ATPase, we proposed that GLP-induced inhibition of Na,K- ATPase might be the primary cellular defect in the physiopathology of leptospirosis. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis by determining whether or not 1). GLP inhibits all the isoforms of Na,K- ATPase which are expressed in the tissues affected by leptospirosis, 2) Na,K-ATPase from leptospirosis-resistant species, such as the rat, is sensitive to GLP, 3) GLP inhibits Na,K-ATPase from intact cells, and 4) GLP inhibits ouabain-sensitive H,K-ATPase. The results indicate that in the rabbit, a leptospirosis-sensitive species, GLP inhibits with similar efficiency (apparent IC50: 120-220 micrograms protein GLP/ml) all isoforms of Na,K-ATPase known to be expressed in target tissues for the disease. Na,K-ATPase from rat kidney displays a sensitivity to GLP similar to that of the rabbit kidney enzyme (apparent IC50: 25-80 and 50-150 micrograms protein GLP/ml for rat and rabbit, respectively), indicating that resistance to the disease does not result from the resistance of Na,K-ATPase to GLP. GLP also reduces ouabain-sensitive rubidium uptake in rat thick ascending limbs (pmol mm-1 min-1 +/- SEM; control: 23.8 +/- 1.8; GLP, 88 micrograms protein/ml: 8.2 +/- 0.9), demonstrating that it is active in intact cells. Finally, GLP had no demonstrable effect on renal H,K-ATPase activity, even on the ouabain- sensitive form, indicating that the active principle of GLP is more specific for Na,K-ATPase than ouabain itself. Although the hypothesis remains to be demonstrated in vivo, the present findings are compatible with the putative role of GLP-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase as an initial mechanism in the physiopathology of leptospirosis.^0
97218682^Oligonucleotides specific for pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira occurring in water.^199703^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997 Mar 1;148(1):27-34^Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Trieste, Italy.^Murgia R, Riquelme N, Baranton G, Cinco M^Sets of primers specific for both pathogenic (SPL) and saprophytic (SSL) Leptospira were designed from ribosomal 16S genes (rrs) available in databases. They were used as two sets of primer pairs for the PCR amplification of known pathogenic and saprophytic strains. It was possible to identify pathogenic strains by the use of SPL primers and saprophytic ones by SSL primers. Serovars from L. meyeri, of controversial pathogenicity status, confirmed the heterogeneity of the species representatives in this respect. Serovars ranarum, sofia and perameles were amplified by SPL and not SSL. Conversely, serovar semaranga was amplified by SSL and not SPL. In order to use SPL primers for the detection of pathogenic leptospires from a natural water environment, we set up an additional semi-nested PCR by employing a second internal primer which succeeded in detecting as few as 5 pathogenic leptospires per ml of water.^0
97251703^Leptospiral pneumonia.^199703^Semin Respir Infect 1997 Mar;12(1):44-9^Louisiana State University School of Medicine at New Orleans 70112, USA.^Hill MK, Sanders CV^Leptospirosis, a spirochetal infection, causes a wide spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic infection, or influenza-like symptoms, to severe jaundice and renal failure. Humans become infected through skin or mucous membrane contact with infected animal urine or urine-contaminated water or soil. The most common source of human infection worldwide is rats. However, in the United States, dogs, livestock, wild mammals, and cats are also sources. Once leptospires penetrate mucous membranes or breaks in the skin, they disseminate to all parts of the body. Five to ten percent of those infected will have severe leptospirosis with jaundice, known as Weil's disease. The classical presentation of leptospirosis is that of a biphasic illness. The initial septicemic phase lasts 4 to 7 days and is characterized most commonly as a mild influenza-like illness. During the secondary immune phase, leptospires disappear from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. However, circulating antibodies cause immune-mediated meningitis, uveitis, rash, and, very rarely, circulatory collapse associated with Weil's disease. Pulmonary involvement occurs in 20% to 70% of patients. The more severe pulmonary manifestations are rare. Although attempts should be made to isolate leptospires from the blood or cerebrospinal fluid, the diagnosis is usually established by serologic tests. The effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy in treating leptospirosis has been difficult to assess because of the high variability of the disease's clinical course, although in severe cases, antibiotic therapy is effective even when treatment is delayed. Prevention is difficult because it is almost impossible to eliminate the large animal reservoir of infection.^0
97256259^Acute renal failure in leptospirosis.^199703^Ren Fail 1997 Mar;19(2):191-8^Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Renal, Brazil.^Abdulkader RC^^0
97256279^Acute renal failure in leptospirosis in Uruguay.^199703^Ren Fail 1997 Mar;19(2):315-8^Centro de Nefrologia, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay.^Lombardi R^The present study was carried out to describe epidemiology and clinical pattern of acute renal failure caused by leptospirosis in Uruguay. For these purposes, all literature published in Uruguay was reviewed. Three studies were analyzed: 2 series of patients and 1 case report that summarize 26 cases. The incidence of acute renal failure found in the first study was 8% and in the second one, 15%. The first study included only dialyzed patients, which could explain the aforementioned difference. The estimated annual incidence of leptospirosis in Uruguay is about 10 cases/year. Therefore, the expected incidence of acute renal failure due to leptospirosis is of 0.7-1.3 cases/year. All but 1 case were males. Mean age was 35 +/- 14.5. Source of infection was known in 23/26. Typical symptoms were: fever 26/26, myalgias 22/26, dehydration 21/26, jaundice 21/26, conjunctival suffusion 20/26, and digestive disturbance 18/26. Bleeding and meningitis were infrequent (8/26, 5/26, respectively). Acute renal failure was intrinsic in 18/26. Nonoliguric forms were predominant (14/18). Kalemia was low or normal in 22/26 cases. Dialysis was performed in 9/26 cases, but the number of dialyses per patient was high (9.4 +/- 4). The survival rate was 23/26. We concluded that leptospirosis is an infrequent cause of acute renal failure in Uruguay, with an expected frequency of approximately 1 case/year. Clinical picture was typical and contact was frequently known, which made diagnosis easy. Acute renal failure was predominantly polyuric and with low or normal kalemia; survival rate was high.^0
97275763^Outcome of leptospirosis in children.^199703^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997 Mar;56(3):307-10^Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Marotto PC, Marotto MS, Santos DL, Souza TN, Seguro AC^We conducted a retrospective analysis of 43 consecutive children (35 boys and 8 girls), 4-14 years of age and living in an urban area, who were hospitalized at the Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas (Sao Paulo, Brazil) from January 1989 to December 1995 with an acute illness subsequently diagnosed as leptospirosis. Epidemiologic data indicated contact with contaminated water in most cases (88%). The patient sera reacted most strongly with Leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni (45%) and icterohaemorrhagiae (32.7%). Jaundice was present in 70% of the patients, elevated transaminase levels in 56%, renal failure in 79%, meningitis in 23%, thrombocytopenia in 65%, and hemorrhagic manifestations in 11.6%. Three children had pulmonary hemorrhage with respiratory failure and one death occurred as a consequence of respiratory failure. We also observed that antimicrobial therapy reduced the extent of renal failure and thrombocytopenia. These data indicate that antibiotics benefit children with late, severe leptospirosis and that severe disease also occurs in children and should be considered in the differential diagnosis.^0
97278566^[Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis with western blotting]^199703^Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1997 Mar;46(1):3-8^Narodni referencni laborator pro lymeskou boreliozu, Statni zdravotni ustav, Praha.^Hulinska D^Spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, selected as antigens for Western blot analyses were isolated from cerebrospinal (strain 192 M) and from blood (strain Kc90) and identified by means of monoclonal antibodies and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as B. garinii and B. afzelii. Differences between B. garinii and B. afzelii are in the genotype of the surface protein OspA and OspB, internal flagellin (Fla II) and the main extracellular protein (MEP). The reaction of polyclonal antibodies in 918 serum specimens and 180 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid was investigated in IgG and IgM immunoblots in patients with neurological symptoms, arthritis and skin manifestations suspect of Lyme borreliosis. Confirmation of the immunoenzyme ELISA reaction by means of immunoblots in the acute stage of borreliosis, in clinically obscure cases, in herpetic infection, mononucleosis and leptospirosis revealed a higher sensitivity and specificity of Western blot. Proteins of B. garinii with a molecular weight of 94, 84, 66, 60, 56, 41, 39, 33, 29, 22, 18 and 14 kDa were detected in the reaction with monoclonal antibodies and immunoglobulins of patients suffering from barreliosis. The frequency and intensity of the reaction of these antigens differed markedly in sera of patients suffering from borreliosis and sera of patients who suffered from a different infection. The external surface antigen OspA, OspB, OspC and protein with 39 kDA are significant markers of borreliosis. The most frequently detected antigens in cross reactions with immunoglobulins against other pathogens are proteins P66, P60, P41 which are dominant immunogens of all types of borrelias and moreover a humoral response to them develops in the acute stage of the disease. In arthritis and neuroborreliosis a different in IgG immunoblots was found.^0
97320841^[The distribution of leptospirae in the icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup]^199775^Mikrobiol Z 1997 Mar-Apr;59(2):90-5^^Bernasovskaia EP, Kondratenko VN, Mel'nitskaia EV, Lukach IG^The capacity of leptospiras to get acclimated in the organism of unusual hosts has been studied. Cultures of Icterohaemorrhagiae from musquashes, house mice and field voles have been isolated of leptospirosis sources under intensive epizootics among rats. A possibility to reproduce Leptospira carrying by the cultures of leptospirae of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae in musquashes and water voles has been shown. One can conclude that under icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis musquashes and water voles can take the part of additional source of infection but they cannot independently preserve leptospirae in nature as a biological species grey rats being their main hosts.^0
97311939^[Zoonotic infections in the central and southern ulusy of the Republic of Sakha]^199775^Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1997 Mar-Apr;(2):38-43^^Egorov IE, Mironchuk IuV, Maramovich AS, Chesnokova MV, Botvinkin AD, Makeev SM, Ochirov IuD, Vershinin EA, Tugutov LD, Cherniavskii VF, Androsov IA^The serological survey of humans, as well as agricultural animals and rodents, for the presence of zoonotic infections, was carried out. Local inhabitants were shown to have contacts with the causative agents of pseudotuberculosis, enteric yersiniosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, Q fever, tick-borne rickettsiosis, chlamydiosis, toxoplasmosis. The immune stratum with respect to enteric yersiniosis was found to have a greater index, while the immune strata with respect to chlamydiosis, Q fever, pseudotuberculosis had the least indices. However, the indices of immune strata perceptibly varied in individual regions. The highest occurrence of antibodies to all above-mentioned zoonotic infections was registered in Megino-Kangalasskii, Amga and Neriungrinskii ulusy [correction of regions]. The probable sources of leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and Q fever were agricultural animals, while the probable sources of enteric yersiniosis and leptospirosis were rodents.^0
97398904^[The use of plasmosorption on SKN IK sorbent in a severe course of leptospirosis]^199775^Lik Sprava 1997 Mar-Apr;(2):105-7^^Matiash VI^In severe course of icterohemorrhagic form leptospirosis presenting with an acute renal-hepatic insufficiency and manifest hypocoagulation (BC II-III), plasmasorption on the sorbent SKN [correction of CKH] IK with carboperfusion of 0.8-1.2 1 plasma appears to be warranted. Being endowed with an apparent detoxicating effect at the expense of absorbtion of creatinin, urea bilirubin, this manipulation, with small doses of heparin, promotes also stabilization of hemostasis and arresting of hypocoagulation, which fact enhances appreciably the compensatory power of the organism improving the prognosis of the condition.^0
97228636^Clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities in greyhounds with cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy: 18 cases (1992-1994).^199703^J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997 Mar 15;210(6):789-93^Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA.^Cowan LA, Hertzke DM, Fenwick BW, Andreasen CB^OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical signs and clinicopathologic abnormalities in Greyhounds with cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy and to determine whether there were any differences between dogs with and without renal azotemia. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 18 Greyhounds. PROCEDURE: Results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, coagulation tests, tests of RBC morphology, bacterial culture of blood samples, and serologic tests for Rickettsia rickettsii, Ehrlichia canis, E platys, and Leptospira interrogans were reviewed. Glomerular filtration rates and urine protein:creatinine ratios were determined in most dogs. t-Tests and a test of equality of proportions were used to compare dogs that developed renal azotemia with dogs that did not. RESULTS: None of the dogs was bacteremic or had serologic evidence of infectious disease. Ten dogs had renal azotemia, 16 had anemia, 11 had hypoalbuminemia, and 18 developed thrombocytopenia. Compared with dogs without renal azotemia, dogs with renal azotemia had significantly lower mean platelet count, hematocrit, and serum albumin concentration and significantly higher mean neutrophil count and creatine kinase activity. All 10 dogs with renal azotemia died or were euthanatized; 7 of 8 dogs without azotemia survived. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Greyhounds with cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy that developed renal azotemia had evidence of more severe systemic disease than did dogs that did not have azotemia and, despite supportive treatment, had a poorer prognosis.^0
97234635^Sequence analysis and characterization of a 40-kilodalton Borrelia hermsii glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase homolog.^199704^J Bacteriol 1997 Apr;179(7):2238-46^Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. eshang@microimmun.medsch.ucla.edu^Shang ES, Skare JT, Erdjument-Bromage H, Blanco DR, Tempst P, Miller JN, Lovett MA^We report the purification, molecular cloning, and characterization of a 40-kDa glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase homolog from Borrelia hermsii. The 40-kDa protein was solubilized from whole organisms with 0.1% Triton X-100, phase partitioned into the Triton X-114 detergent phase, and purified by fast-performance liquid chromatography (FPLC). The gene encoding the 40-kDa protein was cloned from a B. hermsii chromosomal DNA lambda EXlox expression library and identified by using affinity antibodies generated against the purified native protein. The deduced amino acid sequence included a 20-amino-acid signal peptide encoding a putative leader peptidase II cleavage site, indicating that the 40-kDa protein was a lipoprotein. Based on significant homology (31 to 52% identity) of the 40-kDa protein to glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases of Escherichia coli (GlpQ), Bacillus subtilis (GlpQ), and Haemophilus influenzae (Hpd; protein D), we have designated this B. hermsii 40-kDa lipoprotein a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (Gpd) homolog, the first B. hermsii lipoprotein to have a putative functional assignment. A nonlipidated form of the Gpd homolog was overproduced as a fusion protein in E. coli BL21(DE3)(pLysE) and was used to immunize rabbits to generate specific antiserum. Immunoblot analysis with anti-Gpd serum recognized recombinant H. influenzae protein D, and conversely, antiserum to H. influenzae protein D recognized recombinant B. hermsii Gpd (rGpd), indicating antigenic conservation between these proteins. Antiserum to rGpd also identified native Gpd as a constituent of purified outer membrane vesicles prepared from B. hermsii. Screening of other pathogenic spirochetes with anti-rGpd serum revealed the presence of antigenically related proteins in Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, and Leptospira kirschneri. Further sequence analysis both upstream and downstream of the Gpd homolog showed additional homologs of glycerol metabolism, including a glycerol-3-phosphate transporter (GlpT), a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GlpD), and a thioredoxin reductase (TrxB).^0
97245286^Clinical and pathological studies in cattle with hepatic disease.^199704^Vet Res Commun 1997 Apr;21(3):169-85^Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, Neston, South Wirral, UK.^West HJ^In cattle with hepatic lipidosis, hepatic abscessation, leptospirosis, biliary calculi or fasciolosis, the progression of the disease was studied by serial measurements of serum total bile acid concentrations, plasma glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, 5'- nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase activities Terminalia avicennioides and by liver biopsy. Regardless of the cause of the hepatic disease, weight loss, anorexia, dullness and depression were consistent features. Signs of hepatic encephalopathy, such as blindness, head pressing, excitability, ataxia and weakness were less common and, together with pyrexia and jaundice, were grave prognostic signs. Plasma ammonia concentrations were significantly elevated compared to clinically normal cattle, but such changes were not always accompanied by a decline in plasma urea concentrations. In normal, healthy cattle, the plasma ammonia:urea concentration ratio is 9:1 and the plasma ammonia:glucose concentration is 11:1. In hepatic disease, a plasma ammonia:glucose ratio > 40:1 or plasma ammonia:urea ratio > 30:1, particularly with a rising total ketone body concentration and a declining glucose concentration, carried a guarded prognosis. The study suggested that other factors, such as hypokalaemia, alkalosis, short- chain volatile fatty acids, and false and true neuro-transmitters, may be important in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma in cattle.^0
97256949^Characterization of leptospiral serovars by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting.^199704^Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997 Apr;47(2):575-6^Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.^Ramadass P, Meerarani S, Venkatesha MD, Senthilkumar A, Nachimuthu K^Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting of 14 laboratory strains of leptospiral serovars (serovars australis, autumnalis, ballum, bataviae, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjoprajitno, hebdomadis, icterohaemorrhagiae, javanica, pomona, pyrogenes, panama, and tarassovi) was carried out by using a pair of primers. Each serovar had a unique and distinct fingerprint pattern. DNAs of other bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp., did not show any amplification. RAPD fingerprinting was found to be a rapid and sensitive method for serovar identification when it was compared to DNA restriction enzyme analysis, which produced a larger number of bands that made it more difficult to compare serovars.^0
97230340^Purification and characterization of a Na+, K+ ATPase inhibitor found in an endotoxin of Leptospira interrogans.^199704^Infect Immun 1997 Apr;65(4):1557-60^Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genetica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.^Burth P, Younes-Ibrahim M, Goncalez FH, Costa ER, Faria MV^We showed previously that the glycolipoprotein fraction prepared from Leptospira interrogans inhibited the Na+,K+ ATPase enzyme purified from brain or kidney and in isolated nephron segments (M. Younes-Ibrahim, P. Burth, M. V. Castro Faria, B. Buffin-Meyer, S. Marsy, C. Barlet-Bas, L. Cheval, and A. Doucet, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. III 318:619-625, 1995). In the present communication, we have demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic and palmitoleic acids, which are adsorbed to this fraction, are effective inhibitors of the enzyme.^0
97278221^Leptospirosis in brushtail possums: is Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica environmentally transmitted? [In Process Citation]^199704^J Wildl Dis 1997 Apr;33(2):254-60^Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.^Day TD, Waas JR, O'Connor CE, Carey PW, Matthews LR, Pearson AJ^In New Zealand, the biological control of introduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) may be the only affordable option for achieving a significant long term reduction in pest numbers on a national scale. Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica is among the potential biocontrol agents and vectors currently being investigated for this purpose. As the transmission pathways of L. interrogans serovar balcanica between possums are poorly understood, the objective of the study was to determine whether infection could result from exposure to contaminated environments. Sixteen individually housed, uninfected possums, in three groups, were regularly exposed over a period of 32 days to contaminated cages or grass enclosures of 16 other experimentally infected possums all shedding leptospires in their urine. None of the 16 challenged possums developed serological evidence of L. interrogans serovar balcancia infection. These results suggest that this organism is unlikely to be transmitted environmentally, supporting previous circumstantial evidence that social contact may be required for transmission of L. interrogans serovar balcanica between possums.^0
97278230^Serologic survey for infectious pathogenes in free-ranging American bison [In Process Citation]^199704^J Wildl Dis 1997 Apr;33(2):308-11^National Park Service, Wildlife and Vegetation Division, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA.^Taylor SK, Lane VM, Hunter DL, Eyre KG, Kaufman S, Frye S, Johnson MR^From November 1991 through March 1992, we evaluated 101 free-ranging American bison (Bison bison) from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA) for exposure to infectious organisms that commonly infect cattle. No titers were detected for bluetongue virus, bovine leukemia virus, or Campylobacter fetus in these 101 bison. Detectable antibodies occurred against Anaplasma marginale (eight of 76, 11%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (31 of 101, 31%), bovine viral diarrhea (31 of 101, 31%), bovine herpesvirus 1 (29 of 76, 38%), Leptospira interrogans icterohaemorrhagiae (four of 101, 4%), L interrogans hardjo (seven of 101, 7%), L interrogans autumnalis (one of 101, 1%), L interrogans bratislava (seven of 101, 7%), L interrogans australis (one of 101, 1%), and parainfluenza 3 virus (27 of 75, 36%). The low antibody titers and the lack of gross lesions are evidence that while previous exposure to infectious organisms may have occurred, none appeared to have active infections.^0
97348257^Global aspects of emerging and potential zoonoses: a WHO perspective.^199775^Emerg Infect Dis 1997 Apr-Jun;3(2):223-8^Division of Emerging and Other Communicable Diseases--Surveillance and Control, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.^Meslin FX^Many new human pathogens that have emerged or reemerged worldwide originated from animals or from products of animal origin. Many animal species as well as categories of agents have been involved in the emergence of diseases. Wild (e.g., bats, rodents) as well as draught animals (e.g., horses) and food animals (e.g., poultry, cattle) were implicated in the epidemiologic cycles of these diseases. Many of the agents responsible for new infections and diseases in humans were viruses (e.g., hantaviruses, lyssaviruses, and morbilliviruses), but bacteria, especially enteritic bacteria (e.g., Salmonellae and Escherichia coli) and parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium) of animal origin, were also involved in major food and waterborne outbreaks. The public health relevance of some of these agents (e.g., new lyssaviruses and morbilliviruses) is not yet fully assessed. In addition the zoonotic nature of some other human diseases, such as Ebola and the new variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is suspected but not yet demonstrated. Finally, the possible future use of xenografts may lead, if precautions are not taken, to the emergence of new diseases called xenozoonoses.^0
97295835^A sero-epidemiological study of Haemophilus somnus infection in dairy cattle.^199705^Vet Res Commun 1997 May;21(4):229-39^Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.^Akhtar S, Farver TB, Riemann HP^Five repeated cross-sectional serological surveys of 790 dairy cattle in 4 dairy herds between December 1985 and February 1987 provided an opportunity to study the changes in the seroprevalence of Haemophilus somnus across the 5 surveys and with respect to some demographic and disease variables. The demographic variables included were age (heifers or cows) and farm, representing two groups of herds (two herds in each group, located in the Central and Northern Valleys of California). The serological status of cattle as either negative or positive against H. somnus, Campylobacter fetus and Leptospira hardjo were determined with enzyme linked-immunosorbent assays. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute maximum likelihood estimates of adjusted odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The baseline risk of being H. somnus seropositive in the cattle observed at first sampling did not vary significantly during the study period after adjustment for the effects of covariates. Only at first sampling were cows about twice as likely to be H. somnus seropositive than heifers. At samplings 1 and 3, but not at 2 and 5, being in the herds of the Central Valley appeared protective. In contrast, at sampling 4 the cattle in herds in the Central Valley were about 7 times more likely to be H. somnus seropositive. C. fetus-positive cattle were about 3 times more likely to be H. somnus seropositive at sampling 1 only. The relationship between H. somnus status and L. hardjo was not significant during the study period.^0
97306633^Rapid distinction between Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa by PCR amplification of 23S ribosomal DNA.^199705^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997 May 1;150(1):9-18^School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.^Woo TH, Smythe LD, Symonds ML, Norris MA, Dohnt MF, Patel BK^Bacterial specific primers were used to amplify 23S rRNA genes from a representative strain from each of the 23 serogroups of the pathogenic Leptospira interrogans and 8 strains from 6 serogroups of the non- pathogenic Leptospira biflexa. Only regions of extreme variability, which had been identified on the basis of homology-based search of all the 23S rRNA sequences available in GenBank database, were sequenced from the amplified products. PCR primers that had the potential to distinguish L. interrogans from L. biflexa species were designed from the derived sequences and a sensitive PCR protocol developed. The PCR method enabled the differentiation of the 59 strains of the 23 serogroups of L. interrogans from the 8 strains of 6 serogroups of L. biflexa. Further investigation by 16S rDNA sequencing of two strains of L. interrogans, which gave unexpected PCR results, provided evidence that they had been misclassified and hence we propose to reassign them to L. biflexa.^0
97372462^Magnetic immuno capture PCR assay (MIPA): detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo.^199705^Vet Microbiol 1997 May;56(1-2):135-45^Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, UK.^Taylor MJ, Ellis WA, Montgomery JM, Yan KT, McDowell SW, Mackie DP^Magnetic immuno PCR assay (MIPA) was developed for the rapid detection of leptospires excreted in urine samples (n = 59) collected from 35 experimentally infected cattle. The immunomagnetic separation of leptospires from inhibitors in frozen formalin fixed bovine urine prior to PCR detection resulted in a marked improvement on previous detection methods. MIPA is a rapid 5 step protocol requiring 70 mins preparation time prior to amplification, which consistently detects 10(1) organisms. MIPA detected 76% (38/50) of culture positive urines and in addition three urines that were culture negative were shown to be positive by this method of detection. Consequently we conclude that whilst MIPA is an improvement on previously published PCR detection methods, the culture of the organism is still the standard against which other detection methods have to be compared.^0
97333668^[Acute renal failure, jaundice and thrombocytopenia in a 48-year-old patient]^199705^Internist (Berl) 1997 May;38(5):470-3^Abteilung Innere Medizin, Krankenhaus Weissensee, Berlin.^Hecker K, Groll J, Muller-Lissner S^^0
97446719^[The clinico-morphological characteristics of the nervous system lesions in icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis]^199775^Lik Sprava 1997 May-Jun;(3):94-9^^Matiash VI, Anisimova IuN^A total of 120 patients were examined presenting with a grave course of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis; a pathomorphologic investigation of the brain from 75 deceased was done. Practically in all cases, the affection was accompanied by neurotoxicosis, with microcirculatory disturbances being its morphological substrate. The leading clinical syndromes of the affection of the central nervous system appeared to be general cerebral, meningeal, and encephalitic syndromes. Meningitis was diagnosed in 29.2%, meningoencephalitis in 5% of patients. Morphologic studies showed that predominantly focal serous meningitides and meningoencephalitides are significantly more common that they are diagnosed in clinical settings. They tend to develop during the second and third weeks of the course of the illness. Lumbal puncture is to be carried out on a differentiated basis only, since it may cause dysbalance in metabolic processes of the organism together with progression of those events being related to brain swelling.^0
97323161^Severe primary HIV-1 infection among black persons in Barbados.^199706^Int J STD AIDS 1997 Jun;8(6):393-7^Department of Medicine, University of the West Indies, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados.^Hudson CP, Levett PN, Edwards CN, Moosai R, Roach TC^Descriptions of primary HIV-1 infection have so far been based on Caucasians living in industrialized nations. Due to studies of leptospirosis in the predominantly black population of Barbados, serum was available for patients admitted with acute febrile illnesses to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH). By searching the medical records of 510 adult patients with known HIV-1 infection we identified 10 patients who had stored serum from an admission for an acute febrile illness that predated or coincided with their first HIV-1-positive test. Serological testing confirmed primary HIV-1 infection in 9 and was suggestive in the 10th patient. The clinical features of these 10 patients were in keeping with previous descriptions of primary HIV-1 infection but differed from leptospirosis cases seen at the QEH. One patient died during his seroconversion illness and another died 3 months after seroconversion. The findings suggest that severe primary HIV-1 infection could be a relatively uncommon occurrence, that the condition may be misdiagnosed, and that cases may not occur until the AIDS epidemic is established.^0
97374349^Immunodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by dot-ELISA for the detection of IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies.^199706^Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997 Jun;56(6):650-5^Emilio Ribas Infectology Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil.^da Silva MV, Nakamura PM, Camargo ED, Batista L, Vaz AJ, Romero EC, Brandao AP^A dot-ELISA was evaluated using antigen obtained from Leptospira interrogans cultures of the serovars brasiliensis, canicola, cynopteri, hebdomadis, and icterohaemorrhagiae for the detection of human IgM, IgG, and IgA. Single serum samples from 63 patients with the icterohemorrhagic form of leptospirosis in the acute phase, collected 3- 14 days (mean = 7 days) after the onset of symptoms were tested. Ten patients were examined during convalescence and followed up for a period of 4-12 months. For a control group, serum samples from 10 apparently healthy individuals with no clinical or epidemiologic history of leptospirosis, and from 38 patients with nonleptospiral illnesses were used. In the acute phase, IgM antibodies were detected in 62 (98%) of 63 patients and IgG and IgA were observed in 70% and 76% of them, respectively. For the admission serum samples, the predictive value negative of the dot-ELISA was 98% for IgM, 72% for IgG, and 76% for IgA detection. All 10 patients followed-up during convalescence showed IgM antibodies up to the sixth month, decreasing to 57% by the 10th month, and persisting in only one of six patients during the 11th and 12th months of follow-up. Immunoglobulin G was detected in six patients up to the fourth month and in two of six individuals up to the end of follow-up. Immunoglobulin A was observed in all patients up to the end of the first month, decreasing progressively up to the sixth month, and was no longer detected in any patients from seventh to the 12th months of follow-up. The dot-ELISA can be used as an important laboratory screening test, especially when detecting IgM antibodies. It proved to be effective in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis, and appears to have advantages in terms of yield, time, and case of execution and low cost.^0
97403181^First epidemiological data on pathogenic leptospires isolated on the Azorean islands.^199706^Eur J Epidemiol 1997 Jun;13(4):435-41^Laboratorio de Leptospiras, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal. cmdt@esoterica.pt^Collares-Pereira M, Korver H, Terpstra WJ, Santos-Reis M, Ramalhinho MG, Mathias ML, Oom MM, Fons R, Libois R, Petrucci-Fonseca F^Insectivores (Erinaceus europaeus) and rodents (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus and Mus musculus) from different islands of the Azores Archipelago were found to carry three distinct Leptospira interrogans s.l. serovars (copenhageni, icterohaemorrhagiae and ballum) which have never been previously investigated there. The house mouse and the black rat were the major Leptospira reservoirs showing isolation rates ranging from 0% for both species (in Graciosa) to 88% and 33%, respectively (in Saao Miguel). This study also showed that the majority of the animals with positive kidney cultures exhibited specific agglutinins against the isolated strains of Leptospira. The observed isolation rates in the different islands, with a very interesting island variation in prevalence, suggest that small mammals, serving as sylvatic reservoirs of pathogenic leptospires, may represent an important risk to the health of humans and livestock, particularly in the islands of Terceira and Saao Miguel.^0
97384121^[Frequency and etiology of calf losses and calf diseases in cow-calf farms. III. seroprevalence of selected diseases and prevalence of endoparasites and weaning age]^199706^DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1997 Jun;104(6):191-5^Institut fur Tierzucht, Veterinarmedizinischen Fakultat, Universitat Bern.^Busato A, Steiner L, Gottstein B, Gaillard C^In a cross sectional study in 38 cow-calf farms blood and fecal samples were taken from 207 calves at an age of 8-10 months and their darms, in order to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira hardjo, Coxiella burnetii, Toxoplasma gondii and the presence of the BVD-Antigen as well as the prevalence of endoparasites. The study was conducted in fall 1994 at the end of the grazing period. Eggs or larvaes of gastrointestinal helminths were detected in 74% of calves that were dewormed before the grazing period and in 88% of untreated calves. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. In 83% of the weaned calves oocysts of Eimeria spp. were diagnosed. No significant difference in weight gain was observed between animals without endoparasites and animals infected with either helminths and/or Eimeria. In cows the prevalence was 61.5% for helminths and 45.7% for Eimeria spp. In calves the seroprevalence was 4% for Leptospira hardjo, 0.5% for Coxiella burnetii and 14.0% for Toxoplasma gondii. The seroprevalence in cows were 18% for Leptospira hardjo, 7.6% for Coxiella burnetii and 14.3% for Toxoplasma gondii. The prevalence of the BVD-Virus antigen was 0.5% for calves and cows.^0
97412305^[Leptospirosis. Review of 11 cases]^199775^Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1997 Jun-Jul;15(6):306-9^Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas-Medicina Interna, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona.^Benito Calavia JR, Montejo Baranda M, Pumarola T, Perez Irezabal J, Aguirrebengoa Ibarguren K, Gonzalez Ortiz de Zarate P, Barreiro Garcia G, Aguirre Errasti C^Eleven cases of leptospirosis diagnosed from 1988 to 1994 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 52 years. Epidemiologic factors were found in 10 patients. Hepatorenal involvement was observed in 7 cases (64%), cardiac involvement in 3 (27%), bleeding episodes in 5 (45%) and central nervous system involvement in one case (9%). The Leptospira serogroups identified were: Icterohaemorrhage in 6 cases, Pomona in 1, Sejroe in and could not be determined in 3. One patient died because of multiorgan failure. The epidemiologic, clinical, analytical and therapeutic aspects are discussed.^0
97380824^[Pseudo-pancreatitis in L. icterohaemorrhagiae leptospirosis (letter)]^199706^Presse Med 1997 Jun 14;26(20):955^^Sleth JC, Rodier V, Andre E, Knoerr MF^^0
97357216^Outbreak of leptospirosis among white-water rafters--Costa Rica, 1996.^199706^MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997 Jun 27;46(25):577-9^^^On October 15, 1996, a physician notified the Illinois Department of Public Health about five patients with an unknown febrile illness who had returned from a white-water rafting trip on flooded rivers in Costa Rica during September 27-28, 1996. The five patients had been members of a white-water rafting expedition involving 26 rafters from five states, the District of Columbia, and Costa Rica. This report summarizes the findings of the multistate investigation conducted by the Illinois Department of Public Health and by CDC in collaboration with the Ministry of Health of Costa Rica. The findings implicated leptospirosis as the cause of disease and contaminated river water as the probable source of illness.^0
97352700^Homoserine O-acetyltransferase, involved in the Leptospira meyeri methionine biosynthetic pathway, is not feedback inhibited.^199707^J Bacteriol 1997 Jul;179(13):4396-8^Unite de Bacteriologie Moleculaire et Mf1edicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.^Bourhy P, Martel A, Margarita D, Saint Girons I, Belfaiza J^The Leptospira meyeri serovar semaranga metX gene was identified by complementation of an Escherichia coli metA mutant, i.e., devoid of homoserine O-succinyltransferase. However, the MetX protein exhibited a homoserine O-acetyltransferase activity in agreement with its similarity to homoserine O-acetyltransferases. Reverse transcription- PCR analysis demonstrated that metX is the second gene of an operon.^0
97355455^Infestation of sheep dung by nematophagous fungi and implications for the control of free-living stages of gastro-intestinal nematodes.^199707^Vet Parasitol 1997 Jul 1;70(4):247-54^AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.^Hay FS, Niezen JH, Miller C, Bateson L, Robertson H^A field trial was conducted to assess the rate at which dung becomes infested by fungi which parasitise nematodes (nematophagous fungi) after deposition. Sheep dung was placed on field plots of bare ground, ryegrass (Lolium perenne), browntop (Agrostis capillaris) and white clover (Trifolium repens) in summer (February) and autumn (April), and subsamples were examined at intervals for the presence of nematophagous fungi. Nematophagous fungi occurred in 71% of 129 samples recovered in February and 57% of 58 samples recovered in April. Arthrobotrys oligospora, Monacrosporium candidum and Nematoctonus spp. were the most frequently isolated nematode-trapping fungi in both seasons. The endoparasitic nematophagous fungus Harposporium leptospira also occurred frequently in dung deposited in February, but not April. Fungi entered dung quickly, with 83% and 58% of dung samples containing nematophagous fungi at 3 days after deposition in February and April, respectively. The percentage of dung infested by nematophagous fungi on plots of bare ground, ryegrass, white clover and browntop was 76%, 75%, 61% and 55%, respectively. Results suggest that a number of species of nematophagous fungi are able to enter dung soon after deposition on a variety of types of ground cover.^0
97363842^Leptospirosis in raccoons in Quebec: 2 case reports and seroprevalence in a recreational area.^199707^Can Vet J 1997 Jul;38(7):440-2^Centre Canadien Cooperatif de la Sante la Fraune, Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec).^Mikaelian I, Higgins R, Lequient M, Major M, Lefebvre F, Martineau D^Raccoons may represent a source of leptospires for humans and domestic animals. We describe a case of severe interstitial nephritis associated with the serovar bratislava of Leptospira interrogans (1st report in wildlife), and the seroprevalence to 4 leptospire serovars in a recreational area in Quebec.^0
97365398^Uveitis associated with an epidemic outbreak of leptospirosis.^199707^Am J Ophthalmol 1997 Jul;124(1):71-9^Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India.^Rathinam SR, Rathnam S, Selvaraj S, Dean D, Nozik RA, Namperumalsamy P^PURPOSE: To define uveitis associated with leptospirosis in a clinical setting. METHODS: We present the clinical features of 73 consecutive cases of uveitis linked clinically to an outbreak of systemic leptospirosis in patients with antibodies to Leptospira species who were examined from January to September 1994. RESULTS: In 73 patients, the pattern of ocular involvement was unilateral in 35 and bilateral in 38. Panuveitis was seen in 106 eyes (95.5%), retinal periphlebitis in 57 eyes (51.4%), and hypopyon in 14 eyes (12.6%). Anterior uveitis alone without hypopyon was observed in three eyes (2.7%), whereas vitreous inflammatory reaction alone was seen in two eyes (1.8%). Sixty of 73 patients (82.2%) or 91 of 111 eyes (82.0%) were followed up for 8 months. Final visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20) in 47 eyes (52%) and improved during treatment, although not up to 6/6, in 15 eyes (16%). Twenty-eight eyes (31%) maintained same vision, and one eye showed deterioration of vision. CONCLUSION: Uveitis associated with leptospirosis may manifest as unilateral or bilateral uveitis, anterior uveitis, or panuveitis. The prognosis is generally good in this entity, even when the inflammation is severe. Awareness of this disease in endemic areas is important in order to differentiate it from other uveitic entities, especially in young male patients in whom other immunologic uveitides are also common.^0
97378831^Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae seropositivity and the reproductive performance of sows.^199707^Prev Vet Med 1997 Jul;31(1-2):87-93^Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria Preventiva e Saude Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.^Ferreira Neto JS, Vasconcellos SA, Ito FH, Moretti AS, Camargo CA, Sakamoto SM, Marangon S, Turilli C, Martini M^The reproductive performance of 28 sows seropositive to Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae was compared with that of 87 Leptospira sp. seronegative dams belonging to the same herd. Sows were sampled during 1988 to 1993. During this period the herd was not submitted to any kind of intervention (antibiotic therapy, immunoprophylaxis or rodent control). Relative risks (RR) of return to heat, mummified fetuses, stillbirth, and weak newborn piglets for infected sows were assessed and the differences in means of total piglets born per litter, piglets born alive, piglets effectively housed, weaned piglets, stillbirths, mummified fetuses, weak newborn piglets, weight at birth of the piglets effectively housed, weight at 21 days of life and weight at weaning were evaluated. Seropositive dams had a greater risk of having weak newborn piglets (RR = 1.67, 1.02 < or = CI 95% < or = 2.72) and also of having more weak newborn piglets per litter (P = 0.01). Other variables examined were not different (P > 0.05).^0
97425005^[Microbiological tests for determination of specific microbes-- Treponema , Leptospira and Borrelia]^199707^Rinsho Byori 1997 Jul;Suppl 105:135-40^^Sawae Y^^0
97373876^Evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin M antibody in diagnosis of human leptospiral infection.^199708^J Clin Microbiol 1997 Aug;35(8):1938-42^Division of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia.^Winslow WE, Merry DJ, Pirc ML, Devine PL^The PanBio Leptospira immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a commercially available screening test for the diagnosis of acute leptospiral infection. The ability of the test to diagnose early or recent Leptospira interrogans infection was assessed by testing sera with known microagglutination test (MAT) titers to serovars pomona, hardjo, copenhageni, and australis. The IgM ELISA detected all 41 cases of early or recent leptospiral infection (sensitivity, 100%), with a positive ELISA result seen in many cases before MAT antibody titers reached 1:50. Thirty-eight of 41 patients showed seroconversion (fourfold or greater increase in titer by MAT, 2 of 41 patients had a single sample with elevated titer, and 1 patient from whom leptospires were isolated from a blood sample failed to show MAT titers, despite a seroconversion (negative to positive result) in the ELISA. Follow-up sera obtained from 8 of 12 patients (67%) for 3 to 48 months after the acute stage of illness showed persisting IgM antibody. However, the range of levels detected in these samples (maximum ELISA ratio, 2.0) was lower than the range seen when infection was recent. Reactivity in the IgM ELISA was observed for only 1 of 59 serum samples from asymptomatic donors (specificity, 98%) and 16 of 233 serum samples from patients with Ross River virus, brucella, Epstein- Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, mycoplasma, Q-fever, toxoplasma, hepatitis A virus, Treponema pallidum, or Borrelia burgdorferi infection (specificity, 93%), with the majority of these patients showing lower levels of IgM in comparison to those in patients with leptospiral infection. We conclude that this ELISA is sufficiently sensitive for use as an initial screen for leptospiral infections, with subsequent confirmation of positive test results by MAT.^0
97398958^Zoonotic and viral infection in fetal loss after 12 weeks.^199708^Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997 Aug;104(8):942-5^Sharoe Green Hospital, Preston, UK.^Sanghi A, Morgan-Capner P, Hesketh L, Elstein M^One hundred and thirty-six women from an urban, rural and farming community were recruited to a study of infectious causes of midtrimester miscarriage (n = 85), stillbirth (n = 32), or termination for developmental (n = 17) or chromosomal (n = 2) abnormalities. No woman had evidence of acute infection with toxoplasma, listeria, leptospira or Chlamydia psittaci (ovine enzootic abortion). One woman had midtrimester miscarriage associated with primary cytomegolovirus infection and five women had evidence of parvovirus B19 infection, although fetal infection was not proven. Zoonoses were not identified as a cause of fetal loss or malformation in this at-risk population, but parvovirus B19 was a significant cause of midtrimester fetal loss.^0
97401126^Protection of dogs against canine distemper by vaccination with a canarypox virus recombinant expressing canine distemper virus fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins.^199708^Am J Vet Res 1997 Aug;58(8):833-6^Biological Research and Development Department, Rhone Merieux Inc., Athens, GA 30601, USA.^Pardo MC, Bauman JE, Mackowiak M^OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a live canarypox virus recombinant-canine distemper virus (CDV) combination vaccine against virulent CDV challenge exposure, and to document lack of interference among the other modified-live virus (MLV) components. ANIMALS: 33 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) Beagle pups (7 to 10 weeks old). PROCEDURE: A canarypox virus recombinant-CDV combination vaccine was tested for safety and efficacy along with MLV components (canine adenovirus type 2, canine coronavirus, canine parainfluenza virus, and canine parvovirus) in 26 SPF Beagle pups. The combination vaccine was rehydrated with either Leptospira canicola-L icterohaemorrhagiae combination bacterin (vaccine 1) or sterile diluent (vaccine 2). An additional group of 7 seronegative SPF pups received the control MLV components devoid of the combination vaccine (vaccine 3). Two vaccinations were administered 21 days apart, either IM or SC. The dose of the combination vaccine used to inoculate these pups was 40 times lower than the recommended commercial dose. At 21 days after the booster vaccination, all pups were challenge exposed with a virulent CDV strain, then were observed for 21 days to record morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Adverse local or generalized reactions were not induced by vaccinations. All vaccinates seroconverted to CDV. Serum antibody titers to MLV components were not different, with or without inclusion of the combination vaccine. After challenge exposure, morbidity and mortality in vaccinates were 0% (0/26); in control dogs, values were 100% morbidity and 86% mortality (6/7). Brain impression smear slides made from all dogs that did not survive challenge exposure were CDV positive by use of a direct fluorescein isothiocyanate method. CONCLUSIONS: The canarypox virus-CDV combination vaccine, administered SC or IM, is a safe product that elicits CDV seroconversion, does not interfere with other vaccine components, and protects vaccinated pups against virulent CDV challenge exposure.^0
97408342^Leptospirosis in 2 unrelated dogs.^199708^Can Vet J 1997 Aug;38(8):509-10^Royal City Animal Hospital, Guelph, Ontario.^Hrinivich K, Prescott JF^^0
97424491^Emerging and reemerging infections. Progress and challenges in the subspecialty of infectious disease pathology.^199708^Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997 Aug;121(8):776-84^Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga, USA.^Schwartz DA^Emerging and reemerging infections are attracting greater attention from the public health and medical communities. Pathologists and other physicians are increasingly aware of the importance of the subspecialty of infectious disease pathology as a tool for diagnosis, surveillance, and research of emerging infections. In this communication, we describe the role that infectious disease pathologists have played during the last 2 years in broadening our understanding of selected emerging infections, including such examples as new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, leptospirosis, microsporidiosis, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and cyclosporiasis. The significance of providing pathology services, especially the autopsy, to patients with potentially hazardous communicable diseases is discussed with the supposition that it is unethical to exclude or withhold health care from a patient based on his or her underlying disease or on risk factors for acquiring a disease. The increasing occurrence of infectious diseases imported into the United States and other nations, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 group O, dengue fever, tuberculosis, malaria, diphtheria and cholera in immigrants and travelers, and Ebola virus in nonhuman primates, emphasizes the necessity for pathologists of having competence with infectious disease pathology. It is critical that new generations of pathologists not only be trained in the subspecialty of infectious disease pathology, but that they also be willing participants in the diagnosis and investigation of infectious diseases. The lack of training programs for infectious disease pathologists, as well as the deficiency in infectious disease pathology support for ongoing and future epidemiologic investigations and research, has led to the broadening of pathology services and initiation of a dedicated section of Infectious Disease Pathology at one of the nation's premier public health institutions, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Ga. Together with preexisting groups of medical and veterinary infectious disease pathologists at universities, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, and the National Institutes of Health, this new program will significantly strengthen the capability of the United States to respond to future challenges of emerging and reemerging infections, both in this country and abroad.^0
97448347^Enhanced antibody response in cattle against Leptospira hardjo by intradermal vaccination.^199775^Vaccine 1997 Aug-Sep;15(12-13):1434-6^State Laboratory for Vaccine Control, Kimou Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.^Samina I, Brenner J, Moalem U, Berenstein M, Cohen A, Peleg BA^A commercial killed Leptospira hardjo vaccine (with adjuvant) and non- adjuvanted preparation of the same vaccine were used in comparison of the effectiveness of the intradermal (i.d.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes for these vaccines. The tests were conducted in 50 females aged 6-14 months. After the first vaccination, both types of vaccine elicited a very poor antibody response by both routes of vaccination. However, after booster vaccination, the commercial vaccine (with adjuvant) elicited a remarkable immune response which was twice as high by i.d. compared with s.c. vaccination. No local or general adverse reactions were observed after i.d. vaccination with the adjuvanted commercial vaccine (potassium aluminium sulphate).^0
97430491^[Leptospira interrogans in a canine population of Greater Buenos Aires: variables associated with seropositivity]^199708^Rev Panam Salud Publica 1997 Aug;2(2):102-5^Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina. paras@biolo.bg.fcen.uba.ar^Rubel D, Seijo A, Cernigoi B, Viale A, Wisnivesky-Colli C^We determined the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in a suburban canine population for the purpose of analyzing the association between different individual and environmental variables and seropositivity for leptospirosis. The study, which was cross-sectional, was performed in July 1992 in a neighborhood of Greater Buenos Aires with approximately 9,500 inhabitants and a canine population of around 2,000 animals. We studied a random sample of 223 dogs and obtained a blood sample from each. Each animal's epidemiologic history was obtained by interviewing the housewife. Serologic measurements were performed by the microagglutination technique with the use of 10 different serotypes of Leptospira interrogans. Of the 223 dogs that were tested, 57% showed seropositivity; 82% of the positive sera coagglutinated with two or more serotypes. The most frequently detected serotypes were canicola and pyrogenes. Seroprevalence in females was less common than in males (P < 0.05) and in puppies less than 1 year old it was less common than in older animals (P < 0.01). Street behavior in the dog and the presence of stagnant water in front of the owner's dwelling were the most important of the risk factors examined. The associations between seropositivity on the one hand and contact with trash deposits, hunting behavior and the presence of rodents inside the dwelling on the other were not statistically significant. Different control measures are discussed.^0
97458138^Leptospirosis: prognostic factors associated with mortality.^199709^Clin Infect Dis 1997 Sep;25(3):720-4^Medical, Surgical, and Burn Intensive Care Unit, Pointe-a-Pitre Hospital, Antilles-Guyane University, French West Indies.^Dupont H, Dupont-Perdrizet D, Perie JL, Zehner-Hansen S, Jarrige B, Daijardin JB^To determine the prognostic factors for leptospirosis, we conducted a retrospective study of data collected in the emergency department of our hospital between 1989 and 1993. Sixty-eight patients, for whom the diagnosis of leptospirosis was based on pertinent clinical and epidemiological data and positive serology, were included in this study. Fifty-six patients (82%) were discharged from the hospital, and 12 (18%) died. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that five factors were independently associated with mortality: dyspnea (odds ratio [OR], 11.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8-48.5; P < .05), oliguria (OR, 9; CI, 2.1-37.9; P < .05); white blood cell count, >12,900/mm3 (OR, 2.5; CI, 1.8-3.5; P < or = .01), repolarization abnormalities on electrocardiograms (OR, 5.9; CI, 1.4-24.8; P < or = .01), and alveolar infiltrates on chest radiographs (OR, 7.3; CI, 1.7- 31.7; P < or = .01). Identification of these factors on admission might provide useful selection criteria for patients who need early transfer to the intensive care unit.^0
97464396^Leptospirosis in Kolenchery, Kerala, India: epidemiology, prevalent local serogroups and serovars and a new serovar.^199709^Eur J Epidemiol 1997 Sep;13(6):691-7^Department of Medicine, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical Mission Hospital, Kolenchery, Kerala, India.^Kuriakose M, Eapen CK, Paul R^Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. It is mostly an occupational disease especially in rural areas. Kolenchery is in the midlands of Kerala. The landscape consists of marshy land and dry land interspersed by rivulets and ponds. Irrigation of dry lands for cultivation during the summer months started in mid 1980s after the irrigation projects were commissioned. Cases of leptospirosis were rarely diagnosed in Kolenchery before 1987. Since then a yearly increase in incidence is observed. No major study on either epidemiology or clinical picture has been done on human leptospirosis in Kerala so far. The aim of this study was to define the major clinical presentations, epidemiology of the infection and demonstrate the predominant serogroups and serovars causing the illness in this limited geographical area. The study involves 976 cases of leptospirosis confirmed by culture and/or serological tests. Serogroups Autumnalis, Australis and Icterohaemorrhagiae were the commonest. Mortality rate was 5.32%. The increase in incidence is probably due to the geographical characteristics, continuous moisture of the soil due to irrigation in summer and year-round cultivation making food and cover available to host rodents. Close interaction of humans, animals, soil and water in this region make the spread of leptospirosis to humans easy. Confirmation of cases has been done by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and/or by culture. Serovar identification has been done in 21 cultures isolated from patients. One new serovar belonging to serogroup Australis has been identified from a patient and named serovar Australis bharathy.^0
98016876^Seroepidemiology of canine leptospirosis on the island of Barbados [In Process Citation]^199709^Vet Microbiol 1997 Sep;57(2-3):215-22^Leptospira Laboratory, St. Michael, Barbados.^Weekes CC, Everard CO, Levett PN^Previous surveillance in Barbados documented the absence of infection with Leptospira serogroup Canicola in dogs. The aim of this study was to survey the current state of canine leptospirosis in Barbados, 10 years after the last survey. Sera from 78 unwanted dogs scheduled for euthanasia and 61 dogs suspected of having acute leptospirosis were tested by microscopic agglutination (MAT) and by an ELISA method adapted for canine IgM and IgG antibodies. The seroprevalence in unwanted dogs was 62% (48/78), at an MAT titre of > or = 100. The majority of animals had low titres, suggestive of previous infection. Serogroup Autumnalis was the most common reactor (45%), followed by serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis (each 16%) and Pomona (13%). Serogroup Ballum was uncommon in this group. The seroprevalence determined by MAT in acutely-ill dogs was 75% (46/61). The most common predominant serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (36%) followed by serogroup Australis (13%), while serogroups Autumnalis and Ballum were also of little significance. Paired specimens were available from eight acutely-ill dogs. One animal was seronegative while five dogs showed evidence of seroconversion. An IgM-ELISA titre of > or = 320 was used to confirm current infection in eight of these nine animals. Previous studies in Barbados showed a higher prevalence of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae than of Autumnalis, but the relative frequency of these two serogroups may be changing. The high seroprevalence in dogs is of public health concern because the close contact between dogs and man may provide the link between a reservoir in the environment and susceptible humans.^0
97438202^From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of leptospirosis among white-water rafters--Costa Rica, 1996.^199709^JAMA 1997 Sep 10;278(10):808-9^^^^0
97461236^Differentiation of Leptospira interrogans isolates by IS1500 hybridization and PCR assays.^199710^J Clin Microbiol 1997 Oct;35(10):2612-7^Leptospirosis Reference Center, National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agriculture Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA. rzuerner@nadc.ars.usda.gov^Zuerner RL, Bolin CA^Genetic variability among Leptospira interrogans (sensu stricto) serovars was assessed by Southern blot hybridization and PCR analyses. The experiments used probes directed to sequences in a recently described insertion element, IS1500. Hybridization analysis showed that IS1500 was present on polymorphic fragments and that differences in these patterns could be used to identify serovars. Hybridization analysis was also useful in discriminating between serovar pomona type kennewicki isolates, making possible the identification of 15 previously unrecognized genetic groups. A PCR assay was developed in which the primers are positioned near the terminal inverted repeats of the element and directed outward. This assay yielded characteristic amplification patterns from isolates, allowing them to be identified. We applied these assays to several new animal isolates of L. interrogans from Nicaragua, which recently had an outbreak of human leptospirosis. Three groups of isolates were identified: one strain of serovar pomona type kennewicki and two genetically distinct groups of isolates which may be genetic intermediates between serovars canicola and portlandvere. The IS-based typing assays described should be useful for epidemiological analysis of leptospirosis.^0
97461368^Identification of a 35-kilodalton serovar-cross-reactive flagellar protein, FlaB, from Leptospira interrogans by N-terminal sequencing, gene cloning, and sequence analysis.^199710^Infect Immun 1997 Oct;65(10):4355-9^Animal Diseases Research Institute, Nepean, Ontario, Canada.^Lin M, Surujballi O, Nielsen K, Nadin-Davis S, Randall G^During the screening of antibodies to pathogenic leptospires, a murine monoclonal antibody (designated M138) was found to react with various serovars. An antigen of approximately 35 kDa from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, which reacted strongly with M138, was characterized by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and identified as a flagellin, a class B polypeptide subunit (FlaB) of the periplasmic flagella. The gene encoding the FlaB protein, flaB, was amplified from the genomic DNA of several pathogenic serovars by PCR with a single pair of oligonucleotide primers, suggesting that FlaB is highly conserved among these serovars. Cloning and sequence analysis of flaB from serovar pomona revealed that it contains an 849-bp open reading frame with a G + C content of 46.88% which encodes a 283-amino-acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 31.297 kDa and a predicted pI of 9.065. A sequence comparison of flagellin proteins revealed that the amino acid sequence is most variable in the central portion of the serovar pomona FlaB, which is believed to contain specific sequence information and which may thus be useful in the design of DNA or synthetic peptide probes suitable for the detection of infection with pathogenic leptospires.^0
97469189^Risk factors associated with the likelihood of leptospiral seropositivity in horses in the state of New York [In Process Citation]^199710^Am J Vet Res 1997 Oct;58(10):1097-103^Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.^Barwick RS, Mohammed HO, McDonough PL, White ME^OBJECTIVE: To determine and quantify risk factors associated with exposure of horses to the following serovars of Leptospira interrogans: pomona, autumnalis, and bratislava. ANIMALS: 2,551 horses were randomly selected from a target population during the period of May 1991 to August 1993. PROCEDURES: Blood was collected from the horses and tested for antibodies to serovars, using the microscopic agglutination test. A titer > or = 1:100 indicated seropositivity. Information was collected on each horse, its environment, and each farm's management practices. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a multidimensional indexing system for indices of exposure and to identify factors significantly-associated with the risk of seropositivity. These indices were: 1) rodent exposure; 2) wildlife exposure; 3) soil and water; and 4) management. RESULTS: Rodent exposure index value was associated with the risk of exposure to all 3 serovars. Management index value was positively associated with the risk of exposure to serovars pomona and bratislava, but not with risk of exposure to serovar autumnalis. Soil and water index value had a positive association with risk of exposure to serovars pomona and autumnalis, but not to serovar bratislava. The wild-life index value and the population density of horses turned out together were associated with the risk of exposure to serovar autumnalis. Age of horse in years was associated nonlinearly (years) and linearly (years) with the risk of exposure to serovars autumnalis and bratislava, and only linearly with the risk of exposure to serovar pomona. CONCLUSION: Risk of seropositivity to the 3 serovars of L interrogans varies according to age, management practices, population density of horses turned out together, and the values of the rodent exposure, wildlife exposure, and soil and water indices.^0
98001776^Development and initial evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo antibodies in bovine sera [In Process Citation]^199710^Can J Vet Res 1997 Oct;61(4):260-6^Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Nepean, Ontario.^Surujballi OP, Marenger RM, Eaglesome MD, Sugden EA^Outer sheath antigen from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno and acetic acid extracted antigens from serovar hardjo types hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis were evaluated in an immunoassay for ability to detect hyperimmune rabbit serum to serovar hardjo. The degree of cross-reactivity with hyperimmune rabbit sera to L. interrogans serovars pomona, copenhageni, grippotyphosa, canicola and sejroe, and Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc was also measured for each antigen. All of the antigens reacted with the antiserum to L. interrogans serovar hardjo. The outer sheath antigen however, also showed wide cross-reactivity with the antisera to all of the serovars of L. interrogans tested and with the antiserum to L. biflexa serovar patoc. The acetic acid extracted antigen from either type hardjoprajitno, or type hardjobovis, showed a high degree of specificity for serovar hardjo antiserum. The hardjobovis acetic acid extracted antigen was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, and was incorporated into an indirect ELISA for detection of anti-serovar hardjo antibodies in bovine serum. This ELISA showed a relative specificity of 100% with 156 bovine sera which were negative at a dilution of 1:100 in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for L. interrogans serovars hardjo, pomona, sejroe, icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, canicola, and grippotyphosa. The relative sensitivity of this assay with 192 bovine sera which had serovar hardjo MAT titres of > or = 100 was 95.3% (95% confidence limit = 2.99%). The degree of cross-reactivity with 289 bovine sera which had serovar pomona MAT titres of > or = 100 (with no detectable serovar hardjo MAT titres) was approximately 1.0%. This assay was: easily standardized, scored objectively, repeatable, semi-automated and used a non-hazardous antigen that can be routinely prepared in gram amounts.^0
98001777^Development of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjobovis antibodies in bovine sera [In Process Citation]^199710^Can J Vet Res 1997 Oct;61(4):267-74^Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Nepean, Ontario.^Surujballi O, Henning D, Marenger R, Howlett C^A murine monoclonal antibody (designated M553) that binds to an epitope on whole cell antigens prepared from Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjobovis and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno, was produced and incorporated into a competitive enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine antibodies to serovar hardjo. The epitope recognized by M553 was susceptible to periodate oxidation. The M553 antibody was characterized by western blot with hardjobovis whole cell antigen. This antibody does not cross- react with whole cell antigens prepared from 11 other pathogenic Leptospira serovars, or, Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc. The sensitivity estimate of the competitive ELISA was 100% with field sera (n = 165) with serovar hardjo microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titres of > or = 100. The specificity estimate was 100% with sera (n = 128) obtained from a specific pathogen free herd of cattle that were negative in the MAT at a dilution of 1:100 for serovars hardjo, pomona, sejroe, copenhageni, canicola, and grippotyphosa. The specificity estimate with field sera (n = 301) with serovar hardjo MAT titres of < 100, was 98% (95% confidence interval = +/- 1.58%). There was no cross- reactivity with field sera (n = 306) with serovar pomona titres > or = 100 and serovar hardjo titres < 100. The specificity estimate with the combined populations of sera with serovar hardjo MAT titres of < 100 (n = 735) was 99.18% (95% confidence interval = +/- 0.65%). There was a high level of agreement (kappa = 0.977) between the results of the competitive ELISA and those of the MAT.^0
98012483^Comparison of two PCR methods for rapid identification of Leptospira genospecies interrogans.^199710^FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997 Oct 15;155(2):169-77^School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.^Woo TH, Patel BK, Smythe LD, Symonds ML, Norris MA, Dohnt MF^Based on (i) an analysis of Leptospira 16S rDNA sequences determined by us and of those from databases and (ii) a previously published finding that restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within the Leptospira 16S and 23S rDNA were detected by nine restriction enzymes and these RFLPs allowed categorisation of Leptospira into eight genospecies, we predicted that one particular DdeI restriction site polymorphism within 16S rDNA could be independently used for identifications of Leptospira strains belonging to the genospecies interrogans. Two PCR-based methods, namely allele-specific amplification (ASA) and PCR-RFLP, were tested for the rapid detection of the DdeI restriction site polymorphism. One or two representative strains from each of nine genospecies were tested by ASA, whereas 73 strains from nine genospecies and two field isolates were tested by PCR- RFLP. Our experiments showed that the ASA method was not as specific as intended, but the PCR-RFLP method was useful for rapid identifications of the genospecies interrogans. We have not only confirmed a previous finding and extended the number of samples particularly from the genospecies biflexa, weilii, and inadai, but also simplified a previous PCR-RFLP protocol.^0